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Year **470** (**CDLXX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Iordanes** (or, less frequently, **year 1223 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 470 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Anthemius appeals to the Britons for military help against the Visigoths. A Breton force (12,000 men) under the Celtic leader Riothamus lands in Gaul, but is defeated by King Euric. He expands the Visigothic Kingdom further north, possibly as far as the Somme River. * The Santo Stefano Rotondo at Rome is consecrated (approximate date). #### Europe * Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic – Scirian *foederati*) in Northern Italy (approximate date). ### By topic #### Religion * Mamertus, bishop of Vienne, introduces the Rogation days (a three days' procession involving prayer to invoke God's mercy). Births ------ * Buddhapālita, Indian Madhyamaka scholar (d. 550) * Caesarius, bishop of Arles (approximate date) * Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini era (approximate date) * Endelienta, Welsh princess and saint (approximate date) * Ferreolus of Rodez, Roman senator (approximate date) * Finnian of Clonard, Irish monastic saint (d. 549) * *approximate date* – Pope John I Deaths ------ * K'inich Popol Hol, king of the Maya city of Copán * Romanus, Roman usurper in the West Roman Empire (executed)

470

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/470

The **370s** decade ran from January 1, 370, to December 31, 379. Events ------ ### 370 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Germanic Invasions: The German peoples surround the north borders of the Roman Empire, while the Huns are destroying everything in their path--villages, cities, even empires. * A law of Valentinian I and Valens bans marriages between Romans and barbarians under penalty of death. * An edict issued by Valentinian I and Valens bans the importation of wine and olive oil from areas controlled by the barbarians. ###### Europe * The Huns migrate westward from the Volga into Europe, and subjugate the Alans and the Ostrogoths. With their arrival, a tradition of composite bows is introduced. * Athanaric, Gothic leader of the Tervingi, advances eastwards and takes up a defensive position along the banks of the Dniester (Romania). ###### Asia * Former Qin conquers Former Yan in China. #### By topic ###### Religion * Basil the Great becomes bishop of Caesarea (Cappadocia). * Demophilus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, although his position is disputed by Evagrius of Constantinople. * John Chrysostom is baptized. ### 371 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The fortified cities of the Danube, with Sirmium (Pannonia) at the forefront, contribute to stop an invasion of the Quadi. ###### Persia * The neo-Persian Empire attains the zenith of its power under King Shapur II, as the Romans renew their war against Persia. Hostilities will continue for the next 5 years. ###### Asia * Baekje forces storm the Goguryeo capital in P'yongyang (Korea). * Sosurim becomes king of Goguryeo. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Roman poet Ausonius writes of a voyage on the Rhine and the Moselle, in his work 'Mosella'. ###### Religion * Augustine of Hippo, age 17, travels to Carthage, to continue his education in rhetoric. * Martin of Tours becomes bishop of Tours (approximate date). ### 372 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Valentinian I is engaged in operations against the Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians, while his subordinates are dealing with Firmus, Roman usurper, in Africa and the Picts in Britain. ###### Europe * The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester, overwhelming them with light cavalry (horse archers), and devastating the settlements of the Goths. King Athanaric is defeated, and seeks refuge in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania). * Athanaric starts building new defensive works, to protect his people against the Alans and the Huns. ###### China * Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by his granduncle Sima Yu, who is installed as Jin Jianwendi. * September 12 – Jin Xiaowudi, age 10, succeeds his father Jin Jianwendi. Empress Chu Suanzi serves as regent, but decisions are made by the high officials Xie An and Wang Tanzhi. * The first diplomatic ties are established between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is established in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea). ###### Religion * Gregory of Nyssa becomes bishop. * Buddhism is adopted as the official religion of Gorguryeo. * Saint Augustine adopts Manichaeism. * Valentinian I bans Manichaean meetings. ### 373 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism, and orders the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in the Roman East. * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes proconsul of Africa, and is made a member of the pontifical college. * Count Theodosius is appointed commander of an expedition to suppress the rebellion of Firmus in Mauretania. * Valens Aqueduct is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul); the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters. ###### Europe * Battle of the Tanais River: The Huns defeat the Alans near the Don, sending the remnants fleeing westward. ###### Persia * King Shapur II declares war as a result of Valens' support of Armenia. Emperor Valens makes Antioch his military base for the campaign against Persia. #### By topic ###### Religion * Saint Martin of Tours undertakes the Christianization of Gaul. ### 374 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Quadi cross the Danube and begin ravaging Pannonia. They avoid the fortified cities, and plunder the unprotected countryside. ###### Mesoamerica * May 4 – Spearthrower Owl ascends to the throne and becomes ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico). #### By topic ###### Religion * December 7 – The people of Milan astonish Ambrosius, governor of Aemilia-Liguria, by acclaiming him bishop. He is the second son of the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, and becomes a creative thinker whose ideas will provide the paradigm for medieval church-state relations. ### 375 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * November 17 – Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyricum to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign, but he has also founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople. * The Quadi accept an uneasy peace from Merobaudes (*Magister militum*), which gives them land to settle on the Danube. * Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at *Augusta Treverorum* (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army fear a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes *Mediolanum* (Milan) her residence. * Gratian, advised by his chief advisor Ambrosius, begins a systematic persecution of the pagans. He confiscates the fortunes of the temples and adds the money to the Imperial Treasury. He proscribes Arianism and Donatism. * In Africa, the dissident Berber prince Firmus is delivered to the Romans by his brother Gildon. ###### India * Emperor Chandragupta II becomes ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). He is the son of Samudragupta the Great and retains his reign by an aggressive expansionist policy. ###### Asia * Geungusu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Education * The earliest extant books – a school textbook and an account book – with bound wooden leaves, are lost at the Dakhla Oasis in western Egypt. The desert sands preserve them for modern archaeologists. ###### Religion * The first two Korean Buddhist temples are built. * Saint Jerome retires to the desert of Chalcis (Syria). * The Maronite Church is founded by Saint Maron in Lebanon. * The Talmud of Babylon is written by Rav Ashi. This commentary on the Mishnah contains approximately 2.5 million words on 5.894 pages. ### 376 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream. * The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to the breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths. * The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths, bungle administration of the refugees, and mistreat them, taking some of their children as slaves. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube and strike south towards the low-lying fertile region near Marcianople (Bulgaria). Although defying the local Roman officials, they are not in open revolt. * Lupicinus, count (*Comes*) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet, letting them believe that in addition to food and drink, they can discuss provisions for their people. During the feast, Lupicinus tries to assassinate the Gothic delegation. Fritigern escapes and the Goths begin looting and burning the farms and Roman villas near Marcianople. * Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths 9 miles outside Marcianople with hastily gathered local troops. His force (5,000 men) is annihilated and the Goths equip themselves with Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey). * Fearing they will join Fritigern, Roman troops of Gothic origin stationed in Adrianople are ordered by Valens to move east. The soldiers request a two-day delay to prepare and ask for food and money for the journey. However, the chief magistrate of Adrianople refuses and the Goths break out in open rebellion. They inflict heavy casualties among the citizens. Arming themselves with Roman equipment, they join forces with Fritigern. * Winter – Fritigern attempts an unsuccessful siege of Adrianople. His troops try to storm the city walls, but abandon the attacks and break into small bands, better able to forage and feed themselves. Roman prisoners switch sides and give the Goths a valuable source of local intelligence. ###### China * Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi". * China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south. ### 377 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gothic War: Famine in Lower Moesia (occupied by the Goths) takes a fearsome toll. Fritigern and his followers appeal for help, but the governors Lupicinus and Maximus regard them as second-class citizens. Little help is forthcoming, and thousands starve to death. The pressure on the Roman frontier is still severe, with the Taifali and other hostile bands of Goths on the Danube. In addition, groups of Huns and Alans have also moved up to the river. * Emperor Valens requests his nephew Gratian to send Roman troops against the Goths. He responds by sending the ageing General Frigeridus with elite reinforcements that Ammianus calls ‘Pannonian and Transalpine auxiliaries (*Pannonicis et Transalpinis auxiliis*).’ Gratian also sends Richomeres, his Frankish commander of household troops (*comes domesticorum*), at the head of a number of troops drawn from the Gallic field army. * Battle of the Willows: The Romans abandon the guerrilla strategy and are attacked by the Goths. The battle is indecisive but both sides suffer heavy casualties. The only Roman army available to face the Goths is no longer a fighting force. Richomeres withdraws his troops south of Marcianople (Bulgaria). * Valens sends Saturninus to the Balkan Mountains to block the passes. These efforts are possibly supported by units of *limitanei* (light infantry) withdrawn from areas under Goth control. Split into small bands and unable to join the Tervingi in sufficient strength to overcome the Roman cordon, the Goths grow increasingly desperate. * The Goths (possibly Greuthungi) make an alliance with some of the Huns and Alans along the Danube, and entice them across the river. With the balance of power now shifted Saturninus concentrates his forces to avoid his outposts being overrun. This opens the passes, allowing the Goths, Huns and Alans to break out into the lowlands of southern Thrace. * Autumn – Bands of predatory "barbarians" spread throughout the province in search of food, supplies and booty. Most Roman troops are bottled up in the towns. Some elite units remain in the field and skirmish with the Goths. One such action takes place outside the town of Dibaltum. The Scutarii heavy cavalry is destroyed in a mad charge against the Goths. * The Goths, now seeking a military victory to force the Empire to make terms, aim to dislodge the army of Frigeridus from Beroea. He withdraws over the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass back to Illyrium, and reports to Gratian that an expedition by the main imperial armies is required to repulse the Goths in Thrace. * Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under Queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control. * Gratian declares heretics to be enemies of the Roman Catholic Church. ###### Persia * Persian king Shapur II pushes the Huns back across the Caucasus. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Chinese painter Gu Kaizhi paints his work, *"The Nymph of the Luo River"*. ### 378 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as *magister militum* to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace. * February – The Lentienses (part of the Alemanni) cross the frozen Rhine and raid the countryside. They are driven back by Roman *auxilia palatina* (Celtae and Petulantes), who defend the western frontier. * May – Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall the army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title *Alemannicus Maximus*. * Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerrilla war against the Goths. He chases down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople. * Fritigern concentrates his army at Cabyle (Bulgaria). The Goths are mainly centred in the river valleys south of the Balkan Mountains, around the towns of Beroea, Cabyle and Dibaltum. * July – Frigeridus, Roman general, fortifies the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass to prevent the "barbarians" from breaking out to the north-west (Pannonia). * Gratian sets out from Lauriacum (Austria) with a body of light armed troops. His force is small enough to travel by boat down the Danube. He halts for four days at Sirmium (Serbia) suffering from fever. * August – Gratian continues down the Danube to the "Camp of Mars" (frontier fortress near modern Niš), where he loses several men in an ambush by a band of Alans. * Fritigern strikes south from Cabyle, following the Tundzha River towards Adrianople, and tries to get behind the supply lines to Constantinople. * Roman reconnaissance detects the Goths. Valens, already west of Adrianople, turns back and establishes a fortified camp outside the city. * The Goths, with their wagons and families vulnerable to attack, withdraw back to the north. Roman scouts fail to detect the Greuthungi cavalry foraging further up the Tundzha valley. * Fritigern sends a Christian priest to the Roman camp with an offer of terms and a letter for Valens. The peace overtures are rejected. * August 9 – Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army is defeated by the Thervingi. Valens is killed along with two-thirds of his army. * The Goths attack Adrianople; they attempt to scale the city walls with ladders but are repelled by the defenders, who drop lumps of masonry. * The Goths, supported by the Huns, move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire. * October – The Greuthungi, faced with food shortages, split off and move west into Pannonia. Followed by their families, they raid villages and farmland. ###### Mesoamerica * Siyaj K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Waka on January 8. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal on January 16. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Uaxactun. #### By topic ###### Architecture * Valens completes the aqueduct of Constantinople begun by Constantine I. ###### Religion * Gregory of Nazianzus is ordained bishop of Constantinople. * Pope Damasus I is accused of adultery but is exonerated by Gratian. ### 379 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 19 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium, giving him the title *Augustus* with power over all the eastern provinces. Theodosius comes to terms with the Visigoths and settles them in the Balkans as military allies (*foederati*). * Gratian refuses the title of Eastern Emperor. * Gratian renounces the title *Pontifex Maximus*. * Britain is forced to endure fierce Barbarian raids. ###### Europe * Niall becomes High King of Ireland. ###### Persia * King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne. ###### China * Buddhism is declared to be a state religion. * The War of the Feishui is fought in China. ###### Mesoamerica * September 13 – Yax Nuun Ayiin (I) becomes ruler of Tikal. #### By topic ###### Religion * Gregory Nazianzus becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, and is wounded when he is attacked by a mob of heretics. * John Chrysostom writes a book on the Christian education of children. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **370** * Alaric I (or **Alaricus**), king of the Visigoths (d. 410) * Brice of Tours, Catholic bishop of Tours (d. 444) * Claudian, Roman poet and writer (d. 404) * Decimus Rusticus, Roman praetorian prefect * Hypatia, Greek female philosopher (d. 415) **371** * Dao Wu Di, Chines emperor of Northern Wei (d. 409) * Sengrui, Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (d. 438) * Valentinian II, Roman consul and emperor (d. 392) **372** * Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian and politician (d. 451) **373** * Murong Hui, Chinese general and prince of the Later Yan Dynasty (d. 397) * Murong Sheng (or **Daoyun**), Chinese emperor of the Later Yan Dynasty (d. 401) * Synesius of Cyrene, Christian bishop (approximate date) **374** * Fu Liang (or **Jiyou**), Chinese official and politician (d. 426) * Gwanggaeto the Great, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 413) **375** * Orosius, Christian historian and theologian (approximate date) * Zong Bing (or **Shaowen**), Chinese artist and musician (d. 443) **376** * Cyril of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 444) **377** * Arcadius, Roman consul and emperor (approximate date) * Euthymius the Great, Armenian abbot and bishop (d. 473) * Valerian of Abbenza, Christian bishop and saint (d. 457) **378** * Germanus of Auxerre, Christian bishop (approximate date) **379** * Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (d. 428) * Wang Hong, Chinese politician and general (d. 432) Deaths ------ **370** * Deng Xia (or **Yingyuan**), Chinese general (approximate date) * Eudoxius of Antioch, Syrian patriarch of Constantinople * Lucifer Calaritanus, founder of the Luciferian sect (approximate date) * Pharantzem, Armenian queen and regent (approximate date) * Strategius Musonianus, Roman politician (approximate date) * Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (approximate date) * Yuan Zhen (or **Yanren**), Chinese general and rebel leader **371** * April 12 – Zeno of Verona, Christian bishop and martyr * August 1 – Eusebius of Vercelli, Christian bishop (b. 283) * Gogugwon, king of Goguryeo (Korea) * Hilarion, Syrian anchorite and saint (b. 291) * Lucifer Calaritanus, founder of the Luciferian sect (approximate date) **372** * Jianwen of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320) * Maximus of Ephesus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher * Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (b. 334) **373** * May 2 – Athanasius of Alexandria, Egyptian Coptic Orthodox bishop (b. 296) * June 9 – Ephrem the Syrian, Syrian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 306) * Huan Wen (or **Yuanzi**), Chinese general and regent (b. 312) * Nerses I (**the Great**), Armenian catholicos (or patriarch) * Sun Sheng, Chinese historian and politician (b. 302) **374** * January 2 – Gregory the Elder, Christian bishop and saint (b. 276) * April 20 – Marcellinus of Gaul (or **Marcellin**), Christian bishop * November 17 – Pap of Armenia (or **Papas**), king of Armenia * Auxentius of Milan, Christian bishop and theologian * Marcellus of Ancyra, Christian bishop and saint * Pushyavarman, Indian ruler of Kamarupa **375** * February 23 – Saint Gorgonia, daughter of Gregory the Elder * May 30 – Emmelia of Caesarea, Byzantine Eastern Orthodox priest * September 3 – Mansuetus, Christian bishop and saint * November 17 – Valentinian I, Roman emperor (b. 321) * Geunchogo (or **Chogo II**), Korean ruler of Baekje * Kipunada, Indian ruler of the Kushan Empire * Pambo (or **Pemwah**), Coptic Desert Father (b. 305) * Rav Papa, Babylonian Jewish amora and talmudist * Samudragupta, Indian emperor of the Gupta Empire * Wang Meng (or **Jinglüe**), Chinese politician (b. 325) **376** * April 10 – Bademus, Christian abbot and saint * October 10 – Acepsimas of Hnaita, Persian bishop * Ermanaric, king of the Goths (Greuthungi) (b. 291) * Flavius Theodosius (**the Elder**), Roman general * Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320) * Yuan Hong, Chinese historian and politician (b. 328) **377** * Chi Chao (or **Jingyu**), Chinese adviser and politician (b. 336) * Huan Huo (or **Langzi**), Chinese general (b. 320) * Julian Sabas (**the Ascetic**), Byzantine hermit * Sahak I, Armenian archbishop and catholicos **378** * August 9 + Sebastianus, Roman general (*magister peditum*) + Traianus, Roman general (*magister militum*) + Valens, Roman consul and emperor (b. 328) * Flavius Arintheus, Roman politician and general * Titus of Bostra, Christian bishop and theologian **379** * January 1 – Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (b. 330) * July 19 – Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (b. 327) * Shapur II (**the Great**), ruler of the Sasanian Empire (b. 309)

370s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/370s

The **290s** decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299. Events ------ ### 290 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian campaigns with success against Arabic enemies. * Following his victory over Emperor Maximian's fleet, the usurper Carausius invades the European mainland and re-establishes his military and administrative presence in northern Gaul. ###### Asia * May 16 – Emperor Wu of Jin, founder of the Western Jin Dynasty, dies after a 25-year reign. He reunifies north and south, but gives away many dukedoms to his kinsmen. Crown Prince Sima Zhong succeeds his father, and has to deal with conflicts among the aristocratic families in China. ### 291 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Winter: The emperors Diocletian and Maximian convene in Milan. * An uneasy peace is established between the emperors Diocletian and Maximian on the one hand, and the rival emperor Carausius on the other. * Perhaps in cooperation with the forces of Maximian, Carausius campaigns successfully against Germanic raids in Gaul and Britain. Also during his reign, Carausius begins building the forts of the Saxon Shore. ###### Northern Europe * The Alemanni, having been expelled from part of their territory by the Burgundians, seek to regain their lost lands. These peoples had unsuccessfully invaded Gaul in tandem in 285/6, and the Alemanni had likely been weakened by the Roman counter-invasions of 287 and 288. * A force of Goths defeat the Burgundians. * The Tervingian Goths and Taifali fight the Vandals and Gepids. ###### Africa * The Blemmyes invade the Kingdom of Kush. ###### Persian Empire * King Bahram II fights against a coalition consisting of his brother Hormizd of Sakastan, Sassanian vassal Hormizd I Kushashah, and the Gilans. ###### China * War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan (Jin Wudi), a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty. The struggle devastates and depopulates the provinces of northern China. ### 292 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The jurist Gregorius, at the court of Emperor Diocletian, produces the Gregorian Code, the first codification of Roman law (approximate date). ###### Asia * Bongsang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ###### Mesoamerica * The oldest known Mayan stele is erected at the capital Tikal (modern Guatemala). ### 293 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 1 – Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius I and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the *Quattuor Principes Mundi* ("Four Rulers of the World"). (Some sources and scholars date Galerius' elevation to May 21.) * Constantius retakes some of the Gallic territories from the usurper Carausius. He conquers the crucial port of Bononia (modern Boulogne). * Towards the end of the year, Carausius is murdered by his finance minister Allectus, who proclaims himself the new emperor of Britain. * In this or the following year, Constantius defeats the Franks in Batavia (Netherlands). * Galerius begins a series of two campaigns in Upper Egypt against the rebel cities of Coptos and Boresis as well as the Blemmyes and Meroitic Nubians. * Over the course of his reign, but especially from the time of the Tetrarchy's creation, Diocletian divides the large provinces of the early empire into smaller administrative units, and he groups these new smaller provinces into dioceses. He also accelerates the third-century trend whereby the administration and military of the provinces are increasingly divided between governors and generals (*duces*) respectively, whereas formerly governors had also been in charge of the legions. This expansion of imperial personnel increases Diocletian's control over the empire and weakens the power of individual officials and officers. Moreover, Diocletian expands the retinues of the individual emperors to have more ministers and secretaries, thus establishing what will become known as the late Roman Consistorium. ###### Persia * King Bahram II of the Persian Empire dies after a 17-year reign; his son Bahram III ascends to the throne. After four months, Bahram III's great-uncle Narseh, the king of Persarmenia, marches on the Persian capital Ctesiphon with the support of a faction of the nobility and the eastern Satraps. Bahram is overthrown and Narseh is declared the new King of Kings. ###### China * Tuoba Fu succeeds his uncle Tuoba Chuo, as chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba Clan. #### By topic ###### Religion * Probus succeeds Rufinus, as Patriarch of Constantinople. ### 294 #### By place ###### Asia * Persian *shahanshah* Narseh defeats King Tiridates III of Armenia, and forces him to flee to the Roman Empire. * Tuoba Luguan succeeds his nephew Tuoba Fu, as chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan. ### 295 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian defeats the Carpi. * Caesar Galerius completes a series of two campaigns in Upper Egypt, against the rebel cities of Coptos and Boresis, as well as the Blemmyes and Meroitic Nubians. * The jurist Hermogenianus, at the court of Diocletian, produces the Hermogenian Code. This new codification of Roman law complements the Gregorian Code of c. 292. * Diocletian, perhaps through Galerius, issues an edict against incest. ###### China * Tuoba Luguan divides the territory of the Tuoba clan into three areas. His nephews Tuoba Yilu and Tuoba Yituo become chieftains of the western and central areas of (Shanxi province). Tuoba Luguan dominates the eastern area (near Hohhot). #### By topic ###### Religion * Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma. ### 296 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * In this or the previous year, Caesar Constantius I assembles two invasion fleets with the intent of overthrowing the usurper Allectus, who is based in Britain. The first is under the command of Asclepiodotus, Maximian's long-serving Praetorian Prefect. Asclepiodotus sails from the mouth of the Seine, and lands near the Isle of Wight, where his forces defeat Allectus in Hampshire. Allectus is killed in the fighting. Constantius leaves Boulogne with his fleet, and occupies London, where he slaughters some of Allectus' Frankish mercenaries. With this victory, the Romano-British regime first established by Carausius is overthrown, and Britain is re-incorporated into the rest of the empire. * Having supervised the Rhine frontier during Constantius' invasion of Britain, Maximian then marches into Spain, where he fights Frankish pirates. He then crosses into North Africa to contend with the rebellion of the Quinquegentiani. * The Persian king Narseh invades Roman-held Upper Mesopotamia and Arsacid western Armenia, the latter territory being under the leadership of the pro-Roman king Tiridates III. With only a small army, Caesar Galerius fights three holding actions against Narseh's army in Mesopotamia. Somewhere in the open plains between Carrhae and Callinicum, Galerius' army suffers a defeat against the Persian army, which is both more numerous and contains superior numbers of high-quality cavalry. Nevertheless, Galerius succeeds in blunting the Persian offensive. #### By topic ###### Religion * April 22 – Pope Caius dies after a 13-year reign and is succeeded by Marcellinus as the 29th pope of Rome. ### 297 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian introduces an empire-wide taxation system based on census and indiction. * Diocletian watches over the Syrian provinces while Caesar Galerius makes preparations for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruits veterans from Illyria and Moesia, recruits new soldiers, and strengthens his army with Gothic mercenaries and the Armenian units of Tiridates III. * August: Domitius Domitianus launches a usurpation against Diocletian in Egypt. He is perhaps aided by popular discontent with Diocletian's taxation reform. * Autumn: Diocletian besieges the rebels in Alexandria. * December: Domitianus dies, but his *corrector* Aurelius Achilleus takes over as the leader of the rebellion. * Battle of Satala: Galerius launches a surprise attack against Narseh's camp in western Armenia. The Romans sack the camp and capture Narseh's wives, sisters and daughters, including his Queen of Queens Arsane. Narseh is wounded and escapes to his empire. ### 298 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring: Emperor Diocletian retakes Alexandria and crushes the usurpation of Aurelius Achilleus. * Diocletian then travels into Upper Egypt and possibly campaigns on the Nubian frontier. In either this year or in 300/301, he makes agreements with the Meroitic Nubians and the Blemmyes. He agrees to pay subsidies to both peoples, and he cedes the Dodecashoenos to the Nubians on the understanding that the Nubians will defend the region against the Blemmyes. * Caesar Galerius restores Tiridates III to the throne of Armenia and invades the Sassanid Empire. His army marches through Adiabene, Atropatene, Susiana and Lower Mesopotamia. He then retakes the strategically important city of Nisibis in Upper Mesopotamia. ###### Korea * The manufacture of cultured silk becomes popular from Korea to Japan. * Bunseo becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. * Girim becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. ### 299 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Peace of Nisibis: Emperor Diocletian signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia, the Caucasus, and Upper Mesopotamia. The pro-Roman ruler Tiridates III receives all of Armenia as far as the border with Atropatene. Mirian III of the Kingdom of Iberia is made a Roman client, and at some point in time, as a result of the treaty, Caucasian Albania will follow suit. Rome also gains five satrapies beyond the Tigris, which are perhaps given to Tiridates to administer. * To celebrate his victory over the Persians, Galerius commissions the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki (modern Greece). * In this or the following year, Galerius campaigns with success against Sarmatians and the Marcomanni, attacking through a swamp to defeat a Sarmatian army. * Having first crossed into Africa in 296, Emperor Maximian concludes his campaigns against the Quinquegentiani and other Berbers. His campaigns had ranged as far as Mauretania in the west and Tripolitania in the east. Julianus, a rebel leader in Africa, throws himself into a fire after the Romans breach the walls of his stronghold. * Returning to Rome in triumph, Maximian commissions the Baths of Diocletian in honour of his 'brother' Diocletian. * Diocletian expels Christians from the Roman army. ###### China * Empress Jia Nanfeng frames Crown Prince Yu for treason and has him deposed. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **290** * Abramios the Recluse, Christian hermit and ascetic (d. 360) * Pappus of Alexandria, Greek mathematician (d. 350) * Vitus (or **Guido**), Roman hagiographer and martyr **291** * Saint Agnes, Christian martyress (d. c. 304) * Saint Hilarion, anchorite and saint (d. 371) * Li Xiu, female general during the Jin Dynasty * Saint Philomena, Christian martyress (d. c. 304) **292** * He Chong (or **Cidao**), Chinese politician (d. 346) * Pachomius, Christian theologian and writer (d. 348) * Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 361) **294** * Sima Bao, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 320) **295** * Shi Hu, Chinese emperor of Later Zhao (d. 349) **296** * Yu Bing (or **Jijian**), Chinese politician (d. 344) **297** * Murong Huang, ruler of the Former Yan (d. 348) * Yu Wenjun, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 328) **298** * Athanasius of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 373) **299** * Jin Mingdi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 325) Deaths ------ **290** * May 16 – Wu of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 236) * Tao Huang (or **Shiying**), Chinese general and politician **291** * Sima Liang, regent during the reign of Sima Yan * Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (b. 271) * Wei Guan, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 220) * Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 238) * Yang Jun, official during the reign of Sima Yan **292** * Yang Zhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259) **293** * Bahram II, king of the Sassanid Empire * Bahram III, king of the Sassanid Empire * Carausius, Roman general and usurper * Tuoba Chuo, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba tribe * Yuwen Mohuai, Chinese chieftain of the Yuwen tribe **294** * Tuoba Fu, chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan **295** * Maximilian of Tebessa, Berber Christian saint and martyr **296** * April 22 – Caius, bishop of Rome * Allectus, Roman treasurer and usurper-emperor * Guo Huai (or **Yuhuang**), Chinese noblewoman (b. 237) **297** * Chen Shou, author of the San Guo Zhi (b. 233) * Tirumalisai Alvar, one of the 12 Alvar saints. (b. 4203 BCE) * Zhou Chu, Jin dynasty general, son of Zhou Fang (b. 236) **298** * Aurelius Achilleus, Roman usurper * Cassian of Tangier, Christian martyr * Chaekgye of Baekje, Korean ruler * Marcellus of Tangier, Christian martyr * Yurye of Silla (or **Yuri**), Korean ruler **299** * Judah bar Ezekiel, Babylonian amora (b. 220) * Qi Wannian, Chinese chieftain and rebel leader

290s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/290s

Year **374 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Second year without Tribunate or Consulship** (or, less frequently, **year 380 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 374 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athens tries to retire from the Theban-Spartan war and makes peace with Sparta. However, the peace is quickly broken. * Sparta attacks Corcyra, enlisting Syracusan help. Athens comes to the island's aid. The Athenian general, Timotheus, captures Corcyra and defeats the Spartans at sea off Alyzia (Acarnania). #### Cyprus * The King of Salamis, Evagoras, is assassinated. He is succeeded by his son, Nicocles, who continues his father's liberal Hellenising policy in Cyprus, encouraged by Isocrates, who writes his *Exhortation to Nicocles*. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Evagoras, king of Salamis in Cyprus (assassinated)

374 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/374_BC

Year **429 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tricipitinus and Fidenas** (or, less frequently, **year 325 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 429 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Athenians under Xenophon march into Thrace to attack Chalcis. They destroy crops outside Spartolus and begin negotiating with pro-Athenian factions in Chalcis, but the anti-Athenian factions ask for help from Olynthus. An army from Chalcis, Spartolus, and Olynthus meet the Athenians in battle, but their hoplites are defeated. Reinforcements soon arrive from Olynthus, and they launch a second attack on the Athenians. The Athenians are routed, with all of their generals and 430 other men killed. * The Athenian admiral Phormio has two naval victories, the Naupactus and the Battle of Rhium at the mouth of the Corinthian Gulf. In the first battle, his 20 ships defeat 47 Corinthian ships commanded by Machaon, Isocrates, and Agatharchidas that were advancing to reinforce the Spartan general, Cnemus's campaign in Acarnania. In the second battle, Phormio routs Cnemus's 77-vessel fleet. * The Athenians, in alliance with Polichne, destroy the Cretan city of Kydonia. * The Macedonian king, Perdiccas II, once again betrays the Athenians and sends 1000 troops to support a Spartan assault on Acarnania but they arrive too late to help. In response to this, King Sitalkes of Thrace invades Macedonia with a vast army that includes independent Thracian tribes (such as the Dii) and Paionian tribes (Agrianes and Laeaeans). His progress is slowed when the promised support from Athens fails to materialise. So Perdiccas once again uses diplomacy to ensure the survival of Macedonia. He promises the hand of his sister in marriage to the nephew of Sitalkes, who then persuades Sitalkes to leave Macedonia. * The plague in Athens that is killing thousands of the city's inhabitants, claims Pericles. Cleon, who has headed the opposition to Pericles's rule, succeeds to power in Athens following Pericles's death. Births ------ * Ateas, king of Scythia (d. 339 BC) Deaths ------ * Pericles, Athenian statesman (epidemic) (born c. 495 BC)

429 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/429_BC

Year **470 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Mamercus** (or, less frequently, **year 284 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 470 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a helot uprising, Pausanias takes refuge in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The sanctuary is respected, but the Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death. ### By topic #### Architecture * The construction of the Temple of Zeus, begins at Olympia, Greece. This includes the relief sculpture (of which fragments now remain at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia) of *Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs* (approximate date). #### Art * The *Charioteer*, in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, is created in commemoration of a victory in the Pythian Games of 478 or 474 BC (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Delphi Archaeological Museum. * Pan Painter makes a "bell krater" (an earthenware piece that is used to mix water and wine) which has a red-figure decoration of *Artemis slaying Actaeon*. It is now preserved at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date). Births ------ * Aspasia of Miletus, mistress of Pericles of Athens (d. c. 400 BC) * Hippocrates of Chios, Greek mathematician (d. c. 410 BC) * Mozi (or **Mo Tzu**), Chinese philosopher (d. c. 391) * Socrates, Greek philosopher (d. c. 399 BC) Deaths ------ * Pausanias, Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars

470 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/470_BC

Year **296** (**CCXCVI**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Diocletian and Constantius** (or, less frequently, **year 1049 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 296 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * In this or the previous year, Caesar Constantius I assembles two invasion fleets with the intent of overthrowing the usurper Allectus, who is based in Britain. The first is under the command of Asclepiodotus, Maximian's long-serving Praetorian Prefect. Asclepiodotus sails from the mouth of the Seine, and lands near the Isle of Wight, where his forces defeat Allectus in Hampshire. Allectus is killed in the fighting. Constantius leaves Boulogne with his fleet, and occupies London, where he slaughters some of Allectus' Frankish mercenaries. With this victory, the Romano-British regime first established by Carausius is overthrown, and Britain is re-incorporated into the rest of the empire. * Having supervised the Rhine frontier during Constantius' invasion of Britain, Maximian then marches into Spain, where he fights Frankish pirates. He then crosses into North Africa to contend with the rebellion of the Quinquegentiani. * The Persian king Narseh invades Roman-held Upper Mesopotamia and Arsacid western Armenia, the latter territory being under the leadership of the pro-Roman king Tiridates III. With only a small army, Caesar Galerius fights three holding actions against Narseh's army in Mesopotamia. Somewhere in the open plains between Carrhae and Callinicum, Galerius' army suffers a defeat against the Persian army, which is both more numerous and contains superior numbers of high-quality cavalry. Nevertheless, Galerius succeeds in blunting the Persian offensive. ### By topic #### Religion * April 22 – Pope Caius dies after a 13-year reign and is succeeded by Marcellinus as the 29th pope of Rome. Births ------ * Yu Bing (or **Jijian**), Chinese politician (d. 344) Deaths ------ * April 22 – Caius, bishop of Rome * Allectus, Roman treasurer and usurper-emperor * Guo Huai (or **Yuhuang**), Chinese noblewoman (b. 237)

296

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/296

Year **474 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Medullinus and Vulso** (or, less frequently, **year 280 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 474 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Italy * Hiero I, tyrant of Syracuse, allied with naval forces from the maritime Greek cities of southern Italy defeats the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination. * Taras signs an alliance with Rhegion, to counter the Messapians, Peucetians, and Lucanians, but the joint armies of the Tarentines and Rhegines are defeated near Kailia. * Hiero builds Castello Aragonese on the island of Ischia. ### By topic #### Literature * The Greek poet Pindar moves to Thebes after two years at the Sicilian Court of Hiero I of Syracuse. While at Thebes, he composes lyric odes to celebrate triumphs in the Olympic Games and other athletic events. Births ------ * Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura, ruler of Sri Lanka Deaths ------ *

474 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/474_BC

Year **379 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Vulso, Iullus, Sextilius, Albinius, Antistius, Trebonius and Erenucius** (or, less frequently, **year 375 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 379 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Sparta suppresses the Chalcidian League and imposes terms favourable to King Amyntas III of Macedonia. * A small group of Theban exiles, led by Pelopidas, infiltrate the city of Thebes and assassinates the leaders of the pro-Spartan government. Epaminondas and Gorgidas lead a group of young men who break into the city's armories, take weapons, and surround the Spartans on the Cadmea, assisted by a force of Athenian hoplites. In the Theban assembly the next day, Epaminondas and Gorgidas bring Pelopidas and his men before the audience and exhort the Thebans to fight for their freedom. The assembly responds by acclaiming Pelopidas and his men as liberators. Fearing for their lives, the Spartan garrison surrenders and are evacuated. The Thebans of the pro-Spartan party are also allowed to surrender; they are subsequently executed. * The Thebans are able to reconstitute their old Boeotian confederacy in a new, democratic form. The cities of Boeotia unite as a federation with an executive body composed of seven generals, or Boeotarchs, elected from seven districts throughout Boeotia. #### Italy * Rome sends colonists to Setia, the inhabitants complain that their numbers are too small. Publius and Gaius Manlius are assigned to the Volsicans for campaign. A defeat follows for the Romans after having been attacked in their camp and foraging parties being killed. The Roman soldiers do not waver even when they have no leader. A dictator is soon afterwards requested but the Volsicans do not know how to follow up a victory. At the end of the year the Parenestines inspire the Latin peoples to revolt. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

379 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/379_BC

Year **437** (**CDXXXVII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aetius and Sigisvultus** (or, less frequently, **year 1190 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 437 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (*magister militum*), secures the besieged city of Narbonne (Southern Gaul) against King Theodoric I. He concludes a peace treaty with the Visigoths, and becomes consul for the second time. * July 2 – Valentinian III, age 18, rules as emperor over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence until her death in 450. * October 29 – Valentinian III cements an alliance with the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, by marrying his daughter Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople. This marks the reunion of the two branches of the House of Theodosius. * Battle of Wallop: Ambrosius Aurelianus, leader of the Romano-British, defeats the Anglo Saxons under King Vortigern. He is given all the kingdoms of the western side of Britain (according to *Historia Brittonum*). #### Mesoamerica * K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' dies after an 11-year reign. He is the founder and first ruler of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization centered at Copán (modern Honduras). ### By topic #### Religion * A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the Pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and Pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki. Births ------ * Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks (approximate date) * Remigius, bishop of Reims (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Li Jingshou, princess of the Xiongnu state Northern Liang

437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437

Year **483 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Potitus** (or, less frequently, **year 271 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 483 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian empire * Xerxes I of Persia is encouraged by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, to take revenge for the defeat that Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos. #### Greece * The Athenian archon Themistocles realises that the Greeks need to be able to beat the Persians at sea. To carry out this strategy, however, Athens needs far more warships (that is to say the newly developed, specialised triremes) than the 70 it has. Themistocles is initially opposed by other Athenian leaders. However, when the state-owned silver mines at Laurium become the site of a rich strike, Themistocles persuades the assembly, instead of "declaring a dividend," to devote the whole surplus to increasing the navy to a proposed 200 ships. #### India * Following the death of Gautama Buddha, the relics associated with his cremation were divided amongst royal families and his disciples, then interned in 8 reliquaries. Each reliquary was then encased in its own burial mound, called a stupa (approximate date). #### Sicily * Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse conquers the nearby Sicilian cities of Euboea and Megara Hyblaea, selling their common people into slavery and bringing their oligarchs to Syracuse. #### Rome * Commencement of the Fabian war with Veii. * Ongoing hostilities with the Volsci. * Punishment of the vestal virgin Oppia for a breach of chastity. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Gautama Buddha, Indian prince, founder of Buddhism (b. c. 563 BC)

483 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/483_BC

Year **488** (**CDLXXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ecclesius and Sividius** (or, less frequently, **year 1241 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 488 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno regains power from the usurper Leontius and the Isaurian patrician Illus, who are captured and executed, ending a 4-year rebellion (see 484). * Zeno orders Theodoric the Great to overthrow his rival Odoacer, who has established himself as king of Italy (see 476). He marches with an Ostrogoth army to the West. #### Europe * According to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, Hengist dies and is succeeded by his son Oisc as king of Kent. * The East Roman Emperor Zeno tasks the King of the Ostrogoths, Theoderic the Great, with conducting a campaign against Odoacer, whom he initially had recognised as his representative in Italy. * Among the peoples who live on the south bank of the Danube in *Noricum ripense* and who are *de facto* ruled by the Rugii, whose empire has its centre near Krems on the north bank, are Romii who had been evacuated earlier from Danube settlements above the River Enns. They include members of the Severin convent. Because some of the Rugii want to fight for East Rome against Odoacer, they destroy the Rugian Empire and allow the Romii to be evacuated to Italy by his brother, Hunulf, in order to prevent the re-establishment of the Rugian Empire by a surviving prince. The northern Danubian Limes of the Roman Empire are effectively abandoned. Even the relics of Severinus of Noricum are carried with them. * The Gepids capture Belgrade. #### Persia * Kavadh I is crowned by the nobles, and succeeds his blind uncle Balash as the 19th king of Persia. #### Asia * Ninken, adopted heir of Seinei, succeeds his brother Kenzō and becomes new emperor of Japan. ### By topic #### Religion * Peter the Fuller is succeeded by Palladius as patriarch of Antioch. * Fravitta becomes patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ * He Di, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 502) * Senán mac Geirrcinn, Irish saint * Yu, empress of Northern Wei (d. 507) Deaths ------ * Balash, king of the Persian Empire * Hengest, leader of Kent * Illus, Byzantine general * Leontius, Byzantine usurper * Peter the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch

488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/488

Year **489 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Iullus and Rufus** (or, less frequently, **year 265 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 489 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After his great victory in the Battle of Marathon, Miltiades leads a naval expedition to Paros to pay off a private score. However, the expedition is unsuccessful and, on his return, he is fined in a prosecution led by Xanthippus and put in prison where he dies of wounds received at Paros. * The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides (**the Just**), is made chief archon of Athens. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Cleomenes I, king of Sparta (approximate date) * Miltiades, Athenian general (b. c. 550 BC)

489 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/489_BC

Year **440 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Macerinus and Lanatus** (or, less frequently, **year 314 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 440 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Samos, an autonomous member of the Delian League and one of Athens' principal allies with a substantial fleet of its own, quarrels with Miletus and appeals to Athens for assistance. Pericles decides in favour of Miletus, so Samos revolts. Pericles then sails to Samos with a fleet to overthrow its oligarchic government and install a democratic one. Sparta threatens to interfere. However, at a congress of the Peloponnesian League, its members vote not to intervene on behalf of Samos against Athens. #### Roman Republic * A famine strikes in Rome. #### China * Zhou Kao Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. ### By topic #### Physics * Democritus proposes the existence of indivisible particles, which he calls atoms. #### Art * Polykleitos completes one of his greatest statues, the *Doryphorus* (*The Spear Bearer*) (approximate date). * The stela, *Demeter, Persephone and Triptolemos*, from Eleusis, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. * A temple for Poseidon is erected in Sounion. Births ------ * Cynisca, Greek princess of Sparta Deaths ------ * Ducetius, a Hellenized leader of the Sicels and founder of a united Sicilian state * Ezra, Jewish scribe and priest (b. c. 480 BCE)

440 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/440_BC

Year **445** (**CDXLV**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valentinianus and Nomus** (or, less frequently, **year 1198 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 445 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Emperor Valentinian III issues an imperial edict against Manichaeism. Heavy penalties are decreed against those who do not denounce the religion, and retain Manichaean books. * Petronius Maximus, prominent aristocrat, is given the title of Patrician. He becomes the most honored of all non-imperial Romans, and political rival of Flavius Aetius. * Bleda, co-ruler of the Huns, dies in a hunting accident. He is possibly murdered at the instigation of his younger brother Attila, with whom he has ruled since 434. Now about 39, Attila takes the throne for himself, and becomes king of the Hunnic Empire. ### By topic #### Religion * Domnus II, Patriarch of Antioch, summons a synod of Syrian bishops to confirm the deposition of Athanasius of Perrha. * Ireland: The Diocese of Armagh is created. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Arsenius the Great, Desert Father * King Bleda of the Huns (approximate date) * Fan Ye, Chinese historian (b. 398) * Nath Í mac Fiachrach, High King of Ireland

445

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/445

Year **494** (**CDXCIV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rufius and Praesidius** (or, less frequently, **year 1247 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 494 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * An earthquake devastates the port town of Latakia (modern Syria). #### China * Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang. He makes Chinese the official language of his court, and orders his nobility to adopt Chinese names. ### By topic #### Religion * Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state. * The *Decretum Gelasianum* is attributed. * Gelasius I canonizes Saint George. Births ------ * Gildas, British historian and priest (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Xiao Zhaowen, emperor of Southern Qi (b. 480) * Xiao Zhaoye, emperor of Southern Qi (known as the **Prince of Yulin**) (b. 473)

494

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/494

Year **449 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Third year of the decemviri** and the **Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Barbatus** (or, less frequently, **year 305 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 449 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia. * Pericles begins a great building plan including the re-fortification of Athens main port Piraeus and its long walls extending to Athens main city. * Pericles proposes a "Congress Decree" allowing the use of 9,000 talents to finance the massive rebuilding program of Athenian temples. This leads to a meeting ("Congress") of all Greek states in order to consider the question of rebuilding the temples destroyed by the Persians. The Congress fails because of Sparta's opposition. * Pericles places the Athenian sculptor Phidias in charge of all the artistic aspects of his reconstruction program. Construction begins on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, while the Athenian Senate commissions Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena Nike on the Acropolis. * The Second Sacred War erupts between Athens and Sparta, when Sparta forcefully detaches Delphi from Phocis and renders it independent. #### Rome * The Law of the Twelve Tables (developed by the Decemvirates) is formally promulgated in 450 B.C. The Twelve Tables are literally drawn up on twelve ivory tablets which are posted in the Forum Romanum so that all Romans can read and know them. * When the Decemvirate's term of office expires, the decemviri refuse to leave office or permit successors to take office. Appius Claudius Crassus is said to have made an unjust decision which would have forced a young woman named Verginia into prostitution, prompting her father to kill her. This leads to an uprising against the Decemvirate forcing the decemviri to resign their offices. The ordinary magistrates (magistratus ordinarii) are re-instituted. Appius Claudius is said to have committed suicide as a result of these events. ### By topic #### Literature * Herodotus completes his *History*, which records the events concerning the Persian War. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Appius Claudius Crassus, former decemvir (suicide)

449 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/449_BC

Year **308 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mus and Rullianus** (or, less frequently, **year 446 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 308 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Ptolemy crosses from Asia Minor into Greece, where he takes possession of Corinth, Sicyon and Megara. * Ptolemy makes peace with Cassander * Cleopatra of Macedon is assassinated by the order of Antigonus #### Roman Republic * The Second Samnite War escalates when the tribes of the central Apennines, the Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join the war against Rome. However, Rome is able to control the uprising. * The Etruscans sue for peace with Rome, which is granted by the Romans on severe terms. Births ------ * Hiero II, Greek Sicilian tyrant and king of Syracuse (approximate date) * Zhao Sheng, Chinese chancellor of the Zhao State (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Cleopatra of Macedon, sister of Alexander the Great and daughter of King Philip II of Macedon and Olympias (b. c. 356 BC)

308 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/308_BC

Year **307** (**CCCVII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Severus and Maximinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1060 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 307 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Winter: Emperor Galerius wins his second victory over the Sarmatians. * Galerius sends Valerius Severus with the army of northern Italy, to suppress the rebellion in Rome. However, faced with their former emperor Maximian, the soldiers desert him, and Severus flees to Ravenna. Maximian besieges Severus in Ravenna, who then surrenders. Maxentius makes Severus a hostage, in an attempt to keep Galerius at bay. * Summer: Anticipating an offensive by Galerius, Maximian travels to Gaul to make an alliance with Constantine I. * Late summer or autumn: Galerius invades Italy but Maxentius remains behind the walls of Rome. Galerius finds he cannot besiege the city, and the image of an emperor making efforts against Rome hurts Galerius' image among the troops. The fact that Maxentius is his son-in-law does not help, and Maxentius makes an effort to bribe Galerius' troops. Galerius unsuccessfully attempts to negotiate, and recognizing Maxentius' attempts at bribery and the danger of being trapped in Italy by Maximian and Constantine, Galerius chooses to withdraw from Italy. To satiate his troops during the withdrawal, he pillages the Italian countryside. Meanwhile, Maxentius executes Severus. * December: Constantine marries Maximian's daughter Fausta, and is promoted to Augustus by Maximian. * Near the end of the year, Galerius gives his wife (Diocletian's daughter) Galeria Valeria the title of Augusta. #### China * January 8 – Emperor Hui of Jin dies after a 16-year reign, in which eight dukes of the imperial family have conducted a civil war (War of the Eight Princes) against each other in a struggle for power. Huai of Jin, age 23, succeeds his father and becomes the third ruler of the Jin Dynasty. Births ------ * Zhang Jun, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 346) Deaths ------ * January 8 – Hui of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259) * September 16 – Severus II, Roman emperor (murdered) * Septimius of Iesi, German bishop, martyr and saint * Tuoba Luguan, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan

307

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/307

Year **495** (**CDXCV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Viator without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1248 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 495 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Britannia * Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex. #### China * Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei builds the Shaolin Monastery (Henan) for the monk Batuo (for alternate founding date see 477 or 497). ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops, in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I's efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine. Births ------ * Queen Amalasuntha of the Ostrogoths (approximate date) * King Chlodomer of the Franks (d. 524) * Finnian of Moville, Irish bishop (d. 589) * Guntheuc, princess of Burgundy (d. c. 532) * Husi Chun, general of Northern Wei (d. 537) * King Theudebert I of Austrasia (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Fráech mac Finchada, king of Leinster

495

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/495

Year **300 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Pansa** (or, less frequently, **year 454 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 300 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. B.C.E is the abbreviation for before the Common/Current/Christian Era (an alternative to Before Christ, abbreviated BC). Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pilgrims travel to the healing temples of Asclepieion to be cured of their ills. After a ritual purification the followers bring offerings or sacrifices. #### Egypt * Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice. * Ptolemy concludes an alliance with King Lysimachus of Thrace and gives him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage. #### China * Warring States period #### Seleucid Empire * Seleucus founds the city of Antioch, some 20 miles up the Orontes River, naming it after his father. * After the death of his wife Apama, Seleucus marries Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes. ### By topic #### Art * In Pella, the capital of Macedonia, the artist Gnosis creates his *Stag Hunt* mosaic floor decoration. Births ------ Deaths ------

300 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_BC

Year **499 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aebutius and Cicurinus** (or, less frequently, **year 255 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 499 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in c. 501 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, tyrant of Miletus, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death. * Miltiades the Younger, the ruler of the Thracian Chersonese, which has been under Persian suzerainty since approximately 514 BC, joins the Ionian revolt. He seizes the islands of Lemnos and Imbros from the Persians. * Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians from Cleomenes I, king of Sparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond.

499 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/499_BC

Year **393** (**CCCXCIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Augustus** (or, less frequently, **year 1146 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 393 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 23 – Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his son Honorius, age 8, co-ruler (*Augustus*) of the Western Roman Empire. * Theodosius I demands the destruction of pagan temples, holy sites, and ancient objects throughout the Roman Empire. * Theodosius I abolishes the Greek Olympic Games, ending a thousand years of festivals, as part of the general Christian policy to establish universal Christian worship in accordance with the doctrines set forth in the Nicene Creed (the next Olympic Games will not be held until 1896). #### China * Gao Zu succeeds Tai Zu as emperor of the Later Qin Empire. * Chinese astronomers observe the guest star SN 393. ### By topic #### Religion * Synod of Hippo: A council at Hippo Regius (Algeria) is hosted by the Church. The bishops approve a canon of Sacred Scripture that correspond to the Roman Catholic Church. Births ------ * Sima Maoying, empress of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 439) * Theodoret of Cyrrhus, bishop and theologian (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Eunomius of Cyzicus, Arian bishop and theologian * Zhai Zhao "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), emperor of Wei

393

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/393

Year **457 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pulvillus and Augurinus** or **Cincinnatus and Vibulanus** (or, less frequently, **year 297 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 457 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athens, the leader of the Delian League, comes into conflict with Corinth and its ally Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League) over Megara. Nicomedes of Sparta, regent for King Pleistoanax, leads an army of 11,500 hoplites into Boeotia to help Thebes put down a rebellion by Phocis. * Athenian forces block the routes back to the Peloponnese, so the Spartans decide to remain in Boeotia and await the Athenian attack. The Athenians and their allies, with 14,000 men under the command of Myronides, meet the Spartans at Battle of Tanagra. The Spartans win the battle, but they lose many men and so are unable to follow up on their victory. * The Athenians regroup after the battle and march into Boeotia. Led by Myronides, the Athenians defeat the Boeotians in the Battle of Oenophyta, and then destroy the walls of Tanagra and ravage Locris and Phocis. * Athens goes on to defeat Aegina later in the year, and to finish the construction of the Long Walls to the Athenian port of Piraeus (an action opposed by Sparta). * Boeotia, Phocis and Opuntian Locris become members of the Delian League. Athens now has enrolled in the Delian League all the Boeotian cities except Thebes. Aegina is forced to become a member of the League. It is assessed, with Thasos, for a yearly contribution to the League of 30 talents. * The Zeus Temple at Olympia is completed. The forty-foot statue of Zeus inside it becomes one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

457 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/457_BC

Year **397** (**CCCXCVII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesarius and Atticus** (or, less frequently, **year 1150 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 397 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Stilicho traps the Visigoths under King Alaric in the Peloponnese, but decides to abandon the campaign against the Visigoths in Greece, thus allowing King Alaric to escape north to Epirus with his loot. Presumably, Stilicho has left Greece in order to prepare for military action in northern Africa, where a rebellion (see Gildonic Revolt in 398) seems imminent. * Emperor Honorius passes a law making barbarian styles of dress illegal in the city of Rome. As a result of this law, everybody in Rome is forbidden from wearing boots, trousers, animal skins, and long hair. This law is passed in response to the increasing popularity of barbarian fashions among the people of Rome. #### China * The Xiongnu occupy the Gansu area, an economically important province situated along the Silk Road. ### By topic #### Religion * April 4 – Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, dies in his diocese after 23 years in office, during which he dominated the political life of the Roman Empire. * August 28 – Council of Carthage: The biblical canon is definitely declared. * September 7 – First Council of Toledo: Hispanic bishops, including Lampius, condemn Priscillianism. * November 13 – John Chrysostom is appointed Archbishop of Constantinople. * Mor Gabriel Monastery is founded and located on the Tur Abdin plateau near Midyat (Turkey). * Sulpicius Severus writes the earliest biography of Martin of Tours, the first known "life of a saint" ever written. * Augustine of Hippo begins his *Confessions*, an autobiography that recounts his intellectual and spiritual development. * Scottish missionary Ninian establishes a church (*Candida Casa*) at Whithorn, and begins his work among the Picts. Births ------ * March 30 or March 31 – K'uk B'alam I, king of Palenque (Mexico) Deaths ------ * April 4 – Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop of Milan * November 8 – Martin of Tours, bishop and saint * Murong Hui, imperial prince of Later Yan (b. 373) * Murong Long, general and prince of Later Yan * Empress She, wife of emperor Yao Chang

397

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/397

Year **455** (**CDLV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valentinianus and Anthemius** (or, less frequently, **year 1208 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 455 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * March 16 – Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, while training with the bow on the Campus Martius (Rome), ending the Theodosian dynasty. His *primicerius sacri cubiculi*, Heraclius, is also murdered. * March 17 – Petronius Maximus, former *domesticus* ("elite bodyguard") of Aetius, becomes (with support of the Roman Senate) emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He secures the throne by bribing officials of the imperial palace. Maximus consolidates his power by a forced marriage with Licinia Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian III. * Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of *magister militum* and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse, to gain the support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to *Caesar* and has him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III. * May 31 – Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. A widespread panic occurs when many citizens hear the news that the Vandals are plundering the Italian mainland. * June 2 – Sack of Rome: King Genseric leads the Vandals into Rome, after he has promised Pope Leo I not to burn and plunder the city. Genseric sacks the city for a period of two weeks. Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, are taken hostage. The loot is sent to the harbour of Ostia and loaded into ships, from whence the Vandals depart and return to Carthage. * July 9 – Avitus is proclaimed Roman emperor at Toulouse, and later recognised by the Gallic chiefs in *Viernum* (near Arles). * September 21 – Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (*magister militum*), at Ravenna. * The Ostrogoths conquer Pannonia and Dalmatia. #### Britannia * Battle of Aylesford: Prince Vortimer rebels against the pro-Anglo-Saxon policies of his father, Vortigern. He is defeated in the battle at Aylesford (Kent). Hengist and his son Oisc become king of Kent. Horsa and Catigern, brother of Vortimer, are killed. The Britons withdraw to London (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). #### Asia * Skandagupta succeeds Kumaragupta I as ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). During his reign he crushes the Hun invasion; however, the expense of the wars drains the empire's resources and contributes to its decline. * Gaero becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### Mesoamerica * Earliest recorded date at Chichen Itza on the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) (approximate date). ### By topic #### Commerce * Barter economy replaces organized trade as Romans and other citizens desert their towns for the countryside, where they will be less vulnerable to barbarian raids (approximate date). #### Medicine * The city of *Vindobona* (Vienna) is struck by an epidemic that spreads through the Roman provinces. The disease is probably streptococcus or a form of scarlet fever with *streptococcus pneumoniae* (approximate date). Births ------ * Rusticus, archbishop of Lyon (approximate date) * Wang Baoming, empress of the Southern Qi (d. 512) Deaths ------ * March 16 + Valentinian III, emperor of the Western Roman Empire (b. 419) + Heraclius, Roman courtier (*primicerius sacri cubiculi* ) * May 31 – Petronius Maximus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire * Biyu of Baekje, king of Baekje * Catigern, prince and son of Vortigern (approximate date) * Horsa, leader of the Anglo-Saxons (approximate date) * Kumaragupta I, ruler of the Gupta Empire (India) * Niall Noigiallach, High King of Ireland (approximate date) * Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus (approximate date) * Prosper of Aquitaine, disciple and Christian writer (approximate date)

455

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/455

Year **304** (**CCCIV**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was known in the Roman Empire as the **Year of the Consulship of Diocletian and Maximian** (or, less frequently, **year 1057 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 304 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Caesar Galerius, perhaps accompanied by Emperor Diocletian, wins his fourth and final victory over the Carpi. Many of the surviving Carpi and Bastarnae are resettled in the Roman Empire, where they are split up. The Bastarnae are not attested after this time, and the Carpi are attested only once more in the 310s. * Diocletian, while inspecting the Danube border, becomes seriously ill. * Caesar Constantius I besieges a Germanic raiding force on an island in the Rhine and forces their surrender. #### Asia * Sixteen Kingdoms: The Wu Hu uprising establishes the Han Kingdom, under Liu Yuan. * Sichuan earns its independence from China. * Biryu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### By topic #### Religion * October 25 – Pope Marcellinus dies at Rome after an 8-year reign. The papal throne will remain vacant until 308. Births ------ Deaths ------ * October 25 – Pope Marcellinus * December 25 – Saint Anastasia (martyred) * Date unknown + Saint Afra (martyred by fire) + Saint Agape, Chionia, and Irene (martyred) + Saint Agnes (martyred) + Saint Alban (possibly 309) + Bunseo of Baekje, king of Baekje (Korea) + Saint Florian (martyred) + Saint Gorgonius of Nicomedia (martyred) + Saint Juliana of Nicomedia (martyred) + Saint Lucy of Syracuse (martyred) + Saint Margaret (martyred) + Saint Pancras (martyred) + Saint Philomena (martyred) + Sima Ai, Chinese prince of the Jin dynasty (b. 277) + Saints Theodora and Didymus (martyred) + Saint Vincent of Saragossa (martyred)

304

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/304

Year **305** (**CCCV**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Valerius** (or, less frequently, **year 1058 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 305 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * May 1 – Emperor Diocletian abdicates and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast, after a reign of nearly 21 years, in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared. * Maximian retires from office, and leaves for Campania or Lucania (southern Italy), to live a life of ease in his luxury villas. * Constantius I and Galerius are declared Augusti; Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza are appointed Caesars. * Constantius requests leave for his son Constantine I to join him in the west, who has been living at the courts of Diocletian and Galerius as a hostage. Galerius allows Constantine to return. * Summer – Constantine joins his father at Bononia (Boulogne) in Gaul; they cross the Channel to Britain and make their way to Eboracum (York), capital of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base. They campaign with success against the Picts. * Galerius begins a series of campaigns against the Sarmatians, winning his first victory before the end of the year. * Maximinus Daza persecutes the Christians of Egypt, many of whom take refuge in the desert. In time, this refuge leads to the monastic life. In these monasteries, Coptic writing develops, supporting the propagation of Christian texts. * Patron of Pozzuoli, Saint Proculus, and patron of Naples, Saint Januarius are thrown to wild beasts in Pozzuoli's Flavian Amphitheater, then beheaded at Solfatara. * In this or the following year, the Baths of Diocletian are dedicated; the *thermae* become the largest imperial baths in Rome. #### Asia * The Daysan River floods Edessa. ### By topic #### Commerce * Landowners dominate the Roman Empire, and enjoy the title of senator, which exempts them from the crushing taxes imposed on the rest of the population. The Senate has lost all its power and the landowners almost never attend Senate sessions. Members of municipal senates (*curiales* or *decuriones*) are charged with the responsibility of collecting taxes and paying arrears; smaller landowners are held responsible for providing recruits for the Roman army, and with keeping wastelands under cultivation. #### Religion * Catherine makes a public confession of the Christian gospel at a sacrificial feast ordered by Maximinus Daza at Alexandria. A virgin of royal descent, she is tortured on a spiked wheel (later called the "Catherine Wheel") and beheaded; her remains are spirited to Mount Sinai. * The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted. Births ------ * Yu Yi (or **Zhigong**), Chinese calligrapher and general (d. 345) Deaths ------ * Januarius I of Benevento, Roman bishop and martyr * Catherine of Alexandria, Christian martyr and virgin * Porphyry of Tyre, Neoplatonist philosopher and writer * Proculus of Pozzuoli (or **Proclus**), Christian martyr * Sossianus Hierocles, Roman proconsul and aristocrat * Tuoba Yituo, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan * Vincent, Orontius, and Victor, Christian martyrs * Wang Rong (or **Junchong**), Chinese politician (b. 234) * Zuo Si (or **Taichong**), Chinese poet and writer (b. 250)

305

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/305

Year **459 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Uritinus** (or, less frequently, **year 295 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 459 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Jewish priest Ezra assembled and led a band of approximately 5,000 Jews from Babylon to Jerusalem. #### Greece * Athens allied itself with the city state of Megara which was under pressure from Corinth. This alliance leads to war between Corinth and Athens. The first battle of the war, at Haliesis in the Gulf of Argolis, resulted in a Corinthian victory, but the next battle, the battle of Cecryphalea (modern Angistrion), went Athens' way. #### Roman Republic * The Aequi occupied Tusculum. In response to the threat, the Roman Senate decided to send an army to help the allied city, under the command of consul Lucius Cornelius Maluginensis. In addition, the consul Fabius Vibulanus, who was at that point besieging Antium, moved his forces to attack Tusculum. The Tusculans were able to recapture their city. A truce was then arranged with the Aequi. #### Sicily * The Sicilian town of Morgantina was destroyed by Ducetius, Hellenised leader of the Siculi (according to Diodorus Siculus). Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

459 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/459_BC

Year **30 BC** was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus** (or, less frequently, **year 724 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 30 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger. * Spring – Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles, ships them across to Asia Minor and marches into Syria where Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support. * Summer – Cornelius Gallus lands in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium. Mark Antony storms the city walls and blockades the harbour, then retreats with his army (7 legions) to Egypt and receives the news that Pelusium has opened its gates to Octavian without resistance. * July 31 – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * August 1 – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. * Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships. * August 10 or 12 – With the death of Cleopatra and the execution of her son Caesarion, the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last of Ancient Egypt, comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt. * The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian and taken back in triumph; Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her household in Rome. * Octavian claims Cleopatra's treasure in the mausoleum at the Taposiris Magna (Temple of Isis); he pays the salaries of his veteran legionaries and gives them land in Italy. #### Asia * Possible date of composition of the *Tirukkuṛaḷ*, attributed to Thiruvalluvar. * First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history; as the 5th century *Book of the Later Han* states that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han dynasty helped him push a *lu che* back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year. Births ------ * Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37) Deaths ------ * August 1 – Mark Antony, Roman consul and general (suicide) (b. 83 BC) * August 12 – Cleopatra VII, queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (likely suicide) (b. 69 BC) * August 23 + Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC) + Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra of Egypt (b. 47 BC) * Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea (until 40 BC) * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor (**the Younger**), Roman politician * Pharnavaz II, king of Iberia (Artaxiad Dynasty) (Georgia) (killed by Mirian II) * Publius Canidius Crassus, Roman general and politician (executed) * Emperor Sujin of Japan, according to legend.

30 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_BC

Year **466** (**CDLXVI**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Leo and Tatianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1219 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 466 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced. * Tarasicodissa, an Isaurian officer, comes with evidence that Ardabur (*magister militum*) is forming a conspiracy against Leo I. Ardabur is arrested for treason. * Tarasicodissa adopts the Greek name of Zeno and marries Ariadne, eldest daughter of Leo I (approximate date). #### Europe * King Theodoric II is killed by his younger brother Euric, who succeeds him on the throne. He conquers Hispania and the harbor city of Marseille (Southern Gaul), adding them to the existing Visigothic Kingdom. * Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals. * A council of twelve townships emerges on the islands in the Venetian lagoon, to form a basic system of governance (approximate date). ### By topic #### Religion * Peter the Fuller is deposed as patriarch of Antioch; Julian is elected as his successor. Births ------ * Arthur, king of the Britons (approximate date) * Clovis I, first king of the Franks (approximate date) * Xu Mian, high official of the Liang Dynasty (d. 535) Deaths ------ * January 1 – Emperor Qianfei, emperor of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 449) * Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (b. 456) * Lu Huinan, empress dowager of Liu Song (b. 412) * Theodoric II, king of the Visigoths * Yifu Hun, high official of Northern Wei

466

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/466

Year **468 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Barbatus and Priscus** (or, less frequently, **year 286 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 468 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Sparta faces trouble near home, chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns. #### Roman Republic * Antium is captured by Roman forces. #### China * Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. ### By topic #### Literature * Sophocles, Greek playwright, defeats Aeschylus for the Athenian Prize. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Aristides, Athenian statesman (b. 530 BC)

468 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/468_BC

Year **472 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Fusus** (or, less frequently, **year 282 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 472 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Carystus in Euboea is forced to join the Delian League after the Athenians attack the city (approximate date). ### By topic #### Literature * The tragedy *The Persians* is produced by Aeschylus. It is the oldest surviving classical Greek play. Births ------ * Thucydides, Greek historian (d.c. 400 BC) Deaths ------ *

472 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/472_BC

Year **310 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rullianus and Censorinus** (or, less frequently, **year 444 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 310 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonia * Ptolemy (general) forms an alliance with Cassander revolting against Antigonus #### Cyprus * By order of Ptolemy, Nicocles (Paphos) kills himself #### Seleucid Empire * Antigonus orders Nicanor, one of his generals, to invade Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to attack it from the west. Nicanor assembles a large force but it is surprised and defeated by Seleucus at the river Tigris, and his troops are either cut to pieces or defect to the enemy. Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes fails to oust Seleucus. #### Asia Minor * Ptolemy attacks Cilicia, territory held by Antigonus. * The cities of Antigonia Troas (later known as Alexandria Troas) and Antigoneia (later known as Nicaea) are founded by Antigonus I Monophthalmus. #### Sicily and Africa * The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, escapes from the siege of the city by the Carthaginians with a fleet and carries the war with the Carthaginians back into his enemy's territory. He defeats the Carthaginians in the Battle of White Tunis. #### Roman Republic * Rome deals with renewed trouble from the Etruscans, who are persuaded by the Samnites to cease their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans. #### Illyria * The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations. Births ------ * Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC) * Huiwen of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (Warring States Period) (d. 266 BC) * Xun Zi, Chinese philosopher (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC) Deaths ------ * Pytheas, Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massilia (today Marseille) (b. c. 380 BC) * Nicocles (Paphos) king of Paphos

310 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310_BC

Year **481 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Fusus** (or, less frequently, **year 273 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 481 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships. #### Greece * The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth, under the presidency of Sparta, brings together a number of the Greek city states, who agree to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina. They also discuss the threat from the Persians. Athens is unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its king Leonidas. Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, wants high command, but Sparta and Athens refuse. However, during the Congress, Gelo has to withdraw due to Carthage's plans to invade Sicily. Finally, Themistocles agrees that Athens' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states. Nevertheless, Thebes and Thessaly are unwilling to support Athens against the Persians and Crete decides to remain neutral. #### China * The Spring and Autumn period, which had begun in 722 BC, ends and compilation of the *Spring and Autumn Annals* ceases. It gives way to the Warring States period. #### Rome * The Aequi lay siege to Ortona but are defeated by the Romans. Tensions between the Roman classes flare during the battle. * Continuation of hostilities with Veii. The Veientine army threatens to besiege Rome but nothing notable occurs. * The tribune Spurius Licinius unsuccessfully advocates an agrarian law. Births ------ * Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (d. c. 420 BC) Deaths ------ * Sima Niu, the highest ranking aristocrat among the disciples of Confucius

481 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/481_BC

Year **319 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cursor and Cerretanus** (or, less frequently, **year 435 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 319 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * The Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, is sent to the Macedonian court, but either the Macedonian regent Antipater or his son Cassander, learning that Demades has intrigued with the former regent Perdiccas, puts him to death. * Antipater becomes ill and dies shortly after, leaving the regency of the Macedonian Empire to the aged Polyperchon, passing over his son Cassander, a measure which gives rise to much confusion and ill-feeling. * Polyperchon's authority is challenged by Antipater's son Cassander, who refuses to acknowledge the new regent. With the aid of Antigonus, ruler of Phrygia, and with the support of Ptolemy and Lysimachus, Cassander seizes most of Greece including Macedonia. * Eumenes allies himself with the regent Polyperchon. He manages to escape from the siege of Nora, and his forces soon threaten Syria and Phoenicia. Polyperchon recognises Eumenes as the royal general in Asia Minor. * Alexander the Great's widow, Roxana, joins Alexander's mother, Olympias, in Epirus. Births ------ * Antigonus II Gonatas, Macedonian king (approximate date) (d. 239 BC) * Pyrrhus of Epirus, King of the Molossians, Epirus and Macedonia (d. 272 BC) Deaths ------ * Antipater, Macedonian general, regent of Alexander the Great's empire (b. 397 BC)

319 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/319_BC

Year **321 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calvinus and Caudinus** (or, less frequently, **year 433 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 321 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Antipater appoints Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor and sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas. * Leaving Eumenes to hold Asia Minor against Craterus and Antigonus, Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy, but when he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Prominent among the mutineers is Seleucus. A truce is arranged, leaving Ptolemy in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon. * The key remaining generals (diadochi) of the late Alexander the Great agree to the Partition of Triparadisus (a town in northern Syria). This is a power-sharing agreement providing for a new regent to replace Perdiccas and it repartitions the satrapies of the empire that has been created by Alexander the Great. It follows but modifies the Partition of Babylon made two years earlier following the death of Alexander the Great. Under the agreement, Antipater becomes the regent of the Macedonian Empire on behalf of the two kings: the intellectually retarded Philip III Arrhidaeus and the infant Alexander IV of Macedon while Ptolemy is confirmed in possession of Egypt and Cyrene. * Ptolemy further strengthens his position amongst the diadochi by marrying Eurydice, the third daughter of Antipater. * Antigonus and Craterus defeat Eumenes in battle but Eumenes escapes. Antigonus and Craterus then besiege him unsuccessfully in the mountain fortress of Nora on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Craterus is killed during the fighting against Eumenes when his charging horse (Diodorus) falls over him. #### Roman Republic * Continuing successes by Rome's armies against the Samnites forces the Samnites to sue for peace. However, the terms offered by Rome are so stringent that they are rejected by the Samnites and the war goes on. * Two Roman consuls, Spurius Postumius Albinus and Titus Veturius Calvinus, leading an invading force into Samnium, are trapped in a mountain pass known as the Caudine Forks (Caudium) near Beneventum, where they can neither advance nor retire, and after a desperate struggle, they are forced to submit to the humiliating terms imposed by the Samnite victor, Gaius Pontius. The captured consuls pledge themselves to a five-year treaty on terms most favourable for the Samnites. #### India * Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, establishes himself as the king of Magadha. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Craterus, Macedonian general (b. c. 370 BC) * Perdiccas, Macedonian general and regent after the death of Alexander the Great (b. c. 365 BC) * Zhou Xian Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

321 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/321_BC

Year **495 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Priscus** (or, less frequently, **year 259 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 495 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### Roman Republic * A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury and was dedicated on 15 May. * The number of Roman tribes is increased to 21. * Additional colonists were sent to the colony at Signia. * The Volsci launch an invasion against Rome, but are defeated, and in retaliation Rome plunders Suessa Pometia. * Roman troops defeat an invading force of Sabines. * Roman troops defeat an army of the Aurunci near the town of Aricia. * The beginning of discord between the plebs and patricians leading to the first secession of the plebs. ### China * King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father, King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until 473 BC. Births ------ * Pericles, Athenian politician (d. 429 BC) Deaths ------ * Pythagoras of Samos * Tarquinius Superbus, former king of Rome died in exile in Cumae

495 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/495_BC

The denomination **322 BC** for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. In the pre-Julian Roman calendar, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rullianus and Curvus**. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Spring/summer – The Macedonian admiral Cleitus the White defeats the Athenian navy at the Battle of the Echinades and the Battle of Amorgos, ending Athenian thalassocracy in the Aegean. * The Athenians and their allies' siege of the Macedonian ruler, Antipater, in Lamia is relieved by Leonnatus with an army of 20,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry. Leonnatus is killed in the action. * September 5 – Craterus arrives to defeat the Athenians in the Battle of Crannon. This battle marks a complete victory for Antipater in the Lamian War. * The Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, regains his citizenship so that he and Phocion can negotiate a peace with Antipater, thus concluding the Lamian War. Before setting out he persuades the citizens of Athens to pass the death sentence upon Demosthenes and his followers (including Hypereides, leader of the Athenian patriotic party). Demades' embassy results in a peace disadvantageous to the Athenians, with the Athenians forced to accept the occupation of Athens' port, Piraeus, by the Macedonians. * Demosthenes flees from the Macedonians who demand his surrender. Upon being arrested, he takes poison and dies. * Hypereides flees to Aegina only to be captured by the Macedonians at the temple of Poseidon and put to death. * The League of Corinth is dissolved. #### Egypt * By custom, kings in Macedonia assert their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. To pre-empt Perdiccas, the imperial regent, Ptolemy has Alexander the Great's body brought to Memphis, Egypt and buried there in a gold sarcophagus. Ptolemy then marries Alexander's mistress, Thaïs and commences to reign as king of Egypt and the adjacent Libyan and Arabian regions. * Ptolemy, taking advantage of internal disturbances, acquires the African Hellenic towns of Cyrenaica without the authority of Perdiccas. * Ptolemy executes his deputy, Cleomenes of Naucratis, on the suspicion that Cleomenes favours Perdiccas. This action removes the chief check on his authority, and allows Ptolemy to obtain the sizable funds that Cleomenes has accumulated. #### India * Chandragupta Maurya captures Magadha: Chandragupta, with the help of Chanakya (Kautilya), who is also known as the Indian Machiavelli, destroys the Nanda rulers of Magadha and establishes the Maurya Empire. It is said that Chanakya met Chandragupta in the Vindhya forest, after being insulted by the Nanda king. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * October 12 – Demosthenes, Athenian statesman, recognized as the greatest of ancient Greek orators (b. 384 BC) * Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, Achaemenid satrap, founder of the Iranian Ariarathid dynasty * Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist (b. 384 BC) * Cleomenes of Naucratis, Greek deputy to the Macedonian ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy * Hypereides, Athenian orator (b. 390 BC) * Leonnatus, Macedonian officer under Alexander the Great and one of the diadochi (b. 356 BC)

322 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322_BC

Year **302** (**CCCII**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Valerius** or, less frequently, **year 1055 *Ab urbe condita***. The denomination 302 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Diocletian persecutes the Manichaeans, accusing them of being a Persian fifth column. * Caesar Galerius wins his second victory over the Carpi. * An invasion of Gaul by the Alemannic Lingones almost traps Caesar Constantius I between the enemy and the walls of a town. Constantius himself is carried onto the wall via a crane. However, within the same day, Constantius sallies forth from the walls and defeats the enemy in a major battle. #### Persia * Narseh, ruler (Shahanshah) of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd II. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Iamblichus of Chalcis writes a treatise on magic and the occult. #### Religion * Gregory the Illuminator is consecrated as Patriarch of Armenia by Leontius of Caesarea. Births ------ * Sun Sheng (or **Anguo**), Chinese historian (d. 373) Deaths ------ * Cao Huan, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (b. 246) * Narseh (or **Narses**), ruler of the Sassanid Empire * Sima Jiong (or **Jingzhi**), Chinese prince and regent

302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/302

Year **329 BCE** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Privernas and Decianus** (or, less frequently, **year 425 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 329 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * From Phrada, Alexander the Great presses on up the valley of the Helmand River, through Arachosia, and over the mountains past the site of modern Kabul into the country of the Paropamisade, where he founds Alexandria by the Caucasus. * In Bactria, Bessus raises a national revolt in the eastern satrapies using the title of King Artaxerxes V of Persia. * Crossing the Hindu Kush northward, probably over the Khawak Pass, Alexander brings his army, despite food shortages, to Drapsaka. Outflanked, Bessus flees beyond the Oxus river. * Marching west to Bactra (Zariaspa), Alexander appoints Artabazus of Phrygia as the satrap of Bactria. * Crossing the Oxus, Alexander sends his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus. In the meantime, Bessus is overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes. Bessus is captured, flogged, and sent to Ptolemy in Bactria with the hope of appeasing Alexander. In due course, Bessus is publicly executed at Ecbatana. With the death of Bessus (Artaxerxes V), Persian resistance to Alexander the Great ceases. * From Maracanda, Alexander advances through Cyropolis to the Jaxartes river, the boundary of the Persian Empire. There he breaks the opposition of the Scythian nomads by his use of catapults and, after defeating them in a battle on the north bank of the river, pursues them into the interior. On the site of modern Khujand on the Jaxartes, he founds a city, Alexandria Eschate, "the farthest." Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Bessus (Artaxerxes V), Persian nobleman and satrap of Bactria, and later the last claimant to the Achaemenid throne of Persia

329 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/329_BC

Year **329** (**CCCXXIX**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Constantinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1082 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 329 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * The Han Zhao dynasty, a Southern Xiongnu state during the Sixteen Kingdoms, ends. ### By topic #### Religion * Roman restrictions on joining the clergy are initiated. Births ------ * Gregory Nazianzus, Greek Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 390) Deaths ------ * Han Huang, Chinese general and rebel * Liu Xi, Chinese emperor of Han Zhao * Liu Yao, Chinese emperor of Han Zhao * Liu Yin, Chinese prince of Han Zhao * Wen Jiao, Chinese general and governor

329

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/329

Year **331 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Marcellus** (or, less frequently, **year 423 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 331 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonia * Late January – Alexander the Great travels with a small bodyguard (among them is the future Egyptian ruler Ptolemy I Soter) along the coastal road of Egypt and reaches the settlement of Paraetonium on the borders of Cyrenaica. There, he receives a delegation of emissaries from Cyrene, who grants him a number of gifts including fine horses and chariots. Alexander concludes a treaty of peace and alliance with them. He turns inland from the Mediterranean and travels through the Libyan Desert to the Siwah Oasis, which he reaches in late February. Alexander consults the famous oracle and is pronounced the son of Zeus-Ammon as his true father. * Alexander departs from Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt. * October 1 – Alexander is victorious in the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Alexander pursues the defeated Persian forces to Arbela, Darius moves his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media. * For the first time, Alexander encounters war elephants after the battle in Darius' camp. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gains access to huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents. #### Greece * While Alexander is fighting in Asia, Agis III of Sparta, profiting from the Macedonian king's absence from Greece, leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routs a force under the Macedonian general Coragus and, although Athens stays neutral, he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege. * Alexander's regent Antipater leads the Macedonians to victory over King Agis III in the Battle of Megalopolis. #### Italy * Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii. * Tarentum turns against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he intends to create a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron. #### Roman Republic * The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans conclude a peace and enter upon a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC) * Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty

331 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/331_BC

Year **337 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Longus and Paetus** (or, less frequently, **year 417 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 337 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * At a Pan-Hellenic Conference in Corinth, Philip II of Macedon announces the formation of the League of Corinth to liberate the Greek cities of Asia Minor from Persian rule, ostensibly because the Persian King, Arses, refuses to make reparations to Philip for Artaxerxes III's aid to the city of Perinthus when it was resisting Philip. All the Greek cities (except Sparta) and the Greek islands swear their support to the league and to recognise Philip as president of the League. Philip establishes a council of representatives from all the Greek states, which is empowered to deliberate and decide on the actions to be taken. However, the real power lies with Philip who is declared commander of the League's army. * Olympias is put aside by her husband Philip II, following Philip's marriage to a girl named Cleopatra (who is renamed Eurydice). Their son, Alexander, is effectively disowned by Philip's actions. Philip II has Ptolemy, along with other companions of his son, exiled. #### Roman Republic * A plebeian is chosen to be praetor of Rome for the first time. Births ------ * Demetrius I Poliorcetes ("Besieger"), Antigonid dynasty king of Macedon (d. 283 BC) Deaths ------ * Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (b. c. 411 BC) * Shen Pu-hai, Chinese bureaucrat, chief minister of Han

337 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/337_BC

Year **339 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercinus and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 415 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 339 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Philip II of Macedon decides to attack the Scythians, using as an excuse their reluctance to allow Philip to dedicate a statue of Heracles at the Danube estuary. The two armies clash on the plains of modern-day Dobruja. The ninety-year-old King of the Scythians, Ateas, is killed during the battle and his army is routed. * During a meeting of the Amphictyonic Council, Philip accuses the citizens of the town of Amfissa, in Locris, of intruding on consecrated ground. The Amphictyonic Congress, with the initial support of the Athenian representative, Aeschines, decides to inflict a harsh punishment upon the Locrians. After the failure of a first military excursion against the Locrians, the summer session of the Amphictyonic Council gives command of the league's forces to Philip and asks him to lead a second excursion. Philip acts at once, and his forces pass through Thermopylae, enter Amfissa and defeat the Locrians who are led by Chares, the Athenian general and mercenary commander. * Xenocrates is elected as head of the Greek Academy replacing Speusippus. #### Roman Republic * The Roman consul Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeats the Latins in the Battle of Trifanum. Births ------ * Alexinus, Greek philosopher of Elis (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Speusippus, head of Plato's Academy (b. 407 BC) * Ateas, king of the Scythians (b. c. 429 BC)

339 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/339_BC

Year **332** (**CCCXXXII**) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pacatianus and Hilarianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1085 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 332 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine I and his son Constantine II, aged 16, defeat the Goths in Moesia. The Goths become Roman allies and protect the Danube frontier. * Constantine I continues construction of a bridge (in imitation of Trajan and his architect Apollodorus of Damascus) across the Danube, for forward-staging grounds for planned campaigns against local tribes. * May 18 – Constantine I announces a free distribution of food to the citizens in Constantinople, similar to the food given out in the city of Rome. The amount is approximately 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Births ------ * Saint Monica, Christian saint and mother of Augustine of Hippo (d. 387) Deaths ------ * Basilina, wife of Julius Constantius and the mother of Roman Emperor Julian

332

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/332

Year **332 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calvinus and Arvina** (or, less frequently, **year 422 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 332 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian King Darius III twice sends on horseback to Alexander letters of friendship. The second time he offers a large ransom for his family, the ceding of all of the Persian Empire west of the Euphrates River, and the hand of his daughter in return for an alliance. Alexander rejects both letters and marches into Mesopotamia. * At the acropolis in Susa, an unidentified woman is buried in a bronze sarcophagus, wearing "a mass of finely-wrought and artistic gems and jewels" and two coins, one dating from 350 BC and the other from 332 BC. The tomb will remain unopened for more than 22 centuries, until French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan unearths it on February 10, 1901. #### Macedonia * Alexander the Great occupies Damascus and, after a siege lasting seven months, destroys Tyre during which there is great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery. * Leaving Parmenion in Syria, Alexander advances south without opposition until he reaches Gaza where bitter resistance halts him for two months, and he sustains a serious shoulder wound during a sortie. * Alexander conquers Egypt from the Persians. The Egyptians welcome him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrenders. Alexander's conquest of Egypt completes his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast. * November 14 – Alexander is crowned as pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt – god and king all at once – son of Ra and Osiris, Horus the "Golden One" and beloved of Amun. * Alexander spends the winter organizing the administration of Egypt. He employs Egyptian governors, while keeping the army under a separate Macedonian command. * Alexander founds the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and has the city laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates. #### Italy * After a victory over the Samnites and Lucanians near Paestum, Alexander of Epirus makes a treaty with the Romans. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

332 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/332_BC

Year **312 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Mus** (or, less frequently, **year 442 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 312 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Seleucid Empire * Ptolemy and Seleucus, the satrap of Babylonia, invade the satrapy of Syria. The resulting Battle of Gaza leads to a triumph for Ptolemy and Seleucus over Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes ("sieger of cities"), who is captured but immediately released. Seleucus ceases his service to Ptolemy and returns to his former province, Babylonia. This event takes place on October 1 and becomes the starting point of the Seleucid era. #### Greece * Telesphorus enters Elis and fortifies the citadel, and enslaves the city. * Telesphorus ends his friendship with Antigonus through betrayal. #### Sicily * The Syracusans ask for help against their tyrant Agathocles from the Carthaginians, who, fearing for their own possessions in Sicily, send a large force to the island. #### Roman Republic * The Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus, a patrician, enters office and begins construction of the Appian Way (the Via Appia) between Rome and Capua. He also embarks on a program of political reform, including the distribution of the landless citizens of Rome among the tribes, which at this time constitute basic political units. Appius also admits sons of freedmen into the Roman Senate. He also asserts the right of freed slaves to hold office. * Rome gets its first pure drinking water as engineers complete the first aqueduct into the city, the Aqua Appia. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Peithon (son of Agenor)

312 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/312_BC

Year **315 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cursor and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 439 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 315 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Antigonus claims authority over most of Asia, seizes the treasury at Susa and enters Babylon, where Seleucus is governor. Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in Egypt and enters into a league with him, Lysimachus (the ruler of Thrace) and Cassander, against Antigonus. This leads to the *First Coalition War*. * Aristodemus of Miletus, by order of Antigonus, sails to Laconia, where he receives permission from the Spartans to recruit 8000 mercenaries. He also Meets Alexander (son of Polyperchon) and Polyperchon, thus establishing friendship between them and Antigonus * Polyperchon is appointed general of the Peloponnesus * Alexander (son of Polyperchon) sails to Antigonus in Asia. They make a pact of friendship and, by order of Antigonus, Alexander sails back to the Peloponnesus * Peithon consolidates his power base in the eastern part of the Empire. * Antigonus drives out Cassander's Macedonian forces of occupation from the Greek islands and forms the island cities in the Aegean into the "League of the Islanders", preparatory to his invasion of Greece. His ally, the city of Rhodes, furnishes him with the necessary fleet. #### Greece * The King of Epirus, Aeacides, faces a revolt from his people and they drive him from the kingdom. His son, Phyrrhus, who is then only two years old, is saved from being killed by some faithful servants. Cassander takes control of Epirus. * In Macedonia the port city of Thessaloniki is founded by Cassander and named after his wife Thessalonike. * Cassander appoints Apollonides (governor of Argos) as Governor of Argos * Apollonides (governor of Argos) initiates a raid on Arcadia during the night. * Cassander sends Prepelaus to Alexander (son of Polyperchon) and he convinces Alexander to desert Antigonus by offering command of all the Peloponnesus and making him general of an army #### Cyprus * Ptolemy's armies fight supporters of Antigonus in Cyprus. Ptolemy is able to re-conquer the island. #### Sicily * Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse, seizes the city of Messina. #### Roman Republic * The Romans take Ferentum, a city of Apulia, and this pushes the citizens of Nuceria to end their friendship with Rome. ### India * The Indian king Porus, ally of Alexander The Great, is killed by Eudemus, another general of Alexander. The son of Porus, Malayketu, seizes his territory back by killing Eudemus. ### In fiction * In the historical novel *Funeral Games* by Mary Renault, Cassander visits the Lyceum in Athens and tells Theophrastos evil slanderous lies against Alexander the Great. Births ------ * Aratus, Macedonian Greek mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, botanist and poet (d. 240 BC) Deaths ------ * Zhou Shen Jing Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

315 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/315_BC

Year **316 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rutilus and Laenas** (or, less frequently, **year 438 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 316 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Eumenes and Antigonus, rivals to Cassander for control of Macedonia, meet in the Battle of Gabiene in Media to the northeast of Susa. Antigonus defeats Eumenes, with the aid of Seleucus and Peithon (the satraps of Babylonia and Media, respectively). The result is inconclusive. However, some of Eumenes' soldiers take matters into their own hands. Learning that Antigonus has captured many of their wives, children and the cumulative plunder of nearly 40 years of continuous warfare, they secretly open negotiations with Antigonus for their safe return. They hand over Eumenes and his senior officers to Antigonus in return for their baggage and families. Eumenes is put to death by Antigonus after a week's captivity. #### Greece * Cassander returns from the Peloponnesus and defeats Macedonia's regent Polyperchon in battle. Cassander blockades Olympias, mother of the late Alexander the Great, in Pydna, where she surrenders. Cassander takes Roxana and her son Alexander IV of Macedon into his custody. * Olympias is condemned to death by Cassander, but his soldiers refuse to carry out the sentence. She is eventually killed by relatives of those she has previously had executed. * Cassander marries Thessaloniki, half-sister of Alexander the Great. He has Alexander's widow, Roxana and son, Alexander IV of Macedon, imprisoned at Amphipolis in Thrace. They are never to be seen alive again. * Cassander founds, on Pallenê, a city called Cassandreia * Thebes, which has been destroyed by Alexander the Great, begins to be rebuilt by Cassander with the help of the citizens of Athens. * In Rhodes (city), a major flood occurs. At least five hundred people die and many houses collapse. #### Sicily * Agathocles, the new tyrant of Syracuse, extends his rule over the eastern part of the island. #### Roman Republic * The Romans, with an eye to capturing Apulia, send an army (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) to seize the town of Lucera from the Samnites. They are badly beaten in the Battle of Lautulae and the Samnites go on to reach within 32 kilometres of Rome. #### China * King Hui of Qin decides, on the advice of General Sima Cuo, to invade and annex the ancient states of Ba and Shu in Sichuan, in order to increase Qin's agricultural output and obtain a strategic platform from which to defeat the state of Chu. Births ------ * Arsinoe II, Queen of Thrace and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II of Egypt (d. 270 BC) Deaths ------ * Olympias, Epirote princess, wife of Macedonian king Philip II and the mother of Alexander the Great (b. c. 376 BC) * Eumenes, Greek general and diadochi (b. c. (362 BC) * Antigenes (general), Greek general * Eudemus (general), Greek general * Sun Bin, Chinese military strategist and general from the State of Qi

316 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/316_BC

Year **336 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Duillius** (or, less frequently, **year 418 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 336 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Achaemenid Empire * The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas. * Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control. He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III. When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him, but the king is warned and forces Bagoas to drink the poison himself. #### Macedonia * Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns; but his position as heir is tenuous. * Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor, but are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes. * At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian bodyguard with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. Pausanias is killed on the spot. * Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander. * The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III and assists in the murdering of the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander. Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed. * Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed. * Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia. * Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic. * Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens. Births ------ * Demetrius I of Macedon Deaths ------ * Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon * Arses, King of Persia * Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC) * Bagoas, Vizier of Persia * Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia * Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon * Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)

336 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/336_BC

Year **318 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flaccinator and Venno** (or, less frequently, **year 436 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 318 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Antigonus resolves to become lord of all Asia, and in conjunction with Cassander and Ptolemy. He enters into negotiations with Eumenes; but Eumenes remains faithful to the royal house. He raises an army and forms a coalition with the satraps of the eastern provinces. He then captures Babylon from Antigonus. * Antigonus marches against Eumenes, so Eumenes withdraws east to join the satraps of the provinces beyond the Tigris River. * Cassander, who has allied himself with Ptolemy and Antigonus, declares war on the regent, Polyperchon. Most of the Greek states support him, including Athens. Cassander further effects an alliance with Eurydice, the ambitious wife of King Philip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon. * Although Polyperchon is initially successful in securing control of the Greek cities, whose freedom he proclaims, his fleet is destroyed by Antigonus. #### Greece * In a power struggle in Athens after the death of Antipater, Phocion is deposed as the ruler of Athens, convicted of treason, and executed by those Athenians hoping to restore democracy to the city. Shortly afterward, the Athenians decree a public burial and a statue in his honor. #### China * The state of Qin moves into the Sichuan basin, giving them control of that great food-producing plain. ### By topic #### Music * Aristoxenus, a Greek peripatetic philosopher, and writer on music and rhythm, and a pupil of Aristotle, writes a treatise on music called the "Elements of Harmony". Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Phocion, Athenian statesman and general (b. c. 402 BC) * Cleitus the White, Officer of Alexander the Great

318 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/318_BC

Year **340 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Mus** (or, less frequently, **year 414 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 340 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Rhodes falls to Persian forces. * Pixodarus, the youngest of the three sons of King Hecatomnus of Caria, gains possession of the satrapy of Caria by expelling his sister Ada, the widow and successor of her brother Idrieus. #### Greece * When King Philip II of Macedon attacks Perinthus and Byzantium, King Artaxerxes III of Persia sends support to those cities. * Philip II fails in his siege of Byzantium and is forced to respond to attacks by the Scythians near the mouth of the Danube. His son, Alexander is regent while his father fights against Byzantium and the Scythians. * The Athenians give Demosthenes a public vote of thanks after Philip's unsuccessful siege of Byzantium. * c. Derveni papyrus in a nobleman's grave in a necropolis of Lete. #### Sicily * Hicetas, the tyrant of Leontini, again persuades Carthage to send a large army to Sicily, which lands at Lilybaeum. Timoleon of Syracuse meets this large Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Crimissus in the west of Sicily and achieves a brilliant victory against superior odds. Despite this victory, the Carthaginians continue to occupy the western half of Sicily, with a treaty being concluded that confines the Carthaginians to the area west of the Halycus (Platani) River. #### Roman Republic * An embassy is sent by the Latin peoples to the Roman Senate asking for the formation of a single republic between Rome and Latium, in which both parties would be considered to be equal. As Rome considers that it is the leader of the Latin League, it refuses to treat the Latin people as being equal politically, or to have Latin people in the Roman Senate. With Rome's refusal of the proposal, the Latin War begins. The Latins fight with the Campanians, while Rome joins the Samnites to attack the Latins. Only the Laurentes in Latium and the equites of Campania remain with the Romans, who, for their part, find support among the Paeligni. * The Roman-Samnite army under consuls Publius Decius Mus and Titus Manlius Torquatus attack and defeat the Latins and Campanians near Mount Vesuvius in the Battle of Vesuvius. * The Romans succeed in detaching the Campanians from their alliance with the Latins (through their fear of the Samnites) and induce them to make a separate peace. Three Campanian cities, including Capua and Cumae, are granted Roman citizenship and thus become part of the Roman state. The Roman state now extends to the Bay of Naples. Births ------ * Appius Claudius Caecus, Roman politician and consul (approximate date) * Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire (approximate date) * Qu Yuan, Chinese poet and minister (approximate date) * Wuling of Zhao, Chinese king of Zhao (d. 295 BC) Deaths ------ * Lais of Hyccara, Greek hetaira (courtesan) (approximate date) * Mentor of Rhodes, Greek mercenary and satrap (approximate date) * Xuan of Chu, Chinese king of Chu (Warring States Period)

340 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/340_BC

Year **343 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Arvina** (or, less frequently, **year 411 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 343 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt. * With Nectanebo II's flight, all organised resistance to the Persians collapses, and Egypt is once again reduced to a satrapy of the Persian Empire. A Persian satrap is put in place in Egypt. The walls of the country's cities are destroyed and its temples are plundered. Artaxerxes and his commander-in-chief, General Bagoas, leave Egypt loaded with treasure. #### Greece * The Athenian statesman Demosthenes has Aeschines indicted for treason. However, Aeschines drags up the inappropriate past of one of Demosthenes' associates, Timarchus and is acquitted by a narrow margin. * King Philip II of Macedon again marches against Cersobleptes, King of Thrace, defeats him in several battles, and reduces him to the condition of being a tributary. * Phalaikos unsuccessfully lays siege to Kydonia on the island of Crete. #### Italy * The native Italian tribes, the Lucanians and Bruttians, press down upon the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, including Tarentum. Responding to calls for help from these former Greek colonies, King Archidamus III of Sparta sets sail with a band of mercenaries for Italy. * After his surrender to the Corinthian general Timoleon, who takes over as ruler of Syracuse, the former tyrant, Dionysius II, is allowed to retire to Corinth to live in exile, although he dies within the year. The Syracusan constitution is changed by Timoleon with the new constitution designed to have safeguards against tyranny. Timoleon invites new settlers from Greece to come to Sicily. #### Roman Republic * The most powerful group of the native tribes in highland Italy, the confederated Samnites, swarm down into Campania. The citizens of the city of Capua appeal to Rome for help in settling their internal quarrels and to save their city from destruction from the Samnites. The Romans respond, which begins the First Samnite War. Births ------ * Philetaerus, founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamum in Anatolia (approximate date) (d. 263 BC) Deaths ------ * Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (b. c. 397 BC)

343 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343_BC

Year **345 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Dorsuo and Camerinus** (or, less frequently, **year 409 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 345 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Supported by Thebes and Thessaly, Macedonia takes over Phocis' votes in the Amphictyonic League, a Greek religious organisation formed to support the greater temples of Apollo and Demeter. Despite some reluctance on the part of the Athenian leaders, Athens finally accepts Philip II's entry into the Council of the League. The Athenian statesman Demosthenes is among those who recommend this stance in his oration *On the Peace*. #### India * The Nanda Empire is founded in Magadha. #### Italy * Carthaginians ravage and blockade Entella. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Nicochares, Athenian poet of the Old Comedy * Mahanandin, last king of the Shishunaga dynasty of the Indian subcontinent.

345 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/345_BC

Year **343** (**CCCXLIII**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Memmius and Romulus** (or, less frequently, **year 1096 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 343 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Western Roman Emperor Constans I is in Britain, possibly in a military campaign against the Picts and Scots. The last visit to Britain by a legitimate emperor. * The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of Armenia (Persian Empire). ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Julius I tries to unite the Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Serdika (later Sofia), which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong. Births ------ * Fu Deng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 394) * Jin Mudi, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 361) * Xiao Wenshou (or **Xiaoyi**), Chinese empress dowager (d. 423) * Xie Xuan, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 388) Deaths ------ * December 6 – Saint Nicholas (or Santa Claus) (b. 270) * Li Shou (or **Wukao**), Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 300)

343

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/343

Year **342 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ahala and Rutilus** (or, less frequently, **year 412 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 342 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonia * The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander. As the leading intellectual figure in Greece, Aristotle is commissioned to prepare Alexander for his future role as a military leader. * Philip begins a series of campaigns in Thrace with the aim of annexing it to be a province of Macedonia. When the Macedonian army approaches Thracian Chersonese (the Gallipoli Peninsula), an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravages this district of Thrace, thus inciting Philip's rage for operating too near one of his towns in the Chersonese. Philip demands his recall. In response, the Athenian Assembly is convened. Demosthenes convinces the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes. #### Sicily * The Corinthian general Timoleon spreads his rule over Sicily, removing a number of other tyrants and preparing Sicily for another threatened Carthaginian invasion. #### Roman Republic * The Battle of Mount Gaurus is fought between the Romans and the Samnites. The battle is a success for the Romans, who, it is said, are led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. Fought at the foot of Mount Gaurus, near Cumae, it is the most notable engagement of the First Samnite War. #### China * In the course of the Warring States period, the army of the state of Qi defeats the army of the state of Wei in the Battle of Maling. This battle involves the military strategy of the general Sun Bin (descendant of Sun Tzu), and is the first battle in recorded history to give a reliable account of the handheld crossbow with trigger mechanism. Births ------ * Menander, Greek playwright (d. 291 BC) Deaths ------ * Pang Juan, Chinese general * Antiphon, Greek arsonist, execution

342 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/342_BC

Year **348** (**CCCXLVIII**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Salia** (or, less frequently, **year 1101 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 348 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric, and obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia, and settle near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria). #### Asia * In Persia, women are enrolled in the army to perform auxiliary services. * In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle. Births ------ * Prudentius, Roman Christian poet (d. 413) * Shenoute, monk and saint (d. 466) Deaths ------ * May 9 – Pachomius the Great, founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism (b. 292) * December 12 – Saint Spyridon, Greek-Cypriot Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 270) ### Date unknown * Murong Huang, Chinese ruler of the Former Yan (b. 297) *

348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/348

Year **349** (**CCCXLIX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Limenius and Catullinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1102 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 349 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia * After a brief reign of 183 days, Emperor Shi Zun and his mother Empress Zheng Yingtao are executed; his son Shi Jian succeeds him, as emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao. * The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China. Births ------ * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Empress Liu, wife of Emperor Shi Hu (b. 318) * Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295) * Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339) * Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao * Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272) * Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun * Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun

349

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/349

Year **301 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Dictatorship of Corvus** (or, less frequently, **year 453 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 301 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * In the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria, Asia Minor, Phoenicia and Judea, and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes are defeated by the forces of Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus is killed in the battle. * Antigonus' defeat and death secures Cassander's control of Macedonia. Through this victory, Lysimachus is able to add the greater part of Asia Minor to his European possessions while Seleucus now controls most of Syria. However, Demetrius is able to keep a foothold in Greece. #### Seleucid Empire * The southern part of Syria is occupied by Ptolemy. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Macedonian general under Alexander the Great who founded and became the first king of the Macedonian dynasty of the Antigonids (b. 382 BC) * Aristobulus of Cassandreia, Greek historian (b. ca. 375 BC)

301 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/301_BC

The year **510 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as **year 244 *Ab urbe condita***. The denomination 510 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Hippias, tyrant of Athens, is expelled by his people with the assistance of Cleomenes, King of Sparta * The reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, last king of the traditional seven Kings of Rome, concludes. The Kingdom of Rome falls and is replaced by the Roman Republic. (or 509 BC) * Ariston is succeeded as King of Sparta by Demaratus. * Stelae begin to be banned in Athenian cemeteries (approximate date; ends c. 430 BC). * Scylax of Caryanda becomes the first mariner to have passed the Indian Ocean. Births ------ * Cimon, Athenian statesman and strategos (d. 450 BC) Deaths ------ * Aryandes, Persian satrap of Egypt (executed by the Persian king Darius I) * Annei, emperor of Japan (b. 577 BC) References ---------- 1. ↑ Davidson, Basil (1959). *The Lost Cities of Africa*. Little, Brown and Company. p. 174.

510 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/510_BC

Year **353** (**CCCLIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Magnentius and Decentius** (or, less frequently, **year 1106 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 353 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Battle of Mons Seleucus: Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius, who commits suicide in Gaul in order to avoid capture. Constantius becomes sole emperor, and reunifies the Roman Empire. * Constantius II sends his official Paulus Catena to Britain, to hunt down the opponents supporting Magnentius. Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Britain and supporter of Constantius, opposes the persecutions; he is then accused by Catena of being a traitor. In response, Martinus tries to kill Catena with a sword; he fails and then commits suicide. * Constantius II assembles a *conciliabulum* at Arles, and condemns Athanasius as Patriarch of Alexandria. ### By topic #### China * Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher, produces "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion" in running script style. It becomes a model for future calligraphers. Births ------ * Saint Paulinus (Paolino), Bishop of Nola (d. 431) * Saint Vigilius, Bishop of Trent (d. 405) Deaths ------ * August 11 – Magnentius, Roman usurper (b. 303) * August 18 – Magnus Decentius, brother and Caesar of Magnentius * Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Roman Britain * Zhang Chonghua, ruler of Former Liang (b. 327)

353

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353

Year **344** (**CCCXLIV**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Leontius and Bonosus** (or, less frequently, **year 1097 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 344 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius II campaigns in eastern Mesopotamia, against the Sassanid Persians. * Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Constantius wins a close victory, at the strongly fortified city of Singara (Mesopotamia). His enemy, King Shapur II, is forced to lift the siege, and withdraw the Persian army. * Shapur II, for the second time, besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis in eastern Mesopotamia, but is repulsed by forces under General Lucilianus. #### Asia * Jin Mudi, age 1, succeeds his father Jin Kangdi as emperor of China. His mother, Empress Dowager Chu, becomes the ruling authority at court, and serves as regent. * Gye becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### By topic #### Art * The making of a detail of *Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies* (attributed to Gu Kaizhi and being from the Six Dynasties period) begins (approximate year) and is completed in 406. It is now kept at the British Museum, London. #### Religion * Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend. Births ------ * Gu Kaizhi, Chinese painter (approximate date) * Kumārajīva, Buddhist monk and translator (d. 413) * Mary of Egypt, patron Saint (approximate date) * Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 386) * Zhang Yaoling, ruler of Former Liang (d. 355) Deaths ------ * April 14 + Chusdazat, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint + Pusai, Syrian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint * August 20 – Heliodorus of Bet Zabdai, bishop and martyr * November 17 – Jin Kangdi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 322) ### Date unknown * Biryu of Baekje, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea)

344

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/344

Year **515** (**DXV**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Florentius and Anthemius** (or, less frequently, **year 1268 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 515 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Autumn – Revolt of Vitalian: Byzantine general (*magister militum*) Vitalian mobilises his army, and marches again towards Constantinople. He captures the suburb of Sycae (modern Turkey) across the Golden Horn, and encamps there. * Emperor Anastasius I gives Marinus, former praetorian prefect of the East, command over the Byzantine army. He defeats the rebel fleet at the harbor entrance, using a sulfur-based chemical substance, similar to the later Greek fire. * Marinus lands with an army on the shore of Sycae and defeats the rebels. Disheartened by the losses suffered, Vitalian flees north under cover of the night. * As a sign of his victory, Anastasius I leads a procession to Sosthenion, and attends a service of thanks at the local church dedicated to the Archangel Michael. * Empress Ariadne, wife of Emperor Anastasius I, dies at Constantinople and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. #### Europe * Amalasuintha, daughter of king Theodoric the Great, marries Eutharic, an Ostrogoth noble of the old Amal line. ### By topic #### Religion * The St. Maurice's Abbey (Switzerland) is founded by Sigismund of Burgundy. He sets up five groups of monks to whom he entrusts the liturgy of the praise of God. Births ------ * Approximate date – Cainnech of Aghaboe, Irish abbot and saint (d. 600) * Hulü Guang, general of Northern Qi (d. 572) * Yuwen Hu, regent of Northern Zhou (d. 572) Deaths ------ * Ariadne, Byzantine empress * Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople * Gao Zhao, high official of Northern Wei * Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 483) Bibliography * Bury, John Bagnell (1958a) [1923]. *History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 1*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20398-0. * Bury, John Bagnell (1958b) [1923]. *History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20399-9. * Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael, eds. (2000). *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521325912.

515

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/515

Year **309 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Dictatorship of Cursor** (or, less frequently, **year 445 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 309 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia Minor * Ptolemy I Soter personally commands a fleet that captures the coastal regions of Lycia and Caria from Antigonus I Monophthalmus. #### Greece * Cassander, who has held Roxana, widow of Alexander the Great, in prison for a number of years, has her put to death along with her young son Alexander, the nominal King Alexander IV of Macedon. * Antigonus attempts to renew his alliance with the Macedonian general and former regent Polyperchon, who still controls part of the Peloponnesus. He sends Heracles, the illegitimate son of Alexander the Great, to Polyperchon to be treated as a pretender to the throne of Macedonia. * Polyperchon manages to form an army consisting of 20,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry and challenges Cassander's army. Instead of fighting, Cassander starts negotiations with Polyperchon. By offering to make him a general of his own army and placing him as governor of Peloponnesus, he convinces Polyperchon to change allegiance to him instead of Heracles. As a result, Polyperchon murders Heracles and his mother Barsine. * Areus I succeeds his grandfather Cleomenes II as king of Sparta. * A census is carried out in Athens. 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreign residents and 400,000 others – women, children and slaves – are living in the city. #### Carthage * Since 480 BC, an aristocratic Council of Elders has effectively ruled Carthage. The titular king of Carthage, Bomilcar, attempts a coup to restore the monarchy to full power. His attempt fails, which leads to Carthage becoming, in name as well as in fact, a republic. * Leaving his brother Antander to continue the defence of Syracuse, Agathocles lands in North Africa with the aim of distracting the Carthaginians from their siege of Syracuse. Agathocles concludes a treaty with Ophellas, ruler of Cyrenaica. He then takes advantage of the civil unrest in Carthage and nearly succeeds in conquering the city. #### Roman Republic * The Samnites again rise against Rome. Lucius Papirius Cursor is appointed dictator for the second time and wins a great victory at Longula over the Samnites. #### China * Soon after the State of Qin has conquered the State of Shu (in modern-day Sichuan province), they employ the Shu engineer Bi Ling to create the Guanxian irrigation system, which will eventually provide for over five million people in an area of 40 to 50 square miles (130 km2), still in use today. Births ------ * Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (d. 246 BC) Deaths ------ * King Alexander IV of Macedon (b. 323 BC) * Cleomenes II, Agiad King of Sparta * Heracles, illegitimate son of Alexander the Great and claimant to the throne of Macedon (b. 327 BC) * Ptolemy (general) general of Antigonus I Monophthalmus * Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great, and mother of Alexander IV of Macedon * Zhang Yi, strategist of the Chinese state of Qin

309 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/309_BC

Year **354 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ambustus and Crispinus** (or, less frequently, **year 400 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 354 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Reflecting the growing level of discontent with his tyrannical conduct, Dion is assassinated by Callippus, an Athenian who has accompanied him on his expedition to take over as tyrant of Syracuse. Dionysius II remains in exile in Italy. * Athens recognises the independence of Chios, Kos and Rhodes and makes peace with Mausolus of Caria. * The Phocians suffer a defeat in the Sacred War against Athens. * Philip II of Macedon takes and destroys Methone, a town which has belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip loses an eye. #### Roman Republic * Rome allies itself with the Samnites and they agree on a mutual defence pact against the Gauls. Rome also defeats the Etruscans of the city of Caere. #### China * The State of Qi is victorious over the State of Wei in the Battle of Guiling, a conflict which involves the military strategy of Sun Bin. ### By topic #### Architecture * The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Caria, the tomb of King Mausolus and one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is built. Births ------ * Hieronymus of Cardia, Greek general and historian (d. 250 BC) Deaths ------ * Dion, Greek [tyrant of Syracuse (assassinated) (b. c. 408 BC) * Timotheus, Athenian statesman and general * Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates (b. c. 431 BC)

354 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/354_BC

Year **359 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Imperiosus** (or, less frequently, **year 395 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 359 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonia * The Macedonian King Perdiccas III is killed while defending his country against an Illyrian attack led by King Bardylis. He is succeeded by his infant son, Amyntas IV. The child's uncle, Philip II, assumes the regency. * The Illyrians prepare to close in, the Paeonians raid from the north and two claimants to the Macedonian throne are supported by foreign powers. Philip II buys off his dangerous neighbours and, with a treaty, cedes Amphipolis to Athens. Births ------ * Philip III of Macedon, brother and successor of Alexander the Great (approximate date) (d. 317 BC) Deaths ------ * Perdiccas III, king of Macedonia

359 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/359_BC

Year **324 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Dictatorship of Cursor** (or, less frequently, **year 430 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 324 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * On returning to Susa, Persia, Alexander the Great punishes those who he considers to have failed in their duties in his absence in India, particularly those who have plundered tombs and temples. Alexander continues his policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors. Over a third of his satraps are replaced and six are put to death. Three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who died in 326 BC), are accused of extortion and are arrested, tried and executed. * While at Susa, Alexander holds a feast to celebrate his capture of the Persian Empire. * To further his policy of integrating the Macedonians and Persians, Alexander and 80 of his officers take Persian wives. He and Hephaestion marry Darius III's daughters Barsine (also called Stateira) and Drypteis, respectively, and 10,000 of his soldiers with native wives are given generous dowries. His determination to incorporate Persians on equal terms into his army and into the administration of the provinces is bitterly resented by the Macedonians. * Alexander the Great spends the summer and autumn at the Median capital, Ecbatana, where his best friend, Hephaistion, dies during the autumn. Alexander indulges in extravagant mourning for his closest friend. * Winter – Alexander carries out a savage punitive expedition against the Cossaeans in the hills of Luristan. #### Greece * Alexander the Great's treasurer, Harpalus, fearing arrest, flees from Susa to Athens. On arriving in Athens, he is imprisoned by the Athenians after a proposal of Demosthenes and Phocion, despite Hypereides' opposition, who wanted an immediate uprising against Alexander. Harpalus brings with him considerable wealth collected from the spoils of Alexander's conquest of Asia. This money is entrusted to a committee led by Demosthenes. * Dinarchus, a professional speech writer in Athens, comes to prominence in the scandal that follows the flight to Athens of Alexander the Great's treasurer, Harpalus. When Harpalus escapes and flees to Crete, Dinarchus writes the prosecution speeches against Demosthenes, Demades, Aristogiton, Philocles and other well-known politicians accused of misappropriating some of this money. * Demosthenes is convicted and imprisoned after being found guilty of misappropriating some of the funds that Alexander's treasurer, Harpalus, has brought with him. He escapes into exile, although his sentence is soon repealed. Although Hypereides has supported Demosthenes in his struggle against the Macedonians, that support is withdrawn after the Harpalus affair. After Demosthenes' exile, Hypereides becomes the head of the patriotic party in Athens. * Greek colonists found the city of Akra Leuka (modern Alicante, Spain) on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian peninsula. Births ------ * Antiochus I Soter, King of the Seleucid dynasty (d. 261 BC) Deaths ------ * Hephaestion, son of Amyntor, a Macedonian general, soldier, aristocrat, and possibly lover of Alexander the Great (b. c. 356 BC)

324 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/324_BC

Year **32 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Sosius** (or, less frequently, **year 722 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 32 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become consuls of Rome. * Spring – Final War of the Roman Republic: Mark Antony transfers his headquarters from Samos to Athens, where he assembles a fleet of 500 combat vessels and 300 transport ships, crewed by 150,000 men. * Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had been ordered to be executed for piracy, declares his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolt against Cleopatra. * July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (*sacramentum*) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra. * Winter – Antony distributes garrisons along the west coast of Greece, stations the fleet at Actium and establishes his headquarters at Patrae. * Zacynthus is held by Gaius Sosius, and Methone (Messenia) by Bogud of the royal house of Mauretania, driven into exile by his brother Bocchus II. Births ------ * Marcus Valerius Messalla, Roman politician Deaths ------ * March 31 – Titus Pomponius Atticus, Roman nobleman

32 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_BC

Year **403 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Mamercinus, Varus, Potitus, Iullus, Crassus and Fusus** (or, less frequently, **year 351 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 403 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Thrasybulus leads the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government, known as the Thirty Tyrants, that the victorious Spartans have imposed on Athens. He commands a small force of exiles that invades Attica and, in successive battles, defeats first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchic government (which includes the Spartan general, Lysander) in the Battle of Munychia. The leader of the Thirty Tyrants, Critias, is killed in the battle. * The Battle of Piraeus is fought between Athenian exiles, who have defeated the government of the Thirty Tyrants and occupied Piraeus, and a Spartan force sent to combat them. In the battle, the Spartans narrowly defeat the exiles, with both sides suffering large numbers of casualties. After the battle, the Agiad King of Sparta, Pausanias arranges a settlement between the two parties which allows the reunification of Athens and Piraeus, and the re-establishment of democratic government in Athens. The remaining oligarchic Thirty Tyrants are allowed to flee to Eleusis. * Thrasybulus restores democratic institutions to Athens and grants amnesties to all except the oligarchic extremists. He is helped by Lysias, the Athenian orator, in arguing the case against the oligarchy. * Andocides, Athenian orator and politician, who has been implicated in the mutilation of the Herms on the eve of the departure of the Athenian expedition against Sicily in 415 BC, returns from exile under the general amnesty. #### China * The states of Han, Zhao and Wei receive official recognition as Marquesses from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, confirming the Partition of Jin. This is one of the traditional starting points of the Warring States period. * Marquis Wen of Wei ascends to power in Wei. He sponsors Confucianism and employs able political advisors such as Li Kui, Wu Qi, and Ximen Bao. * Marquis Lie of Zhao becomes the ruler of the state of Zhao. * Marquis Jing of Han ascends to power in Han. #### Rome * Rome elects eight military tribunes with consular power; Manlius Aemilius Mamercus, Lucius Valerius Potitus, Appius Claudius Crassus, Marcus Quinctilius Varus, Lucius Julius Julus, Marcus Postumius, Marcus Furius Camillus, and Marcus Postumius ### By topic #### Literature * Under archon Eucleides, the Athenians accept a spelling reform, adopting the Ionian alphabet, which includes eta and omega. The new alphabet came to be known as the *Euclidean alphabet*. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Critias, leading member of the Athenian Thirty Tyrants oligarchy (b. 460 BC)

403 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/403_BC

This article concerns the period **39 BC – 30 BC**. Events ------ ### 39 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Marcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains. * Publius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed. * Sextus Pompey, styles himself "son of Neptune", controls Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Peloponnesus, and is recognized by the Triumvirate in the Pact of Misenum. The pact helps to assure Rome's grain supply, and the blockade on Roman Italy is lifted. ### 38 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * January 1 – Beginning of the Hispanic era, by orders of Octavian Caesar. * January 17 – Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage. Octavian gains permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she is still pregnant from another husband. Three months after the wedding she gives birth to a second son, Nero Claudius Drusus, while he and his elder brother, the four-year-old Tiberius, are living in Octavian's household. * Octavian appoints Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he puts down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fights successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becomes the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar. * Parthian invasion into Roman Syria; Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica. Ventidius lays siege to Antiochus I Theos of Commagene in Samosata until relieved by Antony. ### 37 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus. * Agrippa creates the harbour "Portus Julius" in the today-submersed town of Puteoli (the modern Pozzuoli, close to Naples). The port is used to train the warships for naval battles, and a new fleet is built, with 20,000 oarsmen gathered by freeing slaves. He also incorporates, on quinqueremes, a technical innovation, called the *harpax* ("snatcher"): a combination ballista and grappling hook, based on the corvus. * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian engineers the "Second Pact of Tarentum" which renews the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanges 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar donates 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria. * Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I. * Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod. ###### Asia * The kingdom of Goguryeo in Korea is founded by the king Dongmyeong. (traditional date) ### 36 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Gellius Poplicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva. * Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania. * June – Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, in which he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia. * July – Octavian's fleet (102 warships) embarks from Puteoli and tries to invade Sicily, but it is caught in a storm at Vibo and forced to return. * August – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harasses the coast from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transports his legions, via Leucopetra, to Tauromenium (modern Taormina). * Antony crosses the frontier into Media Atropatene and commences the siege of Phraaspa. He establishes a line of circumvallation and builds siege engines. * September 3 – Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. Sextus escapes with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor. * Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He loses his army to Octavian when his men mutiny. Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death. * Agrippa receives the unprecedented honor of a Naval Crown (*corona navalis*), wrought of gold and decorated with the prows of ships. * October – Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, and marries Cleopatra VII while still married to Octavia. * Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who has only held the position for one year. ###### Asia * October–December – The Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This leads to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enrages them in the year AD 10, resuming hostilities between both sides. #### By topic ###### Literature * Marcus Terentius Varro writes *De Re Rustica* (also called *Res Rusticae*). ### 35 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Illyria becomes a Roman province. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian conducts a rendezvous with the Roman fleet under Marcus Vipsanius, which is engaged in clearing the Dalmatian coast of piracy. * Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar, who conquers and sacks the stronghold Siscia (Sisak) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege. The country is not definitely subdued, however, until 9 BC. * Sextus Pompeius defeats the governor of Asia, Gaius Furnius, with three legions and seizes Nicaea and Nicomedia (modern Izmit). * Marcus Titius arrives in Syria with a large army and marches to Asia Minor. Sextus is caught in Miletus and executed without trial. ###### India * Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completes the domination of the Scythians in northern India. ### 34 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender. * Mark Antony becomes Roman Consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Scribonius Libo. The latter is replaced with Aemilius Lepidus Paullus during the year. * Antony advances into Armenia with an expeditionary force (16 legions) and marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria. * Autumn – The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt; he declares Caesarion, Caesar's illegitimate son, as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus. Alexander Helios receives Armenia and Media; to Cleopatra Selene he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus receives the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony establishes Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of "Queen of Kings". ### 33 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivers a speech; *de summa Republica* in the Roman Senate, in which he subjects the Donations. * The second term of the Second Triumvirate expires. * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is self demoted to Aedile, and builds the Aqua Julia, one of the aqueducts on which Rome's water supply depends, as well as cleaning the Cloaca Maxima sewerage system. * Mark Antony annexes the kingdom of Media and arranges the marriage of his son Alexander Helios with princess Iotapa, the daughter of king Artavasdes I. * The Kinambroi surrender to Octavian. ###### China * Crown Prince Ao ascends to the throne as Emperor Cheng of Han of the Han Dynasty (until 7 BC). ### 32 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become consuls of Rome. * Spring – Final War of the Roman Republic: Mark Antony transfers his headquarters from Samos to Athens, where he assembles a fleet of 500 combat vessels and 300 transport ships, crewed by 150,000 men. * Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had been ordered to be executed for piracy, declares his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolt against Cleopatra. * July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (*sacramentum*) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra. * Winter – Antony distributes garrisons along the west coast of Greece, stations the fleet at Actium and establishes his headquarters at Patrae. * Zacynthus is held by Gaius Sosius, and Methone (Messenia) by Bogud of the royal house of Mauretania, driven into exile by his brother Bocchus II. ### 31 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the third time. His partner is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, replacing Mark Antony * Octavian crosses the Strait of Otranto and lands with an army (15 legions) at Panormus in Dalmatia. He marches to Toryne in the south, and establishes a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia. * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sails with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupies strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication. * Antony, alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros. * Agrippa storms Leucas, giving Octavian an anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seizes the garrison at Patrae, and takes Antony's headquarters. * Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserts with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen are lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion. * September 2 – Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. * The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship, retreats to Taenarus. Antony transfers his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line. * Winter – Octavian (32 years old) takes court at Samos. After his decisive victory at Actium he builds Nicopolis; the city is populated by Greeks from settlements further inland. ###### Roman Palestine * In the Judean Desert on an isolated rock plateau, fortress Masada is completed. Herod the Great builds an armory, barracks, storehouses and a palace. * 31 BC Judea earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. It affected the Herodian Kingdom of Judea in the Holy Land. #### By topic ###### Art * The Hellenistic period ends (or AD 14 by some scholars). ### 30 BC #### By place ###### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger. * Spring – Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles, ships them across to Asia Minor and marches into Syria where Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support. * Summer – Cornelius Gallus lands in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium. Mark Antony storms the city walls and blockades the harbour, then retreats with his army (7 legions) to Egypt and receives the news that Pelusium has opened its gates to Octavian without resistance. * July 31 – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * August 1 – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. * Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships. * August 10 or 12 – With the death of Cleopatra and the execution of her son Caesarion, the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last of Ancient Egypt, comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt. * The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian and taken back in triumph; Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her household in Rome. * Octavian claims Cleopatra's treasure in the mausoleum at the Taposiris Magna (Temple of Isis); he pays the salaries of his veteran legionaries and gives them land in Italy. ###### Asia * Possible date of composition of the *Tirukkuṛaḷ*, attributed to Thiruvalluvar. * First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history; as the 5th century *Book of the Later Han* states that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han dynasty helped him push a *lu che* back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year. riiz Significant people ------------------ * Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC) * Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC) * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, known in English as Octavian, Roman politician and general (63 BC–AD 14) * Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC) Births ------ **39 BC** * Antonia the Elder, daughter of Mark Antony, grandmother of Nero and Messalina (d. bef. AD 25) * Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus (d. AD 14) **38 BC** * January 14 – Nero Claudius Drusus, Roman politician and military commander, future stepson of Augustus Caesar (d. 9 BC) * Lucius Volusius Saturninus, Roman suffect consul (or 37 BC) **36 BC** * January 31 – Antonia Minor, she was the younger of two daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor * Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony (d. 29 BC) * Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Pomponia Caecilia Attica (d. AD 20) **32 BC** * Marcus Valerius Messalla, Roman politician **31 BC** * Aristobulus IV, Jewish prince of Judea (d. 7 BC) * Tiruvalluvar, Indian poet and philosopher **30 BC** * Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37) Deaths ------ **39 BC** * Quintus Labienus, Roman general (murdered) **38 BC** * Antiochus I Theos, king of Commagene (b. c. 86 BC) * Pacorus I, crown prince of Parthia (b. c. 63 BC) **37 BC** * Antigonus II Mattathias (Antigonus the Hasmonean) (executed by order of Mark Antony) * Aristobulus II, king and high priest of Judea (66–63 BC; assassinated) * Jing Fang, Chinese mathematician and music theorist (b. 78 BC) * Orodes II, king of the Parthian Empire (b. 95 BC) * Shangguan, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty **36 BC** * Ariarathes X (or **Eusebes Philadelphos**), king of Cappadocia * Aristobulus III, high priest of Jerusalem (Hasmonean Dynasty) * Zhizhi Chanyu, Chinese ruler of the Xiongnu Empire **35 BC** * Aristobulus III, high priest of Judea (drowned) (b. 53 BC) * Sextus Pompeius, Roman general (executed) (b. 67 BC) **33 BC** * July 8 – Yuan of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 75 BC) * Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and father of Tiberius (b. 85 BC) **32 BC** * March 31 – Titus Pomponius Atticus, Roman nobleman **31 BC** * Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman general and politician * Tarcondimotus I, Roman client king of Cilicia **30 BC** * August 1 – Mark Antony, Roman consul and general (suicide) (b. 83 BC) * August 12 – Cleopatra VII, queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (likely suicide) (b. 69 BC) * August 23 + Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC) + Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra of Egypt (b. 47 BC) * Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea (until 40 BC) * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor (**the Younger**), Roman politician * Pharnavaz II, king of Iberia (Artaxiad Dynasty) (Georgia) (killed by Mirian II) * Publius Canidius Crassus, Roman general and politician (executed) * Emperor Sujin of Japan, according to legend.

30s BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30s_BC

Year **366 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercinus and Lateranus** (or, less frequently, **year 388 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 366 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * In Persia, a number of satraps of King Artaxerxes II begin a revolt, in alliance with Athens, Sparta, and Egypt, that lasts until 358 BC. #### Greece * Athens founds the town of Kos on the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea. * Theban leader, Epaminondas, returns to the Peloponnesus for a third time, seeking to secure the allegiance of the states of Achaea. Although no army dares to challenge him in the field, the democratic governments he establishes there are short-lived, as pro-Spartan aristocrats soon return to the cities, reestablish the oligarchies, and bind their cities ever more closely to Sparta. * Thebes makes peace with Sparta and then turns its attention on Athens, which is trying to revive its maritime empire and is interfering in Macedonian dynastic quarrels. * Thebes captures the city of Oropus. #### Sicily * The experiment by Dion (brother-in-law of Dionysius I) and Plato to educate the new ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius II, in the practical application of Plato's philosophical principles fails and Dion and Plato are banished from Syracuse. #### Roman Republic * The use of military tribunes with consular power is abandoned permanently and the dual consulship is restored. A new magistracy is established, which is called the praetorship. Its holder, the praetor, is elected annually by the Assembly and takes charge of civil matters, thus relieving the consuls of this responsibility. The praetor is regarded as a junior colleague of the consuls. Nevertheless, the praetor can command an army, convene a Senate or an assembly, as well as exercise the consular functions. * Two additional aediles, called curule ("higher") aediles, are created in the Roman hierarchy. These are at first patricians; but those of the next year are plebeians and so on year by year alternately. They are elected in the assembly of the tribes, with the consul presiding. ### By topic #### Arts * *The Abduction of Persephone*, detail of a wall painting in Tomb I (Small Tomb) in Vergina, Macedonia, is made (approximate date). Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

366 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/366_BC

Year **36 BC** was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Poplicola and Nerva** (or, less frequently, **year 718 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 36 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Gellius Poplicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva. * Publius Canidius Crassus invades Armenia and Iberia (Georgia); he forces Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania. * June – Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, in which he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia. * July – Octavian's fleet (102 warships) embarks from Puteoli and tries to invade Sicily, but it is caught in a storm at Vibo and forced to return. * August – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harasses the coast from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transports his legions, via Leucopetra, to Tauromenium (modern Taormina). * Antony crosses the frontier into Media Atropatene and commences the siege of Phraaspa. He establishes a line of circumvallation and builds siege engines. * September 3 – Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. Sextus escapes with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor. * Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He loses his army to Octavian when his men mutiny. Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death. * Agrippa receives the unprecedented honor of a Naval Crown (*corona navalis*), wrought of gold and decorated with the prows of ships. * October – Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, and marries Cleopatra VII while still married to Octavia. * Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who has only held the position for one year. #### Asia * October–December – The Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This leads to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enrages them in the year AD 10, resuming hostilities between both sides. ### By topic #### Literature * Marcus Terentius Varro writes *De Re Rustica* (also called *Res Rusticae*). Births ------ * January 31 – Antonia Minor, she was the younger of two daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor * Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony (d. 29 BC) * Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Pomponia Caecilia Attica (d. AD 20) Deaths ------ * Ariarathes X (or **Eusebes Philadelphos**), king of Cappadocia * Aristobulus III, high priest of Jerusalem (Hasmonean Dynasty) * Zhizhi Chanyu, Chinese ruler of the Xiongnu Empire

36 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_BC

Year **355** (**CCCLV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Arbitio and Maesius** (or, less frequently, **year 1108 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 355 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 1 – Arbitio and Lollianus Mavortius begin their term as Roman consuls. * August 11 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor. After 28 days, Ursicinus arrives from Rome and has Silvanus murdered. * November 6 – In Mediolanum (Italy), Emperor Constantius II raises his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of *Caesar*. He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena. #### Europe * The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against the Roman Empire. * The Franks besiege Colonia Agrippinensium for ten months. #### Asia * The Huns of Central Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance into Scythia (modern Russia). They overcome and absorb the Alans, a nomadic and warlike horse breeding people from the steppes northeast of the Black Sea. ### By topic #### Religion * Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed at Milan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled to Beroea (Greece) and replaced by Felix II. He becomes an antipope and bishop of Rome. Births ------ * Fan Tai, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 428) * Murong Bao, Chinese emperor of Later Yan (d. 398) Deaths ------ * September 7 – Claudius Silvanus, Roman usurper * Aedesius, Roman Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic * Fu Jian, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (b. 317) * Liang, Chinese empress of the Former Qin Dynasty * Zhang Yaoling, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 344) * Zhang Zuo (or **Taibo**), Chinese ruler of Former Liang

355

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/355

The **310s** decade ran from January 1, 310, to December 31, 319. Events ------ ### 310 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Maximian, retired emperor, rebels against Constantine I in Arles while the latter is campaigning against the Franks. * Maximinus Daza, *caesar* under Emperor Galerius, is acclaimed *augustus* by his troops. Galerius is forced to recognize him as co-ruler of the East. The Roman Empire is thus divided between seven simultaneous emperors: Galerius (East), Maximinus II (East), Licinius (Middle), Constantine I (West), Maximian (West), Maxentius (Italy), and Domitius Alexander (Africa). * July – Maximian flees to Marseille where he is besieged and surrenders. Constantine encourages his suicide and Maximian, age 60, hangs himself. Emperor Maxentius condemns the killing of his father. ###### Asia * Haelhae becomes the king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Commerce * At Trier, Constantine orders the minting of a new coin, the *solidus*, in an effort to offset the declining value of the *denarius* and bring stability to the imperial currency by restoring a gold standard. The solidus (later known as the *bezant*) will be minted in the Byzantine Empire without change in weight or purity until the 10th century. ###### Religion * April 18 – Pope Eusebius succeeds Pope Marcellus I as the 31st pope, but is banished on August 17 by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, perhaps from a hunger strike. ### 311 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * April 30 – Emperor Galerius declares on his deathbed religious freedom, and issues his Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. * May 5 – Galerius dies, age 51, from a gruesome disease, possibly bowel cancer or Fournier gangrene. * Maximinus Daza and Licinius divide the Eastern Empire between themselves. * Maximinus recommences the persecution of Christians, having encouraged his subjects to petition him to do so. * Fearing an alliance between Licinius and Constantine I, Maximinus forges a secret alliance with Emperor Maxentius. ###### China * July 13 – Huai of Jin, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, is captured at Luoyang. The capital city is pillaged by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state; the invaders slaughter 30,000 citizens. #### By topic ###### Religion * July 2 – Pope Miltiades succeeds Eusebius as the 32nd pope of Rome. * The Donatist schism occurs in the African Church. ### 312 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Constantine I crosses the Cottian Alps with an army (40,000 men) and defeats Maxentius's generals in three battles at Turin, Brescia and Verona. Maxentius's Praetorian Prefect Ruricius Pompeianus is killed in the fighting outside Verona. * October 28 – Battle of the Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, becoming the only Roman emperor in the West. Prior to the battle, he reportedly has a vision of a cross (*labarum*) with the phrase *"in hoc signo vinces"* ("In this sign you shall conquer"). This encourages him to convert to Christianity. * October 29 – Constantine enters Rome; he stages a grand *adventus* in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and decapitated. * Constantine forges an alliance with co-emperor Licinius, and offers him his half-sister, Constantia, in marriage. The Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard (*equites singulares Augusti*) are disbanded. * Emperor Maximinus Daza campaigns unsuccessfully against the Armenians. #### By topic ###### Religion * Constantine I adopts the words *"in hoc signo vinces"* as a motto, and has the letters X and P (the first letters of the Greek word Christ) emblazoned on the shields of his soldiers. * The Council of Carthage supports Donatism, which espouses a rigorous application and interpretation of the sacraments. These doctrines will be condemned by the Council of Arles (314). * Constantine I promotes a policy of state sponsorship of Christianity, perhaps even becoming a Christian himself (see Constantine the Great and Christianity). ### 313 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * At the end of 312 or in early 313, the retired Emperor Diocletian dies in his palace in Split, most likely from natural causes. * February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13. * Emperor Maximinus Daza crosses the Bosphorus with an army of 70,000 men and lays siege to Heraclea in Thrace. He captures the city after eight days. * Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus in Thrace, who then flees to Cilicia. After losing the Cilician Gates to Licinius' forces, Maximinus commits suicide. * Licinius conducts a purge of the wider Tetrarchic dynasty. He executes Galerius' son Candidianus, Valerius Severus' son Severianus (whom he accuses of conspiracy), and Maximinus' wife, son and daughter. Diocletian's wife Prisca and daughter Galeria Valeria go into hiding. ###### Asia * March 14 – Emperor Huai of Jin is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao). At the imperial new year he and a number of former Jin officials are poisoned. Crown prince Min of Jin, age 13, succeeds, in Chang'an, his uncle Huai of Jin and becomes the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty. * Nintoku, the fourth son of Ōjin, becomes the 16th emperor of Japan. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (or **Basilica Nova**), in Rome, is finished. ###### Religion * February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13. * October 2 – Lateran Synod: Donatism is declared a heresy. * Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus. ### 314 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * A large Pictish raid southwards is attempted. #### By topic ###### Religion * January 10 – Pope Miltiades' reign ends. * January 31 – Pope Sylvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades as the 33rd pope. * August 30 – Council of Arles: Confirms the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passes other canons. * Synod of Ancyra: Consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance. * Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium. ### 315 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablishes the Roman fortifications of the frontier. * July 25 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum at Rome to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. As part of the ceremony Constantine is expected to make a sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods, but he refuses to do so. * Constantine I dedicates the Basilica of Maxentius and installs a large statue of himself inside it. * Crucifixion is abolished as punishment in the Roman Empire. * A program of assistance to the poor is established in the Roman Empire. * Immense baths are constructed in *Augusta Treverorum* (modern-day Trier). #### By topic ###### Religion * Eusebius becomes bishop of Caesarea (approximate date). * The lamb becomes the symbol of Jesus in Christian art. ### 316 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great issues an edict, prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding. * Constantine I sends his half-brother Julius Constantius to Licinius at Sirmium (Pannonia), with the proposal to accept Bassianus as *Caesar* and give him power over Italy. Licinius refuses, and forces a conspiracy against Constantine. * Licinius elevates Valerius Valens to *Augustus*, and mobilises an army against Constantine. Bassianus is accused of conspiracy and executed. * October 8 – Battle of Cibalae: Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near the town of *Colonia Aurelia Cibalae* (modern-day Vinkovci, Croatia). Licinius is forced to flee to Sirmium and loses all of the Balkans except for Thrace. Peace negotiations are initiated between the two *Augusti*, but they are unsuccessful. * December – Battle of Mardia: Constantine I defeats his rival Licinius and senior officer Valerius Valens, near the town of Harmanli (Bulgaria). ###### Asia * The Xiongnu sack Chang'an, capital of the Chinese Western Jin Dynasty. Emperor Jin Mindi surrenders to Liu Yao. * The Western Jin Dynasty ends, and Ancient China is divided. #### By topic ###### Religion * At the request of the Roman Catholic Church, Constantine I attempts to end the schism with the Donatist church. ### 317 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 1 – Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II (being still a baby) and Licinius II to *Caesars*. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and establishes his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians. * Licinius recognizes Constantine I as senior emperor and executes Valerius Valens. ###### Asia * Sixteen Kingdoms: Jingwen (later **Yuan of Jin**) flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Emperor Min of Jin as first ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital. * The earliest historically verified reference to tea is recorded, although the Chinese have been drinking the beverage for centuries. ### 318 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great gives the ancient Roman town Drepana (Asia Minor) the name Helenopolis, after his mother Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian. * Constantine the Great is given the title **Brittanicus Maximus**, for successful engagements in Britain. ###### Asia * The Chinese Empire loses its territories to the north of the Yangtze River, to the benefit of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei. The Former Zhao state is proclaimed; Liu Can and the state ruling family at Pingyang is executed in a coup d'état by Jin Zhun, who is in turn overthrown by Shi Le and Liu Yao. * Liu Yao becomes the new emperor of Han Zhao and moves his capital to Chang'an. #### By topic ###### Religion * Gregory the Illuminator appoints his son Aristax as successor in the patriarchate of Armenia. ### 319 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great prohibits the separation of the families of slaves, during a change in ownership. ###### India * King Chandragupta I succeeds his father Ghatotkacha, as ruler of the Gupta Empire. ###### Georgia * Christianity is introduced in Colchis, present-day Georgia. #### By topic ###### Religion * Arius travels to Nicomedia at the invitation of Bishop Eusebius, after having been accused of heresy and condemned by Alexander, the Patriarch of Alexandria. This gives rise to the Arian Controversy. Significant people ------------------ * Tiridates III, King of Armenia (287–330) * Ousanas, King of Axum (c.310-c.320) * Huai, Emperor of China (307 - 313) * Min, Emperor of China (313 - 317) * Yuan, Emperor of China (317 - 322) * Fíacha Sroiptine, High King of Ireland (285-322) * Ōjin, Emperor of Japan, 270-310 * Nintoku, Emperor of Japan, 313-399 * Shapur II, Sassanid dynasty King of Persia (309-379) * Galerius, Roman Emperor (305-311) * Constantine, Roman Emperor (306-337) * Maxentius, Roman Emperor (306-312) * Licinius, Roman Emperor (308-324) * Maximinus II, Roman Emperor (311-313) * Alexander of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (314-337) * Pope Eusebius, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (309-310) * Metrophanes of Byzantium, Bishop of Byzantium (306-314) * Miltiades, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (311-314) * Sylvester I, Pope of the Roman Catholic Church (314-335) * Girim, King of Silla (298–310) * Heulhae, King of Silla (310–356) Births ------ **310** * Ausonius, Roman poet and rhetorician (d. 395) * Epiphanius of Salamis, Church Father (d. 403) * Wulfila, Gothic bishop and missionary (d. 383) **312** * Dao'an, Chinese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 385) * Huan Wen (or **Yuanzi**), Chinese general (d. 373) **313** * Cyril of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and theologian (d. 386) * Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian (d. 398) * Shi Hong, Chinese emperor of the Jie state (d. 334) **314** * Libanius, Greek rhetorician and sophist (approximate date) * Li Qi, Chinese emperor of the Cheng Han Dynasty (d. 338) * Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (d. 366) **315** * Flavius Hannibalianus, ruler of Armenia and Pontus (d. 337) * Hilary of Poitiers, Christian bishop and Doctor of the Church * Himerius, Greek sophist and rhetorician (approximate date) * Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, Roman politician (d. 384) **316** * Constantine II, Roman emperor (d. 340) * Martin of Tours, bishop of Tours (d. 397) **317** * August 7 – Constantius II, Roman emperor (d. 361) * Fú Jiàn, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (d. 355) * Junius Bassus Theotecnius, Roman politician (d. 359) * Themistius, Byzantine statesman and philosopher **318** * Liu, Chinese empress and wife of Shi Hu (d. 349) **319** * Murong Jun, Chinese emperor of the Former Yan (d. 360) Deaths ------ **310** * August 17 – Eusebius, bishop of Rome * July – Maximian, Roman emperor (b. c. 250) * Dan, Chinese empress of Xiongnu (or Han Zhao) * Domnina, Berenice, and Prosdoce, Christian martyrs * Liu He, Chinese emperor of Xiongnu (or Han Zhao) * Liu Yuan, Chinese emperor of Xiongnu (or Han Zhao) * Luo Shang, Chinese general of the Jin dynasty (266–420) * Emperor Ōjin of Japan, according to legend. **311** * November 25 – Peter I, patriarch of Alexandria * December 3 – Diocletian, Roman emperor (b. 244) * Domitius Alexander, Roman emperor and usuper * Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman emperor * Gou Xi (or **Daojiang**), Chinese inspector and general * Sima Yue (or **Yuanchao**), Chinese prince and regent * Wang Mi (or **Zigu**), Chinese general and rebel leader * Wang Yan, Chinese official and politician (b. 256) **312** * October 28 – Maxentius, Roman emperor (b. 283) * Clement of Ancyra, Christian bishop and martyr * Guo Xiang, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. 252) * Huyan, Chinese empress of the Xiongnu state * Ruricius Pompeianus, Roman praetorian prefect **313** * March 14 – Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 284) * Achillas (**the Great**), pope and patriarch of Alexandria * Galerius Valerius Maximinus, Roman emperor (b. 270) * Candidianus (son of Galerius) * Severianus, son of Valerius Severus * Guangxian, Chinese empress of the Xiongnu state * Zhang Huiguang (or **Wuxiao**), Chinese empress **314** * January 10 – Miltiades (or **Melchiades**), bishop of Rome * Liu E (or **Lihua**), Chinese empress of the Xiongnu state * Wang Jun (or **Pengzu**), Chinese general and warlord (b. 252) * Zhang Gui, Chinese governor and duke of Xiping (b. 255) **315** * September 14 – Maternus of Cologne, bishop of Trier * Du Tao (or **Jingwen**), Chinese general and rebel leader * Galeria Valeria, Roman empress and wife of Galerius * Prisca, Roman empress and wife of Diocletian (b. 247) * Valerius of Saragossa, Christian bishop and martyr **316** * Blaise, bishop of Sebastea (martyred) * Bassianus, Roman advisor and politician * Suo Chen (or **Juxiu**), Chinese general * Tuoba Pugen, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan * Tuoba Yilu, Chinese chieftain of the Tuoba clan **317** * Valerius Valens, Roman emperor **318** * February 7 – Min of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 300) * August 31 – Liu Cong, Chinese emperor * Fan Changsheng, Chinese religious leader * Jin Zhun, Chinese official and chancellor * Liu Can (or **Shiguang**), Chinese emperor * Liu Kun, Chinese general and poet (b. 270) * Theodota of Philippi, Greek harlot and martyr **319** * Du Zeng, Chinese general and rebel leader * Ghatotkacha, Indian ruler of the Gupta Empire * Theodore Stratelates, Greek general and martyr (b. 281)

310s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310s

Year **355 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Peticus and Poplicola** (or, less frequently, **year 399 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 355 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * King Artaxerxes III of Persia forces Athens to conclude a peace which requires the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies. * King Archidamus III of Sparta supports the Phocians against Thebes in the "Sacred War". * Chares' war party in Athens is replaced by one under Eubulus which favours peace. Eubulus restores the economic position of Athens without increasing the burden of taxation and improves the Athenian fleet while its docks and fortifications are repaired. Births ------ * Cassander, companion of Alexander the Great, successor king of Macedonia and founder of Antipatrid dynasty (approximate date) (d. c. 297 BC) Deaths ------ * Eudoxus of Cnidus, Greek astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 408 BC)

355 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/355_BC

Year **330 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Venno** (or, less frequently, **year 424 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 330 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * January 20 – Alexander the Great defeats the Persians, led by satrap Ariobarzanes, at the Persian Gates. In this battle, Ariobarzan, supported by only 700 Persian Immortals, holds the vast Macedonian army of 17,000 men at bay for 30 days. At the end, his troops are surrounded by Alexander's army, because of a Persian shepherd, who leads it around the Persian defenses. However, instead of surrendering, Ariobarzan and his 700 Immortals fight to the last man. Some historians consider him to be the *Leonidas of Persia*. * January 30 – After gaining the Pass of the Persian Gates, Alexander enters Persepolis. There he ceremonially burns down the palace of Xerxes I, as a symbol that the Panhellenic war of revenge is at an end. * Before continuing his pursuit of Darius III, who has retreated into Bactria, Alexander assembles all the Persian treasure and entrusts it to Harpalus, who is to hold it at Ecbatana as chief treasurer. Parmenion is also left behind in Media to manage communications between Alexander and the rest of his rapidly growing lands. * Alexander appoints Atropates as the satrap of Media while Mithrenes is appointed by Alexander as satrap of Armenia. * Crossing the Elburz Mountains to the Caspian Sea, Alexander seizes Zadracarta in Hyrcania and receives the submission of a group of satraps and Persian notables, some of whom he confirms in their offices. He then travels westward and defeats the Mardi, a mountain people who inhabit the Elburz Mountains. He also accepts the surrender of Darius' Greek mercenaries. * In Aria, Alexander's army defeats the satrap Satibarzanes, who initially offers to submit, only to later revolt. Alexander then founds the town of Alexandria of the Arians (modern Herat). * At Phrada, in Drangiana, Philotas, Parmenion's son and commander of the elite Macedonian companion cavalry, is implicated in an alleged plot against Alexander's life. He is condemned by the army, and executed. A secret message is sent by Alexander to Cleander, Parmenion's second in command, who obediently kills Parmenion at Ecbatana in Media for fear that he will rise up in revolt at the news of his son's death. All Parmenio's adherents are now eliminated and men close to Alexander are promoted. #### Persian Empire * July 17 – King Darius III is deposed and killed by Bessus, the satrap of Bactria. Bessus assumes the kingship as Artaxerxes V. #### Macedonia * Alexander's regent in Macedonia, Antipater, makes peace with the Thracians (with whom he has been warring) and then marches south with a large force of over 40,000 men. He wins a hard-fought Battle of Megalopolis in Arcadia against Agis III of Sparta and his Greek mercenaries. Agis III is killed, and Spartan resistance is broken. * Aeschines continues to try to prevent Demosthenes from being awarded a golden crown for his services to Athens. The case, which has begun in 336 BC, finally concludes with the overwhelming defeat of Aeschines, largely because of Demosthenes' brilliant speech for Ctesiphon (*On the Crown*). * Following his defeat in the courts by Demosthenes, Aeschines leaves Athens for Rhodes, to teach rhetoric. #### Roman Republic * The Italian cities of Fondi and Privernum, led by Vitruvius Vaccus, launch a failed revolt against Rome. ### By topic #### Art * Lysippos makes a bronze statue called *The scraper* (Apoxyomenos) (approximate date). A Roman copy after the original statue is today kept at Musei Vaticani in Rome. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Agis III, Eurypontid king of Sparta (killed in battle) * Darius III, king of Persia (murdered) (b. c. 380 BC) * Kidinnu, Chaldean astronomer and mathematician * Parmenion (also Parmenio), Macedonian general (murdered) (b. c. 400 BC) * Philotas, Macedonian officer and son of Parmenio (executed) * Theopompus of Chios, Greek historian and rhetorician (b. c. 380 BC)

330 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/330_BC

Year **414 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Ambustus, Potitus and Albinus** (or, less frequently, **year 340 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 414 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athens responds to appeals from its general, Nicias, by sending out 73 vessels to Sicily under the command of Demosthenes to assist Nicias and his forces with the siege of Syracuse. * The Athenian army moves to capture Syracuse while the larger fleet of Athenian ships blocks the approach to the city from the sea. After some initial success, the Athenian troops become disorganised in the chaotic night operation and are thoroughly routed by Gylippus, the Spartan commander. The Athenian commander Lamachus is killed. Nicias, although ill, is left in sole charge of the siege of Syracuse. ### By topic #### Drama * Aristophanes' play *The Birds* is performed. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Lamachus, Athenian general

414 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/414_BC

Year **53 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Calvinus** (or, less frequently, **year 701 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 53 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Marcus Valerius Messalla and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus. * Parthian War: + Crassus sacks the Temple of Hierapolis and the Temple in Jerusalem on his way to engage the Parthians. + May 6 – Battle of Carrhae: Romans defeated, and Crassus killed, by Parthians led by General Surena. * Gallic War: + Julius Caesar suppresses a revolt led by Ambiorix near Sabis (Northern Gaul). + At Cenabum (modern Orléans) Roman merchants are massacred by the Carnutes. + Vercingetorix, an Arverni chieftain, leads a revolt against Caesar in Central Gaul. + Winter – Caesar enrolls non-citizen soldiers in Gallia Transalpina, genesis of *Legio V Alaudae*. He increases his army to ten legions. #### Armenia * Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia. Births ------ * Aristobulus III, high priest of Jerusalem (d. 36 BC) * Yang Xiong, Chinese politician and philosopher (d. AD 18) Deaths ------ * May 6 (executed after the Battle of Carrhae) + Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general + Publius Licinius Crassus, son of Marcus Licinius Crassus * Abgar II, Arab king of Edessa (modern Turkey) * Gaius Scribonius Curio, Roman statesman and orator

53 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53_BC

Year **417 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Tricipitinus, Lanatus, Crassus (or Cicurinus) and Axilla** (or, less frequently, **year 337 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 417 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Following the loss by Athens and its allies in the Battle of Mantinea, a political "tug of war" takes place in Athens. Alcibiades joins forces with Nicias against Hyperbolus, the successor of the demagogue politician Cleon as champion of the common people. Hyperbolus tries to bring about the ostracism of either Nicias or Alcibiades, but the two men combine their influence and induce the Athenian people to expel Hyperbolus instead. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

417 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/417_BC

Year **507** (**DVII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Anastasius and Venantius** (or, less frequently, **year 1260 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 507 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m), disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey). #### Europe * Battle of Vouillé: A Frankish army under command of Clovis I invades the Visigothic Kingdom, and defeats King Alaric II near Poitiers. The Visigoths refuse to be enslaved, and retreat to Septimania (Southern Gaul). Clovis annexes Aquitania, and captures Toulouse. * Gesalec succeeds his father Alaric II as king of the Visigoths. He establishes his residence at Narbonne and is supported by an alliance with the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. * Clovis I dictates the *Salic Law* (Code of the Barbaric Laws) to the Franks (a written codification of civil law for citizens of the Frankish Kingdom). * Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringii, marries Amalaberga. He begins his rule, shared with his brothers Baderic and Bertachar. * Wooden coffins and wooden tools are used in the burial places of the Alemanni. #### Asia * The town of Guilin, China, is renamed Guizhou. * Keitai becomes the 26th emperor of Japan (according to the Nihon Shoki). * The first and smaller of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan. #### Mesoamerica * A Mayan altar with the head of the death god is built in Copán, Honduras. Births ------ * John of Ephesus, Armenian bishop (approximate date) * Wen Di, emperor of Western Wei (d. 551) * Xiao Zhuang Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 531) * Yuwen Tai, general of Western Wei (d. 556) Deaths ------ * Alaric II, king of the Visigoths * Aprus, bishop of Toul * Domangart Réti, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland) * Yu, empress of Northern Wei (b. 488)

507

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/507

Year **370** (**CCCLXX**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Valens** (or, less frequently, **year 1123 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 370 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Germanic Invasions: The German peoples surround the north borders of the Roman Empire, while the Huns are destroying everything in their path--villages, cities, even empires. * A law of Valentinian I and Valens bans marriages between Romans and barbarians under penalty of death. * An edict issued by Valentinian I and Valens bans the importation of wine and olive oil from areas controlled by the barbarians. #### Europe * The Huns migrate westward from the Volga into Europe, and subjugate the Alans and the Ostrogoths. With their arrival, a tradition of composite bows is introduced. * Athanaric, Gothic leader of the Tervingi, advances eastwards and takes up a defensive position along the banks of the Dniester (Romania). #### Asia * Former Qin conquers Former Yan in China. ### By topic #### Religion * Basil the Great becomes bishop of Caesarea (Cappadocia). * Demophilus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, although his position is disputed by Evagrius of Constantinople. * John Chrysostom is baptized. Births ------ * Alaric I (or **Alaricus**), king of the Visigoths (d. 410) * Brice of Tours, Catholic bishop of Tours (d. 444) * Claudian, Roman poet and writer (d. 404) * Decimus Rusticus, Roman praetorian prefect * Hypatia, Greek female philosopher (d. 415) Deaths ------ * Deng Xia (or **Yingyuan**), Chinese general (approximate date) * Eudoxius of Antioch, Syrian patriarch of Constantinople * Lucifer Calaritanus, founder of the Luciferian sect (approximate date) * Pharantzem, Armenian queen and regent (approximate date) * Strategius Musonianus, Roman politician (approximate date) * Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (approximate date) * Yuan Zhen (or **Yanren**), Chinese general and rebel leader

370

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/370

Year **375** (**CCCLXXV**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year after the Consulship of Augustus and Equitius** (or, less frequently, **year 1128 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 375 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * November 17 – Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyricum to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign, but he has also founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople. * The Quadi accept an uneasy peace from Merobaudes (*Magister militum*), which gives them land to settle on the Danube. * Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at *Augusta Treverorum* (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army fear a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes *Mediolanum* (Milan) her residence. * Gratian, advised by his chief advisor Ambrosius, begins a systematic persecution of the pagans. He confiscates the fortunes of the temples and adds the money to the Imperial Treasury. He proscribes Arianism and Donatism. * In Africa, the dissident Berber prince Firmus is delivered to the Romans by his brother Gildon. #### India * Emperor Chandragupta II becomes ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). He is the son of Samudragupta the Great and retains his reign by an aggressive expansionist policy. #### Asia * Geungusu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### By topic #### Education * The earliest extant books – a school textbook and an account book – with bound wooden leaves, are lost at the Dakhla Oasis in western Egypt. The desert sands preserve them for modern archaeologists. #### Religion * The first two Korean Buddhist temples are built. * Saint Jerome retires to the desert of Chalcis (Syria). * The Maronite Church is founded by Saint Maron in Lebanon. * The Talmud of Babylon is written by Rav Ashi. This commentary on the Mishnah contains approximately 2.5 million words on 5.894 pages. Births ------ * Orosius, Christian historian and theologian (approximate date) * Zong Bing (or **Shaowen**), Chinese artist and musician (d. 443) Deaths ------ * February 23 – Saint Gorgonia, daughter of Gregory the Elder * May 30 – Emmelia of Caesarea, Byzantine Eastern Orthodox priest * September 3 – Mansuetus, Christian bishop and saint * November 17 – Valentinian I, Roman emperor (b. 321) * Geunchogo (or **Chogo II**), Korean ruler of Baekje * Kipunada, Indian ruler of the Kushan Empire * Pambo (or **Pemwah**), Coptic Desert Father (b. 305) * Rav Papa, Babylonian Jewish amora and talmudist * Samudragupta, Indian emperor of the Gupta Empire * Wang Meng (or **Jinglüe**), Chinese politician (b. 325)

375

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/375

Year **374** (**CCCLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Equitius** (or, less frequently, **year 1127 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 374 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The Quadi cross the Danube and begin ravaging Pannonia. They avoid the fortified cities, and plunder the unprotected countryside. #### Mesoamerica * May 4 – Spearthrower Owl ascends to the throne and becomes ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico). ### By topic #### Religion * December 7 – The people of Milan astonish Ambrosius, governor of Aemilia-Liguria, by acclaiming him bishop. He is the second son of the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, and becomes a creative thinker whose ideas will provide the paradigm for medieval church-state relations. Births ------ * Fu Liang (or **Jiyou**), Chinese official and politician (d. 426) * Gwanggaeto the Great, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 413) Deaths ------ * January 2 – Gregory the Elder, Christian bishop and saint (b. 276) * April 20 – Marcellinus of Gaul (or **Marcellin**), Christian bishop * November 17 – Pap of Armenia (or **Papas**), king of Armenia * Auxentius of Milan, Christian bishop and theologian * Marcellus of Ancyra, Christian bishop and saint * Pushyavarman, Indian ruler of Kamarupa

374

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/374

Year **363 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aventinensis and Mamercinus** (or, less frequently, **year 391 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 363 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Egypt * The Egyptian pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne. Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him. #### Greece * The Theban general, Epaminondas, makes a bold attempt to challenge Athens' naval empire. With a new Boeotian fleet, he sails to Byzantium, with the result that a number of cities in the Athenian Empire rebel against their now threatened masters. Births ------ * Barsine, mistress of Alexander the Great Deaths ------ * Nectanebo I, pharaoh of Egypt * Marquess Gong of Han, ruler of the State of Han

363 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363_BC

Year **370 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Medullinus, Praetextatus, Cornelius, Volusus and Poplicola** (or, less frequently, **year 384 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 370 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After appealing in vain to the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes arrives with an army, finds that the Spartans have retired and follows them. * With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed and a democratic system is set up with an Assembly of Ten Thousand and a Council of fifty. * The tagus of Thessaly, Jason of Pherae, dies, after making Thessaly a powerful force in Greek politics. ### By topic #### Art * The sculptor Praxiteles begins his active career in Athens (approximate date). #### Mathematics * Eudoxus of Cnidus develops the method of exhaustion for mathematically determining the area under a curve. Births ------ * Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero (d. c. 270 BC) * Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC) Chanakya Deaths ------ * Agesipolis II, Agiad king of Sparta * Democritus of Abdera, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 460 BC) * Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician (b. c. 460 BC) * Jason of Pherae, ruler of Thessaly

370 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/370_BC

Year **375 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **First year without Tribunate or Consulship** (or, less frequently, **year 379 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 375 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Theban general, Pelopidas, is made the leader of the Sacred Band, a selected infantry body of 300. * Learning that the Spartan garrison of Orchomenus (in Boeotia) is leaving for an expedition to Locris, Pelopidas sets out with the Sacred Band of Thebes and a small force of cavalry, intending to seize the city while it is unguarded. However, as the Thebans approach the city, they learn that a sizable force has been dispatched from Sparta to reinforce the garrison at Orchomenus and is approaching the city. Pelopidas retreats with his force, but before the Thebans can reach safety at Tegyra, they meet the original Spartan garrison returning from Locris. In the ensuing Battle of Tegyra, the Thebans rout the larger Spartan force. #### China * Zhou Lie Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. Births ------ * Cleitus the Black, Macedonian general of Alexander the Great (approximate date) * Chanakya, ancient Indian teacher, author, strategist and royal advisor. Deaths ------

375 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/375_BC

Year **364 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Peticus and Calvus** (or, less frequently, **year 390 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 364 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * On the advice of the city's military leader, Epaminondas, Thebes builds a fleet of 100 triremes to help combat Athens. Thebes destroys its Boeotian rival Orchomenus. * Philip II of Macedon, brother of the reigning king of Macedonia, returns to his native land after having been held as a hostage in Thebes since 369 BC. * The army of Thebes under their statesman and general, Pelopidas, defeats Alexander of Pherae in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly, but Pelopidas is killed during the battle. As a result of his loss of this battle, Alexander is compelled by Thebes to acknowledge the freedom of the Thessalian cities, to limit his rule to Pherae, and to join the Boeotian League. * The Spartans under Archidamus III are defeated by the Arcadians at Cromnus. * The Athenian general, Iphicrates, fails in attempts to recover Amphipolis. Retiring to Thrace, Iphicrates fights for his father-in-law, the Thracian king Cotys I, against Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese. Cotys I is victorious and controls the whole Chersonese peninsula by 359 BC. * Timophanes, along with a number of colleagues, including his brother Timoleon, takes possession of the acropolis of Corinth and Timophanes makes himself master of the city. Later, Timoleon, after ineffectual protests, tacitly acquiesces to his colleagues putting Timophanes to death for his actions. #### China * The Chinese astronomer Gan De from the State of Qi reportedly discovers the moon Ganymede, belonging to Jupiter, and makes the earliest known sunspot observations. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Pelopidas, Theban statesman (killed in the Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly)

364 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/364_BC

Year **325** (**CCCXXV**) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Paulinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1078 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 325 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube frontier by defeating the Goths, the Vandals, and the Sarmatians. * Licinius is executed in Thessalonica, on a charge of conspiring and raising troops against Constantine I. * Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire. #### China * April 1 – Crown Prince Cheng of Jin, age 4, succeeds his father Ming of Jin as emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty. During his reign, he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials. ### By topic #### Art * *Constantine the Great*, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is started to be made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. #### Religion * May 20 – First Council of Nicaea: Constantine I summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed, adopted on June 19, declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames. * The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem. Births ------ * Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian (approximate date) * Procopius, Roman general and usurper (approximate date) * Wang Meng (or **Jinglüe**), Chinese prime minister (d. 375) Deaths ------ * October 18 – Ming of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 299) * Iamblichus, Syrian philosopher and writer (b. 245) * Licinius, Roman consul and emperor (executed) * Li Ju (or **Shihui**), Chinese general and warlord * Sextus Martinianus, Roman Emperor (executed) * Tuoba Heru, Chinese prince of the Tuoba Dai

325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325

Year **378 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Medullinus, Fidenas, Lanatus, Siculus, Pulvillus and Macerinus** (or, less frequently, **year 376 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 378 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Theban general and statesman, Epaminondas, takes command of Thebes. Pelopidas is elected boeotarch, or chief magistrate, of the city. * Timotheus, the son of the Athenian general Conon, is elected strategos of Athens. * A Spartan attempt to seize Piraeus brings Athens closer to Thebes. The Athenian mercenary commander Chabrias successfully faces off the larger army of Agesilaus II near Thebes. At the advance of Agesilaus' forces, instead of giving the order to charge, Chabrias famously orders his men at ease—with the spear remaining pointing upwards instead of towards the enemy, and the shield leaning against the left knee instead of being hoisted against the shoulder. The command is followed immediately and without question by the mercenaries under his command, to be copied by their counterparts beside them, the elite Sacred Band of Thebes under the command of Gorgidas. This "show of contempt" stops the advancing Spartan forces, and shortly afterwards Agesilaus withdraws. * Athens allies itself with Thebes and forms the Second Athenian League. The confederacy includes most of the Boeotian cities and some of the Ionian islands. #### Sicily * Dionysius I's third war with Carthage proves disastrous. He suffers a crushing defeat at Cronium and is forced to pay an indemnity of 1,000 talents and cede the territory west of the Halycus River to the Carthaginians. #### Roman Republic * The Servian Wall is constructed around Rome to prevent the city from being captured or sacked (see 390 BC). This is the first fortification that the Romans build around their home city. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

378 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/378_BC

Year **422 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Mugillanus and Merenda** (or, less frequently, **year 332 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 422 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athenian leader, Cleon, ends the truce between Athens and Sparta after he resolves to rescue the town of Amphipolis in Macedonia. However, through skillful generalship by Brasidas, the Spartans rout the Athenians in the Battle of Amphipolis. Both Brasidas and Cleon are killed in the battle, thereby removing the key members of the pro-war factions on both sides. * Alcibiades takes over the leadership of the pro-war party in Athens. ### By topic #### Drama * Aristophanes' play *The Wasps* is performed. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Brasidas, Spartan general * Cleon, Athenian politician

422 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/422_BC

Year **347** (**CCCXLVII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rufinus and Eusebius** (or, less frequently, **year 1100 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 347 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * Li Shi, ruler of Cheng Han, fails in his attempt to halt a Jin expedition under Huan Wen. He flees to the capital Chengdu and surrenders his forces. Emperor Jin Mudi spares his life and makes him a marquess. ### By topic #### Religion * Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy, and ground rules for bishops are laid down. * The Council of Philippopolis is held as the result of Eastern bishops leaving the Council of Sardica. In Philippopolis (Bulgaria), they excommunicate Pope Julius, and as a result, the Arian controversy is perpetuated. Births ------ * January 11 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (d. 395) * March 27 – Saint Jerome, priest and translator of the Bible (approximate date) * Eunapius, Greek sophist and historian * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date) * Paula, Desert Mother and Saint (d. 404) * Saint Porphyry, bishop of Gaza (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Ursicinus of Brescia, Bishop of Brescia

347

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/347

The **510s** decade ran from January 1, 510, to December 31, 519. Events ------ ### 510 #### By place ###### Britannia * Battle of Llongborth (possibly Langport or Portsmouth): King Budic II of Brittany seeks refuge at the court of Aergol Lawhir, in Dyfed (Wales) after the battle. ###### Europe * King Theodoric the Great raises the Frankish siege at Arles; the city is heroically defended by its inhabitants, assisted by the Ostrogothic general Theudis. The Ostrogoths overrun Provence (Southern Gaul), and consolidate their gains in the region. * Theodoric the Great appoints his friend Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, to the rank of consul of the Ostrogothic Kingdom. ###### Persian Empire * The Sasanian Persians conquer the independent kingdom of Caucasian Albania, a state converted to Christianity in the 4th century by Armenian missionaries (approximate date). ### 511 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Riots erupt in the streets of Antioch, between supporters of Patriarch Flavian II and Emperor Anastasius I, in sympathy with Non-Chalcedonianism. ###### Europe * November 27 – King Clovis I dies at Paris (*Lutetia*) at age 45, and is buried in the Abbey of St. Genevieve. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Theuderic I, Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Metz, Orléans, Paris and Soissons, respectively. * Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great assumes the regency over Amalaric, his grandson and future king of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date) - Theodoric now rules over territory stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea. #### By topic ###### Inventions * Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician, comes up with concepts of mathematical equations, one of which explains the rotation of the Earth on its axis. This concept is far ahead of its time and he is fairly accurate in his description of it. He also comes up with a lot of other ideas about the Solar System, but many of them are flawed because he considers the Earth to be the center of the universe. Aryabhata is often given credit for coming up with the number zero and using it as a placeholder. ###### Religion * First Council of Orléans: Clovis I convenes a synod of Gallic bishops to reform the Church, and create a link between the Crown and the Catholic episcopate. * Macedonius II is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople, and replaced by Timothy I. * The convent of Saint-Césaire is built in Arles. ### 512 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate eclectic policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs. * Areobindus, Byzantine general, is proclaimed emperor during a riot at Constantinople but refuses to take part in the usurpation. * Anastasius I constructs a wall from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, to protect Constantinople from raiding Bulgars and Slavs. ###### Europe * King Theodoric the Great grants citizens on Mount Vesuvius exemption from taxes, after a severe eruption in southeastern Italy. * The Ostrogoths conquer the Frankish province Rouergue (Southern Gaul). ###### Asia * The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Silla Dynasty (Korea), under general Kim Isabu. #### By topic ###### Literature * The first written text in the Arabic alphabet is recorded at Zabad (Syria). ### 513 #### By place ###### Europe * Revolt of Vitalian: Byzantine general Vitalian revolts against Emperor Anastasius I, and conquers a large part of the Diocese of Thrace. He gains the support of the local people, and assembles an army of 50,000–60,000 men. * Anastasius I reduces taxes in the provinces of Bithynia and Asia, to prevent them from joining the rebellion. Vitalian marches to Constantinople and encamps at the suburb of Hebdomon (modern Turkey). * Anastasius I sends an embassy under the former consul Patricius to start negotiations. Vitalian declares his aims: restoration of Chalcedonian Orthodoxy and the settling of the Thracian *foederati*. * Vitalian accepts an agreement and returns with his army to Lower Moesia. After a few inconclusive skirmishes, Anastasius I sends a Byzantine army (80,000 men) under his nephew Hypatius. * Vitalian defeats the Byzantines at Acris (Bulgaria), on the Black Sea coast. He attacks their fortified Laager in darkness, and in a crushing defeat kills a large part of the imperial army. ###### Persia * King Kavadh I adopts the doctrine of the Mazdakites, and breaks the influence of the magnates' (nobility). * The Jewish community revolts at Ctesiphon against Mazdakism, and establishes an independent Jewish kingdom that lasts for seven years. #### By topic ###### Religion * Vigor becomes bishop of Bayeux. He opposes paganism and founds a monastery later known as Saint-Vigor-le-Grand (Normandy). ### 514 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Vitalian, Byzantine general, marches again to Constantinople. A fleet of 200 vessels sails from the Black Sea ports and blockades the entrance of the harbor capital. Emperor Anastasius I is disquieted by riots in the city, which cost many casualties, and decides to negotiate with Vitalian. * Vitalian accepts the receipt of ransom money and gifts worth 5,000 pounds of gold for the release of Hypatius, a nephew of Anastasius I who has been a prisoner since the attack at Acris (see 513). Vitalian retreats back to Lower Moesia. ###### Britannia * Cissa of Sussex becomes king of the South Saxons after his father's death (approximate date). ###### Asia * Beopheung becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. #### By topic ###### Religion * July 19 – Pope Symmachus dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by Hormisdas as the 52nd pope. ### 515 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Autumn – Revolt of Vitalian: Byzantine general (*magister militum*) Vitalian mobilises his army, and marches again towards Constantinople. He captures the suburb of Sycae (modern Turkey) across the Golden Horn, and encamps there. * Emperor Anastasius I gives Marinus, former praetorian prefect of the East, command over the Byzantine army. He defeats the rebel fleet at the harbor entrance, using a sulfur-based chemical substance, similar to the later Greek fire. * Marinus lands with an army on the shore of Sycae and defeats the rebels. Disheartened by the losses suffered, Vitalian flees north under cover of the night. * As a sign of his victory, Anastasius I leads a procession to Sosthenion, and attends a service of thanks at the local church dedicated to the Archangel Michael. * Empress Ariadne, wife of Emperor Anastasius I, dies at Constantinople and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. ###### Europe * Amalasuintha, daughter of king Theodoric the Great, marries Eutharic, an Ostrogoth noble of the old Amal line. #### By topic ###### Religion * The St. Maurice's Abbey (Switzerland) is founded by Sigismund of Burgundy. He sets up five groups of monks to whom he entrusts the liturgy of the praise of God. ### 516 #### By place ###### Europe * Hygelac, king of the Geats (Sweden), raids the Lower Rhine and is defeated by a Frankish force led by Theudebert (according to the "History of the Franks"). * King Gundobad of the Burgundians dies peacefully after a 43-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Sigismund. #### By topic ###### Religion * November 6 – The Council of Tarragona (modern Spain) is held. ### 517 #### By place ###### Europe * King Sigismund of Burgundy is opposed by his son Sigeric, and has him strangled. Overcome with remorse, he retreats to the monastery that he founded, St. Maurice's Abbey (modern Switzerland). ###### China * Emperor Wu Di of the Liang Dynasty becomes a Buddhist, and introduces the new religion to central China. He demands that sacrifices to imperial ancestors be changed to using dried meat, instead of the traditional animals (goats, pigs and cows). #### By topic ###### Religion * Council of Epaone: Bishops of southern Gaul convene near Epao (present Anneyron) in Burgundy. The synod enacts the first legislation against wooden altars, forbidding the building of any but stone altars with chrism (a mixture of oil and spice). ###### Science * Aryabhata compiles his manual of mathematics and astronomy (approximate date). ### 518 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * July 9 – Emperor Anastasius I dies childless at Constantinople, age 88, after a 27-year reign in which he has abolished the sale of offices, reformed taxation, and perfected the empire's monetary system, but antagonized some with his heretical Monophysite religious policies. He is succeeded by Justin (Flavius Justinus), his *comes excubitorum*, commander of the palace guard. After his death, he leaves the imperial treasury richer by 23,000,000 *solidi* or 320,000 pounds of gold. * Justin I founds the Justinian Dynasty and makes his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius (later Justinian I) his trusted advisor. He becomes the emperor's close confidant and acts possibly as regent. Theocritus, candidate to the throne, is accused of a conspiracy and executed. ###### Balkans * An earthquake destroys the Illyrian (North Macedonian) city of Scupi (later Skopje), in what once was the Roman province of Moesia Superior. ###### Arabia * Jabalah IV becomes the king of the Ghassanids. He invades Palestine, but is defeated by a Byzantine army under general (*dux*) Romanus. #### By topic ###### Religion * September 29 – Severus, patriarch of Antioch, is deposed by a synod for his Monophysitism. Paul the Jew is appointed to replace him. ### 519 #### By place ###### Britannia * Cerdic becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Wessex (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Europe * The synagogues of Ravenna are burnt down in a riot; Theodoric the Great orders them to be rebuilt at Ravenna's expense. ###### Asia * Anjang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. #### By topic ###### Religion * March 28 – The Eastern and Western churches reconcile their differences, ending the Acacian Schism. * Jacob of Serugh becomes bishop of Batnan (near modern Diyarbakir, Turkey). * The *Memoirs of Eminent Monks* is compiled. * In Ireland, the Diocese of Kildare is erected. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **510** * Aredius, abbot and saint (approximate date) * Gildas, Celtic monk (approximate date) * Xiao Ming Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528) * Xiao Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 535) * Yifu, empress of Western Wei (d. 540) **511** * Yang Yin, official of Northern Qi (d. 560) **512** * David, Welsh bishop and saint (approximate date) * Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) * Maurus, Roman abbot and saint (d. 584) * Wu Mingche, general of the Chen Dynasty (d. 578) * Lady Xian, Chinese general (d. 602) **513** * An Ding Wang, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 532) **515** * Approximate date – Cainnech of Aghaboe, Irish abbot and saint (d. 600) * Hulü Guang, general of Northern Qi (d. 572) * Yuwen Hu, regent of Northern Zhou (d. 572) **516** * Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths (d. 534) * Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, Irish bishop (d. 546) **517** * Charibert I, king of the Franks (approximate date) * Ebrulf, Frankish hermit and abbot (d. 596) **518** * Matasuntha, queen of the Ostrogoths (approximate date) * Mungo, Brythonic apostle and saint (approximate date) * Yōmei, emperor of Japan (d. 587) **519** * Xuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (d. 562) Deaths ------ **510** * January 1 – Eugendus, abbot of Condat Abbey * Drest II, king of the Picts (approximate date) * Hashim, great-grandfather of Muhammad (approximate date) * Tato, king of the Lombards (approximate date) **511** * November 27 – Clovis I, king of the Franks **512** * Areobindus, Byzantine general and politician * Wang Baoming, empress of Southern Qi (b. 455) **513** * Gesalec, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Shen Yue, Chinese historian and statesman (b. 441) **514** * July 19 – Pope Symmachus * Aelle of Sussex, king of Sussex (approximate date) * Jayavarman, king of Funan (Cambodia) * Mac Nisse, bishop of Connor **515** * Ariadne, Byzantine empress * Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople * Gao Zhao, high official of Northern Wei * Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 483) **516** * Gundobad, king of the Burgundians * Hygelac, king of the Geats (approximate date) * John, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Oisc, king of Kent (approximate date) **517** * April 5 – Timothy I, patriarch of Constantinople * Dioscorus II, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Macedonius II, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) **518** * July 9 – Anastasius I Dicorus, Byzantine emperor * July – Theocritus, Byzantine pretender * Flavian II, patriarch of Antioch * Gao, Chinese empress of Northern Wei * Moninne of Killeavy, one of Ireland's early women saints (approximate date) * Sanghapala, Mon-Khmer monk (b. 506) * Tonantius Ferreolus, Gallo-Roman senator (approximate date) * Yu Zhong, official and regent of Northern Wei (b. 452) **519** * Munjamyeong of Goguryeo, 21st king of Goguryeo Bibliography * Martindale, John R., ed. (1980). *The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20159-4. * Bury, John Bagnell (1958a) [1923]. *History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 1*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20398-0. * Bury, John Bagnell (1958b) [1923]. *History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2*. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20399-9. * Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael, eds. (2000). *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521325912.

510s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/510s

Year **428** (**CDXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Felix and Taurus** (or, less frequently, **year 1181 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 428 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire and issues consular diptychs during his political office. #### Europe * King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years, and is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric. He is styled with the title *Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum* ("King of the Vandals and Alans"). Genseric increases his power and wealth in the residence of the province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain). * King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain, according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall. * Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul and defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme and makes Tournai (modern Belgium) his residence. Frankish expansion changes the borders, founding Francia. #### Asia * Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire. ### By topic #### Astronomy * October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter. #### Religion * April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus but comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria. * Hydatius becomes bishop of *Aquae Flaviae* in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal. * John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius. * Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea. Births ------ * Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451) Deaths ------ * Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379) * Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin * Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian * Giusto Traina: *428 A.D. An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire*. Princeton University Press, Princeton 2011, ISBN 978-0-691-15025-3.

428

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/428

Year **512** (**DXII**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Paulus and Moschianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1265 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 512 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate eclectic policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs. * Areobindus, Byzantine general, is proclaimed emperor during a riot at Constantinople but refuses to take part in the usurpation. * Anastasius I constructs a wall from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, to protect Constantinople from raiding Bulgars and Slavs. #### Europe * King Theodoric the Great grants citizens on Mount Vesuvius exemption from taxes, after a severe eruption in southeastern Italy. * The Ostrogoths conquer the Frankish province Rouergue (Southern Gaul). #### Asia * The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Silla Dynasty (Korea), under general Kim Isabu. ### By topic #### Literature * The first written text in the Arabic alphabet is recorded at Zabad (Syria). Births ------ * David, Welsh bishop and saint (approximate date) * Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date) * Maurus, Roman abbot and saint (d. 584) * Wu Mingche, general of the Chen Dynasty (d. 578) * Lady Xian, Chinese general (d. 602) Deaths ------ * Areobindus, Byzantine general and politician * Wang Baoming, empress of Southern Qi (b. 455)

512

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512

Year **516** (**DXVI**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Petrus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1269 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 516 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Hygelac, king of the Geats (Sweden), raids the Lower Rhine and is defeated by a Frankish force led by Theudebert (according to the "History of the Franks"). * King Gundobad of the Burgundians dies peacefully after a 43-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Sigismund. ### By topic #### Religion * November 6 – The Council of Tarragona (modern Spain) is held. Births ------ * Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths (d. 534) * Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, Irish bishop (d. 546) Deaths ------ * Gundobad, king of the Burgundians * Hygelac, king of the Geats (approximate date) * John, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Oisc, king of Kent (approximate date)

516

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/516

Year **327 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Philo** (or, less frequently, **year 427 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 327 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonian Empire * Alexander the Great invades northern India. Recrossing the Hindu Kush, Alexander divides his forces. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, are sent through the Khyber Pass, while Alexander leads the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. His advance through Swat and Gandhara is marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, a few miles west of the Indus. * The relations between Alexander and Aristotle are embittered by the execution of Aristotle's nephew, the historian Callisthenes of Olynthus, who is charged with treason. Callisthenes has been accompanying Alexander to write a chronicle of the campaign. #### Roman Republic * The Samnite army captures Neapolis (present-day Naples). The Romans, who are meanwhile moving south while the Samnites are occupied with Tarentum, take the opportunity to recover Neapolis and, after a long siege, evict the Samnite garrison from the city and make it an ally of Rome.. Births ------ * Heracles, illegitimate son of Alexander the Great by his mistress Barsine, daughter of Satrap Artabazus of Phrygia and later claimant to the throne of Macedon (d. 309 BC) * Moggaliputta-Tissa, Indian Buddhist monk, scholar and philosopher (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Callisthenes of Olynthus, Greek historian, great nephew and pupil of Aristotle (b. c. 360 BC)

327 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/327_BC

Year **558** (**DLVIII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 558 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt. #### Europe * The Avars and the Slavs occupy the Hungarian Plain on the Balkans. The threat of Avar domination prompts the Lombards to migrate to Italy. * December 13 – King Chlothar I reunites the Frankish Kingdom after his brother Childebert I dies, becoming sole ruler of the Franks. * December 23 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. * Conall mac Comgaill becomes king of Dál Riata, a Gaelic overkingdom on the western coast of Scotland. #### Asia * Istämi, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, establishes diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire. ### By topic #### Religion * December 23 – The Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés is dedicated by Germain, bishop of Paris. * The Bangor Abbey is founded by the Irish abbot Comgall in Northern Ireland (approximate date). Births ------ * Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (d. 571) * Yu Shinan, calligrapher and official (d. 638) Deaths ------ * May 1 – Marcouf, missionary and saint * May 13 – John the Silent, bishop and saint * May 15 – Hilary of Galeata, Christian monk * December 13 – Childebert I, king of the Franks * Abraham of Kratia, Christian monk (approximate date) * Empress Dugu, Northern Zhou consort * Gabrán mac Domangairt, king of Dál Riata * Jing Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 543)

558

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/558

Year **384 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cornelius, Poplicola, Camillus, Rufus, Crassus and Capitolinus** (or, less frequently, **year 370 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 384 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Lysias, the Athenian orator, on the occasion of the Olympiad, rebukes the Greeks for allowing themselves to be dominated by the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I and by the barbarian Persians. * The Greeks found the colony of Pharos at the site of today’s Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, defeating Iadasinoi warriors brought in for its defense. Births ------ * Aristotle, Greek philosopher (d. 322 BC) * Demosthenes, Greek statesman and orator (d. 322 BC) Deaths ------ *

384 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/384_BC

The **350s** decade ran from January 1, 350, to December 31, 359. Events ------ ### 350 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 18 – Western Roman Emperor Constans I makes himself extremely unpopular; one of his generals, Magnentius, is proclaimed emperor at Augustodunum in the Diocese of Galliae, with the support of the army on the Rhine frontier. * January – Constans I flees towards Spain, where he is subsequently assassinated at *Castrum Helenae*. Magnentius rules the Western Roman Empire and is far more tolerant towards Christians and Pagans alike. * March 1 – Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar. Constantius accepts the new emperor and sends him funds to raise an army. * June 3 – Nepotianus, Roman usurper, proclaims himself emperor and enters Rome with a group of gladiators. * June 30 – Nepotianus is defeated and killed by Marcellinus, a trusted general sent by Magnentius. His head is put on a spear and carried around the city. * December 25 – Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia) and joins forces with him. Vetranio is forced to abdicate his title, and Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension. ###### Asia * King Pushyavarman establishes the Varman Dynasty in Assam. * About this time the Huns begin to invade the Sassanid Empire. * The city of Anbar (Iraq) is founded by king Shapur II. * The Wei-Jie war breaks out in North China. #### By topic ###### Art * The church of Santa Constanza in Rome is finished. ### 351 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 15 – Emperor Constantius II elevates his 25-year-old cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar at Sirmium (Pannonia). He arranges a marriage with his sister Constantina, and puts him in charge of the Eastern Roman Empire. * Constantius marches West with a large field army (around 60,000 men) to topple Magnus Magnentius in Pannonia. * May 7 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is wiped out. * September 28 – Battle of Mursa Major: Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius along the valley of the Drava. The battle is one of the bloodiest in Roman military history. During the fighting Marcellinus, a general of Magnentius is killed; Magnentius himself survives. * Winter – Magnentius flees to Aquileia in northern Italy and fortifies the mountain passes in the Alps. ###### China * Emperor Shi Zhi is killed by Ran Min's forces, an action that sets the stage for Wei's victory in the Wei–Jie war. * Fú Jiàn declares himself "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*) during the collapse of Later Zhao, and establishes Former Qin. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * In India, a new process makes possible the extraction of sugar from sugarcane. ###### Religion * Macedonius is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople. ### 352 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantius II invades northern Italy in pursuit of the usurper Magnus Magnentius, who withdraws with his army to Gaul. He declares an amnesty for Magnentius' soldiers, many of whom desert to him. * By the end of the year Constantius enters Milan. * The Alamanni and the Franks cross the Rhine and defeat the depleted Roman units left at the frontier. The Germans take control of around 40 towns and cities between the Moselle and the Rhine. * Constantius Gallus sends his general (*magister equitum*) Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroy the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee. ###### Asia * War begins between the Huns and the Alans. * Ran Wei is destroyed by a Xianbei invasion, which also reaches the Yangtze River in the territory of the Jin Dynasty. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * The earliest sighting of a supernova occurs in China. ###### Religion * May 17 – Pope Julius I dies after a 15-year reign in which he has made himself the chief opponent of Arianism. He is succeeded by Pope Liberius as the 36th pope, who immediately writes to Constantius II requesting a council at Aquileia to discuss the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who opposes the Arian belief to which the emperor subscribes. ### 353 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Battle of Mons Seleucus: Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius, who commits suicide in Gaul in order to avoid capture. Constantius becomes sole emperor, and reunifies the Roman Empire. * Constantius II sends his official Paulus Catena to Britain, to hunt down the opponents supporting Magnentius. Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Britain and supporter of Constantius, opposes the persecutions; he is then accused by Catena of being a traitor. In response, Martinus tries to kill Catena with a sword; he fails and then commits suicide. * Constantius II assembles a *conciliabulum* at Arles, and condemns Athanasius as Patriarch of Alexandria. #### By topic ###### China * Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher, produces "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion" in running script style. It becomes a model for future calligraphers. ### 354 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantius II recalls his Caesar (and cousin) Constantius Gallus to Constantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus, Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts in Palestine and central Anatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed in Pola (Croatia). * The Roman Calendar of 354, an illuminated manuscript, is drawn up and becomes the earliest dated codex. ###### Europe * As a result of the armies of the West having been largely withdrawn by the usurper Magnus Magnentius, to fight Constantius II, hordes of barbarians (Franks and Alemanni) cross the upper Rhine into Gaul and invade the lands of the Helvetians. * The Bulgars are first mentioned in extant European chronicles. ###### China * Fu Sheng, emperor of the Former Qin, reigns in northern China. #### By topic ###### Religion * Libanius becomes a teacher of rhetoric in Antioch; his students include John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia. ### 355 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 1 – Arbitio and Lollianus Mavortius begin their term as Roman consuls. * August 11 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor. After 28 days, Ursicinus arrives from Rome and has Silvanus murdered. * November 6 – In Mediolanum (Italy), Emperor Constantius II raises his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of *Caesar*. He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena. ###### Europe * The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against the Roman Empire. * The Franks besiege Colonia Agrippinensium for ten months. ###### Asia * The Huns of Central Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance into Scythia (modern Russia). They overcome and absorb the Alans, a nomadic and warlike horse breeding people from the steppes northeast of the Black Sea. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed at Milan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled to Beroea (Greece) and replaced by Felix II. He becomes an antipope and bishop of Rome. ### 356 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt. * The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire. * Siege of Autun: Julian receives a report that Augustodunum (Autun) is under attack by the Alemanni. The city walls are in poor state and in danger of falling. * Battle of Reims: Julian is defeated by the Alemanni at Reims (Gaul). * Battle of Brumath: Roman forces pursue Germanic warbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle near Brumath (Alsace). * Rhaetia (Switzerland) is invaded by the Alemanni. * Winter – Siege of Senonae: Julian over-winters at Senonae (Bourgogne). German federated troops (*foederati*) desert and hostile warbands besiege the town. ###### Asia * Naemul becomes king of the Silla dynasty (Three Kingdoms of Korea). #### By topic ###### Religion * Anthony the Great (*pictured*) dies at his hermitage near the Red Sea in mid-January at age 105 (approximate), having preached against Arianism, and having tried to codify guidelines for monastic life. His followers subsequently establish the Monastery of Saint Anthony, beginning the tradition of Coptic monasticism. * Construction begins on the first basilica of Saint Peter in Rome. ### 357 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * April 28 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnentius. He address the Senate and the Roman people. * August 25 – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, *Caesar* (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine. * The Imperial Library of Constantinople is founded. * Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Pantheon as being "rounded like the boundary of the horizon and vaulted with a beautiful loftiness". * Winter – Constantius II receives ambassadors from the Persian Empire. They demand that Rome restore the lands surrendered by King Narseh. ###### Asia * The reign of Fú Jiān, the emperor of Former Qin, commences in China. * The Alans rout the Hun army in Western Asia. ###### Ireland * Saran, King of Ulster, is overthrown. #### By topic ###### Religion * Late in the year Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which has implicitly disavowed Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as bishop of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia. * At about this date, the relics of St Andrew the Apostle are taken from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Emperor Constantius II, and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles. * At about this date, Basil of Caesarea visits Egypt. ### 358 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantius II builds new forts to secure upper Mesopotamia. Persia's king Shapur II sends an emissary to Constantinople with gifts and a letter wrapped in white silk. He requests that Constantius return the lands of his ancestors from the Euphrates to the frontier of Macedonia. Constantius tactfully refuses to cede any territories. * The Salian Franks capitulate to Julian the Apostate in Gaul. He allows them to form a Roman *foederati* in Toxandria. Frankish settlers are established in areas in the north and the east to help with the defense of the Rhine frontier. * An invasion of Pannonia by the Quadi and the Sarmates is repulsed by Constantius II. * August 24 — An earthquake destroys Nicomedia, and damages 150 cities in Macedonia, Asia and Pontus. #### By topic ###### Religion * Constantius II recalls Pope Liberius to Rome, where he receives a joyous welcome from the Christians. Antipope Felix II prudently retires to his estate near Porto (Portugal). * Eudoxius becomes Patriarch of Antioch. * The last universally binding decision, of the Great Sanhedrin, establishes a fixed Hebrew calendar. ### 359 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * King Shapur II the Great of the Persian Empire invades southern Armenia. The Romans implement a scorched earth policy and place strong guards at the Euphrates crossings. * Siege of Amida: Shapur II besieges the Roman fortress of Amida (modern Diyarbakir). After seventy-three days the city is conquered and the population is massacred by the Persians. Ammianus Marcellinus is a fortunate survivor and flees to Singara (Iraq). * The first known Prefect of the city of Constantinople, Honoratus, takes office. * Famine in Upper Rhineland: A fleet of 800 river boats, built for the Rhine, cross to the British east coast, and carry back enough corn to raise the famine. * Winter – Shapur II halts his campaign, due to heavy casualties during the Persian invasion. #### By topic ###### Art * The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, in the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, is made (approximate date). ###### Religion * July – Emperor Constantius II convenes the Council of Rimini, to resolve the crisis over Arianism in the Church. Some 400 bishops of the Western Roman Empire attend, while the Eastern bishops simultaneously hold a meeting at Seleucia. Given Saint Jerome's comment that, "The whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian", it appears to have failed. Pope Liberius rejects the new creed at Rimini. Significant people ------------------ * Constantius II, Roman Emperor * Magnentius, Roman usurper * Julian, Roman Emperor Births ------ **350** * Honoratus, archbishop of Arles (approximate date); * Hypatia of Alexandria, female Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date); * Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (d. 385); * Plutarch of Athens, Greek philosopher (approximate date); * Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian (approximate date); * Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang (d. 363). **351** * Princess Dowager Helan, mother of Wei Daowudi (d. 396) * Li Gao, Chinese general of the state Western Liang (d. 417) **352** * Arsenius the Great, anchorite and Desert Father (approximate date) **353** * Saint Paulinus (Paolino), Bishop of Nola (d. 431) * Saint Vigilius, Bishop of Trent (d. 405) **354** * November 13 – Augustine of Hippo, African bishop (d. 430) * Apa Bane, Christian hermit and saint (approximate date) * Paulinus of Nola, French bishop and writer (d. 431) * Pelagius, English monk and theologian (d. 418) **355** * Fan Tai, Chinese general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 428) * Murong Bao, Chinese emperor of Later Yan (d. 398) **356** * 31 March – Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius I (d. 386) * John II, Byzantine bishop, theologian and writer (d. 417) **358** * Aignan of Orleans, Christian bishop (d. 453) **359** * Godigisel, king of the Vandals (d. 406) * Gratian, Roman emperor (d. 383) * Murong Chong, Chinese emperor (d. 386) * Stilicho, Roman general (d. 408) Deaths ------ **350** * February 11 – Constans I, Roman Emperor; * June 21 – Martin of Tongres, Roman Catholic bishop and saint; * June 30 – Nepotianus, Roman usurper; * August 5 – Cassian of Autun Roman Catholic bishop and saint; * November 26 – Paul I of Constantinople, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint. * Shi Jian, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao. **351** * September 28 – Flavius Romulus, Roman consul * Marcellinus, Roman general (*magister officiorum*) * Shi Zhi, Chinese prince and emperor of Later Zhao **352** * April 12 – Julius I, bishop of Rome * June 1 – Ran Min, Chinese emperor "Heavenly King" (*Tian Wang*) * Yao Yizhong, Chinese general and warlord (b. 280) **353** * August 11 – Magnentius, Roman usurper (b. 303) * August 18 – Magnus Decentius, brother and Caesar of Magnentius * Flavius Martinus, vicarius of Roman Britain * Zhang Chonghua, ruler of Former Liang (b. 327) **354** * Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great (b. c. 320) * Constantius Gallus, Roman consul and statesman (b. 326) * Fu Xiong (or **Yuancai**), Chinese general and politician * Pei, Chinese princess and wife of Zhang Chonghua * Ran Zhi, Chinese nobleman and prince of Ran Wei * Xie Ai, Chinese general of Former Liang (b. 301) **355** * September 7 – Claudius Silvanus, Roman usurper * Aedesius, Roman Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic * Fu Jian, Chinese emperor of the Former Qin (b. 317) * Liang, Chinese empress of the Former Qin Dynasty * Zhang Yaoling, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 344) * Zhang Zuo (or **Taibo**), Chinese ruler of Former Liang **356** * Amasius of Teano, bishop Teano (also known as **St. Paris**) * Anthony the Great, Egyptian monk and Desert Father * Cai Mo (or **Daoming**), Chinese official and politician (b. 281) * Qiang (or **Mingde**), Chinese empress and wife of Fú Jiàn * Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, Babylonian scholar and rabbi * Sanctinus of Meaux, French bishop and missionary (b. 270) * Vetranio, Roman statesman, usurper and co-emperor * Yin Hao (or **Yuanyuan**), Chinese general and politician **357** * Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 335) * Xie Shang (or **Renzu**), Chinese general and musician (b. 308) * yao Xiang (or **Jingguo**), Chinese general and warlord (b. 331) **358** * Duan, Chinese princess and wife of Murong Chui * Paulinus of Trier, Christian bishop and saint **359** * Barbatio, Roman general (*magister militum*) * Hosius of Corduba, Christian bishop (b. 256) * Junius Bassus Theotecnius, Roman politician * Xun Xian (or **Lingze**), Chinese general (b. 322) * Zhang Guan, Chinese general and regent

350s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/350s