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Year **431 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, to Romans it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cincinnatus and Mento** (or, less frequently, **year 323 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 431 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an influential Athenian, marries Sitalkes' sister. Nymphodorus then negotiates an agreement between Athens and Macedon's King Perdiccas II, through which Perdiccas regains Therma. As a result, Athens withdraws its support for Perdiccas' brother, Philip, and the Thracians promise to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marches on the Chalcidians, the people he has originally persuaded to revolt. * A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result. * The Spartans, led by King Archidamus II, invade Attica effectively starting the Second Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians. #### Roman Republic * The Romans defeat the Aequi and the Volsci at the battle of Mount Algidus. ### By topic #### Science * The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air - that he claims all substances are made of. He explains the development of the universe by the forces of attraction and repulsion known as Love and Strife. #### Literature * Euripides' play *Medea* wins third prize at the Dionysia, the famous Athenian dramatic festival. Births ------ * Xenophon, Athenian Greek mercenary and writer (d. c. 354 BC) Deaths ------ * Phidias returns to Athens, where he is imprisoned (for having been portrayed on the shield of the statue of the goddess Athena) and dies before the trial. *

431 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/431_BC

The **330s** decade ran from January 1, 330, to December 31, 339. Events ------ ### 330 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or *Nova Roma* (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city is later the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. * The Goths devastate the city of Tanais, in the Don River Delta. ###### Africa * Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë. #### By topic ###### Religion * Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date). * Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis. * The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila. * Pagan temples begin to be progressively abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, save those that are transformed into churches. ### 331 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire. * Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. * Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce. ###### Asia * Gogugwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Eusebius of Caesarea writes the *Onomasticon*. ###### Religion * Fifty Bibles of Constantine commissioned for use in Constantinople. * Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia). ### 332 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine I and his son Constantine II, aged 16, defeat the Goths in Moesia. The Goths become Roman allies and protect the Danube frontier. * Constantine I continues construction of a bridge (in imitation of Trajan and his architect Apollodorus of Damascus) across the Danube, for forward-staging grounds for planned campaigns against local tribes. * May 18 – Constantine I announces a free distribution of food to the citizens in Constantinople, similar to the food given out in the city of Rome. The amount is approximately 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. ### 333 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Flavius Dalmatius and Domitius Zenofilus are appointed consuls. * Emperor Constantine the Great pulls Roman troops out of Britain, and abandons work on Hadrian's Wall. * Calocaerus revolts against Constantine I and proclaims himself emperor. Flavius Dalmatius, responsible for the security of the eastern frontier, is sent to Cyprus to suppress the rebellion. * December 25 – Constantine I elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of *Caesar* at Constantinople. ###### China * Shi Hong succeeds his father Shi Le as Emperor of the Later Zhao Empire, in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, but Shi Hong's third cousin Shi Hu holds the real power. Empress Dowager Liu (widow of Shi Le) fails to get rid of Shi Hu, and Shi Hu has her deposed and killed. ### 334 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Flavius Dalmatius puts down a revolt in Cyprus, led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia), and executed. * The Goths protect the Danube frontier against an invasion by the Vandals. * Emperor Constantine the Great reauthorises gladiatorial combat. #### By topic ###### Astronomy * Julius Firmicus Maternus makes the first recorded observation of solar prominences, during an annular eclipse (July 17). ### 335 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * September 14 – Emperor Constantine I consecrates the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. * September 19 – Flavius Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar, with control of Thracia and Macedonia. * Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine I, is made *Rex Regum* ("King of Kings of the Pontic people"). * November 7 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented the corn fleet from sailing to Constantinople. ###### Asia * Samudragupta succeeds Chandragupta I as king of the Gupta Empire. * Tuoba Hena ousts Tuoba Yihuai as chieftain of the Tuoba Clan. * Emperor Shi Hu moves the capital of the Later Zhao state to Yecheng. #### By topic ###### Religion * First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Patriarch Athanasius of Alexandria. * Constantine I reinstates the Alexandrian priest Arius (declared a heretic at the First Council of Nicaea in 325) in a synod at Jerusalem about a year before Arius' death. * September 13 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is consecrated. * December 31 – Pope Sylvester I dies at Rome after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Mark as the 34th pope. ### 336 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The military successes of Emperor Constantine I result in most of Dacia being reconquered by the Roman Empire. * The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra. #### By topic ###### Religion * January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope of the Catholic Church. * Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco; the church is devoted to St. Mark. * Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street in Constantinople (approximate date). * Pope Mark dies at Rome, after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found. ### 337 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * May 22 – Constantine the Great, first Christian Roman emperor of the Western Empire (312–324), and of the Roman Empire (324–337), dies in Achyron, near Nicomedia, at age 65, after he is baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia. * September – A number of descendants of Constantius Chlorus, and officials of the Roman Empire, are executed for a purge against the sons of Constantine I. * September 9 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti (see map). ###### Persia * King Shapur II of Persia begins a war against the Roman Empire. He sends his troops across the Tigris to recover Armenia and Mesopotamia. * Shapur II besieges the Roman fortress of Nisibis (Syria), but is repulsed by forces under Lucilianus. ###### China * Murong Huang claims the title of Prince of Yan, effectively beginning the kingdom of Former Yan. #### By topic ###### Religion * February 6 – A 4-month papal vacancy ends; Pope Julius I succeeds Pope Mark, as the 35th pope. * June 17 – Constantius II announces the restoration of Athanasius, as Patriarch of Alexandria. * Paul I becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. * Christianity is declared an official religion in Caucasian Iberia, marking the rise of Christianity in Georgia. ### 338 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Romans, allied with the Goths, arrive in the north of the Roman Empire to protect the Danube frontier. * Emperor Constantius II intervenes against the Persians in Armenia. ###### Persia * Shapur II, king of the Persian Empire, begins a widespread persecution of Christians. He orders forcible conversions to the state religion, Zoroastrianism, lest the Christians disrupt his realm while he is away fighting the Romans in Armenia and Mesopotamia. ###### Asia * Tuoba Yihuai, ruler of the Tuoba Dai clan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tuoba Shiyijian. #### By topic ###### Art * The Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, starts to be built (approximate date). ###### Religion * Eusebius of Nicomedia becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, after Paul I is banished. * Non-Christians are persecuted by the Roman Empire as pagans. ### 339 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantius II hastens to his territory in the East, where a revived Persia under King Shapur II is attacking Mesopotamia. For the next 11 years, the two powers engage in a war of border skirmishing, with no real victor. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope Julius I gives refuge in Rome to the Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is deposed and expelled during the First Synod of Tyre (see 335). * Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople, while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria, under the name Gregory. Significant people ------------------ * Constantine I * Constantine II * Constantius II * Constans Births ------ **330** * Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379) * Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379) * Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405) * Victricius of Rouen, Christian missionary and bishop * Yang Xi, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 386) **331** * Jovian, Roman consul and emperor (d. 364) * Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (d. 363) * Yao Chang, Chinese emperor of the Qiang state (d. 394) * Yao Xiang (or **Jingguo**), Chinese warlord (d. 357) **332** * Saint Monica, Christian saint and mother of Augustine of Hippo (d. 387) **333** * Saint Monica, Christian saint and mother of Augustine of Hippo (approximate date) **334** * Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist teacher and founder of Donglin Temple (d. 416) * Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (d. 372) * Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, Roman historian and politician (d. 394) **335** * Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (d. 357) * Gregory of Nyssa, Christian bishop and saint (approximate date) * Magnus Maximus, Western Roman emperor (approximate date) * Theon of Alexandria, director of the Library of Alexandria (approximate date) **336** * Chi Chao (or **Jingyu**), Chinese advisor and politician (d. 377) * Murong De, Chinese emperor of the Xianbei state (d. 405) * Richū, emperor of Japan (approximate date) **337** * Faxian, Chinese Buddhist monk, traveler (approximate date) * Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin (d. 385) * Lü Guang, founding emperor of the Di state Later Liang (d. 400) * Zenobius of Florence, Italian bishop and wonderworker (d. 417) **338** * Isaac the Great, Armenian catholicos (d. 439) **339** * Aurelius Ambrosius, Italian bishop and theologian (d. 397) * He Fani, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404) * Shi Shi, Chinese emperor of Later Zhao (d. 349) Deaths ------ **330** * Achillius of Larissa (or **Achilles**), Greek bishop * Arnobius, Numidian apologist and writer * Guo Mo, Chinese general and warlord * Helena (**Augusta**), mother of Constantine I * Tiridates III (**the Great**), king of Armenia * Vicinius of Sarsina, Christian bishop * Zu Yue, Chinese general and warlord **331** * Gregory the Illuminator, official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church * Micheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo **332** * Basilina, wife of Julius Constantius and the mother of Roman Emperor Julian **333** * Cheng Xia, Chinese official and politician * Liu, Chinese empress of the Jie State (or Later Zhao) * Murong Hui, Chinese chieftain and duke of Liaodong (b. 269) * Shi Le, Chinese founder and emperor of the Jie State (b. 274) * Xu Guang (or **Jiwu**), Chinese official, politician and adviser **334** * December 5 – Li Ban, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 288) * Calocaerus, Roman usurper * Li Xiong, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 274) * Shi Hong, Chinese emperor of the Jie state (b. 313) * Tao Kan (or **Shixing**), Chinese general and politician (b. 259) * Wei Huacun (or **Xianan**), Chinese religious leader (b. 252) * Yang Nandi, Chinese general and ruler of Chouchi **335** * December 31 – Sylvester I, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 285) * Chandragupta I, Indian king of the Gupta Empire * Cheng, Chinese empress dowager of the Later Zhao state * Lady Xun (or **Yuzhang**), Chinese concubine of Yuan of Jin **336** * October 7 – Mark, pope of the Catholic Church * Arius, Cyrenaic presbyter and priest (b. 256) * Gan Bao (or **Kan Pao**), Chinese historian * Murong Ren (or **Qiannian**), Chinese general **337** * January 13 – Leontius of Caesarea, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * February 21 – Eustathius the Great, patriarch of Antioch (approximate date) * May 22 – Constantine the Great, emperor of the Roman Empire, Orthodox priest and saint (b. 272) * May 27 – Flavius Dalmatius, father of Dalmatius and Hannibalianus (executed) * August 30 – Alexander of Constantinople, bishop of Byzantium (approximate date) * September 11 – Julius Constantius, son of Constantius Chlorus (executed) * September 24 – Hannibalianus, king of the Pontus and nephew of Constantine I (executed) * September 27 – Dalmatius, Caesar and nephew of Constantine I (executed) **338** * Flavius Ablabius, Roman consul and politician * Li Qi, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (b. 314) * Tuoba Yihuai, prince of the Tuoba Dai clan **339** * Abaye, Babylonian rabbi of the Jewish Talmud * Chi Jian (or **Daohui**), Chinese general (b. 269) * Duan Liao, Chinese chieftain of the Duan state (Xianbei) * Eusebius of Caesarea, Greek bishop (approximate date) * Khosrov III (**the Small**), Roman client king (approximate date) * Wang Dao (or **Maohong**), Chinese politician (b. 276)

330s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/330s

Year **389** (**CCCLXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Timasius and Promotus** (or, less frequently, **year 1142 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 389 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * All pagan buildings in Alexandria, including the library, are destroyed by fire. Births ------ * Geiseric, king of the Vandals and Alans (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Donatian of Reims (or **Donat**), Christian bishop and saint * Florus of Lodève, Christian bishop and martyr (approximate date) * Mao, Chinese empress and wife of Fu Deng (Former Qin)

389

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/389

Year **335 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calenus and Corvus** (or, less frequently, **year 419 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 335 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Returning to Macedonia by way of Delphi (where the Pythian priestess acclaims him "invincible"), King Alexander III of Macedonia advances into Thrace in order to secure the Danube as the northern boundary of the Macedonian kingdom. After forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, he crosses the Danube to disperse the Getae. Turning west, he then defeats and shatters a coalition of Illyrians who are invading Macedonia. * A rumour that Alexander has been killed by the Illyrians leads the Thebans and Athenians to take up arms again. Alexander defeats the Greeks and razes Thebes. In Thebes, 6,000 people are killed and all survivors are sold into slavery. * After conquering Thebes, Alexander demands the surrender of the mercenary commanders, Chares and Charidemus, among others. Chares escapes to the Troad while Charidemus is banished and flees to Persia. * The admiration of Alexander for the Athenian orator and diplomat, Demades, leads the conqueror to treat Athens leniently despite its involvement in the rebellion. A special Athenian embassy led by Phocion, an opponent of the anti-Macedonian faction, is able to persuade Alexander to give up his demand for the exile of the leaders of the anti-Macedonian party, particularly Demosthenes. * Aristotle returns to Athens from Macedon and opens a peripatetic school in an old gymnasium called the Lyceum. It contains a museum of natural history, zoological gardens and a library. #### Roman Republic * Marcus Valerius Corvus is elected consul of the Roman Republic for the fourth time. * Cales (modern Calvi), a city in Campania, is taken by the Romans and a Roman colony is established there. ### By topic #### Art * The sculptor Praxiteles ends his active career in Athens (approximate date). Births ------ * Herophilos, Greek physician and first anatomist (d. 280 BC) Deaths ------ * Hicetas of Syracuse, Greek mathematician and philosopher (b. c. 400 BC) * Eubulus, Athenian statesman (b. c. 405 BC)

335 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/335_BC

Year **331** (**CCCXXXI**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Ablabius** (or, less frequently, **year 1084 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 331 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire. * Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. * Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce. #### Asia * Gogugwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ### By topic #### Art and Science * Eusebius of Caesarea writes the *Onomasticon*. #### Religion * Fifty Bibles of Constantine commissioned for use in Constantinople. * Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia). Births ------ * Jovian, Roman consul and emperor (d. 364) * Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (d. 363) * Yao Chang, Chinese emperor of the Qiang state (d. 394) * Yao Xiang (or **Jingguo**), Chinese warlord (d. 357) Deaths ------ * Gregory the Illuminator, official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church * Micheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

331

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/331

Year **333 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Dictatorship of Rufinus** (or, less frequently, **year 421 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 333 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Macedonia * King Alexander of Macedonia conquers western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia. * King Darius III of Persia executes Charidemus, a Greek mercenary leader living in exile in Persia, for criticising preparations taken for the Battle of Issus. * Alexander has a great victory over the Persians in the Battle of the Issus River in Cilicia, but the Persian Emperor Darius III escapes. Darius leaves behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and much of his personal treasure. Darius' family is captured by Alexander and well treated. * Alexander makes one of his officers, Nearchus, satrap of the newly conquered Lycia and Pamphylia in Anatolia and he appoints his general, Antigonus, satrap of Phrygia. * From Issus, Alexander marches south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force. The Phoenician cities of Marathus and Aradus do not resist Alexander's armies. Parmenion is sent ahead to try to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius' war chest. * After taking Byblos and Sidon, Alexander lays siege to Tyre. * In reply to a letter from Darius offering peace, Alexander demands Darius' unconditional surrender. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Charidemus, Greek mercenary leader * Memnon of Rhodes, Greek mercenary leader (b. 380 BC)

333 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/333_BC

Year **562** (**DLXII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 562 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justinian I signs a peace treaty with the Persian Empire. The *status quo ante* is restored, with Lazica (modern Georgia) in Byzantine hands. * Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as *praefectus urbi*. He is found guilty and sent to prison. * End of the Lazic War: In the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, King Khosrau I recognises Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds of gold each year. * December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (*Ekphrasis*). * The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Eastern Roman Empire, ending the Gothic War. #### Europe * King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date). #### Asia * Spring – Xiao Ming Di, age 20, succeeds his father Xuan Di as emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. * Silla, by order of king Jinheung, wages war upon Gaya (Three Kingdoms of Korea) and conquers it. * The secondary capital Taiyuan in Northern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center of Buddhism. #### Mesoamerica * The Maya state of Caracol (Belize) defeats King Wak Chan K'awiil (Double Bird) of Tikal in battle during the First Tikal-Calakmul War, ending his dynasty. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Dowager Cao, concubine of Xuan Di * Dowager Gong, empress mother of Xuan Di * Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date) * Xuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 519)

562

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/562

Year **438 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Mamercinus, Iullus and Cincinnatus** (or, less frequently, **year 316 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 438 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates and is consecrated after 9 years of construction. It is dedicated at the Panathenaea (a festival held in honour of Athena every four years on the Acropolis). * The colossal statue of the Athena Parthenos, which Phidias has made for the Parthenon, is completed and dedicated. It is made of gold and ivory and stands some 12 metres high. * Telephus, a play by the renowned playwright Euripides, is produced in Athens. This tragedy did not survive to modern times. #### Italy * The city of Capua falls to the Samnites. ### By topic #### Literature * The Greek playwright Euripides' play *Alcestis* is performed in the Dionysia, an Athenian dramatic festival. #### Art * Three seated Goddesses (possibly Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, are made (finished in 432 BC). They are now kept at The British Museum in London. * The Ionic frieze on the north side of the Parthenon, is created (finished in 432 BC). Parts of this frieze are now preserved in museums in Europe, including the *Horsemen* (at the British Museum, London), and the *Marshals and Young Women* (now at Musée du Louvre, Paris), which once formed part of the *Procession* on the frieze. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Cincinnatus, Roman politician, consul and dictator (b. 519 BC)

438 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/438_BC

The **520s** decade ran from January 1, 520, to December 31, 529. Events ------ ### 520 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Priscian, Latin grammarian, writes the *Institutiones Grammaticae* ("Grammatical Foundations"). In Constantinople, he codifies this manuscript in 18 volumes, that will be widely used through the Middle Ages. It provides the raw material for the field of speculative grammar. * July – Byzantine general Vitalian becomes consul, and is shortly later murdered, probably on the orders of Justinian, the nephew and heir-apparent of Emperor Justin I. ###### Britannia * King Pabo Post Prydain of the Pennines (Northern England) abdicates his throne, and divides the kingdom between his two sons. He retires, as a hermit, to Anglesey. * The Kingdom of East Anglia is formed, by the merging of the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and perhaps the eastern part of The Fens (approximate date). * King Budic II returns to Cornouaille (Brittany), to claim the Breton throne (approximate date). ###### Europe * Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great builds the Mausoleum of Theodoric, as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy). ###### Asia * Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk, arrives in Luoyang. He spreads Buddhism and travels to the northern Chinese kingdom of Wei, to the Shaolin Monastery. #### By topic ###### Religion * February 25 – Epiphanius is elected patriarch of Constantinople by Byzantine Emperor Justin I. * The construction of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, is started (approximate date). ### 521 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Future Byzantine emperor Justinian, age 39, is appointed consul. He later becomes Commander-in-chief of the Army of the East. ###### Arabia * Ma`adikarib Ya`fur becomes king, supported by the Aksumites; he begins a military campaign against the Arabian tribes. #### By topic ###### Music * Boethius introduces Greek musical letter notation to the West. ###### Religion * February 22 – Samson of Dol is ordained as bishop in Brittany, on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter. * Ecclesius becomes a bishop of Ravenna. ### 522 #### By place ###### Europe * Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, is arrested on charges of having conspired against Theodoric the Great. He is imprisoned at Pavia (Lombardy). * Amalaric, age 20, is proclaimed king of the Visigoths. His kingdom is threatened from the north by the Burgundians. ###### Arabia * Dhu Nuwas seizes the throne of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. He attacks the Aksumite garrison at Zafar, capturing the city and burning the churches. * Dhū Nuwas moves to Najran, an Aksumite stronghold. After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacres the Christian inhabitants (some sources estimate a death toll up to 20,000). ### 523 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date). ###### Europe * King Chlothar I takes part in an expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans to expand the territory he inherited from his late father, Clovis I. * King Sigismund of Burgundy is defeated by the invading Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I. He is captured and taken as prisoner to *Aurelianum* (modern Orléans). ###### Africa * Hilderic succeeds his uncle Thrasamund after a 27-year reign, and becomes king of the Vandals and Alans. He favours Catholicism and grants the inhabitants religious freedom. * Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa. ###### Asia * A revolt breaks out on the Six Frontier Towns, on the northern border of Northern Wei China ("Revolt of the Six Garrisons"). Tensions between the elite and the Tuoba-clan severely destabilise the state. * The Songyue Pagoda is completed during the Northern Wei era; the circular-based tower is still 40 m (131 ft) in height. * Seong becomes king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. #### By topic ###### Religion * August 6 – Pope Hormisdas dies at Rome after a 9-year reign, in which he has been instrumental in ending the Acacian Schism. He is succeeded by John I as the 53rd pope. ### 524 #### By place ###### Europe * May 1 – King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orléans after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Godomar. He rallies the Burgundian army and begins plundering Frankish territory. * June 25 – Battle of Vézeronce: The Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I are defeated by the Burgundians and allied Ostrogoths near Isère (France), averting the Frankish advance into Burgundy. During the fighting Chlodomer is killed. Later Childebert annexes the cities of Chartres and Orléans. * Queen Guntheuc, widow of Chlodomer, is forced into marrying Chlothar I. Her two children are murdered by him, but the eldest son Clodoald survives by escaping to Provence. * Boethius, Roman philosopher, is executed without trial, probably at Pavia, after a prison term during which he has written *The Consolation of Philosophy* (approximate date). ###### Central America * November 29 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque in southern Mexico, dies after a reign of 23 years. The city enters an interregnum which lasts a little over four years. ### 525 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justin I rebuilds the city of Anazarbus (modern Turkey) and renames it *"Justinopolis"*. ###### Britannia * Bernicia (North East England) is settled by the Angles (approximate date). ###### Europe * King Theodoric the Great sends Pope John I to Constantinople, to negotiate a withdrawal of Byzantine emperor Justin's edict against Arian Christianity. * Frankish tribesmen, under the command of King Chlothar I, plunder Burgundy. ###### Africa * Kaleb, king of Aksum, collects a fleet and crosses from Africa to conquer Yemen. He establishes better trade ports on the Red Sea. ###### Asia * The Daisan river, tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa, and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa). #### By topic ###### Exploration and colonization * Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian explorer-geographer, travels up the Nile. He will venture as far to the east as Ceylon, become a monk, and write *"Topographia Christiana"* to vindicate the biblical account of the world (see 550). ###### Religion * Dionysius Exiguus, Scythian theologian-mathematician, inaugurates the practice of using A.D. (Anno Domini) in Rome for calendar dates after the birth of Jesus Christ, a system which has been supported by subsequent studies. Dionysius also produces his tables for computing the date of *"Cyclus Paschalis"* (*Easter Tables*). * The Arian baptistery of Santa Maria is built in Ripa (Rome). * Buddhist caves are completed at Ajanta (India) with stone carvings (approximate date). ### 526 #### By place ###### Europe * August 30 – King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuintha takes power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric. * Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. * Amalaric, age 24, becomes king of the Visigoths, and assumes full royal power. ###### Persia * Roman–Persian Wars: King Kavad I, assisted by his Arabian vassal, Al-Mundhir III, begins a campaign in the Transcaucasus region and Upper Mesopotamia. ###### Middle East * Probably between May 20 and May 29 – 526 Antioch earthquake: A great earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch. #### By topic ###### Religion * Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison. * May 18 – John I dies of starvation after a 3-year reign. Theodoric the Great selects Pope Felix IV as the 54th pope. * Ecclesius, bishop of Ravenna, commissions two new churches, one for Ravenna and one for its port, Classis. * c. 526–547 – Sanctuary apse's mosaic showing Christ enthroned and flanked by Saint Vitalis and Ecclesius, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is made. ### 527 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * April 1 – Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler, as an incurable wound saps his strength. * August 1 – Justin I, age 77, dies at Constantinople and is succeeded by Justinian I, who becomes sole emperor. * Justinian I reorganises the command structure of the Byzantine army, and fields a small but highly trained army. * Justinian I appoints Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on the Byzantine-Persian frontier. ###### Britannia * King Cerdic of Wessex and his son Cynric defeat the Britons at *Cerdicesleah* (modern Chearsley). * The Kingdom of Essex is founded by the Saxons, who land north of the Thames. They take control of the land between what is now London and St Albans, ceding from the Kingdom of Kent * Æscwine becomes the first king of Essex (approximate date), defeating Octa in battle at Hackney, west of the River Lea. ###### Japan * Iwai Rebellion: A revolt against the Yamato court breaks out in Tsukushi Province (according to *Nihon Shoki*). #### By topic ###### Religion * Justinian I outlaws pagan religious practices in Egypt, and dispatches Byzantine missionaries to southern territories (approximate date). * The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is rebuilt until 565, restoring the architectural tone of the basilica. * Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, formally adopts Buddhism as a state religion (approximate date). ### 528 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * February 13 – Emperor Justinian I appoints a commission (including the jurist Tribonian) to codify all laws of the Roman Empire that are still in force from Hadrian to the current date; this becomes the *Corpus Juris Civilis*. * November 29 – Natural disaster: A second great earthquake strikes Antioch, killing thousands (including Patriarch Euphrasius), and causing a fire that destroys the Domus Aurea (Great Church) built by Constantine the Great. * Justin, Byzantine general (*magister militum*), dies in battle against the Bulgars on the frontier of the Danubian *limes* in Moesia. He is succeeded by Constantiolus. ###### Asia * March 31 – Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, emperor of Northern Wei, is poisoned by order of his mother, the regent Empress Dowager Hu. * April 1 – The 6-week-old only daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei is proclaimed empress regnant of Northern Wei, by Empress Dowager Hu. * April 2 – Xiaoming's daughter is replaced by the 2- or 3-year-old Yuan Zhao as emperor of Northern Wei, by order of Empress Dowager Hu * May 17 – Empress Dowager Hu, regent of Northern Wei, having resorted to an old monarchist tool and executed lovers who have displeased her, is drowned in the Yellow River along with the nominal emperor, the baby Yuan Zhao, and prince Yuan Yong by order of General Erzhu Rong, who places 21-year-old Yuan Ziyou on the throne as Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei. * The Hephthalites (White Huns) move from the Hindu Kush into the Punjab region, and eastward across the Ganges Delta, ravaging cities and Buddhist monasteries. * Yasodharman, Maharaja ("great king") of Malwa, defeats the Hun invaders under Mihirakula in central India. #### By topic ###### Religion * King Seong of Baekje adopts Buddhism as the state religion. * Bulguksa, a Buddhist temple, is built in South Korea. ### 529 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * April 7 – Emperor Justinian I issues the *Codex Justinianus* (Code of Civil Laws), reformulating Roman law in an effort to control his unruly people (see 532). * The Samaritans revolt and are defeated; the Church of the Nativity is burnt down during the Rebellion. ###### Europe * Queen Amalasuntha receives a delegation sent by a council of Gothic nobles urging that she have her son Athalaric, now 13, taught an education in the Roman tradition—not by elderly schoolmasters, but by men who will teach him to "ride, fence, and to be toughened, not to be turned into a bookworm". ###### Arabia * Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids. He helps the Byzantines to suppress the wide-scale Samaritan Revolt. ###### Central America * February 25 – K'an Joy Chitam I becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, ending an interregnum of a little over four years, and reigns until his death in 565. ###### Southeast Asia * Rudravarman is granted investiture by China, as the first king of the fourth dynasty of Champa (modern Vietnam). #### By topic ###### Education * The Academy, originally founded at Athens by Plato around 387 BC, closes down by order of Justinian I, on charges of un-Christian activity. Many of the school's professors emigrate to Persia and Syria. ###### Religion * The Benedictine Order is established at Monte Cassino near Naples by Benedict of Nursia, who founds a monastery and formulates for his monks strict rules in the *"Regula Benedicti"*. * The Canons of the Council of Orange are established, approving the Augustinian doctrine of sin and grace over Pelagianism and Semi-Pelagianism, but without Augustine's absolute predestination. Significant people ------------------ * Ahkal Mo' Nahb I, Ajaw (Lord) of Palenque (Mayan Empire) * Boethius, philosopher * Childebert I, Frankish king, 524-558 * Clodoald, saint * Chlodomer, King of Orleans, 511-524 * Chlothar I, Frankish King * Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini * Godomar, King of Burgundy * Guntheuc, Queen of Orleans * Justin I, Eastern Roman Emperor, 518-527 * Kaleb of Axum, King of Ethiopia * Sigismund of Burgundy, King of the Burgundians, 516-524 * Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, 475-526 Births ------ **520** * Hou Andu, general of the Chen Dynasty (d. 563) * Justin II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 578) * Malo, Welsh bishop (approximate date) * Martin of Braga, missionary and archbishop (d. 580) * Pope Pelagius II of Rome (d. 589) * Radegund, Frankish princess (approx.) * Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Arabian poet (approx.) **521** * December 7 – Columba, Gaelic Irish missionary monk (d. 597) * Agericus, bishop of Verdun (approximate date) * Gao Cheng, high official and regent of Eastern Wei (d. 549) **522** * 15 October – Colmán of Cloyne, Irish monk (d. 600) * Clodoald, Merovingian prince (approximate date) * Wen Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (d. 566) **523** * Aurelianus, archbishop of Arles (d. 551) **524** * September 18 – Kan B'alam I, ruler of Palenque (d. 583) * He Shikai, high official of Northern Qi (d. 571) * Xiao Daqi, crown prince of Northern Qi (d. 551) * Xiao Jing Di, emperor of Eastern Wei (d. 552) **525** * Alexander of Tralles, physician (approximate date) * Pope Benedict I, Pope of Catholic church (d. 579) * John Climacus, monk and writer (approximate date) * Justin, Byzantine aristocrat and general (d. 566) * Liuvigild, king of the Visigoths (d. 586) * Wideok, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea) * Yujiulü, empress of Western Wei (d. 540) **526** * Wang Lin, general of the Liang Dynasty and Northern Wei (d. 573) * Yuan Zhao ("the young lord"), emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528) **528** * February 12 – Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, nominal empress regnant of Northern Wei **529** * Wen Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 559) Deaths ------ **520** * January 19 – John of Cappadocia, patriarch of Constantinople * July – Vitalian, Byzantine general, consul * Abbán, Irish cult leader and saint (approx.) * Ardgal mac Conaill, king of Uisneach (Ireland) * Isidore of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date) * Maximinus, Frankish abbot and saint (approximate date) * Zu Gengzhi, Chinese mathematician (approx.) **521** * July 17 – Magnus Felix Ennodius, bishop and Latin poet * November 29 – Jacob of Serugh, Syrian poet and theologian **522** * Eutharic, son-in-law of Theodoric the Great * Galan Erilich, king of the Picts (approximate date) * Liu Xie, Chinese writer (approximate date) (b. 465) **523** * August 6 – Pope Hormisdas (b. 450) * Arethas, leader of the Christian community in Yemen * Muryeong, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea) * Philoxenus of Mabbug, Syrian theologian * Thrasamund, king of the Vandals (b. 450) **524** * July 12 – Viventiolus, Archbishop of Lyon (b. 460) * November 29 – Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, ruler of Palenque (Mexico) (b. 465) * Boethius, Roman philosopher and writer (b. 480) * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint * Chlodomer, king of the Franks * Sigismund, king of the Burgundians * Zhou She, high official of Southern Liang (b. 469) **525** * Boethius, Roman philosopher and writer (or 524) * Bandzhis Firenz, king of Danmark and Medieval Gritzania * Yuan Cha, high official of Northern Wei (approximate date) * Yūsuf Dhū Nuwas, king of the Himyarite Kingdom (Yemen). **526** * May 18 – Pope John I * August 30 – Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (b. 454) * October 30 – Paul of Edessa, Syriac Orthodox bishop of Edessa * Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus, Roman politician **527** * August 1 – Justin I, Byzantine Emperor (b. 450) * Illan mac Dúnlainge, king of Leinster (Ireland) **528** * March 31 – Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 510) * May 17 + Empress Dowager Hu of Northern Wei + Yuan Yong, imperial prince of Northern Wei + Yuan Zhao, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 526) * Anicia Juliana, daughter of Olybrius (approximate date) * Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk (approximate date) * Euphrasius, patriarch of Antioch (in the earthquake) * Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith, king of the Ghassanids * Justin, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * Procopius of Gaza, Christian sophist and rhetorician **529** * Baderic, king of the Thuringii (b. c. 480) * Theodosius the Cenobiarch, monk and founder of the Monastery of St. Theodosius * Yuan Hao, imperial prince of Northern Wei

520s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/520s

The **560s** decade ran from January 1, 560, to December 31, 569. Events ------ ### 560 #### By place ###### Europe * Alboin succeeds his father Audoin after his death, as king of the Lombards. ###### Britain * Adda succeeds his brother Glappa as king of Bernicia (approximate date). * Ælla becomes king of Deira (this according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). * Ceawlin succeeds his father Cynric as king of Wessex (approximate date). * Custennin ap Cado abdicates as king of Dumnonia (South West England). * Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, king Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn. #### By topic ###### Religion * Columba quarrels with Finnian of Moville over authorship of a psalter, leading to a pitched battle the next year. ### 561 #### By place ###### Europe * November 29 – King Chlothar I ("the Old") dies at Compiègne at age 64. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons (Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I), who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Paris, Orléans, Reims and Soissons, respectively. ###### Britain * The Battle of Cúl Drebene (modern Ireland) is fought between the Northern and Southern Uí Néill (approximate date). ###### Asia * Winter – Wu Cheng Di succeeds his brother Xiao Zhao Di, who dies from injuries suffered while hunting, as Chinese emperor of Northern Qi. ###### Americas * Sky Witness is crowned as leader of Calakmul. #### By topic ###### Religion * March 4 – Pope Pelagius I dies in Rome after a five-year reign, and is succeeded by John III as the 61st pope. * Jnanagupta, a Buddhist monk from Gandhara (Pakistan), begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese. * The First Council of Braga is held. The council condemns the doctrine of Priscillianism. ### 562 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justinian I signs a peace treaty with the Persian Empire. The *status quo ante* is restored, with Lazica (modern Georgia) in Byzantine hands. * Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as *praefectus urbi*. He is found guilty and sent to prison. * End of the Lazic War: In the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, King Khosrau I recognises Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds of gold each year. * December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (*Ekphrasis*). * The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Eastern Roman Empire, ending the Gothic War. ###### Europe * King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date). ###### Asia * Spring – Xiao Ming Di, age 20, succeeds his father Xuan Di as emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. * Silla, by order of king Jinheung, wages war upon Gaya (Three Kingdoms of Korea) and conquers it. * The secondary capital Taiyuan in Northern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center of Buddhism. ###### Mesoamerica * The Maya state of Caracol (Belize) defeats King Wak Chan K'awiil (Double Bird) of Tikal in battle during the First Tikal-Calakmul War, ending his dynasty. ### 563 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justinian I pardons Belisarius; he orders his release from prison, and restores his properties and honours. He permits the general to live in obscurity, and gives him a veterans' pension. * The new Hagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds of gold), with its numerous chapels and shrines, octagonal dome and mosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument of Eastern Orthodoxy. ###### Europe * Tauredunum event: A mountain landslide into the Rhone river destroys a fort and two villages, and creates a tsunami in Lake Geneva. The wave which reaches Lausanne is thirteen metres high, and eight metres high by the time it hits Geneva. Describing the event, Marius Aventicensis writes that the tsunami "devastated very old villages with their men and cattle, it even destroyed many sacred places", and swept away "the bridge in Geneva, windmills and men". #### By topic ###### Religion * Columba, Irish missionary monk, travels to Scotland with twelve companions. He lands on the Kintyre Peninsula, near Southend, and begins his evangelising mission to the Picts. On the island of Iona, he founds a monastery (Iona Abbey) on the west coast in the Inner Hebrides. ### 564 #### By place ###### Britain * Cadoc, abbot of Llancarfan (Wales), settles in Weedon and is made bishop (approximate date). * August 22 – Columba reports seeing the Loch Ness Monster at the River Ness (according to the *"Life of St. Columba"*). ###### Mesoamerica * Tulum, Maya walled city, on the Yucatán Peninsula (modern Mexico) is first mentioned on a stele inscription. #### By topic ###### Religion * Samson of Dol, one of seven founder saints of Brittany, attends a council in Paris and witnesses several royal decrees (approximate date). ### 565 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * November 15 – Justin II succeeds his uncle Justinian I as emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He begins his reign by refusing subsidies to the Avars, who conduct several large-scale raids through the Balkan Peninsula. * Justin II recalls his cousin Justin (pretender to the throne) to Constantinople; after accusations against him, he is placed under house arrest. * Justin II sends his son-in-law Baduarius (*magister militum*) with a Byzantine army, to support the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. * The Madaba Map is made in the Byzantine church of Saint George. The floor mosaic contains the depiction of the Holy Land (approximate date). ###### Britain * Columba, Irish missionary, spots the Loch Ness Monster on the River Ness present day Scotland and saves the life of a Pict (approximate date). ###### Europe * Summer – A war erupts between Alboin, the king of the Lombards, and King Cunimund, the leader of the Gepids. (approximate date). ###### Asia * Gao Wei succeeds his father Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty. Wu Cheng Di becomes a regent and Grand Emperor. * The Uyghurs are defeated by the Göktürks, who expand their territory in Central Asia (approximate date). ###### Central America * February 6 – K'an Joy Chitam I, ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque, in what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, dies after a reign of exactly 36 years. * May 2 – Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II becomes the new ruler of Palenque and reigns until his death in 570. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Agathias begins to write a history, beginning where Procopius finished his work. ###### Religion * January 22 – Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople is deposed as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople by Justinian I after he refuses the Byzantine Emperor's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of Monophysites. From April 12 he is replaced by John Scholasticus. * Columba begins preaching in the Orkney Islands (approximate date). ### 566 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * A Byzantine army, under command of Baduarius, assists the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. The Byzantines win the first battle in the lower Danube (Moesia), but Gepid King Cunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city of Sirmium (modern Serbia), as he had promised. * Emperor Justin II, facing an empty treasury, breaks the treaty with the Gepids that has existed since 565. King Alboin of the Lombards makes an alliance with the Avars under Bayan I, at the expense of tough conditions. They demand a tenth of the Lombards' cattle and half of the war booty. * Justin II sends his cousin Justin to exile in Alexandria, where he is installed as *Augustal prefect* of Egypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (probably by assignment of Empress Sophia). ###### Europe * Ainmuire mac Sétnai becomes High King of Ireland, and rules from 566–569 (this according to the Book of Leinster). ###### Francia * A poet from Italy named Venantius Fortunatus arrives at the Merovingian court at Metz. With a strong grasp of traditional Roman poetry, Fortunatus impresses and entertains the Frankish royalty and aristocracy. The success of a Latin poet in Francia suggests that Roman culture persisted well after the Roman Empire disintegrated in Gaul in the late 5th century. ###### Asia * Fei Di, age 12, succeeds his father Wen Di, as emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He honors his grand-aunt Zhang Yao'er with the title of Grand Empress, and she becomes his regent. * Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa. ###### Unidentified * A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic. ### 567 #### By place ###### Europe * The Lombard–Gepid War (567) ends with a Lombard-Avar victory, and the annihilation of the Gepids. * Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, marries Brunhilda, and his half brother Chilperic I marries Galswintha, both daughters of the Visigothic king Athanagild. * King Charibert I dies without an heir; his realm (region Neustria and Aquitaine) is divided between his brothers Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I. * Liuva I succeeds his predecessor Athanagild after an interregnum of five months and becomes king of the Visigoths. ###### China * Three Disasters of Wu: Emperor Wu Di of the Northern Zhou dynasty initiates the second persecution of Buddhists in China. This persecution continues until he is succeeded by his son Emperor Xuan. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Second Council of Tours is held. It decrees that any cleric found in bed with his wife will be excommunicated. * John III, patriarch of Constantinople, organizes a compromise between the Chalcedonians and Monophysites. ### 568 #### By place ###### Europe * Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice. * The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as *Le Marche*). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion *en route*. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs. * Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, repels a second attack from the Avars. His half brother Chilperic I strangles his wife Galswintha at the instigation of his mistress Fredegund. * Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brother Liuva I. He becomes ruler over the Visigoths in Hispania Citerior (Eastern Spain). * Mummolus, Gallo-Roman prefect, defeats the Lombards at Embrun and expels them from Provence (Southern Gaul). * The Avar Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks. ###### Britain * Æthelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (modern Scotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date). * Battle of Wibbandun: Ceawlin of Wessex defeats Æthelberht of Kent (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Asia * The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date). * A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the *Cross of Justin II* ("Vatican Cross") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire. * Paulinus I, patriarch of Aquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island of Grado. ### 569 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send a relic of the "True Cross" to the Frankish princess Radegund, who has founded a monastery at Poitiers. * The Garamantian Kingdom (modern Libya) signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The capital city of Garama is converted to Christianity. ###### Europe * September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan. * Gisulf I, nephew of Alboin, is appointed as the first duke of Friuli (approximate date). ###### Arabia * Al-Mundhir III succeeds his father Al-Harith V and becomes king of the Ghassanids. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries (according to John of Ephesus). * John of Ephesus completes his *"Biographies of Eastern Saints"* (approximate date). * November 19 – In Poitiers the *"Vexilla Regis"* is first sung during the Procession. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **560** * Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Arabic leader (d. 652) * Constantina, Byzantine empress (approximate date) * Eustace of Luxeuil, abbot (approximate date) * Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar * Richarius, Frankish hermit and monk (approximate date) * Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem (d. 638) * Tassilo I, duke of Bavaria (d. 610) **561** * Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 609) **563** * Andreas of Caesarea, bishop and writer (d. 637) * Chindasuinth, king of the Visigoths (d. 653) **564** * Hermenegild, Visigoth prince (approximate date) * Li Baiyao, Chinese official and historian (d. 647) **565** * Chen Yueyi, empress of Northern Zhou (approximate date) * Cuthwine, prince of Wessex (approximate date) * Gundoald, Bavarian nobleman (approximate date) * Marutha of Tikrit, Persian theologian (d. 649) * Mirin, Irish monk and missionary (approximate date) * Sisebut, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Witteric, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Yuan Leshang, empress of Northern Zhou **566** * Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date) * Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty (d. 635) * Xiao, empress of the Sui Dynasty (approximate date) * Yuchi Chifan, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 595) **567** * Ingund, wife of Hermenegild (or 568) **568** * Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 627) * Ingund, princess, spouse of Visigoth prince Hermenegild (d. 584) * Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 619) **569** * Yángdi, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (d. 618) Deaths ------ **560** * Aspasius of Auch, bishop of Éauze * Audoin, king of the Lombards (approximate date) * Chen Chang, prince of the Chen Dynasty (b. 537) * Clodoald, Merovingian prince (approximate date) (b. 522) * Cynric, king of Wessex * Domitian of Huy, Frankish bishop and saint * Glappa, king of Bernicia (approximate date) * Ming Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 534) * Thurisind, king of the Gepids (approximate date) * Yang Yin, official of Northern Qi (b. 511) **561** * March 4 – Pope Pelagius I * November 29 – Chlothar I, king of the Franks * Aregund, queen of the Franks * Chram, Frankish prince and son of Chlothar I * Fei Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 545) * Xiao Zhao Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 535) **562** * Dowager Cao, concubine of Xuan Di * Dowager Gong, empress mother of Xuan Di * Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date) * Xuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 519) **563** * January –Cutzinas, Berber chieftain * Hou Andu, general of the Chen Dynasty (b. 520) * Wang, empress of the Liang Dynasty **564** * Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (b. 556) * Laisrén mac Nad Froích, Irish monk and saint * Petroc, Celtic prince and saint (approximate date) * Tudwal, Breton monk and saint (approximate date) **565** * November 14 – Justinian I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Audoin, king of the Lombards (approximate date) * Belisarius, Byzantine general ("Last of the Romans") * Diarmait mac Cerbaill, High King (approximate date) * Dorotheus of Gaza, monk and abbot (approximate date) * Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date) * Samson of Dol, bishop and saint (approximate date) **566** * Domnall Ilchelgach, High King of Ireland * Forggus mac Muirchertaig, High King * Justin, Byzantine aristocrat and general * Pulakeshin I, king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India) * Wen Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (b. 522) **567** * June 5 – Theodosius I, patriarch of Alexandria * Athanagild, king of the Visigoths * Charibert I, king of the Franks * Cissa, king of the South Saxons * Cunimund, king of the Gepids **568** * Adda, king of Bernicia (approximate date) * Galswintha, queen consort of Neustria, married to Chilperic I (b. 540) **569** * Ainmuire mac Sétnai, High King of Ireland * Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, king of the Ghassanids * Peter IV, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria * Wu Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 537)

560s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/560s

Year **33 BC** was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Tullus** (or, less frequently, **year 721 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 33 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivers a speech; *de summa Republica* in the Roman Senate, in which he subjects the Donations. * The second term of the Second Triumvirate expires. * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is self demoted to Aedile, and builds the Aqua Julia, one of the aqueducts on which Rome's water supply depends, as well as cleaning the Cloaca Maxima sewerage system. * Mark Antony annexes the kingdom of Media and arranges the marriage of his son Alexander Helios with princess Iotapa, the daughter of king Artavasdes I. * The Kinambroi surrender to Octavian. #### China * Crown Prince Ao ascends to the throne as Emperor Cheng of Han of the Han Dynasty (until 7 BC). Births ------ Deaths ------ * July 8 – Yuan of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 75 BC) * Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and father of Tiberius (b. 85 BC)

33 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_BC

Year **334 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caudinus and Calvinus** (or, less frequently, **year 420 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 334 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law, Orontobates. * As the Persian satraps have gathered for a war council at Zeleia, Memnon argues that it is preferable for the Persians to avoid a pitched battle and adopt a scorched earth tactic. Arsites, the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, will not allow his land to be burned and agrees with other satraps to reject this cautious advice. #### Macedonia * King Alexander III of Macedonia crosses the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who has already faithfully served his father, Philip II, as his deputy in Greece with over 13,000 men. Alexander himself commands about 30,000 foot soldiers and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 are Macedonians and about 7,000 are allies sent by the Greek League. * May – Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains. * Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast. * At Halicarnassus, Alexander successfully undertakes the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Alexander leaves Caria in the hands of Ada, who was the ruler of Caria before being deposed by her brother-in-law, Pixodarus. * Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the cities in the region hasten to open their gates. The Ionian city of Miletus defies Alexander and he has to subdue it through a siege. #### Italy * Alexander of Epirus, at the request of the colony of Taras (Tarentum) crosses over into Italy, to aid them against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He wins victories over the Italian Samnite tribes. #### China * The rulers of Wei and Qi agree to recognize each other as kings, formalizing the independence of the Warring States and the powerlessness of the Zhou Dynasty. Births ------ * Zeno of Citium, Greek philosopher and the father of Stoicism (approximate date) (d. c. 262 BC) Deaths ------ * Pixodarus, King of Caria

334 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/334_BC

Year **380 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Poplicola, Poplicola, Maluginensis, Lanatus, Peticus, Mamercinus, Fidenas, Crassus and Mugillanus** (or, less frequently, **year 374 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 380 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian empire * Persia forces the Athenians to withdraw their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been successfully supporting the Egyptian Pharaohs in maintaining their independence from the Persian Empire. #### Egypt * The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies and is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but the latter is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year, ending the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt. #### Greece * Cleombrotus I succeeds his brother Agesipolis I as king of Sparta. ### By topic #### Art * What some historians call the *Rich style* in Greece comes to an end. Births ------ * Darius III, king of (Achaemenid) Persia (approximate date) * Menaechmus, Greek mathematician and geometer (d. 320 BC) * Pytheas, Greek explorer, who will explore northwestern Europe, including the British Isles (d. c. 310 BC) (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Agesipolis I, king of Sparta * Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC) * Hakor, king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt * Nefaarud II, son of Hakor and last king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty

380 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/380_BC

Year **393 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Maluginensis** (or, less frequently, **year 361 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 393 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Athenian general Conon and the Persian satrap Pharnabazus sail to mainland Greece, where they raid the coast of Laconia and seize the island of Cythera, where they leave a garrison and an Athenian governor. * Pharnabazus dispatches Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to Attica, where he joins in the rebuilding of the long walls from Athens to Piraeus, a project that had been initiated by Thrasybulus in the previous year. The construction is soon completed and Athens quickly takes advantage of its walls and its fleet to seize the islands of Scyros, Imbros, and Lemnos, on which it establishes cleruchies (citizen colonies). * Fighting breaks out in Corinth between the democratic and oligarchic parties. The democrats, supported by Argos, launch an attack on their opponents, and the oligarchs are driven from the city. These exiles go to the Spartans, based at this time at Sicyon, for support, while the Athenians and Boeotians support the democrats. * In a night attack, the Spartans and exiles succeed in seizing Lechaeum, Corinth's port on the Gulf of Corinth, and defeat an army that comes out to challenge them the next day. #### Macedonia * Amyntas III, a great grandson of Alexander I, becomes king of Macedonia following the disorders that have plagued the country following the death of the powerful King Archelaus I in 399 BC. #### Egypt * Upon the death of King Nepherites I, two rival factions fight for the throne; one backing Muthis, son of Nepherites I, and the other supporting Psammuthes. Psammuthes is successful, but he only manages to reign as King of Egypt for part of the year. * Hakor overthrows his predecessor, Psammuthes, as King of Egypt claiming to be the grandson of Nepherites I, founder of the 29th Dynasty. ### By topic #### Literature * Aristophanes' play, a new comedy called *The Ecclesiazusae*, is performed. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Nepherites I or Nefaarud I, Pharaoh of Egypt * Emperor Kōshō of Japan, according to legend.

393 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/393_BC

Year **390 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Ambustus, Longus, Ambustus, Fidenas, Ambustus and Cornelius** (or, less frequently, **year 364 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 390 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * July 18 – Battle of the Allia: Brennus, a chieftain of the Senones of the Adriatic coast of Italy, leads an army of Cisalpine Gauls in their attack on Rome. They capture the entire city of Rome except for the Capitoline Hill, which is successfully held against them. However, seeing their city devastated, the Romans attempt to buy their salvation from Brennus. The Romans agree to pay one thousand pounds weight of gold. #### Egypt * The Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens. ### By topic #### Architecture * The Temple of Asclepius is built at Epidaurus. Births ------ * Hypereides, Athenian orator and politician (approximate date) * The Tollund Man (approximate date, based on his being forty years old at the time of death) Deaths ------ * Andocides, Athenian orator and politician (b. 440 BC)

390 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/390_BC

Year **394** (**CCCXCIV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Western Europe as the **Year of the Consulship of Flavianus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1147 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 394 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * September 6 – Battle of the Frigidus: Emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius. The forces of Theodosius are bolstered by numerous auxiliaries, including 20,000 Visigoth federates under Alaric. The Frankish general Arbogast (*magister militum*) escapes into the Alps and commits suicide. * Late Roman army: The *Notitia Dignitatum* shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals. * Winter – The Huns cross the frozen Danube and destroy the villages built by the Goths. Theodosius I, six hundred miles away in Italy, sends no reinforcements to defend the northern frontier. * In Rome, the sacred fire stops burning (see Vesta and Vestal Virgins). #### Egypt * The last known hieroglyphic inscription, known as the Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, is written in Philae, Egypt. #### China * The last ruler of Former Qin, Fu Chong, is killed in battle against an army of Western Qin, bringing Former Qin to an end. ### By topic #### Religion * Epiphanius of Salamis attacks Origen's followers and urges John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, to condemn his writings. * The Council of Bagaï in Africa brings 310 Donatist bishops together. Births ------ * Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist scholar-monk (d. 468) * Jangsu, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 491) Deaths ------ * September 6 – Eugenius, Roman usurper * September 8 – Arbogast, Frankish general * Fu Chong, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin * Fu Deng, emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 343) * Murong Yong, emperor of the Xianbei state Western Yan * Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, Roman historian and politician (b. 334) * Yao Chang, emperor of the Qiang state Later Qin (b. 331)

394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/394

Year **391 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Flavus, Medullinus, Camerinus, Fusus, Mamercinus and Mamercinus** (or, less frequently, **year 363 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 391 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian satrap, Struthas, pursues an anti-Spartan policy, prompting the Spartans to order Thibron, their governor, to the Greek cities of Ionia to attack him. Thibron successfully ravages Persian territory for a time, but is killed, along with a number of his men, when Struthas ambushes them. * Evagoras of Salamis and the Persians battle each other for control of Cyprus. Aided by the Athenians and the Egyptians, Evagoras extends his rule over the greater part of Cyprus and to several cities of Anatolia. #### Greece * The Athenian general, Iphicrates, with a force composed almost entirely of light troops and peltasts (javelin throwers), wins a decisive victory against the Spartan regiment that has been stationed at Lechaeum in the Battle of Lechaeum. This is the first time that a force of light infantry defeats a unit of Greek hoplites. * Iphicrates also campaigns against Phlius and Arcadia, decisively defeating their armies and plundering the territory of the Arcadians when they refuse to engage his troops. After this victory, an Argive army marches to Corinth, and, seizing the Acrocorinth, effectively merges Argos and Corinth. #### Sicily * Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, begins an attempt to extend his rule to the Greek cities of southern Italy. He unsuccessfully besieges Rhegium. #### Roman Republic * The Roman dictator Marcus Furius Camillus is accused of making an unfair distribution of the spoils of his victory at Veii. He goes into voluntary exile. * Quintus Fabius Ambustus and two other Fabii are sent as ambassadors by Rome to a wandering tribe of Celts (whom the Romans call Gauls), under Brennus, who are advancing down the Tiber while the Celtic army is besieging Clusium. After Quintus Fabius' group becomes involved in a skirmish with the Gauls and kill one of the Gauls' leaders, the offended Gauls demand that Rome surrender the Fabii members to them. The Romans refuse, so the Gauls advance on Rome. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Thibron, Spartan general * Mozi, Chinese philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 470 BC)

391 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/391_BC

Year **365 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aventinensis and Ahala** (or, less frequently, **year 389 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 365 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Perdiccas III of Macedon, son of Amyntas III and Eurydice II, kills Ptolemy of Aloros, who has been the regent of Macedon since he arranged the assassination of Perdiccas III's brother Alexander II in 368 BC. With Ptolemy's death, Perdiccas III becomes King of Macedon in his own right. * The Athenian forces under general Timotheus overrun Samos, then occupied by a Persian garrison, after a 10-month siege. #### Roman Republic * Etruscan actors stage the first theatrical performances in Rome. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Marcus Furius Camillus, Roman soldier and statesman. (b. c. 446 BC) * Eurydice II, Macedonian queen and mother of Philip II of Macedon * Antisthenes, Athenian philosopher (b. c. 445 BC)

365 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_BC

Year **387 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Papirius, Fidenas, Mamercinus, Lanatus and Poplicola** (or, less frequently, **year 367 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 387 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * End of the Corinthian War: * Peace of Antalcidas (or "the king's peace") is brokered by Artaxerxes II. Under the Peace, all the Asiatic mainland and Cyprus remain under Persian control, Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros remain Athenian dependencies, and all the other Greek states are to receive autonomy. By the King's Peace, the Persians become key players in Greek politics. * Under the threat of Spartan intervention, Thebes disbands its league, and Argos and Corinth end their shared government. Corinth is incorporated back into Sparta's Peloponnesian League. * Plato founds the Platonic Academy in Athens, where he teaches Aristotle until 347 BC. #### Sicily and Adriatic * With the aid of the Lucanians, Dionysius I of Syracuse devastates the territories of *Thurii*, *Crotone*, and *Locri* in mainland Italy. When Rhegium falls, Dionysius becomes the chief power in Greek Southern Italy. He then turns his attention to the Adriatic and founds the colonies of Ancona (Ankon) and Adria (Adrìa). * Plato is forced by Dionysius to leave Syracuse after having exercised the right of free speech too broadly. Plato returns to Athens, outside which he founds a school. #### Roman Republic * Rome begins to rebuild after being invaded by the Gauls under Brennus. * Marcus Furius Camillus introduces the Capitoline Games (Ludi Capitolini) in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in commemoration of Rome's Capitol not being captured by the Gauls. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Wen, marquis of the State of Wei, China * Rhydondis, Greek mercenary (b. c. 386 BC)

387 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/387_BC

Year **442 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Helva** (or, less frequently, **year 312 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 442 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * As a result of his failure to effectively challenge Pericles, the Athenian citizens ostracise Thucydides for 10 years and Pericles is once again unchallenged in Athenian politics. ### By topic #### Literature * Sophocles writes *Antigone*. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Zhou zhen ding wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

442 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442_BC

Year **394 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Camillus, Poplicola, Medullinus, Albinus, Mamercinus and Scipio** (or, less frequently, **year 360 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 394 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The allies, Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, gather a large army at Corinth. A sizable army is sent out from Sparta to challenge this force. The two sides meet on the dry bed of the Nemea River, in Corinthian territory. In the resultant Battle of Nemea, the Spartans win a major victory over the allies. * The Athenian general Conon, the Persian satrap Pharnabazus and Evagoras, King of Salamis, win an overwhelming naval victory over the Spartans under Peisander in the Battle of Cnidus (near Rhodes). Following this victory, Conon and Pharnabazus sail along the coast of Ionia, expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities, although they fail to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos. With the Spartan bid for building an empire crumbling, Persia gains mastery of the Aegean. * The two sides' armies meet each other again at Coronea, in Theban territory in the Battle of Coronea. Once more, the Spartans under King Agesilaus II are successful in battle. After this victory, Agesilaus sails with his army across the Gulf of Corinth and returns to Sparta. * The temple of Athena Alea in Tegea is burned down, but is however soon rebuilt to the designs of Scopas of Paros. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

394 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/394_BC

The year **570 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as **year 184 *Ab urbe condita***. The denomination 570 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ * Berlin Kore, from a cemetery at Keratea, near Athens, is begun. It is now at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany. * The Satrapy of Armenia is established as a province of the Achaemenid Empire. This is the first polity to bear the name Armenia. * Francois Vase, black figure decoration on a volute crater, is made by Kleitias and Ergotimos (approximate date). It is now in a museum in Italy. * Amasis II drives Apries from the throne of Egypt. Births ------ * Xenophanes, Greek philosopher * Pythagoras, Samian Greek philosopher and mathematician (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Sappho, Greek lyric poet * Ezekiel, Hebrew prophet

570 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/570_BC

Year **447** (**CDXLVII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calepius and Ardabur** (or, less frequently, **year 1200 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 447 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantium * November 6 – The Walls of Constantinople are severely damaged by an earthquake, which destroys large parts of the structure, including 57 towers. The population is threatened by a plague. Emperor Theodosius II orders Constantine, praetorian prefect of the East, to supervise the repairs. He employs the city's *demoi* ("Circus factions") in the work, and rebuilds the walls within 60 days. * The Huns, led by Attila, cross the Danube, and invade the Balkans as far as Thermopylae (Greece). During the invasion, Serdica (modern Sofia) is destroyed. For disobeying the terms of the treaty made in 442, Attila triples his demand for tribute to 2,100 pounds (ca. 700 kg) of gold per year; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner to 12 *solidi*. * Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila; Priscus of Panium, envoy for the Eastern Roman Empire. Priscus records one of the few eyewitness accounts of the Hun kingdom. * Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats the Roman army near the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege of Constantinople. They march north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (including Thrace, Scythia, Moesia, Dacia and Illyricum). * Winter – Theodosius II chooses a policy to protect Constantinople against the Huns. He removes Aspar and Areobindus (*magister militum*) from their military commands. #### Europe * Vortigern, king of the Britons, receives the Saxon leaders Hengist and Horsa "as friends" and grants the brothers the Isle of Thanet, most easterly point of Kent (England). ### By topic #### Arts and Sciences * The first entry in the *Annales Cambriæ* refers to this year. #### Religion * Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, makes his second visit to Britain. He spiritually combats the revived Pelagian threat and expels the Irish from Powys (Wales). * The Synod of Toledo (Spain) tries to add the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Eastern Orthodox Church refuses to go along with this idea. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Areobindus, Roman general (*magister militum*) * Juqu Mujian, prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang * Secundinus (or Seachnaill), patron saint

447

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/447

Year **57 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. Contemporaneously, in the Roman Republic, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Metellus** (or, less frequently, **year 697 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 57 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos. * Second year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars: + Spring – Julius Caesar raises a further two legions (Legio XIII and Legio XIV), bringing his army in Gaul to eight legions (at which strength it remains until 54 BC). + Caesar sends Servius Sulpicius Galba with Legio XII into the territory of the Nantuates, Seduni and the Veragri. He occupies Octodurus (modern-day Martigny) in Switzerland. + Caesar defeats a Belgic army near Bibrax (modern-day Laon) in the territory of the Remi. He moves northwards against the Belgic tribes, the Nervii and the Aduatuci. + May – Battle of the Axona: Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of the Suessiones. + July – Battle of the Sabis: Caesar defeats the Nervii, Roman forces are almost annihilated in an ambush. + September – The siege and capture of Aduatuca (modern-day Tongeren) by Caesar. #### Parthia * Mithridates IV becomes king of Parthia. #### Asia * King Vikramaditya establishes the Vikram era. * Bak Hyeokgeose becomes the first ruler of the kingdom of Silla (traditional date). * The city of Gwangju (the sixth largest city in South Korea) is founded. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Boduognatus, leader of the Nervii * Cleopatra VI, queen of Egypt * Phraates III, king of Parthia

57 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57_BC

Year **534** (**DXXXIV**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Iustinianus and Paulinus** (or, less frequently, **year 1287 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 534 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * January 1 – Decimus Theodorius Paulinus is appointed consul (the last to hold this office in the West). * March – King Gelimer surrenders to Belisarius, after spending a winter in the mountains of Numidia. He and large numbers of captured Vandals are transported to Constantinople. The Vandal Kingdom ends, and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire. * April – Belisarius leaves a small force in Africa under the Byzantine general Solomon, to continue the subjugation of the province. He is appointed governor (*Exarch*) and pacifies the Moorish tribes with success. Malta becomes a Byzantine province (until 870). * Summer – Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by Emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure are paraded. * Justinian I commemorates the victory against the Vandals by stamping medals in his honor with the inscription *"Gloria Romanorum"* (approximate date). * November 16 – A second and final revision of the *Codex Justinianus* is published. #### Europe * Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom that controls the Iberian Peninsula. King Theudis expands Visigoth rule in the southern regions (Hispania Baetica). * The Frankish kings Childebert I and Chlothar I overthrow Godomar, king of the Burgundians, and end the Kingdom of Burgundy. * Cynric becomes king of Wessex (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). * October 2 – King Athalaric dies of tuberculosis, age 18, having dissipated his youth in drink and debauchery. His mother, Amalasuntha, proposes to her cousin Theodahad, the kingdom's largest landowner and her father's last male heir, that he share the throne with her but that he will be king of the Ostrogoths in name only. Theodahad has secret conversations with the Byzantine ambassador, and promises to turn over Tuscany in exchange for a large sum of money, the rank of senator, and permission to live at Constantinople. Births ------ * Leander, bishop of Seville (approximate date) * Liu Jingyan, empress of the Chen Dynasty (d. 616) * Ming Di, emperor of the Northern Zhou (d. 560) * Taliesin, Welsh poet (approximate date) Deaths ------ * October 2 – Athalaric, king of the Ostrogoths * Anthemius of Tralles, architect and mathematician (approximate date) * Cerdic, first king of Wessex * Godomar, king of Burgundy * Marcellinus Comes, Latin chronicler (approximate date) * Theuderic I, king of Austrasia (or 533)

534

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/534

Year **346** (**CCCXLVI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Claudius** (or, less frequently, **year 1099 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 346 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Asia * In Korea, the Buyeo Kingdom is absorbed by Goguryeo. * Geunchogo becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### By topic #### Religion * Emperor Constans I uses his influence to secure the return of Athanasius. He is restored as Patriarch of Alexandria, and documents are compiled relating to his expulsion, under the title *Apology Against the Arians*. * Macedonius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed again by Paul I. * Julius Firmicus Maternus writes *De erroribus profanarum religionum*. * The Visigoths are converted to Arianism by Wulfila. Births ------ * Zhang Tianxi, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (d. 406) Deaths ------ * He Chong (or **Cidao**), Chinese politician (b. 292) * Maximin of Trier, German bishop (approximate date) * Zhang Jun (or **Gongting**), Chinese prince (b. 307)

346

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/346

Year **396** (**CCCXCVI**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Augustus** (or, less frequently, **year 1149 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 396 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent, and becomes the actual ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks, to defend the Rhine frontier. * The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis, and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans). #### China * Emperor Jìn Ān Dì, age 14, succeeds his father Emperor Xiaowu, as ruler of the Eastern Jin dynasty, after he is murdered by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang. * Lü Guang claims the title "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), signifying his claim to the Later Liang Kingdom. Births ------ * Petronius Maximus, Western Roman Emperor (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Duan Yuanfei, empress and wife of emperor Murong Chui * Dowager Helan, mother of emperor Wei Daowudi (b. 351) * Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 362) * Murong Chui, general and founder of Later Yan (b. 326)

396

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/396

Year **344 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rutilus and Torquatus** (or, less frequently, **year 410 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 344 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The king of Caria, Idrieus, dies, leaving the Persian satrapy, by his will, to his sister Ada, to whom he was married. #### Greece * The Athenian statesman, Demosthenes, travels to Peloponnesus, in order to detach as many cities as possible from Macedon's influence, but his efforts are generally unsuccessful. Most of the Peloponnesians see Philip II as the guarantor of their freedom, so they send a joint embassy to Athens to express their grievances against Demosthenes' activities. In response to these complaints, Demosthenes delivers the Second Philippic, which is a vehement attack against Philip II. #### Sicily * The aristocracy of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant Dionysius II. The Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily. Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) on March 21st, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has also called in Carthaginian forces. By shrewd tactics Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse. * Dionysius II goes into exile once more after the successful invasion by Timoleon of Corinth. ### By topic #### Science * The Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, travels from Assus to Lesbos to study natural history, especially marine biology. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Idrieus, king of Caria

344 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/344_BC

The **580s** decade ran from January 1, 580, to December 31, 589. Events ------ ### 580 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople, with a gift (3,000 pounds of gold) to Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, along with a plea for help against the Lombards. * The Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkan Peninsula. The Avars, under King (*khagan*) Bayan I, invade the Lower Danube (modern Bulgaria). * Siege of Sirmium: The Avars march to the right bank of the River Sava, and besiege the Byzantine stronghold of Sirmium (Pannonia). ###### Europe * The Lombards drive the last Ostrogoths across the Alps (Northern Italy). During the "Rule of the Dukes" the Lombards adopt Roman titles, names, and traditions. * King Liuvigild calls for an Arian synod in Toledo (central Spain), which modifies several doctrines; he tries to unify the Christians within the Visigothic Kingdom. ###### Britain * Æthelberht succeeds his father Eormenric as king (*bretwalda*) of Kent (approximate date). ###### Asia * The Northern Zhou Dynasty, strategically based in the basin of the Wei River, is supreme in Northern China. In the south only the Chen Dynasty remains a rival. * The Chinese city of Ye (Henan) is razed to the ground by Yang Jian, future founder of the Sui Dynasty, who defeats a resistance force under Yuchi Jiong. #### By topic ###### Religion * Gregory of Tours is brought before a council of bishops, on charges of slandering the Frankish queen Fredegund (approximate date). ### 581 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Sasanian War: A Byzantine army commanded by Maurice, and supported by Ghassanid forces under King Al-Mundhir III, fails to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, along the Euphrates. * Maurice accuses Mundhir III of treason, and brings him to Constantinople to face trial. Emperor Tiberius II Constantine treats him well, and allows Mundhir with his family a comfortable residence. * Al-Nu'man VI, son (*de facto*) of Mundhir III, revolts with the Ghassanids against the Byzantine Empire, after his father is treacherously arrested. ###### Europe * Palace coup in Austrasia: New advisors break the peace treaty with King Guntram, and make a new alliance with his half brother Chilperic I, in which Childebert II, age 11, is recognized as Chilperic's heir. * The Lombards under Zotto, Duke of Benevento, sack the abbey of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery. * The Göktürks under Taspar Qaghan besiege the city of Chersonesos Taurica (modern Ukraine), located at the Black Sea; their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590. ###### Britain * The Anglo-Saxons under Ælla conquer Deira (Northern England) from the Britons. He becomes the first king of Deira (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Asia * The Northern Zhou Dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui Dynasty in China. * The "Great City of Helu", situated on the shores of Taihu Lake, is renamed Suzhou during the Sui Dynasty (approximate date). * In the Turkic Empire an interregnum begins, since there are several candidates to the throne: Talopien (late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultai's choice) and Tardu (western yabghu). * Ishbara Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, becomes the new ruler (*khagan*) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia). * The Sui dynasty begins. #### By topic ###### Literature * Maurice writes an encyclopedic work on the science of war (the *Strategikon*), which exercises a major influence on the military system. ###### Religion * Second Council of Mâcon: In a council of Christian bishops in Mâcon (Burgundy), Jews are prohibited from serving as judges or customs officers. ### 582 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * August 14 – Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, age 47, dies (possibly from deliberately poisoned food) at Constantinople, after a 4-year reign during which Thrace and Greece have been inundated by the Slavs. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Maurice, former notary who has commanded the Byzantine army in the war against the Persian Empire. * Autumn – Maurice elevates John Mystacon to *magister militum per Orientem*. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force to Arzanene (Armenia), where they fight a pitched battle at the river Nymphius (Batman River). ###### Europe * Siege of Sirmium: The Avars, under their ruler (*khagan*) Bayan I, aided by Slavic auxiliary troops, capture the city of Sirmium after almost a 3-year siege. Bayan establishes a new base of operations within the Byzantine Empire, from which he plunders the Balkan Peninsula. * Gundoald, illegitimate son of Clotaire I, arrives with the financial support of Constantinople in southern Gaul. He claims as usurper king the cities Poitiers and Toulouse, part of the Frankish Kingdom (approximate date). * The Visigoths under King Liuvigild capture the city of Mérida (western central Spain), which is under the political control of its popular bishop Masona. He is arrested and exiled for 3 years. ###### Persia * A Persian army under Tamkhosrau crosses the Euphrates River and attacks the city of Constantina (modern Turkey), but he is defeated by the Byzantines and killed. ###### Asia * Spring – Emperor Xuan, age 52, dies after a 13-year reign and is succeeded by his incompetent son Houzhu, who becomes the new ruler of the Chen Dynasty. * Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty orders the building of a new capital, which he calls Daxing (*Great Prosperity*), on a site southeast of Chang'an (modern Xi'an). #### By topic ###### Religion * April 11 – John Nesteutes becomes the 33rd bishop or patriarch of Constantinople. ### 583 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Maurice decides to end the annual tribute to the Avars, a mounted people who have swept across Russia and threatened the Balkan Peninsula. They capture the cities of Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and Viminacium (Moesia). ###### Europe * King Liuvigild lays siege to Seville (Southern Spain), and forms an alliance with the Byzantines. He summons his rebellious son Hermenegild back to Toledo, and forces him to abandon the Chalcedonian Faith. * The city of Monemvasia (Peloponnese) is founded by people seeking refuge from the Slavs and Avars. * Eboric (also called Euric) succeeds his father Miro as king of the Suevi (Hispania Gallaecia). ###### Arabia * Muhammad, age 12, accompanies his uncle Abu Talib during trading journeys to Syria. ###### Mesoamerica * Yohl Ik'nal succeeds Kan B'alam I as queen of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). #### By topic ###### Medicine * Smallpox begins spreading from China to Japan and Korea (approximate date). ### 584 #### By place ###### Europe * September – King Chilperic I is stabbed to death while returning from a hunt near Chelles, after a 23-year reign over a territory extending from Aquitaine, to the northern seacoast of what later will be France. His wife Fredegund, who has paid for his assassination, seizes his wealth, flees to Paris with her son Chlothar II, and persuades the nobles to accept him as legitimate heir while she serves as regent, continuing her power struggles with Guntram, king of Burgundy, and her sister Brunhilda, queen mother of Austrasia. * The Lombards re-establish a unified monarchy after a 10-year interregnum (Rule of the Dukes). Threatened by a Frankish invasion that the dukes have provoked, they elect Authari (son of Cleph) as their king and give him the capital of Pavia (Northern Italy). * The Visigoths under King Liuvigild capture the city of Seville, after a siege of nearly 2 years. His rebellious son Hermenegild seeks refuge in a church at Córdoba, but is arrested and banished to Tarragona. His wife Inguld flees with her son to Africa. * The Exarchate of Ravenna is founded, and organised into a group of duchies, mainly coastal cities on the Italian Peninsula. The civil and military head of these Byzantine territories is the *exarch* (governor) in Ravenna. * The Slavs push south on the Balkan Peninsula – partly in conjunction with the Avars under their ruler (*khagan*) Bayan I – ravaging the cities Athens and Corinth, and threatening the Long Walls of Constantinople. * King Eboric is deposed by his mother (second husband Andeca) who becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Galicia (Northern Spain) and the Suevi. * Gundoald, illegitimate son of Chlothar I, tries to expend his territory from Brive-la-Gaillarde (Burgundy) and proclaims himself king (approximate date). ###### Britain * Battle of Fethanleigh: King Ceawlin of Wessex is defeated by the Britons. He ravages the surrounding countryside in revenge (approximate date). ###### Asia * Emperor Wéndi of the Sui Dynasty organises the Grand Canal. He builds ships for transportation and grain stores are located at strategic points. ### 585 #### By place ###### Europe * King Childebert II, age 15, takes up his sole rule of Austrasia. A Frankish army under King Guntram marches to Comminges (Pyrenees), and besieges the citadel of Saint-Bertrand. * July – Gundoald, Merovingian usurper king, and his followers are defeated during the siege of Saint-Bertrand. He is executed and Guntram stages a triumphal entry into Orléans. * The Visigoths under King Liuvigild devastate the Suevic Kingdom in Gallaecia (northwest Spain). After the conquest, Liuvigild reintroduces the Arian Church among the Sueves. * Winter – Famine strikes Gaul (according to Gregory of Tours). Traders plunder the people by selling scarcely a peck of grain or half measure of wine for the third of a gold piece. ###### Persia * The Persian commander, Kardarigan ("black hawk"), begins an unsuccessful siege of Monokarton (modern Turkey). ###### Britain * Hussa succeeds his brother Frithuwald as king of Bernicia (approximate date). * Creoda becomes king of Mercia (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Asia * September 15 – Emperor Bidatsu, age 47, dies of smallpox after a 13-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Yōmei as the 31st emperor of Japan. * Emperor Xiao Jing Di succeeds his father Xiao Ming Di as ruler of the Liang Dynasty (China). #### By topic ###### Religion * King Wideok of Baekje (Korea) sends an official escort (bearing tribute), along with a master of Buddhist meditation, a reciter of Buddhist magic spells, a temple architect, and a sculptor of Buddhist images, to the Chinese court of the Sui Dynasty (approximate date). * The Armenian bishop Kardutsat goes with 7 priests, on a missionary trip to the steppes north of the Caucasus. He succeeds in baptizing many Huns and in translating books into their language. * Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France). * Zhiyi, Chinese monk, returns to the city of Jinling, where he completes his commentarial works on the Lotus Sutra. ### 586 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Spring – Emperor Maurice rejects a peace proposal of the Persians, in exchange for renewed payments in gold. * Battle of Solachon: A Byzantine army under command of Philippicus defeats the Sassanid Persians, near Dara. * The Avars besiege Thessalonica (Central Macedonia), the second city of the Byzantine Empire. * The Vlachs are first mentioned in a Byzantine chronicle (approximate date). ###### Europe * April 21 – King Liuvigild dies at Toledo after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his second son Reccared I. * Slavs advance to the gates of Thessaloniki and the Peloponnese. * Avars destroy a lien of Roman camps along the Danubian Limes, including Oescus and Ratiaria. #### By topic ###### Art * The Page with the Crucifixion, from the "Rabbula Gospels", at the Monastery of St. John in Beth Zagba (Syria), is completed. It is now kept at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, Italy. ###### Religion * Japanese Buddhism comes under attack as a "foreign" religion. * Saint Comgall founds an abbey in Bangor, Northern Ireland. * King Custennin of Dumnonia is converted to Christianity. ### 587 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Maurice builds more fortifications along the Danube frontier, separating the Byzantine Empire from the realm of the Avars and Slavs (approximate date). * Comentiolus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*), assembles an army of 10,000 men at Anchialus (modern Bulgaria). He prepares an ambush for the Avars in the Haemus mountains. ###### Europe * King Guntram sends envoys to Brittany, to stop the raiding on Frankish territory. He compels obedience from Waroch II and demands 1,000 *solidus* for looting Nantes. * King Reccared I renounces Arianism and adopts Catholicism. Many Visigothic nobles follow his example, but in Septimania (Southern Gaul) there are Arian uprisings. * November 28 – Treaty of Andelot: Guntram recognizes King Childebert II of Austrasia as heir. He signs a treaty with Queen Brunhilda at Andelot-Blancheville. * Winter – Childebert II appoints Uncelen as the Duke of Alemannia (approximate date). ###### Britain * Sledd succeeds his father Æscwine as king of Essex (approximate date). ###### Asia * Battle of Shigisan: The Soga clan, which has intermarried with the royal Yamato clan, fights the Mononobe and Nakatomi clans over influence in selecting a new successor for the Japanese throne, after Emperor Yōmei dies. The Soga favor importing Buddhism from the Asian mainland, described there as the religion of the most civilized. The Mononobe and Nakatomi hold that Buddhism would be an affront to the gods. The Soga win the civil war and Sushun, age 66, becomes the 32nd emperor of Japan. * Fall – The Liang dynasty ends: Emperor Wéndi of the Sui Dynasty abolishes Western Liang and expands his territory into the lower valley of the Yangtze River. He sends his official Gao Jiong to the capital Jiangling, to pacify the citizens. The former emperor Xiao Jing Di becomes a vassal and is named the Duke of Liang. * Bagha Qaghan becomes the seventh ruler (*khagan*) of the Turkic Kaganate. #### By topic ###### Religion * The filioque clause is first used in the Nicene Creed, against the Arians in Visigothic Spain (approximate date). ### 588 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine-Sassanid War: Unpaid Byzantine troops mutiny against Priscus (*magister militum per Orientem*). King Hormizd IV begins a Persian offensive, but is defeated at Martyropolis (modern Turkey). * Summer – Guaram I of Iberia, Georgian prince in exile, is sent by Emperor Maurice to the city of Mtskheta (Georgia). He restores the monarchy and is bestowed with the Byzantine court title of *curopalates*. ###### Europe * The Franks and Burgundians under King Guntram and his nephew Childebert II invade Northern Italy, but suffer a disastrous defeat against the Lombards. * The Lombard Kingdom (Italy) is converted to Roman Catholicism under the rule of King Authari (approximate date). ###### Britain * Æthelric succeeds his father Ælla as king of Deira in Northern England (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). ###### Persia * First Perso-Turkic War: A Persian army (12,000 men) under Bahrām Chobin, supported by Cataphracts (heavy cavalry), ambush the invading Turks, and win a great victory at the Battle of the Hyrcanian Rock. ###### Asia * Emperor Wéndi of the Sui Dynasty prepares a campaign against the Chen Dynasty. He amasses 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the Pacific Ocean. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Skellig Michael monastery is founded on a steep rocky island off the coast of Ireland (approximate date). * The Guanghua Temple in Putian (China) is built during the Chen Dynasty, under Emperor Chen Wu Di. ### 589 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Persian army under Bahrām Chobin captures the fortress city of Martyropolis (modern Turkey). ###### Europe * May 15 – King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence at court and among the Lombard nobility. * King Childebert II attempts to impose taxes on the citizens of Tours; Bishop Gregory successfully opposes this by claiming state immunity instituted by Fredegund. * King Guntram sends an expedition into Septimania (Southern Gaul), in support of a rebellion by the Arian bishop Athaloc. * Claudius, duke (*dux*) of Lusitania, defeats the Franks and Burgundians at Carcassonne (Languedoc) on the Aude River. * October 17 – Breach at Cucca. The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. Zeno and damaging the walls of Verona. * The plague hits Rome, and its victims include Pope Pelagius II. ###### Persia * First Perso-Turkic War: The Sassanid Persians capture the cities Balkh and Herat (Afghanistan). They cross the Oxus River and repulse a Turkic invasion. ###### Asia * The Chinese Empire is reunited under the leadership of Emperor Wéndi (Sui Dynasty), who defeats the Chen forces at Jiankang (modern Nanjing), ending the Chen Dynasty (the last of the Southern Dynasties) that has ruled since 557. * Yan Zhitui, scholar-official, makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in human history. It is used in the Chinese imperial court and amongst the other wealthy citizens. * Tulan Qaghan, son of Ishbara Qaghan, becomes the seventh ruler (*khagan*) of the Turkic Khaganate. #### By topic ###### Religion * Gregory, archdeacon of Rome, converts English slaves on the Roman market. He calls them Angels if they would be Christians. * The Third Council of Toledo, called by King Reccared I of the Visigoths, renounces Arianism and embraces Catholicism. * The Council of Narbonne is held. In Septimania, Jews are forbidden from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Significant people ------------------ * Pope Gregory I * Bahrām Chōbin * Fredegund * Guntram * Emperor Wen of Sui * Yan Zhitui Births ------ **580** * Abdel Rahman ibn Awf, companion of Muhammad * Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, companion of Muhammad * Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date) * Clemen ap Bledric, king of Dumnonia (approximate date) * Dayi Daoxin, Chán Buddhist patriarch (d. 651) * Didier of Cahors, Frankish bishop (approximate date) * Fabia Eudokia, Byzantine empress (approximate date) * Livinus, Irish apostle (approximate date) * Maximus the Confessor, monk and theologian (d. 662) * Pepin the Elder, Frankish Mayor of the Palace (d. 640) * Umm Salama, wife of Muhammad (approximate date) * Wei Zheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 643) **581** * Sun Simiao, Chinese medicine doctor (approximate date) * Yan Shigu, Chinese author of the Tang dynasty (d. 645) **582** * Arnulf of Metz, Frankish bishop and saint (approximate date) * Li Mi, Chinese rebel leader during the Sui Dynasty (d. 619) **583** * Abu Ubaidah, companion of Muhammad (d. 639) * Liuva II, king of the Visigoths (d. 603) * Theodosius, Byzantine co-emperor (approximate date) * Umar, companion of Muhammad (d. 644) and second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate * Xiao Xian, prince of the Liang Dynasty (d. 621) **584** * Amand, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Chlothar II, king of the Franks (d. 629) * Yang Zhao, prince of the Sui Dynasty (d. 606) **585** * Du Ruhui, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 630) * Edwin of Northumbria, king of Deira and Bernicia (d. 633) * Goar of Aquitaine, priest and hermit (approximate date) * Yang Jian, imperial prince of the Sui Dynasty (d. 618) * Yuchi Gong, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 658) * Khalid Ibn Al-Walid, general of the rashidun Caliphate (d. 642) **586** * Theudebert II, king of Austrasia (d. 612) * Yang Hao, prince of the Sui Dynasty (approximate date) **587** * Soga no Emishi, statesman of Japan (d. 645) * Theuderic II, king of Austrasia (d. 613) * Zhang Xingcheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 653) **588** * Eligius, bishop and saint (approximate date) * Suintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Yu Zhining, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 665) **589** * Li Jiancheng, prince of the Tang Dynasty (d. 626) * Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, wife of Muhammad (d. 666) Deaths ------ **580** * Audovera, wife of Chilperic I (approximate date) * Bacurius III, king of Iberia (Georgia) * Eormenric, king of Kent (approximate date) * Galam Cennalath, king of the Picts * Gao Anagong, high official of Northern Qi * Martin of Braga, missionary and archbishop * Wei Xiaokuan, general of Western Wei (b. 509) * Xuan Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 559) * Yuchi Jiong, general of Northern Zhou **581** * Feng Xiaolian, concubine of Gao Wei (approximate date) * Jing Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 573) * Taspar Qaghan, ruler (*khagan*) of the Göktürks **582** * April 5 – Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople * August 14 – Tiberius II Constantine, Byzantine Emperor * Agathias, Greek poet and historian (approximate date) * Ashina, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 551) * Justinian, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * Tamkhosrau, Sassanid Persian general (*marzban*) * Xuan Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (b. 530) **583** * February 1 – Kan B'alam I, ruler of Palenque (b. 524) * Miro, king of the Suevi (approximate date) **584** * April 15 – Ruadhán of Lorrha, Irish abbot and saint * Chilperic I, king of Neustria (or Soissons) * Deiniol, bishop of Bangor (Wales) * Ingund, wife of Visigoth prince Hermenegild * Maurus, Roman abbot and saint (b. 512) * Approximate date – Bridei I, king of the Picts **585** * April 13 – Hermenegild, Visigothic prince (or 586) * September 14 – Bidatsu, emperor of Japan (b. 538) * Cassiodorus, Roman statesman and writer (approximate date) * Frithuwald, king of Bernicia (approximate date) * Gundoald, Merovingian usurper king (approximate date) * John of Ephesus, Armenian bishop (approximate date) * Rigunth, daughter of Chilperic I (b. 570) * Xiao Ming Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 542) **586** * April 21 – Liuvigild, king of the Visigoths * Hermenegild, Visigothic prince (or 585) * Prætextatus, bishop of Rouen (or 589) * Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd * Zhu Manyue, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 547) **587** * April – Yōmei, emperor of Japan (b. 518) * August 13 – Radegund, Frankish princess * Æscwine, king of Essex (approximate date) * Ishbara Qaghan, ruler (*khagan*) of the Göktürks * Mononobe no Moriya, clan leader (*Ō-muraji*) * Varāhamihira, Indian astronomer (b. 505) **588** * Áed mac Bricc, Irish bishop and saint * Ælla, king of Deira (approximate date) * Agericus, bishop of Verdun * Fridianus, Irish prince and saint * Li Ezi, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 536) * Monulph, bishop of Maastricht **589** * March 1 – David, Welsh bishop and saint * Bagha Qaghan, ruler of the Turkic Khaganate * Finnian of Moville, Irish missionary (b. 495) * Zhang Lihua, consort of the Chen Dynasty Bibliography ------------ * Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). *The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14687-9. * Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). *The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641*. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5. * Whitby, Michael; Whitby, Mary (1986). *The History of Theophylact Simocatta*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822799-1.

580s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/580s

Year **349 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Camillus and Crassus** (or, less frequently, **year 405 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 349 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Sidon is besieged by Persian forces. #### Macedonia * After recovering from illness, Philip II of Macedon turns his attention to the remaining Athenian controlled cities in Macedonia and to the city of Olynthus, in particular. The Athenians organise to send help. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

349 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/349_BC

Year **456** (**CDLVI**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Avitus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1209 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 456 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * March – Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage, to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa, and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier. * Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer, to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice: on land at the Battle of Agrigentum (456), and in a sea battle off Corsica. * Summer – Capua is destroyed by the Vandals. Ricimer is unable to end piracy in the western Mediterranean. Backed by his popularity, he gains the consent of the Senate for an expedition against Avitus. * September 17 – Remistus, Roman general (*magister militum*), is besieged with a Gothic force at Ravenna and later executed in the Palace *in Classis*, outside the city. * October 5 – The Visigoths under King Theodoric II, acting on orders of Avitus, invade Spain with an army of Burgundians, Franks and Goths, led by their kings Chilperic I and Gondioc. They defeat the Suebi under King Rechiar on the Urbicus River, near Astorga (Gallaecia); this shatters the power of the Suebi. During the battle, Rechiar is captured and later executed. * October 17 – Battle of Placentia: Ricimer, supported by Majorian (*comes domesticorum*), defeats the usurper Avitus near Piacenza (northern Italy). They compel him to renounce the purple, and Avitus is obliged to become bishop of Piacenza. * October 28 – The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (modern Portugal); churches are burnt to the ground. #### Britannia * Saint Patrick leaves Britain once more to evangelise Ireland as a missionary bishop. * The Anglo-Saxons call the British nobles to a peace conference at Stonehenge, but turn on them and massacre almost everyone (approximate date). #### Asia * After a 10-year reign, Emperor Ankō is assassinated by the 10-year-old Mayowa no Ōkimi (prince Mayowa), in retaliation for the execution of his father. He is succeeded by his brother Yūryaku who becomes the 21st emperor of Japan. Births ------ * Liu Zixun, prince and pretender of Liu Song (d. 466) Deaths ------ * September 17 – Remistus, Roman general (*magister militum*) * Emperor Ankō of Japan (approximate date) * Eutyches, presbyter and archimandrite (approximate date) * Rechiar, king of the Suebi (captured and executed) * Talorc I, king of the Picts (approximate date)

456

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/456

Year **358 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ambustus and Proculus** (or, less frequently, **year 396 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 358 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Artaxerxes III ("Ochus") succeeds Artaxerxes II as King of Persia and restores central authority over the Persian empire's satraps. To secure his throne he puts to death most of his relatives. #### Greece * Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly is murdered by his wife's brother at her instigation. * Cersobleptes, in conjunction with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, inherits the dominions of the Thracian king, Cotys I, following his murder. However, the overall management of Thracian affairs is assumed by the Euboean adventurer, Charidemus, who is connected by marriage with the royal family, and who plays the prominent part in the ensuing negotiations with Athens for the possession of the Thracian Chersonese. #### Macedonia * Philip II of Macedonia invades the hill tribes of Paeonia and decisively beats them. #### Roman Republic * The Romans defeat the Volsci, annex most of their territory, and settle it with Roman colonists. The Romans also force the Latin League to renew its close alliance with Rome, an alliance which was weakened by Rome’s defeat at the hands of the Gauls in 390 BC. Births ------ * Seleucus I Nicator, Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great and founder of the Seleucid dynasty (d. 281 BC) Deaths ------ * Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (b. c. 436 BC) * Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece * Bardyllis, Illyrian king (killed in battle by Phillip of Macedon) (b. c. 448 BC) * Cotys I, King of Thrace

358 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/358_BC

The **360s** decade ran from January 1, 360, to December 31, 369. Events ------ ### 360 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February – Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris), at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against King Shapur II of Persia, and revolt. * The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine by Julian, into the Black Forest. * King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses, capturing Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis. * Emperor Constantius II and Julian exchange several letters, both hoping to avoid a civil war. ###### Europe * The Huns invade Europe by the thousands, spreading terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths. ###### Asia #### By topic ###### Agriculture * Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine; they have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose. ###### Religion * Council of Constantinople (360): Emperor Constantius II requests a church council, at Constantinople; both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Ulfilas also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem. * At about this date, Ligugé Abbey in France is founded for the monastic Order of Saint Benedict by Martin of Tours, under dispensation from Bishop Hilary of Poitiers. ### 361 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44; on his deathbed he is baptised, and declares his cousin Julian the Apostate rightful successor. * December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire; he rules from Constantinople, and tries to restore paganism. Constantius II is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. * Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put on trial, at the Chalcedon Tribunal. ###### China * July 10 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Aidi, age 20, succeeds Jin Mudi, as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. #### By topic ###### Art * 361–363 – A *Julian the Apostate* coin is issued. It is now kept at the British Museum, London. ###### Medicine * Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for physicians. ###### Religion * Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed, and declares that the Council of Arminium has no authority to issue decrees. * Gregory Nazianzus (Saint Gregory the Theologian) returns to Nazianzus and is appointed a priest by his father, who wants him to assist local Christians. * Construction of the Monastery of Saint Anthony in the Eastern Desert of Egypt begins. * December 24 – George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop of Alexandria, is murdered in his see and Athanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph. ### 362 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * July 18 – Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King Arsaces of Armenia, who fights a bloody guerrilla war against the Persians. * Julian builds a fleet of 50 warships, and more than 1,000 transport boats at Samosata (Commagene), for his expedition in Persia against King Shapur II the Great. * An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey). * An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan). #### By topic ###### Religion * February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year. * October 22 – The temple of Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire. ### 363 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * March 5 – Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia. * April – Julian crosses the Euphrates near Hierapolis, using 50 pontoon ships, and moves eastwards to Carrhae. He destroys Perisapora and overruns Persian forts along the desert frontier (*Limes Arabicus*). * May 29 – Battle of Ctesiphon: Julian reaches the vicinity of the strongly fortified capital Ctesiphon. King Shapur II in charge of a large Persian army adopts a scorched earth policy, leaving the Romans desperately short of supplies. * June 16 – The Roman army starts its retreat northward to Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * June 26 – Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fighting near Samarra (Iraq). Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. * Emperor Jovian negotiates a disastrous peace with Persia, surrendering four of the five Roman provinces gained by Caesar Galerius in 298, and the cities Nisibis and Singara (Mesopotamia). ###### Europe * The Huns first appear in Europe and reach the Caspian Sea. ###### Middle East * May 18–19 – Galilee earthquake of 363. Petra, capital of the Nabataeans (in modern-day Syria), is seriously damaged. * 363 Arsakawan earthquake. It affected the cities of Arsakawan (modern Doğubayazıt) and Salat (modern Sisian). #### By topic ###### Astronomy * April 20 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter. ###### Religion * The Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The major canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the Lord on Sunday. * Mar Mattai Monastery is founded on Mount Alfaf. ### 364 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople, in suspicious circumstances. * February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Paris and establishes a militia to defend the region. * March 28 – Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (*Augustus*) in the palace of Hebdomon (Turkey). He rules the Eastern Roman Empire, from the Danube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-pagan persecutions. * Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Council of Laodicea decides some disciplinary questions of the church and attempts to establish the Biblical canon, but fails. ###### Science * Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, observes a solar eclipse (June 16) and a lunar eclipse (November 25). He gains some renown for his version of Euclid's *Elements* and his commentaries on Ptolemy's *Almagest*. ### 365 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * July 21 – An earthquake and tsunami devastates Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine. * September 28 – Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia. * November 1 – The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. ###### China * March 30 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi, age 23, succeeds his brother Jin Aidi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has no actual power; governmental matters are largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu. #### By topic ###### Religion * Basil of Caesarea becomes presbyter of Caesarea. * Emperor Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop Athanasius from his see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria. * Antipope Felix II dies after a 9-year reign, ending the double occupancy of the papacy. ### 366 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 2 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau. * April – Battle of Thyatira: Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius, bringing an end to his revolt; Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. Procopius flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens. * Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube, and drives the Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns. * Winter – Emperor Valentinian I appoints Jovinus, his Master of the Horse (*Magister Equitum*), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out of Gaul. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * The *Tabula Peutingeriana*, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time. ###### Religion * January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria. * Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddhas", resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves. * October 1 – Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded by Damasus I as 37th pope. Romans unhappy with this choice elect the antipope Ursicinus. ### 367 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz). * Valentinian I declares that Christians will not be forced into gladiator training schools. * Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolts and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians. * Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Mauretania for harbouring the usurper Procopius. * August 4 – Gratian receives the title of *Augustus* under his father, Valentinian I. * Winter – Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and the Franks. He summons the Italian and Illyrian legions for a spring offensive. ###### Asia * The first Korean envoy arrives in Japan, emissary of the government of Kudara. #### By topic ###### Religion * First Listing of the New Testament (Bible) by St. Athanasius of Alexandria. * November 16 – Antipope Ursicinus is banished by the *praefecti* to Gaul. * Epiphanius of Salamis becomes bishop of Salamis, Cyprus. * Emperor Valens is baptized by Eudoxius of Antioch. ###### Science * In the region of the constellation *Perseus*, a star not visible to the naked eye, and 1,533 light years distant from Earth, explodes in a nova. The light from the star, now called GK Persei, was first detected on Earth on February 21, 1901 ### 368 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son, Gratian, cross the Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed with Macrian, king of the Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital *Augusta Treverorum* (modern Trier). * Great Conspiracy: Picts, Scotti and Saxons reach Roman London and plunder the city. Theodosius, a general (*Comes Britanniarum*), is sent with a relief force to Britannia. He marches from Richborough, Kent, to deal with the invaders. * Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands, Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in Hibernia (Ireland). ###### Asia * An earthquake strikes Nicaea (modern Turkey). ### 369 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Their king Athanaric is defeated and forced to flee for his life. He sues for peace, concluding a treaty with Valens. The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute. * Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and the Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to Christianity. * Count Theodosius brings Britain fully back to the Empire after the Great Conspiracy of 367. ###### Persia * King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. He besieges Artogerassa in modern Georgia, where Papas (Pap), son of King Arsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure against Persian forces. ###### Asia * Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei. * Goguryeo invades Baekje (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to Arian Christianity. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **360** * John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date) * Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date) * Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date) * Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date) * Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380) **362** * Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II (approximate date) * Mesrop Mashtots, Armenian linguist (d. 440) * Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 396) **363** * Sulpicius Severus, Christian writer (approximate date) * Wu Di (or **Liu Yu**), Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 422) **364** * Blaesilla, Roman noblewoman (d. 384) * Huiguo, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 433) * Sima Daozi, Chinese prince and regent (d. 403) * Xu Xianzhi, Chinese official and regent (d. 426) **365** * Julius Agricola, Roman consul and praetorian prefect * Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official and taoist (d. 448) * Tao Yuanming, Chinese poet and politician (d. 427) * Tufa Rutan, Chinese prince of the Southern Liang (d. 415) **366** * January 18 – Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (d. 370) * Yao Xing, Chinese emperor of the Later Qin Dynasty (d. 416) **368** * Eustochium, Christian Desert Mother and saint (approximate date) * Juqu Mengxun, Chinese prince of the Northern Liang (d. 433) * Philostorgius, Anomoean church historian and writer (b. 439) **369** * Huan Xuan, Chinese warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404) Deaths ------ **360** * May 4 – Judas Cyriacus, Roman Catholic priest and saint * October 14 – Gaudentius of Rimini, Roman Catholic priest and saint * November 11 – Abramios the Recluse, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint * December 18 – Auxentius of Mopsuestia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint * Eusebius of Emesa, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 290) * Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319) **361** * November 3 – Constantius II, Roman Emperor (b. 317) * December 24 + George of Cappadocia, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint + George of Laodicea, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint * Apodemius, Roman officer and secret agent * Eusebius, Roman officer * Jin Mudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 343) * Li Shi, emperor of the Chinese Ba-Di state Cheng Han * Maximus of Naples, Roman Catholic archbishop and saint * Song Hun, regent of the Chinese state Former Liang * Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 303) * Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (b. 292) **362** * January 1 – Paulus Catena, Roman politician * February 25 – Reginos, Greek Orthodox bishop and saint * May 10 – Gordianus and Epimachus, Roman Catholic priests, martyrs and saints * June 5 – Dorotheus of Tyre, Roman Catholic bishop and martyr (b. 255) * June 27 – Crispus, Crispinianus, and Benedicta, Roman Catholic, priests, martyrs and saints * June 28 – Basil of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint * August 5 – Eusignius of Antioch, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and martyr (b. 252) * August 7 – Donatus of Arezzo, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * October 16 – Eliphius, Roman Catholic priest and saint * October 20 + Artemius, Egyptian Orthodox martyr and saint + Theodoret of Antioch, Syrian Christian priest and martyr * December 10 – Gemellus of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint * Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun **363** * June 26 – Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (b. 331) * Aemilia Hilaria, Galo-Roman physician and writer (b. 300) * Lucillianus, Roman commander (*magister equitum*) * Zhang Xuanjing, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 350) * Zhou (or **Cheng**), Chinese concubine of Jin Chengdi **364** * February 17 – Jovian, Roman emperor (b. 331) * Ge Hong, Chinese scholar and taoist (b. 283) * Theophilos the Indian, Christian bishop **365** * March 30 – Ai of Jin (or **Qianling**), Chinese emperor (b. 341) * November 22 – Felix II, antipope of Rome (b. 287) * Feng Yi (or **Zizhuan**), Chinese official and general * Sima Xun (or **Weichang**), Chinese warlord (b. 306) * Wang Muzhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty **366** * May 16 – Ajabel, Christian priest and martyr * May 27 – Procopius, Roman general and usurper * August 1 – Leo of Montefeltro, Christian bishop and saint * September 24 – Liberius, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 310) * Acacius of Caesarea, Christian bishop * Marcellus, Roman general and usurper * Marinus, Christian hermit and saint (b. 275) * Serenianus, Roman general of the Imperial Guard * Yu Daolian, Chinese empress and wife of Jin Feidi * Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (b. 314) **367** * January 13 – Hilary of Poitiers, Byzantine bishop, Doctor of the Church and saint (b. c. 315) * Murong Ke, Chinese general and statesman of Former Yan * Yang Wu (or **Shiqiu**), Chinese official, general and regent **368** * July 7 – Maternien, Christian bishop and saint * Caesarius of Nazianzus, Roman physician and politician * Vulcacius Rufinus, Roman prefect, consul and politician * Yue Wan, Chinese general and politician of Former Yan **369** * May 3 – Juvenal of Narni, Roman Catholic bishop, confessor and saint * Caesarius of Nazianzus, Byzantine physician and politician (b. 331) * Pharantzem, Armenian queen and regent (approximate date) * Valentinus, Roman criminal and rebel leader

360s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360s

Year **362 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Ahala and Aventinensis** (or, less frequently, **year 392 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 362 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Mausolus of Caria joins the revolt of the satraps of Anatolia against the Persian king Artaxerxes II. #### Egypt * King Agesilaus II of Sparta arrives with 1,000 men to assist Egypt in its fight with Persia. #### Greece * The outbreak of civil war in the Arcadian league leads to Mantinea fighting alongside Sparta and Athens, while Tegea and others members of the league side with Thebes. The Theban general, Epaminondas, heads the large allied army in the Peloponnesus. He is met by Sparta (led by Spartan general Archidamus III), Athens, and their allies in the Battle of Mantinea. In the battle, Epaminondas is victorious, but is killed. His dying command to make peace with the enemy is followed by all sides and a general peace is established in Greece. The period of Theban domination of Greece comes to an end. #### China * The states of Qin, Han and Zhao defeat the state of Wei and Qin captures the prince of Wei. The Battle of Shaoliang is then fought between Qin and Wei, which Wei loses, whereupon Qin captures the prime minister of Wei. Births ------ * Eumenes of Cardia, Greek general and scholar (d. 316 BC) Deaths ------ * Epaminondas of Thebes, Greek general and statesman (b. c. 418 BC) * Duke Xian of Qin, ruler of the Zhou Dynasty state of Qin * Datames, satrap of Cappadocia and military leader

362 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/362_BC

The **380s** decade ran from January 1, 380, to December 31, 389. Events ------ ### 380 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical. * Battle of Thessalonica: The Goths under Fritigern defeat a Roman army in Macedonia. Theodosius I retreats to Thessalonica and leaves Gratian in control of the Western Roman Empire. * Rome's enemies (the Germans, Sarmatians and Huns) are taken into Imperial service; as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in the Roman Empire. * November 24 – Theodosius I makes his *adventus*, or formal entry, into Constantinople. * Queen Mavia, with her Saracen forces, defeats the Roman army in southern Syria. * Emperor Theodosius I is baptized. ###### Europe * The Visigothic chieftain Fritigern dies after ravaging the Balkans; his rival Athanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation. ###### India * The annexation of western provinces by Chandragupta II gives him commerce with Europe and Egypt. ###### Pacific * Easter Island, in the south Pacific Ocean, has been occupied by Neolithic seafarers under Hotu Matu'a ("supreme chief"), who about this time begin to fortify the island. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * Important works on mathematics and astronomy are written in Sanskrit. ###### Religion * Ticonius writes a commentary on the Bible's Book of Revelation. * A cathedral is built in Trier (Germany). * The Council of Saragossa is held; Spanish and Aquitanian bishops condemn the teachings of Priscillianism. ### 381 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Gratian moves the capital to *Mediolanum* (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates *Pontifex Maximus* as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome. * The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble), in honor of Gratian having created a bishopric. ###### Europe * The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people *foederati* in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395. * The Sciri ally themselves with the Huns. #### By topic ###### Religion * First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council. * Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum. * Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch. * Timothy succeeds Peter II as Patriarch of Alexandria. * Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople. * John Chrysostom becomes a deacon. ### 382 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * October 3 – Emperor Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Visigoths, allowing them to settle south of the Danube. They are installed as *foederati* in Moesia and Thrace with the title of "Allies of the Roman People", in exchange for furnishing a contingent of auxiliary troops to defend the borders. * Emperor Gratian refuses the divine attributes of the Imperial cult and removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate. #### By topic ###### Religion * The Council of Rome establishes Biblical canon in the Catholic Church. Pope Damasus I commissions a revision of the Vetus Latina, eventually resulting in the Vulgate of Jerome. * The same council adopts Trinitarianism as doctrine, condemning Apollinarism. Theodosius I orders the death of members of the Manichaean monks. * The first sermons declaring the virginity of Mary are given by John Chrysostom. ### 383 #### By place ###### Britannia * Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland. * Hadrian's Wall, the northern Roman frontier in Britain, is overrun by the Picts and falls into ruin. * The Romans leave the region of Wales. ###### Roman Empire * January 19 – Arcadius is elevated to Emperor. * Roman troops in Britain proclaim Magnus Maximus Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital. Gaul, the Italian provinces and Hispania proclaim loyalty to him. * August 25 – Emperor Gratian, age 24, is assassinated at Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon), leaving a young widow Laeta. Pannonia and Africa maintain their allegiance to co-emperor Valentinian II, now 12, whose mother, Justina, rules in his name. * Emperor Theodosius I cedes Dacia and Macedonia to Valentinian II. They recognize Magnus Maximus as *Augustus*. * Theodosius I sends Flavius Stilicho as an envoy to the Persian court of King Shapur III at Ctesiphon, to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia. ###### Asia * Battle of Feishui: The Jin Dynasty defeats the Former Qin dynasty in Anhui. * King Ardashir II dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Shapur III. #### By topic ###### Religion * First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council. * By the order of Theodosius I, Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Moesia. ### 384 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Magnus Maximus elevates his son Flavius Victor to the rank of *Augustus*. * Magnus Maximus returns to Britain, to aid the Roman army with the barbarian raids triggered by Maximus' withdrawal of troops to the continent. * The Forum of Theodosius ("Forum of the Bull") is built in Constantinople. * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes urban prefect of Rome. * An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt). * Stilicho marries Serena, adopted niece of Theodosius I. ###### Persia * King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. The friendly relations survive for 36 years. ###### Asia * King Chimnyu ascends to the throne of Baekje (Korea); he welcomes the Indian Buddhist monk Marananta into his palace, and later declares Buddhism the official religion. * Gogugyang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ###### China * The Battle of Fei River - Former Qin forces are defeated by the numerically inferior Eastern Jin army, preserving the Jin state in the south and precipitating the destruction of Former Qin in the north. #### By topic ###### Religion * December 17 – Pope Siricius succeeds Damasus I as the 38th pope. He takes the title *Pontifex Maximus*, after it is relinquished by the late emperor Gratian. * Jerome, Christian prophet, writes his celebrated letter *"De custodia virginitatis"* (vow of virginity) to Eustochium, daughter of the ascetic Paula. He has by this time completed his Vulgate translation of the Gospels. * Ambrosius refuses the request of Empress Justina for a church in Milan, where she can worship according to her Arian belief. * A synod is held in Bordeaux (France). * The Gallaeci or Gallic woman Egeria concludes her Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land at about this date; her narrative of it, the *Itinerarium Egeriae*, may be the earliest surviving formal writing by a woman in western European culture. ### 385 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate. ###### Asia * Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje. #### By topic ###### Arts and Sciences * Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history, in the style of Tacitus, covering the years AD 96–378. ###### Religion * The Serapeum of Alexandria, one of the largest Greek temples in Egypt, is destroyed by a Christian mob. The precise date is disputed, with 391 sometimes given as the moment of final destruction. * Theophilus becomes Patriarch of Alexandria. * Pope Siricius issues the Directa Decretal, proclaiming the primacy of Rome and the priestly obligation of celibacy. * Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused of Manichaeism and magic, and beheaded at Trier . He becomes the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy. ###### Sport in the Roman Empire * Aurelios Zopyros becomes the last reported athlete at the Ancient Olympic Games. He is a victor in "junior boxing" (pankration). ### 386 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with King Shapur III; they divide Armenia into two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty establishes friendly relations between the Roman Empire and Persia for the next 36 years. * The Greuthungi cross the Danube to raid the Roman garrisons on the northern frontier. They are met midstream by a well-armed fleet, and their rafts and dugouts sink. Those not drowned are slaughtered. * Magnus Maximus invades Italy; he destroys Novara for supporting his rival Valentinian II. * Theodosius I begins to rebuild the present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. * A column is constructed at Constantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the barbarians in the Balkan. ###### Asia * The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties). #### By topic ###### Religion * Saint Ambrose defends the rights of the Catholic Church with respect to those of the State. * Theodosius I is converted to Christianity. * John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight *Homilies* entitled *"Adversus Iudaeos"* ("Against the Jews"). * Augustine converts to Christianity. He ends his marriage plans after hearing a sermon on the life of Saint Anthony. * The fight in the Roman Empire against anti-pagan laws becomes increasingly futile. * Sumela Monastery is established in Asia Minor. ### 387 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. A peasant uprising leads to a riot, and public buildings are set afire. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes the public baths and theatres. * Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace). * Winter – The widowed emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II under his protection, and marries his sister Flavia Galla. ###### Persia * Peace of Acilisene: King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. #### By topic ###### Art and Science * Oribase, Greek doctor, publishes a treatise on paralysis and bleedings. ###### Religion * Augustine is baptized on Easter Vigil by Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. ### 388 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona (modern Slovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army including Goths, Huns and Alans. Valentinian II, now 17, is restored as Roman Emperor. * August 28 – Magnus Maximus surrenders at Aquileia, and is executed. Theodosius I devotes himself to gluttony and voluptuous living. Maximus' son Flavius Victor is executed at Trier, by Valentinian's *magister militum* Arbogast. ###### Persia * King Shapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitioned Armenia with the Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his son Bahram IV, who becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia. ###### India * Emperor Chandragupta II, ruler of the Gupta Empire, begins a war against the Shaka Dynasty in West India. #### By topic ###### Religion * Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga (Portugal). * Isaac, age 50, is named *Catholicos* (spiritual head) of the Armenian Apostolic Church. * Jerome moves to Palestine, where he spends the rest of his life as a hermit near Bethlehem. * A group of Christians storms the synagogue of the city Callinicum (Syria), at the Euphrates. ### 389 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * All pagan buildings in Alexandria, including the library, are destroyed by fire. Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **380** * Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius (approximate date) * Alexius, Eastern saint (approximate date) * Eucherius, bishop of Lyon (approximate date) * Eutyches, presbyter and archimandrite (approximate date) * Hephaestion of Thebes, Egyptian astrologer (approximate date) * Kālidāsa, Classical Sanskrit writer (approximate date) * Olympiodorus of Thebes, historical writer (approximate date) * Peter Chrysologus, bishop of Ravenna (approximate date) * Philip of Side, Christian church historian (approximate date) * Socrates of Constantinople, church historian (approximate date) **381** * Helian Bobo, Chinese emperor of the Xiongnu state Xia (d. 425) **382** * Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 419) * Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty (d. 402) **383** * Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint (approximate date) **384** * September 9 – Honorius, Roman Emperor (d. 423) * Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 436) * Maria, empress and daughter of Stilicho (approximate date) * Sengzhao, Chinese Buddhist philosopher (d. 414) * Wang Shen'ai, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 412) **385** * Avitus, Western Roman Emperor (approximate date) * Murong Chao, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 410) * Murong Xi, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (d. 407) * Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius I who died in infancy (d. 386) * Saint Patrick, missionary in Ireland (approximate date) * Paulus Orosius, historian and theologian (approximate date) * Xie Lingyun, Chinese poet of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (d. 433) **386** * Jin Gongdi, last emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 421) * Nestorius, founder of Nestorianism (approximate date) **387** * Vardan Mamikonian, Armenian military leader (d. 451) **388** * Elpidius of Atella (or **Elpidio**), Christian bishop (d. 452) * Yao Hong, Chinese emperor of the Qiang state (d. 417) **389** * Geiseric, king of the Vandals and Alans (approximate date) Deaths ------ **380** * April 10 – James, Azadanus and Abdicius, Roman Catholic priests, martyrs and saints * Fritigern, king of the Visigoths * Samudragupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire * Wang Fahui, empress of the Jin dynasty (b. 360) **381** * February 15 – Faustinus of Brescia, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * February 27 – Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria * June 29 – Saint Syrus, Bishop of Genoa * Athanaric, king of the Visigoths * Saint Meletius, Patriarch of Antioch **382** * Apollinaris the Younger, bishop of Laodicea in Syria **383** * May 30 – Isaac of Dalmatia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint * August 25 – Gratian, Roman Emperor (assassinated) (b. 359) * October 21 – Ursula, Roman Christian martyr and saint * Ardashir II, Sassanid king (*shah*) ("King of Kings") * Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II * Frumentius, Phoenician missionary and bishop * Fu Rong, Chinese general and prime minister * Ulfilas (or **Wulfila**), Gothic missionary and bishop **384** * May 13 – Servatius of Tongeren, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * July 20 – Pope Timothy I of Alexandria * December 11 – Pope Damasus I * Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty (b. 324) * Geungusu, king of Baekje (Korea) * Huan Chong, general and governor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 328) * Murong Hong, founder of the Xianbei state Western Yan * Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, praetorian prefect * Xi Zuochi, Jin Dynasty historian **385** * October 16 – Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin (b. 337) * Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius I (or possibly 386) * Chimnyu, king of Baekje (Korea) * Dao An, Buddhist monk of the Jin Dynasty (b. 312) * Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (b. 350) * Priscillian, Spanish bishop and theologian * Xie An, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320) **386** * November 23 – Jin Feidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 342) * Cyril of Jerusalem, theologian and saint * Demophilus, Patriarch of Constantinople * Duan Sui, ruler of the Western Yan * Fu Pi, emperor of the Former Qin * Murong Chong, emperor of the Western Yan (b. 359) * Murong Yao, emperor of the Western Yan * Murong Yi, ruler of the Western Yan * Murong Zhong, emperor of the Western Yan * Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius I (b. 385) * Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 344) * Yang, empress of the Former Qin **387** * Aelia Flaccilla, Roman Empress and wife of Theodosius I * Alatheus, chieftain of the Ostrogoths * Saint Monica, mother of Augustine of Hippo * Zhu Fatai, Chinese Buddhist scholar (b. 320) **388** * August 28 – Magnus Maximus, Roman emperor * Flavius Victor, Roman co-emperor (*Augustus*) * Huan Shiqian (or **Zhen'e**), Chinese general * Maternus Cynegius, Roman praetorian prefect * Qifu Guoren, Chinese ruler of the Xianbei state * Shapur III, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) * Themistius, Byzantine statesman and rhetorician * Xie Xuan (or **Youdu**), Chinese general (b. 343) **389** * Donatian of Reims (or **Donat**), Christian bishop and saint * Florus of Lodève, Christian bishop and martyr (approximate date) * Mao, Chinese empress and wife of Fu Deng (Former Qin)

380s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/380s

Year **353 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Peticus and Poplicola** (or, less frequently, **year 401 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 353 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Mausolus, King and Persian satrap of Caria, dies and is succeeded in 352 BC by Artemisia, his sister and wife. #### Greece * The Phocians threaten Thessaly to their north. Philip II of Macedon sees his opportunity to penetrate south. * Clearchus, the tyrant of Heraclea, a Greek city on the Black Sea, is murdered by some of the city's citizens led by Chion after a reign of twelve years. Most of the conspirators are killed by the tyrant's body-guards upon the spot, while others are captured and put to death. Within a short time, the city falls under the rule of the new tyrant Satyrus, Clearchus' brother. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Clearchus of Heraclea, tyrant of Heraclea Pontica (assassinated) (b. c. 401 BC) * Iphicrates, Athenian general (b. c. 418 BC) * Mausolus, King and Persian satrap of Caria

353 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353_BC

Year **385 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Cornelius, Capitolinus, Papirius, Capitolinus and Fidenas** (or, less frequently, **year 369 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 385 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Jason of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly. * Dionysius I of Syracuse attempts to restore Alcetas I of Epirus to the throne. * Bardyllis becomes king of Illyria and the Dardani and establishes the Bardyllian Dynasty. ### By topic #### Education * Plato forms his Academy, teaching mathematics, astronomy and other sciences as well as philosophy. It is dedicated to the Attic hero Academus. Philanthropists bear all costs; students pay no fees. #### Astronomy * Democritus announces that the Milky Way is composed of many stars. Births ------ * Mentor of Rhodes, Greek mercenary and satrap (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Camissares, Persian satrap of Cilicia * Chuzi II, Chinese ruler of the Zhou Dynasty (approximate date)

385 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/385_BC

Year **357** (**CCCLVII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1110 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 357 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * April 28 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnentius. He address the Senate and the Roman people. * August 25 – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, *Caesar* (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum), driving the barbarians back behind the Rhine. * The Imperial Library of Constantinople is founded. * Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Pantheon as being "rounded like the boundary of the horizon and vaulted with a beautiful loftiness". * Winter – Constantius II receives ambassadors from the Persian Empire. They demand that Rome restore the lands surrendered by King Narseh. #### Asia * The reign of Fú Jiān, the emperor of Former Qin, commences in China. * The Alans rout the Hun army in Western Asia. #### Ireland * Saran, King of Ulster, is overthrown. ### By topic #### Religion * Late in the year Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which has implicitly disavowed Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as bishop of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia. * At about this date, the relics of St Andrew the Apostle are taken from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Emperor Constantius II, and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles. * At about this date, Basil of Caesarea visits Egypt. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Fu Sheng, Chinese emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 335) * Xie Shang (or **Renzu**), Chinese general and musician (b. 308) * yao Xiang (or **Jingguo**), Chinese general and warlord (b. 331)

357

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/357

Year **357 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Rutilus and Imperiosus** (or, less frequently, **year 397 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 357 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Rhodes falls to the Persian satrap Mausolus of Halicarnassus. See Purim #### Thrace * The Athenian general and mercenary commander, Chares and the Euboean mercenary Charidemus regain the Thracian Chersonese for Athens from the Thracian king Cersobleptes. Charidemus receives, from Athens, a golden crown for his part in the victory. #### Macedonia * The Macedonian general, Parmenion, wins a great victory over the Illyrians. King Philip II of Macedon, having disposed of an Illyrian threat, occupies the Athenian city of Amphipolis (which commands the gold mines of Mount Pangaion). Philip II now has control of the strategic city which secures the eastern frontier of Macedonia and gives him access into Thrace. * Philip II of Macedon marries Olympias, the Molossian princess of Epirus thus helping to stabilize Macedonia's western frontier. #### Sicily * The brother-in-law of Dionysius I, Dion, exiled from Syracuse in 366 BC by Dionysius II, assembles a force of 1,500 mercenaries at Zacynthus and sails to Sicily. Dion wrests power from the weak Dionysius II, who is exiled and flees to Locri. #### Rome * Gaius Marcius Rutilus elected Consul Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Chabrias, Athenian general

357 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/357_BC

Year **469 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Priscus and Caeliomontanus** (or, less frequently, **year 285 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 469 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The island of Naxos wishes to secede from the Delian League, but is blockaded by Athens and forced to surrender. Naxos becomes a tribute-paying member of the Delian League. This action is considered high-handed and resented by the other Greek city states. * Themistocles, after being exiled from Athens, makes his way across the Aegean to Magnesia, an inland Ionian city under Persian rule. Births ------ * Socrates, Athenian philosopher (approximate date) (d. 399 BC) Deaths ------ * King Yuan of Zhou(Ji Ren), 27th King of the Zhou Dynasty of China * Duke Jing of Song, 28th ruler of state of Song * Duke Chu of Wey, 30th and 33rd ruler of state of Wey * Leotychides, king of Sparta (b. 545 BC)

469 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/469_BC

Year **372 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Fourth year without Tribunate or Consulship** (or, less frequently, **year 382 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 372 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Jason of Pherae, the ruler of Thessaly, allies himself first with Athens and then with Macedon. ### By topic #### Sports * Troilus of Elis wins two equestrian events at the Olympic Games, which leads to referees being banned from competing in the Games. Births ------ * Mencius, Chinese philosopher (d. c. 289 BC) Deaths ------

372 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/372_BC

Year **371 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Fifth year without Tribunate or Consulship** (or, less frequently, **year 383 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 371 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * A fresh peace congress is summoned at Sparta. At the peace conference, the Spartan King Agesilaus II (with the support of Athens) refuses to allow the Thebans to sign the treaty on behalf of all Boeotia. The Theban statesman Epaminondas, who is boeotarch (one of the five magistrates of the Boeotian federation), maintains Thebes' position, even when it leads to the exclusion of Thebes from the peace treaty. * Thebes' actions at the peace congress lead to a war between Sparta and Thebes. The Spartans have an army stationed on Thebes' western frontier, waiting to follow up their diplomatic success by a crushing military attack. However, at the Battle of Leuctra, the Theban generals, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, win a decisive victory over the Spartans under the other Spartan king, Cleombrotus I (who is killed in the battle). Epaminondas wins the battle with a tactical innovation which involves striking the enemy first at their strongest, instead of their weakest, point, with such crushing force that the attack is irresistible. As a result of this battle, the Boeotian federation is saved. * Athens does not welcome the Theban victory, fearing the rising aggressiveness of Thebes. After the Theban victory, the old alliance between the Persians and the Thebans is restored. * With the unexpected defeat of Sparta by the Thebans, the Arcadians decide to re-assert their independence. They rebuild Mantinea, form an Arcadian League and build a new federal city, Megalopolis. * Agesipolis II succeeds his father Cleombrotus I as king of Sparta. ### By topic #### Astronomy * It is suggested that the original comet associated with the Kreutz Sungrazers family of comets passes perihelion at this time. It is thought to have been observed by Aristotle and Ephorus during this year. Births ------ * Chanakya, Indian philosopher and advisor (approximate date) * Theophrastus, Greek philosopher Deaths ------ * Cleombrotus I, king of Sparta (killed in the Battle of Leuctra)

371 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/371_BC

Year **376 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Mugillanus, Lanatus, Cornelius and Praetextatus** (or, less frequently, **year 378 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 376 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Athenian admiral Chabrias wins a naval victory for Athens over the Spartan fleet, off the island of Naxos (the Battle of Naxos). The battle is brought on by the Athenians to break the Spartans' blockade of Athens' corn-ships from the Black Sea. * The Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by the Triballi. Births ------ * Olympias, wife of king Philip II of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great (d. 316 BC) Deaths ------ * Zhou An Wang, king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty

376 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/376_BC

Year **395 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Medullinus, Scipio, Fidenas, Ambustus and Lactucinus** (or, less frequently, **year 359 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 395 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian satrap Tissaphernes' enemy Parysatis, mother of Cyrus, succeeds in persuading Persian King Artaxerxes II to have him executed at Colossae, Phrygia (now Turkey). Parysatis cannot forgive Tissaphernes for the rough treatment he has handed out to her favourite son, the late Cyrus. * After spending the winter in organizing a cavalry force, Agesilaus II, the King of Sparta, makes a successful incursion into Lydia in the spring. * Tithraustes replaces Tissaphernes. An armistice is concluded between Tithraustes and Agesilaus. Tithraustes bribes the Spartans to move north into the satrapy of Pharnabazus. * Unable to defeat Agesilaus's army, Pharnabazus decides to force Agesilaus to withdraw by stirring up trouble on the Greek mainland. He dispatches Timocrates of Rhodes to visit Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos to incite and bribe them to act against Sparta. Timocrates succeeds in persuading powerful factions in each of those states to pursue an anti-Spartan policy. #### Greece * The "Corinthian War" begins, with Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos (with the backing of Persia) against Sparta. The Spartans prepare to send out an army against this new alliance, and order Agesilaus to return to Greece. Agesilaus sets out for Sparta with his troops, crossing the Hellespont and marching west through Thrace. * The Spartans arrange for two armies, one under the Spartan general Lysander and the other under the Spartan King Pausanias, to rendezvous at and attack the Boeotian city of Haliartus. Lysander, arriving before Pausanias, persuades the city of Orchomenus to revolt from the Boeotian confederacy, and then advances to Haliartus with his troops. There, he is killed after bringing his forces too near the walls of the city. * The Battle of Haliartus between the Spartans and the Thebans ends inconclusively. Pausanias, arriving a day later, takes back the bodies of the Spartan dead under a truce, and returns to Sparta. There, he is put on trial for his life and flees to Tegea before he can be convicted. Pausanias is replaced as king of Sparta by his son Agesipolis I. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Lysander, Spartan general and admiral * Tissaphernes, Persian satrap * Shishunaga, founder of the Shishunaga dynasty of South Asia

395 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/395_BC

Year **372** (**CCCLXXII**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Modestus and Arintheus** (or, less frequently, **year 1125 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 372 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Valentinian I is engaged in operations against the Alamanni, Quadi and Sarmatians, while his subordinates are dealing with Firmus, Roman usurper, in Africa and the Picts in Britain. #### Europe * The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester, overwhelming them with light cavalry (horse archers), and devastating the settlements of the Goths. King Athanaric is defeated, and seeks refuge in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania). * Athanaric starts building new defensive works, to protect his people against the Alans and the Huns. #### China * Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by his granduncle Sima Yu, who is installed as Jin Jianwendi. * September 12 – Jin Xiaowudi, age 10, succeeds his father Jin Jianwendi. Empress Chu Suanzi serves as regent, but decisions are made by the high officials Xie An and Wang Tanzhi. * The first diplomatic ties are established between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty. ### By topic #### Art and Science * The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is established in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea). #### Religion * Gregory of Nyssa becomes bishop. * Buddhism is adopted as the official religion of Gorguryeo. * Saint Augustine adopts Manichaeism. * Valentinian I bans Manichaean meetings. Births ------ * Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian and politician (d. 451) Deaths ------ * Jianwen of Jin, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320) * Maximus of Ephesus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher * Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (b. 334)

372

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/372

Year **373 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Third year without Tribunate or Consulship** (or, less frequently, **year 381 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 373 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian King Artaxerxes II launches an invasion of Egypt to bring that country back under Persian rule. The invasion is led by Pharnabazus. After initial successes, the Greek mercenaries fighting for the Persians push on towards Memphis. However, King Nectanebo I is able to gather his forces and repulse the Persian invasion. #### Greece * Iphicrates leads an Athenian expedition which successfully relieves Corcyra of a Spartan siege. * The ancient Greek city of Helike is destroyed by a massive earthquake and *tsunami*. * The Temple of Apollo in Delphi is destroyed by an earthquake. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

373 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/373_BC

Year **376** (**CCCLXXVI**) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valens and Augustus** (or, less frequently, **year 1129 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 376 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream. * The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to the breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths. * The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths, bungle administration of the refugees, and mistreat them, taking some of their children as slaves. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube and strike south towards the low-lying fertile region near Marcianople (Bulgaria). Although defying the local Roman officials, they are not in open revolt. * Lupicinus, count (*Comes*) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet, letting them believe that in addition to food and drink, they can discuss provisions for their people. During the feast, Lupicinus tries to assassinate the Gothic delegation. Fritigern escapes and the Goths begin looting and burning the farms and Roman villas near Marcianople. * Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths 9 miles outside Marcianople with hastily gathered local troops. His force (5,000 men) is annihilated and the Goths equip themselves with Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey). * Fearing they will join Fritigern, Roman troops of Gothic origin stationed in Adrianople are ordered by Valens to move east. The soldiers request a two-day delay to prepare and ask for food and money for the journey. However, the chief magistrate of Adrianople refuses and the Goths break out in open rebellion. They inflict heavy casualties among the citizens. Arming themselves with Roman equipment, they join forces with Fritigern. * Winter – Fritigern attempts an unsuccessful siege of Adrianople. His troops try to storm the city walls, but abandon the attacks and break into small bands, better able to forage and feed themselves. Roman prisoners switch sides and give the Goths a valuable source of local intelligence. #### China * Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi". * China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south. Births ------ * Cyril of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 444) Deaths ------ * April 10 – Bademus, Christian abbot and saint * October 10 – Acepsimas of Hnaita, Persian bishop * Ermanaric, king of the Goths (Greuthungi) (b. 291) * Flavius Theodosius (**the Elder**), Roman general * Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320) * Yuan Hong, Chinese historian and politician (b. 328)

376

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/376

Year **377 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Mamercinus**, **Poplicola**, **Cicurinus**, **Rufus** (or **Praetextatus**), **Cincinnatus and Cincinnatus** (or, less frequently, **year 377 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 377 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * Mausolus is appointed as the Persian satrap of Caria. #### Greece * Timotheus wins over the Acarnanians and Molossians as friends of Athens. * Athens, in preparing for participation in the Spartan-Theban struggle, reorganises its finances and its taxation, inaugurating a system whereby the richer citizens are responsible for the collection of taxes from the less rich. * The Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), includes a clause guaranteeing the Greek cities their independence. The Spartan King Agesilaus II uses this clause as an excuse to force the dissolution of Thebes' Boeotian League. In two sieges, he reduces Thebes to near starvation. Births ------ Deaths ------

377 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/377_BC

Year **37 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Agrippa and Gallus** (or, less frequently, **year 717 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 37 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus. * Agrippa creates the harbour "Portus Julius" in the today-submersed town of Puteoli (the modern Pozzuoli, close to Naples). The port is used to train the warships for naval battles, and a new fleet is built, with 20,000 oarsmen gathered by freeing slaves. He also incorporates, on quinqueremes, a technical innovation, called the *harpax* ("snatcher"): a combination ballista and grappling hook, based on the corvus. * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian engineers the "Second Pact of Tarentum" which renews the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanges 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar donates 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria. * Antony reorganizes Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raises troops from his allies: Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I. * Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod. #### Asia * The kingdom of Goguryeo in Korea is founded by the king Dongmyeong. (traditional date) Deaths ------ * Antigonus II Mattathias (Antigonus the Hasmonean) (executed by order of Mark Antony) * Aristobulus II, king and high priest of Judea (66–63 BC; assassinated) * Jing Fang, Chinese mathematician and music theorist (b. 78 BC) * Orodes II, king of the Parthian Empire (b. 95 BC) * Shangguan, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

37 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37_BC

Year **581** (**DLXXXI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 581 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Sasanian War: A Byzantine army commanded by Maurice, and supported by Ghassanid forces under King Al-Mundhir III, fails to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, along the Euphrates. * Maurice accuses Mundhir III of treason, and brings him to Constantinople to face trial. Emperor Tiberius II Constantine treats him well, and allows Mundhir with his family a comfortable residence. * Al-Nu'man VI, son (*de facto*) of Mundhir III, revolts with the Ghassanids against the Byzantine Empire, after his father is treacherously arrested. #### Europe * Palace coup in Austrasia: New advisors break the peace treaty with King Guntram, and make a new alliance with his half brother Chilperic I, in which Childebert II, age 11, is recognized as Chilperic's heir. * The Lombards under Zotto, Duke of Benevento, sack the abbey of Monte Cassino near Naples. The Benedictine monks who survive flee to Rome, but they return to the site, and rebuild the monastery. * The Göktürks under Taspar Qaghan besiege the city of Chersonesos Taurica (modern Ukraine), located at the Black Sea; their cavalry keep plundering the steppes of the Crimean Peninsula until 590. #### Britain * The Anglo-Saxons under Ælla conquer Deira (Northern England) from the Britons. He becomes the first king of Deira (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). #### Asia * The Northern Zhou Dynasty ends: Yáng Jiān executes the last ruler, 8-year-old Jing Di, along with 58 royal relatives at Chang'an. He proclaims himself emperor, and establishes the Sui Dynasty in China. * The "Great City of Helu", situated on the shores of Taihu Lake, is renamed Suzhou during the Sui Dynasty (approximate date). * In the Turkic Empire an interregnum begins, since there are several candidates to the throne: Talopien (late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultai's choice) and Tardu (western yabghu). * Ishbara Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, becomes the new ruler (*khagan*) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia). * The Sui dynasty begins. ### By topic #### Literature * Maurice writes an encyclopedic work on the science of war (the *Strategikon*), which exercises a major influence on the military system. #### Religion * Second Council of Mâcon: In a council of Christian bishops in Mâcon (Burgundy), Jews are prohibited from serving as judges or customs officers. Births ------ * Sun Simiao, Chinese medicine doctor (approximate date) * Yan Shigu, Chinese author of the Tang dynasty (d. 645) Deaths ------ * Feng Xiaolian, concubine of Gao Wei (approximate date) * Jing Di, Chinese emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 573) * Taspar Qaghan, ruler (*khagan*) of the Göktürks

581

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/581

Year **381 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Camillus, Albinus, Albinus, Medullinus, Flavus and Ambustus** (or, less frequently, **year 373 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 381 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Persian Empire * The Persian generals Tiribazus and Orontes invade Cyprus, with an army far larger than any King Evagoras of Cyprus could raise. However, Evagoras manages to cut off this force from being resupplied, and the starving troops rebel. However, the war then turns in the Persians' favour when Evagoras' fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Citium (Larnaca, Cyprus). Evagoras flees to Salamis, where he manages to conclude a peace which allows him to remain nominally king of Salamis, though in reality he is a vassal of the Persian king. #### Greece * Sparta increases its hold on central Greece by reestablishing the city of Plataea, which Sparta formerly destroyed in 427 BC. #### Roman Republic * The district of Tusculum is pacified after a revolt against Rome, and then conquered. After an expression of complete submission to Rome, Tusculum becomes the first "municipium cum suffragio", and thenceforth the city continues to hold the rank of a municipium. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Wu Qi, Chinese military general, Prime Minister of the State of Chu, also a servant of the State of Lu (born in Wei, 440 BC)

381 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/381_BC

Year **489** (**CDLXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Probinus and Eusebius** (or, less frequently, **year 1242 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 489 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East. #### Europe * The Ostrogoths, led by king Theodoric the Great, invade Northern Italy (at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno). The Gepids try to halt the advance, but Theodoric defeats them at the city of Sirmium (Pannonia) and continues on to cross the Julian Alps. * August 28 – Battle of Isonzo: Theodoric defeats the overwhelming forces of Odoacer at Soča (near Aquileia), forcing his way into Italy. * September 30 – Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital of Ravenna. * The Ostrogoths capture the cities Pavia and Milan. The majority of Odoacer's army, including his *magister militum* Tufa, surrenders to Theodoric. ### By topic #### Religion * The first Temple of Confucius is constructed in Northern China (outside the ancestral temple at Qufu). Births ------ Deaths ------ * Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople * Modest, bishop of Trier * Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat * Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (b. 452)

489

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/489

Year **386** (**CCCLXXXVI**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Euodius** (or, less frequently, **year 1139 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 386 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with King Shapur III; they divide Armenia into two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty establishes friendly relations between the Roman Empire and Persia for the next 36 years. * The Greuthungi cross the Danube to raid the Roman garrisons on the northern frontier. They are met midstream by a well-armed fleet, and their rafts and dugouts sink. Those not drowned are slaughtered. * Magnus Maximus invades Italy; he destroys Novara for supporting his rival Valentinian II. * Theodosius I begins to rebuild the present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. * A column is constructed at Constantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the barbarians in the Balkan. #### Asia * The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism. Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties). ### By topic #### Religion * Saint Ambrose defends the rights of the Catholic Church with respect to those of the State. * Theodosius I is converted to Christianity. * John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter; he also writes eight *Homilies* entitled *"Adversus Iudaeos"* ("Against the Jews"). * Augustine converts to Christianity. He ends his marriage plans after hearing a sermon on the life of Saint Anthony. * The fight in the Roman Empire against anti-pagan laws becomes increasingly futile. * Sumela Monastery is established in Asia Minor. Births ------ * Jin Gongdi, last emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 421) * Nestorius, founder of Nestorianism (approximate date) Deaths ------ * November 23 – Jin Feidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 342) * Cyril of Jerusalem, theologian and saint * Demophilus, Patriarch of Constantinople * Duan Sui, ruler of the Western Yan * Fu Pi, emperor of the Former Qin * Murong Chong, emperor of the Western Yan (b. 359) * Murong Yao, emperor of the Western Yan * Murong Yi, ruler of the Western Yan * Murong Zhong, emperor of the Western Yan * Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius I (b. 385) * Wang Xianzhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 344) * Yang, empress of the Former Qin

386

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386

Year **491** (**CDXCI**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Olybrius without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1244 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 491 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * April 9 – Emperor Zeno, age 66, dies of dysentery (or of epilepsy) after a 17-year reign. He has no sons to succeed him and Anastasius, palace official (*silentiarius*) and favoured friend of empress Ariadne, is elevated to the throne. * May 20 – Anastasius I marries Ariadne shortly after his accession. His reign is disturbed by religious distractions and a civil war started by Longinus, brother of late emperor Zeno. * Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala, are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt). #### Britannia * Aelle of Sussex besieges and conquers the fortified town Anderitum in southern Britain. He massacres the population, apparently sub-Roman Brythons (according to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*). #### Europe * July 9 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theodoric the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric repulses the attack, forcing Odoacer back into Ravenna. #### Asia * Munjamyeong becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. ### By topic #### Religion * Lupicinus becomes bishop of Lyon. He is the founder of the abbeys of Saint Claude (Jura Mountains). Births ------ * Approximate date - John Malalas, Byzantine chronicler (d. c. 578) Deaths ------ * April 9 – Zeno, Byzantine Emperor * Peter the Iberian, Georgian theologian and saint

491

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/491

Year **390** (**CCCXC**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Neoterius** (or, less frequently, **year 1143 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 390 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * April – Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Macedonia) breaks out into violence after the arrest of a popular charioteer. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I orders vengeance, despite the pleas for mercy by Ambrose, bishop of Milan; more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army. * Ambrose retires to Milan (residence of Theodosius I) and refuses to celebrate a mass in the emperor's presence, until he repents for ordering the massacre in Thessalonica. Theodosius, filled with remorse, kneels in humility and strips off his royal purple, before the altar of the cathedral in Milan, humbling himself before the church. * The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (*magister militum*) of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths. * Theodosius I brings an obelisk from Egypt to the Hippodrome of Constantinople. #### India * Rudrasena II becomes emperor of Vakataka in the Deccan Plateau (India). In the same year he marries Prabhavatigupta, daughter of the Gupta king Chandragupta II. ### By topic #### Art * C. 390–401 – Priestess of Bacchus: Late Antiquity ivory diptych; documents the relationship of the senators Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. It commemorates the marriage of the two families. The right panel is inscribed "Symmachorum", with an elaborately dressed priestess who makes an offer on an altar. It is now kept at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. #### Religion * Jerome, having finished the Latin translation of the New Testament, begins translating the Old Testament. * The Kama Sutra is revised by Vatsyayana. Births ------ * Bleda, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Gao Yun, duke of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 487) * Prosper of Aquitaine, disciple and Christian writer (approximate date) * Romanus of Condat, hermit and saint (approximate date) * Simeon Stylites, Christian Stylite (approximate date) * Xie Hui, general of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 426) Deaths ------ * January 25 – Gregory Nazianzus, theologian and Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 329) * Apollinaris of Laodicea, bishop and theologian * Aurelius Victor, Roman historian and politician * Chen Guinü, queen consort of Jin Xiaowudi * Diodorus of Tarsus, bishop and monastic reformer

390

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/390

Year **398 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Potitus, Medullinus, Lactucinus, Fidenas, Camillus and Cornutus** (or, less frequently, **year 356 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 398 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Sicily * Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, breaks his peace treaty with Carthage and strikes at Carthaginian cities in the western corner of Sicily which have been weakened by the plague. There is a massacre of Carthaginians in many of these cities. Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

398 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/398_BC

Year **378** (**CCCLXXVIII**) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Valens and Augustus** (or, less frequently, **year 1131 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 378 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as *magister militum* to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace. * February – The Lentienses (part of the Alemanni) cross the frozen Rhine and raid the countryside. They are driven back by Roman *auxilia palatina* (Celtae and Petulantes), who defend the western frontier. * May – Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall the army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title *Alemannicus Maximus*. * Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerrilla war against the Goths. He chases down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople. * Fritigern concentrates his army at Cabyle (Bulgaria). The Goths are mainly centred in the river valleys south of the Balkan Mountains, around the towns of Beroea, Cabyle and Dibaltum. * July – Frigeridus, Roman general, fortifies the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass to prevent the "barbarians" from breaking out to the north-west (Pannonia). * Gratian sets out from Lauriacum (Austria) with a body of light armed troops. His force is small enough to travel by boat down the Danube. He halts for four days at Sirmium (Serbia) suffering from fever. * August – Gratian continues down the Danube to the "Camp of Mars" (frontier fortress near modern Niš), where he loses several men in an ambush by a band of Alans. * Fritigern strikes south from Cabyle, following the Tundzha River towards Adrianople, and tries to get behind the supply lines to Constantinople. * Roman reconnaissance detects the Goths. Valens, already west of Adrianople, turns back and establishes a fortified camp outside the city. * The Goths, with their wagons and families vulnerable to attack, withdraw back to the north. Roman scouts fail to detect the Greuthungi cavalry foraging further up the Tundzha valley. * Fritigern sends a Christian priest to the Roman camp with an offer of terms and a letter for Valens. The peace overtures are rejected. * August 9 – Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army is defeated by the Thervingi. Valens is killed along with two-thirds of his army. * The Goths attack Adrianople; they attempt to scale the city walls with ladders but are repelled by the defenders, who drop lumps of masonry. * The Goths, supported by the Huns, move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire. * October – The Greuthungi, faced with food shortages, split off and move west into Pannonia. Followed by their families, they raid villages and farmland. #### Mesoamerica * Siyaj K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Waka on January 8. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal on January 16. * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Uaxactun. ### By topic #### Architecture * Valens completes the aqueduct of Constantinople begun by Constantine I. #### Religion * Gregory of Nazianzus is ordained bishop of Constantinople. * Pope Damasus I is accused of adultery but is exonerated by Gratian. Births ------ * Germanus of Auxerre, Christian bishop (approximate date) Deaths ------ * August 9 + Sebastianus, Roman general (*magister peditum*) + Traianus, Roman general (*magister militum*) + Valens, Roman consul and emperor (b. 328) * Flavius Arintheus, Roman politician and general * Titus of Bostra, Christian bishop and theologian

378

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/378

The **390s** decade ran from January 1, 390 to December 31, 399 Events ------ ### 390 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * April – Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Macedonia) breaks out into violence after the arrest of a popular charioteer. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I orders vengeance, despite the pleas for mercy by Ambrose, bishop of Milan; more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army. * Ambrose retires to Milan (residence of Theodosius I) and refuses to celebrate a mass in the emperor's presence, until he repents for ordering the massacre in Thessalonica. Theodosius, filled with remorse, kneels in humility and strips off his royal purple, before the altar of the cathedral in Milan, humbling himself before the church. * The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (*magister militum*) of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths. * Theodosius I brings an obelisk from Egypt to the Hippodrome of Constantinople. ###### India * Rudrasena II becomes emperor of Vakataka in the Deccan Plateau (India). In the same year he marries Prabhavatigupta, daughter of the Gupta king Chandragupta II. #### By topic ###### Art * C. 390–401 – Priestess of Bacchus: Late Antiquity ivory diptych; documents the relationship of the senators Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. It commemorates the marriage of the two families. The right panel is inscribed "Symmachorum", with an elaborately dressed priestess who makes an offer on an altar. It is now kept at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. ###### Religion * Jerome, having finished the Latin translation of the New Testament, begins translating the Old Testament. * The Kama Sutra is revised by Vatsyayana. ### 391 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Emperor Theodosius I establishes Christianity as the official state religion. All non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire are closed. The eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta at the Roman Forum is extinguished, and the Vestal Virgins are disbanded. * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, *urban prefect* of Rome, pleads for traditional cult practices. He petitions Theodosius I to re-open the pagan temples, but is opposed by Ambrose. ###### Asia * A Rouran chief named Heduohan (曷多汗) is defeated and killed in battle against the Toba Northern Wei Dynasty. Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's son and successor, Shelun. * King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) ascends to the throne. #### By topic ###### Literature * Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BC. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles. ###### Religion * Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis. The "Order of Monks" known as the Parabalani take charge of patrolling the streets. ### 392 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), defeats the Visigoths and Huns in Thrace. Emperor Theodosius I permits Alaric to go free on condition he provides, as *foederati*, military services to the Roman Empire. * May 15 – Emperor Valentinian II, age 21, is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne. * August 22 – Arbogast nominates Eugenius, Roman teacher of rhetoric, as the next emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He sends ambassadors to Theodosius's court asking for his recognition. * Theodosius I becomes the last emperor who rules the whole Roman Empire. He issues an edict reinforcing the prohibition of prayers or sacrifices at non-Christian temples. He also bans items of spiritual significance that could be used in the home, such as incense or spiritual figures. ###### Asia * Asin becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ### 393 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 23 – Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his son Honorius, age 8, co-ruler (*Augustus*) of the Western Roman Empire. * Theodosius I demands the destruction of pagan temples, holy sites, and ancient objects throughout the Roman Empire. * Theodosius I abolishes the Greek Olympic Games, ending a thousand years of festivals, as part of the general Christian policy to establish universal Christian worship in accordance with the doctrines set forth in the Nicene Creed (the next Olympic Games will not be held until 1896). ###### China * Gao Zu succeeds Tai Zu as emperor of the Later Qin Empire. * Chinese astronomers observe the guest star SN 393. #### By topic ###### Religion * Synod of Hippo: A council at Hippo Regius (Algeria) is hosted by the Church. The bishops approve a canon of Sacred Scripture that correspond to the Roman Catholic Church. ### 394 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * September 6 – Battle of the Frigidus: Emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius. The forces of Theodosius are bolstered by numerous auxiliaries, including 20,000 Visigoth federates under Alaric. The Frankish general Arbogast (*magister militum*) escapes into the Alps and commits suicide. * Late Roman army: The *Notitia Dignitatum* shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals. * Winter – The Huns cross the frozen Danube and destroy the villages built by the Goths. Theodosius I, six hundred miles away in Italy, sends no reinforcements to defend the northern frontier. * In Rome, the sacred fire stops burning (see Vesta and Vestal Virgins). ###### Egypt * The last known hieroglyphic inscription, known as the Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, is written in Philae, Egypt. ###### China * The last ruler of Former Qin, Fu Chong, is killed in battle against an army of Western Qin, bringing Former Qin to an end. #### By topic ###### Religion * Epiphanius of Salamis attacks Origen's followers and urges John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, to condemn his writings. * The Council of Bagaï in Africa brings 310 Donatist bishops together. ### 395 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is again divided into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius. * April 27 – Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto (without the knowledge or consent of Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East). His seven-year-old half-sister, Galla Placidia, is sent to Rome, where she spends her childhood in the household of Stilicho and his wife Serena. * Alaric, Visigothic leader of the *foederati*, renounces Roman fealty and is declared king, waging war against both parts of the Roman Empire, and ending a 16-year period of peace. * The Goths, led by Alaric I, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia and impose a tribute on Athens. * November 27 – Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas. ###### Asia * December 8 – Later Yan is defeated by its former vassal Northern Wei at the Battle of Canhe Slope, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of China. * The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch. ###### India * King Rudrasimha III, ruler of the Western Satraps (India), is defeated by the Gupta Empire. #### By topic ###### Agriculture * An estimated 330,000 acres of farmland lie abandoned in Campania (southern Italy), partly as a consequence of malaria from mosquitoes bred in swampy areas, but mostly because imprudent agriculture has ruined the land. ###### Art and Science * Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his *Saturnalia*. ###### Religion * Augustine, age 40, becomes bishop of Hippo Regius (modern Algeria). His assignment is the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, primarily focusing on the Donatist movement led by Primianus of Carthage. ### 396 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent, and becomes the actual ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks, to defend the Rhine frontier. * The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis, and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans). ###### China * Emperor Jìn Ān Dì, age 14, succeeds his father Emperor Xiaowu, as ruler of the Eastern Jin dynasty, after he is murdered by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang. * Lü Guang claims the title "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), signifying his claim to the Later Liang Kingdom. ### 397 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Stilicho traps the Visigoths under King Alaric in the Peloponnese, but decides to abandon the campaign against the Visigoths in Greece, thus allowing King Alaric to escape north to Epirus with his loot. Presumably, Stilicho has left Greece in order to prepare for military action in northern Africa, where a rebellion (see Gildonic Revolt in 398) seems imminent. * Emperor Honorius passes a law making barbarian styles of dress illegal in the city of Rome. As a result of this law, everybody in Rome is forbidden from wearing boots, trousers, animal skins, and long hair. This law is passed in response to the increasing popularity of barbarian fashions among the people of Rome. ###### China * The Xiongnu occupy the Gansu area, an economically important province situated along the Silk Road. #### By topic ###### Religion * April 4 – Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan, dies in his diocese after 23 years in office, during which he dominated the political life of the Roman Empire. * August 28 – Council of Carthage: The biblical canon is definitely declared. * September 7 – First Council of Toledo: Hispanic bishops, including Lampius, condemn Priscillianism. * November 13 – John Chrysostom is appointed Archbishop of Constantinople. * Mor Gabriel Monastery is founded and located on the Tur Abdin plateau near Midyat (Turkey). * Sulpicius Severus writes the earliest biography of Martin of Tours, the first known "life of a saint" ever written. * Augustine of Hippo begins his *Confessions*, an autobiography that recounts his intellectual and spiritual development. * Scottish missionary Ninian establishes a church (*Candida Casa*) at Whithorn, and begins his work among the Picts. ### 398 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (*comes*) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself. * Eutropius, Roman general (*magister militum*), celebrates his victory over the Huns ("the wolves of the North") in a parade through Constantinople (see 395). * An imperial edict obliges Roman landowners with plantations to yield 1/3 of their fields to the "barbarians" who have been settled in the Roman Empire. * Emperor Honorius marries Stilicho's daughter Maria. * Possible date for the Second Pictish War. #### By topic ###### Religion * John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, receives a delegation of clergy who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshipers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the Roman temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed. * Augustine of Hippo completes his *Confessions*, an autobiography that recounts his intellectual and spiritual development. ### 399 #### By place ###### Roman Empire * The boy Emperor Honorius of the Western Roman Empire (who is only 15 years old), closes the gladiatorial schools in Rome, and legally ends *munera* (gladiator games). * Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman consul and official at the imperial court of emperor Arcadius. * Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made *magister militum* and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper), and installs his forces in Constantinople. Gainas deposes anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (*cubicularius*), executed. ###### Middle East * King Bahram IV dies after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Yazdegerd I, who becomes the thirteenth Sassanid Emperor of Persia. ###### Asia * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal). * Xianbei kingdom of Southern Yan conquers Qing Province (modern central and eastern Shandong) from the Eastern Jin #### By topic ###### Religion * November 26 – Pope Siricius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign in which he has commanded celibacy for priests, asserted papal authority over the entire Western Church, and threatened to impose sanctions on those who do not follow his dictates. * Anastasius I succeeds Siricius as the 39th pope. He seeks to reconcile the churches of Rome and Antioch. Anastasius also condemns the doctrine of Origen. * Flavian I is acknowledged as legitimate bishop of Antioch by the Church of Rome. Significant people ------------------ * Arcadius, Eastern Roman Emperor * Honorius (emperor), Western Roman Emperor Births ------ **390** * Bleda, king of the Huns (approximate date) * Gao Yun, duke of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 487) * Prosper of Aquitaine, disciple and Christian writer (approximate date) * Romanus of Condat, hermit and saint (approximate date) * Simeon Stylites, Christian Stylite (approximate date) * Xie Hui, general of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 426) **391** * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (Magister militum) of part Gothic heritage. (d.454) **392** * Flavius Marcian, Roman Emperor (d. 457) * Galla Placidia, Roman Empress and daughter of Theodosius I (d. 450) * Ming Yuan Di, emperor of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 423) **393** * Sima Maoying, empress of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 439) * Theodoret of Cyrrhus, bishop and theologian (approximate date) **394** * Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist scholar-monk (d. 468) * Jangsu, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 491) **396** * Petronius Maximus, Western Roman Emperor (approximate date) **397** * March 30 or March 31 – K'uk B'alam I, king of Palenque (Mexico) **398** * Fan Ye, Chinese historian (d. 445) **399** * Narsai, Syriac poet and theologian (approximate date) Deaths ------ **390** * January 25 – Gregory Nazianzus, theologian and Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 329) * Apollinaris of Laodicea, bishop and theologian * Aurelius Victor, Roman historian and politician * Chen Guinü, queen consort of Jin Xiaowudi * Diodorus of Tarsus, bishop and monastic reformer **391** * Heduohan, chief of the Rouran tribes (killed in battle against the Northern Wei) * Justina, Roman empress (approximate date) * Macarius of Egypt, Christian monk and hermit * Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia * Zhai Liao "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), founder of the Dingling state Wei **392** * May 15 – Valentinian II, Roman Emperor (b. 371) * Gregory Bæticus, bishop of Elvira (Spain) **393** * Eunomius of Cyzicus, Arian bishop and theologian * Zhai Zhao "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), emperor of Wei **394** * September 6 – Eugenius, Roman usurper * September 8 – Arbogast, Frankish general * Fu Chong, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin * Fu Deng, emperor of the Di state Former Qin (b. 343) * Murong Yong, emperor of the Xianbei state Western Yan * Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, Roman historian and politician (b. 334) * Yao Chang, emperor of the Qiang state Later Qin (b. 331) **395** * January 17 – Theodosius I, Roman emperor (b. 347) * November 27 – Rufinus, Roman consul and politician * Apa Bane, Christian hermit and saint * Ausonius, Roman poet and rhetorician * Gelasius of Caesarea, Christian bishop * Macarius of Alexandria, Christian monk **396** * Duan Yuanfei, empress and wife of emperor Murong Chui * Dowager Helan, mother of emperor Wei Daowudi (b. 351) * Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 362) * Murong Chui, general and founder of Later Yan (b. 326) **397** * April 4 – Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop of Milan * November 8 – Martin of Tours, bishop and saint * Murong Hui, imperial prince of Later Yan (b. 373) * Murong Long, general and prince of Later Yan * Empress She, wife of emperor Yao Chang **398** * May 27 – Murong Bao, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 355) * August 15 – Lan Han, official of the Xianbei state Lan Yan * Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian * Gildo, Moorish prince and *comes* *Africae* (governor) * Murong Lin, Chinese prince of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Murong Nong, Chinese prince of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople **399** * November 26 – Pope Siricius * Bahram IV, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) * Eutropius, Roman consul and eunuch * Evagrius Ponticus, Christian monk and ascetic (b. 345) * Fabiola, Christian saint * Nintoku, emperor of Japan * Tribigild, Ostrogothic general * Tufa Wugu, prince of the Xianbei state Southern Liang * Yuan Shansong, official and poet of the Jin Dynasty

390s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/390s

Year **381** (**CCCLXXXI**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Syagrius and Eucherius** (or, less frequently, **year 1134 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 381 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Gratian moves the capital to *Mediolanum* (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates *Pontifex Maximus* as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome. * The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble), in honor of Gratian having created a bishopric. #### Europe * The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people *foederati* in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395. * The Sciri ally themselves with the Huns. ### By topic #### Religion * First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council. * Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum. * Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch. * Timothy succeeds Peter II as Patriarch of Alexandria. * Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople. * John Chrysostom becomes a deacon. Births ------ * Helian Bobo, Chinese emperor of the Xiongnu state Xia (d. 425) Deaths ------ * February 15 – Faustinus of Brescia, Roman Catholic bishop and saint * February 27 – Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria * June 29 – Saint Syrus, Bishop of Genoa ### Date unknown * Athanaric, king of the Visigoths * Saint Meletius, Patriarch of Antioch

381

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/381

Year **388 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Fidenas, Iullus, Corvus, Flavus and Rufus** (or, less frequently, **year 366 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 388 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * King Agesipolis I leads a Spartan army against Argos. Since no Argive army challenges him, he plunders the countryside for a time, and then, after receiving several unfavorable omens, returns to Sparta. * The Athenian general, Thrasybulus, sails to Lesbos, where, with the support of the Mytileneans, he defeats the Spartan forces on the island and wins over a number of cities. While still on Lesbos, however, Thrasybulus is killed by raiders from the city of Aspendus where his financial exactions have made him unpopular. * Concerned about the revival of Athenian imperialist ambitions, the Persian King Artaxerxes II and King Agesilaus II of Sparta enter into an alliance. Sparta also seeks and gains the support of Dionysius I of Syracuse. ### By topic #### Art * Plato, having left Athens on Socrates' death to visit Megara and possibly Egypt, travels to Syracuse at the invitation of Dionysius I's brother-in-law Dion. * Aristophanes' play *Plutus* is performed. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Thrasybulus, Athenian general who helped overthrow the Thirty Tyrants

388 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/388_BC

Year **614** (**DCXIV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 614 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: + The Levantine cities of Caesarea Maritima, Arsuf, and Tiberias surrender on terms to the Sasanians. + Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: A Persian–Jewish army (26,000 men) commanded by Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem, after a 20-day siege. Somewhere between 57,000 and 66,500 citizens are slain; another 35,000 are enslaved, including the Patriarch Zacharias. Many churches in the city (including the "Church of the Resurrection" or Holy Sepulchre) are burned, and numerous relics, including the True Cross, the Holy Lance, and the Holy Sponge, are carried off to the Persian capital Ctesiphon. * The Persians destroy the Ghassanid Kingdom (Arabia), a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date). #### Europe * October 18 – King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (*Edictum Chlotacharii*), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defends the rights of the Frankish nobles and the church, and regulates the appointment of counts (secular officials in charge of law courts, collecting taxes, and assembling contingents for the army), while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom. * The Palace of Diocletian in Split (Croatia) is damaged by the Avars, who sack the nearby city of Salona. The population flees to the walled palace, which is able to hold out. #### Britain * Battle of Bampton: King Cynegils of Wessex defeats the invading Britons in Dumnonia (modern Devon). They use the Roman road eastward from Exeter to Dorchester, and are intercepted by the West Saxons marching south. ### By topic #### Religion * The Sudarium of Oviedo is taken from Palestine, after the invasion of the Sassanid Persians. #### Other * First year that didn't happen, according to the phantom time hypothesis. Births ------ * Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date) * Fujiwara no Kamatari, founder of the Fujiwara clan (d. 669) * Hilda of Whitby, abbess and saint (approximate date) * Li Yifu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 666) * Rictrude, Frankish abbess (approximate date) * General Xue Rengui of the Tang dynasty (d. 683) Deaths ------ * January 13 – Mungo, Brythonic apostle and saint * Philippicus, Byzantine general (approximate date) * Queen Sado ### Sources * Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. *The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.

614

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614

Year **610** (**DCX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 610th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 610th year of the 1st millennium, the 10th year of the 7th century, and the 1st year of the 610s decade. The denomination 610 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * October 4 – Heraclian revolt: Heraclius arrives with a fleet from Africa at Constantinople. Assisted by an uprising in the capital, he overthrows and personally beheads Emperor Phocas. Heraclius gains the throne with help from his father Heraclius the Elder. His first major act is to change the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population). Because of this, after AD 610, the Empire is customarily referred to as the Byzantine Empire (the term Byzantine is a modern term invented by historians in the 18th century; the people of the Empire itself always referred to themselves as "Ρωμαῖος" — tr. *Rōmaios*, Roman). #### Europe * The Avars invade the Duchy of Friuli, an important buffer between the Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy and the Slavs. During the fighting Gisulf II dies and his duchy is overrun (approximate date). * King Witteric is assassinated during a banquet at Toledo, by a faction of Catholic nobles. He is succeeded by Gundemar, duke of Narbonne, who becomes king of the Visigoths in Hispania. * King Theuderic II loses Alsace, Champagne and Thurgau to his elder brother Theudebert II of Austrasia. His Burgundian army is defeated east of the Jura Mountains against the Alemanni. * The Volga Bulgaria arises on the territory of modern Russia, being the first civilization in the region to arise from the Early Slavs (approximate date). #### Britain * Selyf ap Cynan succeeds his father Cynan Garwyn as king of Powys (Wales). ### By topic #### Arts and sciences * Paper technology is imported into Japan from China by the Korean Buddhist priest, Dam Jing (approximate date). #### Religion * Muhammad, Islamic prophet, begins at 40 years old to preach a religion which will be called Islam. According to Islamic teachings, the angel Gabriel appears to him in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca (Saudi Arabia) and calls him: "The Prophet of Allah". Muhammad gathers followers, reciting to them the first verses of Qur'an(Iqra), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an. * Pope Boniface IV presides over a Council of Rome for the restoration of monastic discipline. Attendees include Mellitus, first bishop of London. * Columbanus and Gallus begin their missionary work in Bregenz, near Lake Constance (Switzerland). * John V (the Merciful) becomes patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date). Births ------ * Anania Shirakatsi, Armenian astronomer (d. 685) * Barbatus, bishop of Benevento (approximate date) * Ergica, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Grimoald, King of the Lombards (approximate date) * Lai Ji, official of the Tang dynasty (d. 662) * Nanthild, Frankish queen (approximate date) * Safiyya bint Huyayy, wife of Muhammad (approximate date) Deaths ------ * October 5 – Phocas, Byzantine emperor * Gisulf II, Lombard duke of Friuli (approximate date) * Heraclius the Elder, Byzantine general * Tassilo I, King of Bavaria (b. 560) * Waraka ibn Nawfal, the paternal first cousin of Khadija, the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * Witteric, king of the Visigoths

610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/610

Year **61 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Calpurnianus and Messalla** (or, less frequently, **year 693 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 61 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * September 29 – Pompey celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars. * Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi as consul attempts to gain ratification of Pompey's Eastern Settlement. * Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates *Legio X Gemina* (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Quintus Marcius Rex, Roman consul and general

61 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61_BC

Year **400** (**CD**) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1153 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 400 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * January 9 – Emperor Arcadius gives his wife Aelia Eudoxia the official title of *Augusta*. She is able to wear the purple paludamentum and is depicted in Roman currency. * Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, is sent on an embassy to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, to congratulate King Yazdegerd I on his accession the year before. * A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, a Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag *ad hoc* fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service. * Winter – Gainas leads the remaining Goths back to their homeland across the Danube. They meet the Huns and are defeated; the Hunnic chieftain Uldin sends the head of Gainas to Constantinople, where Arcadius receives it as a diplomatic gift. #### Europe * The Paeonians (Illyricum) lose their identity (approximate date). #### Asia * Richū, the eldest son of Nintoku, becomes the 17th Emperor of Japan. ### By topic #### Art * Resurrection and "Two Marys with Angel near the Empty Tomb", panel of a diptych, found in Rome, is made. It is now kept at Castello Sforzesco, Milan (approximate date). #### Literature * The Vergilius Vaticanus, an illuminated manuscript containing fragments of Virgil's *Aeneid* and *Georgics*, is made in Rome. * The *Yoga Sutras of Patanjali* are composed. #### Medicine * Caelius Aurelianus, Roman physician, is practising his work *"De morbis acutis et chronicis"* (*Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness*), a guide to acute and chronic diseases. #### Physics * Hypatia, Greek philosopher, distinguishes herself as one of the first women scientists, and becoming head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria. #### Religion * The mausoleum of Galerius in Salonica (Greece) is converted into a church. * Bishops from Gaza (Palestine) arrive at Constantinople to ask Arcadius that he close the pagan temple of Marnas. Births ------ * Aspar, Alan patrician and general (*magister militum*) (approximate date) * Hydatius, bishop of Aquae Flaviae (modern Chaves, Portugal) (approximate date) * Salvian, Christian writer (approximate date) * Sozomen, Christian Church historian Deaths ------ * Castor of Karden, Christian priest and hermit * Duan, Chinese empress and wife of Murong Bao * Gainas, Gothic chieftain and general (*magister militum*) * Li Lingrong, empress and mother of Jin Xiaowudi * Lü Guang, emperor of the Di state Later Liang (b. 337) * Lü Shao, "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*) of Later Liang * Oribasius, Greek medical writer and physician

400

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400

Year **391** (**CCCXCI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tatianus and Symmachus** (or, less frequently, **year 1144 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 391 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Theodosius I establishes Christianity as the official state religion. All non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire are closed. The eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta at the Roman Forum is extinguished, and the Vestal Virgins are disbanded. * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, *urban prefect* of Rome, pleads for traditional cult practices. He petitions Theodosius I to re-open the pagan temples, but is opposed by Ambrose. #### Asia * A Rouran chief named Heduohan (曷多汗) is defeated and killed in battle against the Toba Northern Wei Dynasty. Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's son and successor, Shelun. * King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) ascends to the throne. ### By topic #### Literature * Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BC. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles. #### Religion * Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis. The "Order of Monks" known as the Parabalani take charge of patrolling the streets. Births ------ * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (Magister militum) of part Gothic heritage. (d.454) Deaths ------ * Heduohan, chief of the Rouran tribes (killed in battle against the Northern Wei) * Justina, Roman empress (approximate date) * Macarius of Egypt, Christian monk and hermit * Peter of Sebaste, bishop of Armenia * Zhai Liao "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*), founder of the Dingling state Wei

391

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/391

Year **407** (**CDVII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as **the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius** (or, less frequently, **year 1160 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 407 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Gratian, Roman usurper, is installed as emperor after the death of Marcus. According to Orosius, he is a native Briton of the urban aristocracy. * Gratian is assassinated and Constantine III, a general (*magister militum*), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and establishes tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding "barbarians". This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain. * End of Roman rule in Britain: After 360 years of occupation, the local regional British-Roman leaders raise their own levies for defence against Saxon sea rovers. They cultivate oysters, having learned the technique from the Romans. #### China * Liu Bobo (Xia Wuliedi) founds the state of Xia, and claims the title "Heavenly Prince" (*Tian Wang*). Births ------ * Wen Di, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453) Deaths ------ * Fu Xunying, empress of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Gratian, Roman usurper * John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople * Marcus, Roman usurper * Maria, empress consort and wife of Honorius * Murong Xi, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 385) * Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/407

Year **398** (**CCCXCVIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the **395th Year** of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 398th year of the 1st millennium, the last 3 years of the 4th century, and the 9th and pre-final year of the 390s decade. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Eutychianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1151 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 398 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, a Berber serving as a high-ranking official (*comes*) in Mauretania, rebels against the Western Roman Empire. The Gildonic Revolt is instigated by a powerful official in the Eastern Roman Empire named Eutropius, who wishes to undermine his enemies in the Western Roman Empire by cutting off the grain supply to Rome. After Gildo takes much of North Africa and cuts off the grain supply to Rome, Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo. Gildo flees and commits suicide by hanging himself. * Eutropius, Roman general (*magister militum*), celebrates his victory over the Huns ("the wolves of the North") in a parade through Constantinople (see 395). * An imperial edict obliges Roman landowners with plantations to yield 1/3 of their fields to the "barbarians" who have been settled in the Roman Empire. * Emperor Honorius marries Stilicho's daughter Maria. * Possible date for the Second Pictish War. ### By topic #### Religion * John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, receives a delegation of clergy who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshipers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the Roman temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed. * Augustine of Hippo completes his *Confessions*, an autobiography that recounts his intellectual and spiritual development. Births ------ * Fan Ye, Chinese historian (d. 445) Deaths ------ * May 27 – Murong Bao, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 355) * August 15 – Lan Han, official of the Xianbei state Lan Yan * Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian * Gildo, Moorish prince and *comes* *Africae* (governor) * Murong Lin, Chinese prince of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Murong Nong, Chinese prince of the Xianbei state Later Yan * Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople

398

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/398

Year **401** (**CDI**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vincentius and Fravitus** (or, less frequently, **year 1154 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 401 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnish chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns. * Piracy is committed by slave-traders from Galatia (Turkey), along the coasts of Africa. * The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two *comitatenses*, and shipped to Britannia. * Stilicho, Roman general (*magister militum*), leads his army in an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia (Switzerland). * The Temple of Artemis near Selçuk in Ephesus is dismantled. * November 18 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * Emperor Honorius begins to use the city of Ravenna as a temporary center for certain administrative and military functions. The city is chosen because of its proximity to the bulk of the Western Roman army and due to the fact that its relative poverty makes it a less tempting target for barbarian invaders than cities such as Rome or Milan. This event is often misinterpreted as the establishment of Ravenna as a capital. In reality, the capital of the Western Roman Empire was not truly established at Ravenna until 408. #### Black Sea * The *Chronicon Pachale* (Paschal Chronicle) reports that the Black Sea is completely frozen. #### China * Kumarajiva, Kuchean Buddhist monk, arrives in Chang'an and begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese. ### By topic #### Religion * December 19 – Pope Anastasius I dies at Rome after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by Innocent I as the 40th pope proclaiming his universal power over the whole of Christendom. * The Mahabharata, an Indian Sanskrit epic, is finalised. Births ------ * April 10 – Theodosius II, Roman emperor (d. 450) * Aelia Eudocia, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius II (approximate date) * Leo I, Byzantine Emperor (d. 474) Deaths ------ * December 19 – Pope Anastasius I * Duan Ye, prince of the Chinese state Northern Liang * Lü Zuan, emperor of the Di state Later Liang * Murong Sheng, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan (b. 373) * Empress Yang, wife of Lü Zuan

401

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401

Year **399** (**CCCXCIX**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Eutropius and Theodorus** (or, less frequently, **year 1152 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 399 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * The boy Emperor Honorius of the Western Roman Empire (who is only 15 years old), closes the gladiatorial schools in Rome, and legally ends *munera* (gladiator games). * Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman consul and official at the imperial court of emperor Arcadius. * Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made *magister militum* and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper), and installs his forces in Constantinople. Gainas deposes anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (*cubicularius*), executed. #### Middle East * King Bahram IV dies after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Yazdegerd I, who becomes the thirteenth Sassanid Emperor of Persia. #### Asia * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal). * Xianbei kingdom of Southern Yan conquers Qing Province (modern central and eastern Shandong) from the Eastern Jin ### By topic #### Religion * November 26 – Pope Siricius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign in which he has commanded celibacy for priests, asserted papal authority over the entire Western Church, and threatened to impose sanctions on those who do not follow his dictates. * Anastasius I succeeds Siricius as the 39th pope. He seeks to reconcile the churches of Rome and Antioch. Anastasius also condemns the doctrine of Origen. * Flavian I is acknowledged as legitimate bishop of Antioch by the Church of Rome. Births ------ * Narsai, Syriac poet and theologian (approximate date) Deaths ------ * November 26 – Pope Siricius * Bahram IV, king of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) * Eutropius, Roman consul and eunuch * Evagrius Ponticus, Christian monk and ascetic (b. 345) * Fabiola, Christian saint * Nintoku, emperor of Japan * Tribigild, Ostrogothic general * Tufa Wugu, prince of the Xianbei state Southern Liang * Yuan Shansong, official and poet of the Jin Dynasty

399

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/399

Year **649** (**DCXLIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 649 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces under Abdullah ibn Saad conquer Cyprus, sacking the capital Constantia after a short siege, and looting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the same revenue as they have done to Emperor Constans II. * Constans II orders Olympius, exarch of the Exarchate of Ravenna, to arrest Pope Martin I on the ostensible grounds that the pope's election has not been submitted to the emperor for approval, but in fact because of the Lateran Council of 649's condemnation of Monothelitism and the Type of Constans. Olympius attempts to gain the support of the citizens of Rome and the bishops, with little success, and perhaps considers the assassination of the Pope. #### Europe * January 20 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. #### Arabian Empire * Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea. It is manned by Monophysitise Christian, Coptic and Syrian Christian sailors. #### China * January 19 – The Tang campaign against Kucha ends after the forces of Kucha surrender, following a 40-day siege led by general Ashina She'er, establishing Chinese control over the northern Tarim Basin (Xinjiang). * July 10 – Emperor Taizong dies after a 23-year reign, in which he has restored the civil administration in China. He is succeeded by his son Gaozong, age 20, who becomes ruler of the Tang dynasty. #### Japan * Emperor Kōtoku has Soga no Kurayamada accused of treason. He strangles himself at the temple of Yamada-dera. Other relatives of the Soga clan are captured and executed. ### By topic #### Religion * May 14 – Pope Theodore I dies after a 7-year reign, in which he has shown generosity to the poor. He is succeeded on July 5 by Martin I as the 74th pope. * October 5 – The Lateran Council of 649, summoned by Theodore and carried forward by Martin, opens. It strongly condemns Monothelitism and the Type of Constans. Births ------ * Approximate date – Wang Bo, Chinese poet (d. 676) * Xue Ne, Chinese general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 720) Deaths ------ * March – John Climacus, Syrian monk and writer (b. c.579) * May 2 – Marutha of Tikrit, Persian theologian and Maphrian of the Syriac Orthodox Church (b. 565) * May 14 – Pope Theodore I, Jerusalem-born Greek pontiff * July 2 – Li Jing, Chinese general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 571) * July 6 – Goar of Aquitaine, Catholic priest and hermit (b. c.585) * July 10 – Taizong, Chinese Tang dynasty emperor (b. 598) * December 3 – Birinus, French-born Bishop of Dorchester in Wessex (b. c.600) * Rogallach mac Uatach, Irish king of Connacht (murdered) * Soga no Kurayamada, Japanese udaijin * Songtsen Gampo, founder of the Tibetan Empire ### Sources * Muir, William (1898). *The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall, from Original Sources* (3rd ed.). London: Smith, Elder. p. 205.

649

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/649

Year **413 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cossus and Medullinus** (or, less frequently, **year 341 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 413 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * After suffering a defeat in which the Athenian commander Lamachus is killed, Demosthenes suggests that they immediately give up the siege of Syracuse and return to Athens, where they are needed to defend against a Spartan invasion of Attica. Nicias refuses, but the Syracusans and Spartans under Hermocrates are able to trap the Athenians in the harbour and the Athenians sustain heavy losses in the Battle of Syracuse. Demosthenes is ambushed by the Syracusans and is forced to surrender. Nicias is soon captured as well, and both are executed, with most of the surviving Athenian soldiers sent to work in the Sicilian quarries. Ten *proboulos* (including Sophocles) are elected to help run Athens. * Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Lydia and Caria, forms an alliance with Sparta. The Spartans, with strategic advice from Alcibiades and limited assistance from the Persians under Pharnabazus, advance almost to the gates of Athens. King Agis II leads the Spartan force that occupies Decelea in Attica. * Archelaus I becomes King of Macedonia following the death of his father, King Perdiccas II. Archelaus seizes the throne after murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half brother, the legitimate heir. ### By topic #### Drama * Euripides' play *Electra* is performed. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Demosthenes, Athenian general * Nicias, Athenian soldier and statesman (b. 470 BC) * Perdiccas II, Macedonian king

413 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/413_BC

The **600s** decade ran from January 1, 600, to December 31, 609. Events ------ ### 600 #### By place ###### Europe * King Chlothar II of Neustria is defeated by his nephews, Theudebert II and Theuderic II, at Dormelles (approximate date). * Germanic and Slavic peoples have tremendous population growth, with the Slavs colonizing the Balkan Peninsula. * Rome continues as part of the Byzantine Empire. The Italian mainland is divided into independent cities and duchies. * Venice continues as an independent realm, having been built up from fishing villages and settled by fugitives. * Dorestad, lying in a fork between two branches of the Rhine, is established by the Franks as a trade center. * King Agilulf of the Lombards and Queen Theodelinda build a palace complex at Monza, northeast of Milan. * Moravians gain independence, by holding off the attacks from the Avars and the Franks who try to invade. * According to the Ynglinga saga, king Ingvar of Sweden invades *Adalsysla* (present day Lääne County in Estonia), but is killed by the locals (approximate date). * Smallpox arrives in Western Europe for the first time (approximate date). ###### Britain * The Welsh bard, Prince Aneirin of the Pennines (North West of England), writes the poem, *"Y Gododdin"*, recording the events of the Battle of Catraeth. * The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. ###### Asia * The first of the Japanese embassies to Imperial China is sent (approximate date). * The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation (approximate date). * Namri Songtsen becomes the new king of Tibet (approximate date). * Chaturanga is played in its current form in India (approximate date). * Yangdi, a Sui emperor, extends the Grand Canal. He reportedly assumes power by poisoning his father. Ma Shu-mou, aka Mahu, was one of the canal overseers and was said to have eaten a steamed 2-year-old child each day he worked on the canal. On completion the canal extended for 1,100 miles. 5.5 million people were pressed into service to complete the 1,550 mile canal. * Quill pens, made from the outer feathers of crows and other large birds, became popular. The first books are printed in China. * The oldest inscription in Mon language dated from 600 AD. later found at Wat Phorang, Thailand. * Mu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. ###### Mesoamerica * Loma Caldera (El Salvador) erupts, burying the Maya village of Joya de Cerén (approximate date). * The Hopewell tradition (North America) ceases to be the dominant culture (approximate date). * The city of Teotihuacan (Central Mexico) begins to grow unstable, as they exhaust their resources until their inevitable collapse (possibly caused by the Toltec) circa 700. * Moche culture ends in the Andes (approximate date). * Nazca culture ends in the Andes (approximate date). * The Wari Empire is established in The Andes (approximate date) * The Middle Horizon period starts in the Andes. ###### Pacific Ocean * Early settlers from the Marquesas build the Alakoko fishpond and taro fields on Kauai, Hawaii. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * The Germanic peoples, due to the more abundant food supply available, use the "moldboard" plow, introduced by the Slavs in Eastern Europe. The plow works the land with horses and oxen. * The earliest references to chess are made in the Persian work *Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan*, and the Indian works of Subandhu's *Vasavadatta* and Banabhatta's *Harsha Charitha*. * 600-750 - Maguey Bloodletting Ritual, fragment of a fresco from Teotihuacan, Mexico, is made. Teotihuacan culture. It is now kept at the Cleveland Museum of Art. * 600-900 - *Palace* and Temple of the Inscriptions (tomb-pyramid of K'inich Janaab' Pakal), Palenque, Mexico, are built. Maya culture. * 600-900 - Cylindrical vessel is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at the Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey. * The Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis (Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbott) recounts a 7-year trip to a land across the sea by the Irish saint and a band of acolytes about this time. ###### Religion * Feb 16 - Pope Gregory the Great decrees "God bless You" as the religiously correct response to a sneeze. * Pope Gregory I codifies what comes to be known as the Gregorian chant[*dubious – discuss*]. * Construction on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai. * Irish missionaries preach in Scotland and Germany (approximate date). * Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan. * Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are converted to Buddhism. * Augustine of Canterbury converts Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity (approximate date). * Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date). ###### World * The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people (approximate date). ### 601 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine army under command of Peter, brother of Emperor Maurice, crosses the Danube and advances to the Tisza River, where it defeats the Avars. ###### Europe * The Franks, Merovingians and Carolingians successively control most of Europe, while strong feudal lords rise in power to gain the allegiance of the people. * The Lombards under King Agilulf expand into Northern Italy, establishing a settlement with the Franks and maintaining intermittent relationships with Rome. * Liuva II, age 18, succeeds his father Reccared I as king of the Visigoths. Reccared dies a natural death at the capital in Toledo after a 15-year reign. #### By topic ###### Arts and sciences * The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published. ###### Agriculture * Food production increases in northern and Western Europe as a result of agricultural technology introduced by the Slavs, who employ a lightweight plow with a knife blade (coulter), that cuts deep into the soil at grassroots level, together with a shaped board, or "moldboard", that moves the cut soil to one side. ###### Religion * The future Archbishops of Canterbury (Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius), and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. Gregory writes the decretal *Libellus responsionum* to Augustine. ### 602 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Maurice succeeds in winning over the Avars to Byzantine rule, but his campaigns against the Avars, Lombards, Persians and Slavs drain the imperial treasury, requiring an increase in taxes. He orders the troops to stay for winter beyond the Danube, but a mutiny breaks out under Phocas. He brings the Byzantine forces back over the Danube and marches on to Constantinople. * November 27 – A civil war breaks out and Phocas enters Constantinople. Maurice is captured trying to escape; he is forced to witness the slaughter of his five sons and all his supporters, and is then executed (beheaded) after a 20-year reign. His wife, Constantina, and his three daughters are spared, and sent to a monastery. Phocas is proclaimed the new emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his "friend and father", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates. ###### Europe * Spring – Witteric is appointed commander-in-chief of the Visigoth army, and receives orders from King Liuva II to expel the Byzantines from Hispania. ###### Persia * Khosrau II annexes the Lakhmid Kingdom (Southern Iraq), and puts king Nu'man III to death. ###### Asia * Third Chinese domination of Vietnam: The Early Lý dynasty ends; Hậu Lý Nam Đế, last ruler of Vąn Xuân (North Vietnam), abdicates the throne and becomes a vassal of the Sui dynasty. * 602 Surb Karapet Monastery earthquake. It affected the Surb Karapet Monastery, located in the district of Taron. #### By topic ###### Religion * Augustine of Canterbury meets with the Welsh bishops at Aust near Chepstow. He accuses them of not adopting the Roman Christian way of dating Easter, and persuades them to accept the teaching of baptism (according to the Roman Rite). ### 603 #### By place ###### Europe * Spring – Witteric, counting on the support of the nobles, attacks the royal palace in Toledo, and overthrows King Liuva II. He cuts off his right hand, and has him executed. Witteric becomes the new king of the Visigoths. * King Agilulf besieges Cremona, and with the assistance of the Slavs the city is destroyed. He captures Padua and Mantua (Northern Italy); its territory is divided between the Lombard duchies of Brescia and Bergamo. * Agilulf, under the influence of his wife Theodelinda, abandons Arianism for Catholicism, and is (with his son Adaloald) baptised in the Cathedral of Monza, where later the Iron Crown of Lombardy is installed. * The last mention of the Roman Senate is made (according to the Gregorian register). It mentions that the Senate has acclaimed new statues of Emperor Phocas and Empress Leontia. ###### Britain * Battle of Degsastan: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the combined forces of the Strathclyde Britons and Scots under Áedán mac Gabráin, establishing the supremacy of the Angles in the northern part of what will become known as the British Isles. ###### Asia * Emperor Wéndi stabilises the Chinese Empire; the agricultural acreage increases greatly, and shipbuilding technology reaches a new high level. * Prince Shōtoku of Japan establishes a twelve level cap and rank system, and is said to have authored a seventeen-article constitution. * Rebellious Göktürks depose and kill the ambitious ruler (*khagan*) Tardu, of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia). * Heshana Khan succeeds his father Tardu as ruler of the Göktürks, and levies heavy taxes on the Tiele people. #### By topic ###### Religion * Schuttern Abbey (Germany) is founded by the wandering Irish monk Offo. * The future Pope Boniface III is appointed papal legate to Constantinople. ### 604 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * The Avars regroup after they are almost destroyed; together with the Slavs they start pillaging through the Byzantine provinces, west and south of the Danube. Due to the new Persian war, Emperor Phocas has few imperial troops available to defend the Balkan Peninsula. * Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II captures the Byzantine positions east of the Euphrates; the Persians destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey). ###### Europe * Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia conspires to have Berthoald, Mayor of the Palace, assassinated. She convinces King Theuderic II to send him to inspect the royal *villae* along the Seine. Brunhilda then has the noblemen who actually carried out the murder arrested and killed. * December 25 – Battle of Ėtampes: Theuderic II, with the aid of Berthoald, defeats the Frankish forces under King Chlothar II of Neustria, at Étampes (near Paris). ###### Britain * Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Deira and kills its king, Æthelric. Prince Edwin, son of the late king Ælla of Deira (possibly a nephew of Æthelric), flees to the court of King Iago of Gwynedd (northwest Wales). * Sæbert succeeds his father Sledd as king of Essex. He is persuaded to convert to Christianity through the intervention of his uncle, King Æthelberht of Kent. ###### Asia * August 13 – Emperor Wéndi, age 63, is assassinated by his son Yángdi, after a 23-year reign in which he has attacked hereditary privilege and reduced the power of the military aristocracy. He is succeeded by Yángdi, who becomes the second emperor of the Sui Dynasty. * Prince Shotoku, imperial regent of Empress Suiko, issues a Seventeen-article constitution, based on both Confucian and Buddhist principles in Japan. #### By topic ###### Religion * March 12 – Pope Gregory I (the Great) dies at Rome, after a 14-year reign. He has laid the foundations which claim papal absolutism, pioneered the conversion of Britain to Roman Catholicism and enunciated what will come to be known as the "seven deadly sins". Gregory is succeeded by Sabinian as the 65th pope of the Catholic Church. * May 26 – Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury, is succeeded by Laurence. He is a member of the Gregorian mission (see 596). * Æthelberht of Kent founds St. Paul's Cathedral. Mellitus is appointed the first Saxon bishop of London (and Essex). * The See of Rochester is established, and Justus is appointed as bishop. He founds Rochester Cathedral (Kent). ### 605 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Emperor Phocas recognizes Agilulf as king of the Lombards, and signs a peace treaty. He pays a tribute and cedes Orvieto (Central Italy), among other towns. The Byzantine army is withdrawn from the Balkan Peninsula. * Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia). ###### Britain * King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. ###### Persia * As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmids (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date). ###### Asia * Emperor Yángdi orders the capital to be transferred from Chang'an to Luoyang. He begins the construction of the Grand Canal, that will link existing waterways to the new Chinese capital; it will be built by a million laborers. * Yángdi introduces an imperial examination, designed to select the best administrative officials (after they receive the **jinshi**) for the state; this begins a long bureaucratic tradition of scholar-officialdom in China. * The Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui Dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world (although the earlier Roman Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches). * Amshuvarma becomes king of the Licchavi in Nepal. He is credited for opening trade routes to Tibet. His ruling period is known as the "Golden Period". ###### Mesoamerica * Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler (*ajaw*) of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). During his reign his kingdom is invaded by people from Calakmul. ### 606 #### By place ###### Europe * Queen Brunhilda pressures her grandson Theuderic II to go to war against his brother, Theudebert II of Austrasia. She puts Protadius, Mayor of the Palace, in charge of the Burgundian army. At the palace of Quierzy (Picardy), Theuderic assembles his army. The soldiers under Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, refuse to fight against their countrymen, and declare that the king orders Protadius' death. He is killed by the Frankish warriors, and Theuderic is forced to sign a peace treaty. ###### Britain * Cearl succeeds Pybba as king of Mercia (English Midlands). ###### Asia * King Harsha of Thanesar establishes a northern Indian Empire, and unites the small monarchical states, from Punjab to the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan). * Shashanka is the first recorded independent king of Bengal. He establishes his capital in modern-day Murshidabad (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * February 22 – Sabinian dies at Rome after a two-year reign, and will not be replaced until 607. * The diocese of Aquileia becomes a patriarchate (approximate date). ### 607 #### By place ###### Europe * Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date). * Queen Brunhilda has Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, removed from office after his foot is cut off as revenge for Protadius' death (according to the *Lex Alamannorum*). ###### Britain * King Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons. ###### Asia * August 1 – Empress Suiko appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to the Sui Court (Japanese missions to Imperial China). She sends him to pay tribute to Emperor Yángdi, and let him deliver the famous letter from prince-regent Shōtoku which begins: "The Son of Heaven where the sun rises (Japan), to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets (China), may good health be with you." (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607). * Yángdi is offended by his general Gao Jiong, who makes several comments critical of the emperor's policies, against Tujue submissive Yami Qaghan. He is executed (beheaded), and Gao's sons are exiled to the border provinces (Northern China). #### By topic ###### Religion * February 19 – The vacancy (*sede vacante*) that has existed on the papal throne, since the death last year of Sabinian, ends with the election of a Rome-born deacon of the Catholic Church. Pope Boniface III is appointed as the 66th pope, but dies the same year. * Emperor Phocas bestows the title "Universal Bishop" upon Boniface III, in an effort to improve relations with Rome. * October 11 – Thomas I is appointed as the 60th patriarch of Constantinople. * The Hōryū-ji Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, near Nara (Japan), is constructed. ### 608 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Heraclian revolt: Heraclius the Elder, exarch of Africa, and his son (also named Heraclius) revolt against Emperor Phocas, whose regime in Constantinople has become unpopular and violent. * Heraclius proclaims himself and his son as consuls, claiming the imperial title—and mint coins with the two wearing the consular robes. Syria and Palaestina Prima revolt. * Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia. ###### Europe * August 1 – The Column of Phocas at Rome is dedicated in honour of Phocas. The Corinthian column has a height of 13.6 m (44 ft). ###### Britain * Eochaid Buide succeeds his father Áedán mac Gabráin as king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland). ###### Asia * Sui Dynasty Emperor Yang of Sui expresses the desire to control routes to the West, leading to two and a half centuries of Chinese military and trading activities in Central Asia. #### By topic ###### Religion * September 25 – Pope Boniface IV succeeds Boniface III, as the 67th pope of Rome. * The observance of Halloween in the Roman Catholic Church is first recorded. * The Georgian Orthodox Church returns to Chalcedonism (approximate date). ### 609 #### By place ###### Byzantine Empire * Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (*comes Orientis*) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople. ###### Persia * Battle of Dhi Qar: Arab tribesmen of Bakr ibn Wa'il defeat a Persian force (5,000 men), at a watering place near Kufa (Southern Iraq). ###### Asia * Emperor Yángdi completes the Grand Canal; it provides an unbroken inland ship transport between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The canal network is 1,776 km (1,400 miles) long—linking five river systems—and extends from Beijing to the city of Hangzhou. * The Sui Dynasty government records a tax census of roughly 9 million registered households in the Chinese Empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people. * Shibi Khan becomes the ninth ruler (*khagan*) of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (approximate date). #### By topic ###### Religion * May 13 – The Pantheon in Rome is consecrated as "St. Mary and the Martyrs" (informally known as "Santa Maria Rotonda") by Pope Boniface IV (or 610). Significant people ------------------ Births ------ **600** * September 11 – Yuknoom the Great a Maya ruler of Calakmul * Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muslim caliph and Shī‘ah imām (approximate date) * Audomar, bishop of Thérouanne (approximate date) * Bhāskara I, Indian mathematician (approximate date) * Birinus, bishop of Dorchester (approximate date) * Candrakīrti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher * Cunibert, bishop of Cologne (approximate date) * Judoc, Breton noble and Catholic saint (d. 668) * Li Shimin, son of Chinese General Li Yuan (the Duke of Tang) * Remaclus, bishop of Maastricht (approximate date) * Wandregisel, Frankish monk and abbot (approximate date) * Yan Liben, Chinese painter (approximate date) **601** * September 13 – Ali, central figure in Shia Islam (d. 661) * Hongren, Chán (Buddhist) patriarch of the Tang Dynasty (d. 674) * Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 648) * Sigebert II, king of Austrasia and Burgundy (d. 613) * Zhangsun, empress of the Tang Dynasty (d. 636) **602** * Adaloald, king of the Lombards (d. 626) * Li Chunfeng, Chinese mathematician and historian (d. 670) * Liu Rengui, general and official of the Tang dynasty (d. 685) * Muawiyah I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate (d. 680) * Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 690) * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (d. 664) * Zhiyan, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (d. 668) * Muawiyah bin Abi-Sufyan, Caliph of Syria (d. 680) **603** * Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, Muslim scholar (approximate date) * Dagobert I, king of the Franks (d. 639) * Li Daozong, prince of the Tang Dynasty (approximate date) * Li Yuanji, prince of the Tang Dynasty (d. 626) * Pacal the Great, ruler (*ajaw*) of Palenque (d. 683) * Yeon Gaesomun, dictator of Goguryeo (d. 666) **604** * Oswald, king (*bretwalda*) of Northumbria (approximate date) **605** * Chlodulf, bishop of Metz * Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne (approximate date) * Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (approximate date) * Yang You, puppet emperor of the Sui Dynasty (d. 619) * Sisenand, king of the Visigoths (approximate date) * Yang Tong, puppet emperor of the Sui Dynasty (d. 619) **606** * Hafsa bint Umar, daughter of Umar and wife of Muhammad * Han Yuan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 659) **607** * Ali ibn Abi Talib, ruler of the Rashidun Caliphate (d. 661) * Hao Chujun, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 681) * Shenxiu, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch (d. 706) * Yang Gao, prince of the Sui Dynasty (d. 618) **608** * Charibert II, king of Aquitaine (approximate date) * Philibert of Jumièges, Frankish abbot (approximate date) **609** * Audoin, bishop of Rouen (d. 686) * Hafsa bint Umar, wife of Muhammad (approximate date) Deaths ------ **600** * March 13 - Leander, bishop of Seville possibly in 601) * Aedh Buidhe, king of Uí Maine (Ireland) * Beop, king of Baekje (Korea) * Bhavavarman I, king of Cambodia * Cainnech of Aghaboe, Irish abbot and saint (b. c.515) * Uatu mac Áedo, king of Connacht (Ireland) * Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry * Yang Jun, prince of the Sui Dynasty (b. 571) **601** * March 13 or 600 – Leander, bishop of Seville * Agilulf, bishop of Metz * Reccared I, king of the Visigoths (b. 559) * Bertha of Kent, Frankish-born Anglo-Saxon queen consort, canonized (b. c.565) (approximate date) * Sophia, Byzantine Empress consort (approximate date) **602** * September 10 – Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Chinese Sui dynasty (b. 544) * November 27 – Maurice, Byzantine emperor (b. 539) * Nu'man III, king of the Lakhmids * Ariulf, Lombard duke of Spoleto * Bayan I, ruler (*khagan*) of the Avars * Comentiolus, Byzantine general (*magister militum*) * Peter, Byzantine general (*curopalates*) * Theodosius, Byzantine co-emperor * Tiberius, Byzantine prince * Lady Xian, Chinese general (b. 512) **603** * Fintan of Clonenagh, Irish abbot * Liuva II, king of the Visigoths (b. 583) * Mungo, Brythonic bishop (or 614) * Tardu, ruler (*khagan*) of the Göktürks **604** * March 12 – Gregory I, pope of the Catholic Church * May 26 – Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date) * August 13 – Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui Dynasty (b. 541) * November 4 – Yohl Ik'nal, female ruler of Palenque (Mexico) * December 16 – Houzhu, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (b. 553) * Æthelric, king of Deira (approximate date) * Berthoald, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy) * Colmán Rímid, High King of Ireland * Sledd, king of Essex (approximate date) * Xiao Mohe, general of the Sui Dynasty (b. 532) * Yang Yong, prince of the Sui Dynasty **605** * Alexander of Tralles, physician (approximate date) * Brandub mac Echach, king of Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland) * Constantina, Byzantine empress (approximate date) * Damian, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria **606** * February 22 – Pope Sabinian * Colmán of Cloyne, Irish monk and poet * Cyriacus II, patriarch of Constantinople * Jianzhi Sengcan, patriarch of Chán * John Climacus, monk and writer * Paterius, bishop of Brescia (Italy) * Protadius, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy) * Pybba, king of Mercia (approximate date) * Yang Su, general of the Sui Dynasty * Yang Zhao, prince of the Sui Dynasty (b. 584) **607** * November 12 – Pope Boniface III * Desiderius, archbishop of Vienne (approximate date) * Gao Jiong, general of the Sui Dynasty * Trudpert, Irish missionary (or 644) **608** * Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata **609** * Qamishoʿ, Syriac Orthodox Grand Metropolitan of the East. * Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (or 600) * Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 561) * Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Arabian poet (approx.) * Kaegi, Walter E. (2003). *Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521814591.

600s (decade)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600s_(decade)

Year **419 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Lanatus, Rutilus, Tricipitinus and Axilla** (or, less frequently, **year 335 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 419 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Despite the Peace of Nicias still being in effect, Sparta's King Agis II gathers a strong army at Philus and descends upon Argos by marching at night from the north. His allied Boeotian forces fail him, but he is able to conclude a treaty with Argos. ### By topic #### Drama * Euripides' play *Andromache* is performed. * Sophocles' play *Electra* is performed. The play takes its theme from *The Libation Bearers* by Aeschylus. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

419 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/419_BC

Year **418** (**CDXVIII**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius** (or, less frequently, **year 1171 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 418 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, king of the Visigoths, into regaining Hispania for the Roman Empire. His victory over the Vandals in 416 forces them to retire to Andalusia. The Visigothic territory in Gaul now extends from the Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigothic Kingdom. * Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths. He completes the settlements in Gallia Aquitania and expands his military power to the south. ### By topic #### Religion * December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope. * Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome. He claims in a letter to Honorius his recognition as pope. Births ------ * Ricimer, Germanic Roman general * Yuryaku, emperor of Japan (approximate date) Deaths ------ * December 26 – Pope Zosimus * Attaces, king of the Alans * Wallia, king of the Visigoths

418

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/418

Year **41 BC** was either a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Vatia** (or, less frequently, **year 713 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 41 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. * Perusine War: An armed resistance breaks out across Italy; the Umbrian city of Sentinum is captured and destroyed by Quintus Salvidienus Rufus. * Lucius Antonius occupies Perusia. He accepts the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia. #### Egypt * Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and forms an alliance. He returns to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she has Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Births ------ * Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, Roman consul under Caesar Augustus (d. AD 33) Deaths ------ * Arsinoe IV, Egyptian princess and (half) sister of Cleopatra VII (b. 68 or 67 BC) * Pasherienptah III, Egyptian High Priest of Ptah (b. 90 BC) * Serapion, Egyptian general (*strategos*) and governor

41 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41_BC

Year **60 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Metellus Celer and Afranius** (or, less frequently, **year 694 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 60 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Gaius Julius Caesar suppresses an uprising and conquers all of Lusitania for Rome. * Creation of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus (or 59 BC). #### Syria * The Seleucid Empire comes to an end with the last two emperors being murdered on orders from Rome. #### China * The Han Dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin). Births ------ * Curia, wife of Quintus Lucretius Vespillo (approximate date) * Ptolemy XIV, king (pharaoh) of Egypt (or 59 BC) * Tryphon, Greek grammarian (approximate date) * Daeso, emperor of Dongbuyeo Deaths ------ * Aretas III Philhellen, king of Nabatea (approximate date) * Su Wu, Chinese diplomat and statesman (b. 140 BC)

60 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_BC

Year **425** (**CDXXV**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus** (or, less frequently, **year 1178 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 425 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Summer – Joannes, Roman usurper, is defeated at the fortified city of Ravenna and brought to Aquileia. After a humiliating parade on a donkey and the insults of the populace, he is executed. * October 23 – Valentinian III, six-year-old son of Galla Placidia, is installed as emperor (*Augustus*) of the Western Roman Empire. Real power is in the hands of his mother who becomes a regent. * Flavius Aetius leads a force of Huns (60,000 men) into Northern Italy. He reaches a compromise with Placidia, in return for obtaining the rank commander-in-chief (*magister militum*) in Gaul. * The Huns advance unopposed on Constantinople, but are halted by a plague that decimates their hordes (see 433). #### israel * The Sanhedrin is disbanded by the Roman Empire. ### By topic #### Arts and Sciences * Last known usage of Demotic script in Egypt. * c. 425–426 – Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is built. #### Education * February 27 – The University of Constantinople is founded by emperor Theodosius II at the urging of his wife Aelia Eudocia. #### Religion * Buddhism begins to spread to Southeast Asia. Births ------ * Iamblichus, Syrian philosopher * Zeno, Byzantine Emperor (approximate date) Deaths ------ * November 5 – Atticus, archbishop of Constantinople * Gamliel VI, last *Nasi* (head of the Sanhedrin) * Helian Bobo, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia (born 381) * Joannes, Roman usurper * Mavia, Arab warrior-queen * Sulpicius Severus, Christian writer (approximate date) * Yax Nuun Ayiin I 15th Ajaw of Tikal (approximate date)

425

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/425

Year **403** (**CDIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Rumoridus** (or, less frequently, **year 1156 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 403 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * June – Battle of Verona: The Visigoths, under command of King Alaric I, invade Italy again, and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho, with an army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce, and withdraws eastward to Illyricum. * Emperor Honorius and Stilicho are honored with a triumphal march, for the victories against the Goths and Vandals. This becomes the last victory celebrated in Rome. * Theodosius II, age 2, becomes consul of the Eastern Roman Empire. #### Asia * Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor. * Asin of Baekje allies with Silla against Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea). ### By topic #### Religion * The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again. Births ------ * Hilary, bishop of Arles (d. 449) * Yuan He, official of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 479) Deaths ------ * Epiphanius of Salamis, Church Father * Severin, bishop of Cologne * Sima Daozi, regent of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 364)

403

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/403

Year **66 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Tullus** (or, less frequently, **year 688 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 66 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Consuls: Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus. * Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 BC during the consulship of Cicero). * The alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken. * Tigranes II is forced to surrender, by a payment of 6,000 talents, and is reinstated by Pompey as a "friend of the Roman people" to hold Armenia as a buffer zone. * Battle of the Lycus: Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War. * Gaius Antonius elected Roman praetor. * The *lex Manilia*, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia. * Cicero becomes praetor in Rome. #### Judea * Aristobulus II becomes king and high priest of Judea, until 63 BC. Births ------ * Octavia (**the Younger**), grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC) Deaths ------ * Licinius Macer, Roman annalist

66 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_BC

Year **420 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. The denomination 420 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The young and popular Alcibiades is elected "Strategos" (one of a board of ten generals) and begins to dominate Athenian life and politics. A Quadruple Alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantineia and Elis, which has been organised by Alcibiades (in opposition to Nicias) confronts a Spartan-Boeotian alliance. ### By topic #### Drama * Euripides' play *The Suppliant Women* is performed. * Euripides' play *Phaethon* is performed. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Protagoras, Greek presocratic philosopher (b. c. 490 BC)

420 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_BC

Year **409 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cossus and Medullinus** (or, less frequently, **year 345 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 409 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Alcibiades recaptures Byzantium, ending the city's rebellion from Athens. This action completes Athenian control of the Bosporus which secures the Athenian supply route for grain from the Bosporan Kingdom in the Black Sea region. * The Athenian general, Thrasyllus, sails out from Athens with a sizable force to campaign in Ionia. There, he quickly captures Colophon and raids the Ionian countryside, but is defeated outside Ephesus by a combined Ephesian, Persian, and Syracusan force. * Pausanias succeeds his father Pleistoanax as Agiad king of Sparta. * The city of Rhodes is founded. #### Sicily * Taking advantage of the quarrels between the Greek cities in Sicily and of the mutual exhaustion of Athens and Syracuse, Carthage seeks to reimpose its influence over the island. Hannibal Mago, grandson of Hamilcar, invades Sicily with a strong force. He defeats the Sicilian Greeks and avenges his grandfather through the torture and killing of 3,000 Greek prisoners. In the Battle of Selinus and Battle of Himera he captures and destroys both cities before returning triumphantly to Carthage with the spoils of war. ### By topic #### Literature * Sophocles' play *Philoctetes* is performed, with the theme of the Trojan War. Deaths ------ * Pleistoanax, king of Sparta since 458 BC

409 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/409_BC

Year **402 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Ahala, Cornutus, Fidenas, Capitolinus, Esquilinus and Fidenas** (or, less frequently, **year 352 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 402 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Archelaus I, King of Macedonia, helps establish a pro-Macedonian oligarchy in Larissa in Thessaly. Births ------ * Phocion, Athenian statesman and general (d. c. 318 BC) Deaths ------ * Zhou wei lie wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

402 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/402_BC

Year **407 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Medullinus, Vibulanus, Volusus and Ahala** (or, less frequently, **year 347 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 407 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * The Athenian general Thrasybulus recaptures Abdera and Thasos. * The Spartan admiral Lysander refuses to be lured out of Ephesus to do battle with Alcibiades. However, while Alcibiades is away seeking supplies, the Athenian squadron is placed under the command of Antiochus, his helmsman, who is routed by the Spartan fleet (with the help of the Persians under Cyrus) in the Battle of Notium (or Ephesus). * The defeat gives the enemies of Alcibiades an excuse to strip him of his command. He never returns again to Athens. He sails north to land he owns in the Thracian Chersonese. Except for a brief appearance at Aegospotami, Alcibiades' involvement in the Peloponnesian War is over. #### Sicily * The exiled former leader of the moderate democrats of Syracuse, Hermocrates, is killed while attempting to force his way back into Syracuse. Births ------ * Speusippus, Greek philosopher (d. 339 BC) Deaths ------ * Hermocrates, leader of the moderate democrats of Syracuse

407 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/407_BC

Year **406 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Ambustus, Cossus and Potitus** (or, less frequently, **year 348 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 406 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Callicratidas is appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas assembles a fleet and sails to Methymna, on Lesbos, to which he lays siege. This move threatens the Athenian grain supply. * Alcibiades is replaced by a board of generals. Athens sends a member of the board, Admiral Conon, to relieve the siege of Mytilene. To defend Lesbos, Conon is forced to move his numerically inferior fleet from Samos to the Hekatonnesi islands near Methymna. When Callicratidas attacks him, Conon is forced back to Mytilene, where he is blockaded by Callicratidas' Spartan fleet. * Athens wins the Battle of Arginusae, near Lesbos, and the blockade of Conon is broken. To relieve Conon, the Athenians assemble a new fleet composed largely of newly constructed ships crewed by inexperienced sailors. This inexperienced fleet is inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders employ new and unorthodox tactics, which allow the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory. The Spartan force is soundly defeated, and Callicratidas is killed. * Returning to Athens after the battle, Theramenes leads Athenian agitation against the eight generals who have commanded in the engagement; the six who have returned to Athens are condemned for negligence in not having picked up survivors from the ships disabled in the battle. The Athenian generals (including Pericles' son) are put to death. * Sparta sues for peace, which the Athenian leader Cleophon rejects. Sparta yields to demands by the Persian satrap Cyrus that Lysander command a fleet in the Hellespont. #### Roman Republic * The Roman forces begin a decade-long siege against Veii. #### Carthage * The Carthaginians again invade Sicily and attack Agrigentum (Acragas). Plague breaks out in their camp and Hannibal Mago dies. Himilco assumes command and captures Agrigentum (Acragas), Gela and Camarina. Gela is destroyed and its treasures sacked. The survivors take refuge in Syracuse. The plague is carried back to Carthage by its soldiers. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Euripides, Athenian playwright (b. c. 480 BC) * Hannibal Mago, Carthaginian general * Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and politician (b. c. 495 BC)

406 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/406_BC

Year **432 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Mamercus, Albinus and Medullinus** (or, less frequently, **year 322 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 432 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Sparta calls and hosts a conference of the Peloponnesian League. The conference is attended by Athenian representatives as well as members of the League. Following arguments by Corinth against Athens, a majority of the League members vote to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace. * The Athenian admiral, Phormio, continues the siege of Potidaea by blocking the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile an Athenian fleet, led by Archestratus, sails for Potidaea. However, instead of attacking Potidaea, they attack the Macedonians under Perdiccas II, who have allied with the Potidaeans. The Athenians capture Therma (modern Thessalonica) and then go on to besiege Pydna. However, as the Athenians are besieging Pydna, they receive news that Corinth has sent a force under the command of Aristeus to support Potidaea. In response, Athens sends more troops and ships under the command of Hipponicus. The combined Athenian force sails to Potidaea and lands there. In the ensuing Battle of Potidaea, the Athenians are victorious against Corinth and its allies. #### Italy * The Greek colony of Heraclea in Southern Italy is founded by colonists from Tarentum and Thurii. #### China * The Chinese Marquis Yi of Zeng is buried (approximate date) with lavish tomb items including a 65 set of bronze bells (bianzhong) with five octave musical scale and two musical tones that can be produced by each bell. Marquis Yi was from the State of Chu during the Warring States phase of the Zhou Dynasty. ### By topic #### Astronomy * Meton of Athens, a Greek mathematician and astronomer, calculates accurately the comparative chronology of the solar and lunar cycles. As a result, he introduces the 19-year Metonic cycle into the Athenian calendar as a method of calculating dates. Working with Euctemon, he observes the summer solstice on 27 June. #### Architecture * Pheidias completes the sculptures that form the decoration of the Parthenon in Athens. Births ------ * Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse (d. 367 BC) (approximate birth date) Deaths ------ *

432 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/432_BC

Year **433 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Tribunate of Vibulanus, Fidenas and Flaccinator** (or, less frequently, **year 321 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 433 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pericles concludes a defensive alliance with Corcyra (Corfu), the strong naval power in the Ionian Sea, which is the bitter enemy of Corinth. As a result, Athens intervenes in the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra, and, at the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships play a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. Following this, Athens places Potidaea, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, under siege. * The Corinthians, upset by Athens' actions, lobby Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule). * Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the southwest corner of Italy and Leontini in southeast Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily. ### By topic #### Art * A set of sixty-five bells, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zhou dynasty) in Suixian, Hubei, is made. It is now preserved at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Zeng Hou Yi, marquis of the state of Zeng, subordinate to Chu

433 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/433_BC

Year **434 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Second year of the Consulship of Iullus and Tricostus** or the **Year of the Consulship of Capitolinus and Praetextatus** and the **Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Praetextatus and Capitolinus** (or, less frequently, **year 320 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 434 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the "Megarian decree") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara. * Philip, brother of Perdiccas II of Macedon challenges Perdiccas for the throne, and enlists the support of Athens and King Derdas of Elimea. Perdiccas responds by stirring up rebellion in a number of Athenian tribute cities, including Potidaea. * Anaxagoras is arrested by Pericles' political opponents on a charge of contravening the established dogmas of Athenian religion. It takes Pericles' power of oratory and persuasion to secure his release, and even then, he is fined and forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus in Ionia. ### By topic #### Mathematics * While in prison, Anaxagoras tries to square the circle with straightedge and compasses. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Duke Jing of Jin

434 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/434_BC

Year **693** (**DCXCIII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 693 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place ### Europe * Sisebert, archbishop of Toledo, leads a rebellion against King Ergica of the Visigoths. He plans to assassinate Ergica and his wife Liuvigoto but fails, and is defrocked and excommunicated. * April 25 – Sixteenth Council of Toledo: Ergica calls for a council of the church to deal with the security of the kingship. The rebels are anathematised and the *Forum ludicum* is modified. ### Britain * King Oshere of Hwicce (sub-kingdom of Mercia) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his four sons as apparent joint-kings: Æthelberht, Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric. * King Ine of Wessex establishes his West Saxon "Law of Codes", to regain authority in his kingdom. He consolidates Wessex's territory in the western peninsula (approximate date). #### Central America * May 31 – Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak is installed as the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala at the age of 5-years-old, under the regency of his mother, Wak Chanil Ajaw (Lady Six Sky) of Dos Pilas, and reigns until his death in 720. ### By topic #### Religion * Earconwald, bishop of London, dies and is succeeded by Waldhere. He is buried at St. Paul's Cathedral, and later revered as a saint. * Wulfram of Sens attends the assembly of bishops at Valenciennes (Northern France). * Callinicus I becomes the 71st patriarch of Constantinople, after Paul III. Births ------ * Alfonso I, king of Asturias (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Begga, Frankish abbess (b. 615) * Bridei III, king of the Picts * Earconwald, bishop of London * Fáelchar ua Máele Ódrain, king of Osraige (Ireland) * Oshere, king of Hwicce (Mercia) * Paul III, patriarch of Constantinople ### Sources * Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (third revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. * Kirby, D. P. (1992). *The Earliest English Kings*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09086-5.

693

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/693

Year **439** (**CDXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Festus** (or, less frequently, **year 1192 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 439 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Battle of Guoloph: Vitalinus (possibly Vortigern) is defeated at the hands of Ambrosius Aurelianus, and a combined force of Romano-British forces from across southern Britain. * Litorius, Roman general (*Magister militum per Gallias*), lays siege to Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat and is killed, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes King Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the *status quo*. * Licinia Eudoxia, wife of emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of *Augusta* following the birth of their daughter Eudocia. #### Byzantium * Winter – Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda, who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold. #### Africa * King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis. * October 19 – Carthage falls to the Vandals. Genseric makes it his capital and establishes the Vandal Kingdom. * The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations, who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples. ### By topic #### Religion * Isaac the Great, Armenian apostolic patriarch, dies at Ashtishat. He helped to develop a Greek-inspired alphabet, and translate the Bible, along with various Christian writings, into Armenian. * The *Historia Ecclesiastica* of Socrates of Constantinople is concluded, perhaps due to the author's death. * The monastery of Mar Saba is founded near Bethlehem (Palestine). Births ------ * Eudocia, Vandal queen and daughter of Valentinian III * Ming Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 472) * Sabbas the Sanctified, Christian monk and saint (d. 532) Deaths ------ * Isaac, patriarch of Armenia (b. 338) * Litorius, general of the Western Roman Empire * Sima Maoying, empress of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 393) * Spearthrower Owl, ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico)

439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/439

Year **692** (**DCXCII**) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 692 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Battle of Sebastopolis: The Byzantine army under Leontios is defeated at Sebastopolis, (modern Turkey) by Arab forces led by Muhammad ibn Marwan. During the battle, a "special military corps" (some 20,000 Slavs) under Neboulos deserts the Byzantine lines, and goes over to the Muslim Arabs. * Arab–Byzantine War: Muslims conquer Armenia, Iberia and Colchis, the last remaining Byzantine holdings east of the Taurus Mountains. Emperor Justinian II is forced to agree to joint Byzantine-Arab control of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (approximate date). #### Britain * King Ine of Wessex installs his kinsman, Nothelm, as ruler of Sussex. According to Bede, Sussex is subjected to Ine for a number of years. #### Asia * Empress Wu Zetian regains control of the Kingdom of Khotan in the Tarim Basin (Northwest China). #### Mesoamerica * The Temple of the Cross at Palenque (Mexico) is constructed to commemorate the rise of King K'inich Kan B'alam II to the throne (approximate date). ### By topic #### Religion * The Quinisext Council is held in Constantinople; it lays the foundation for the Orthodox canon law. Justinian II suppresses non-Orthodox religious practices, and orders the arrest of Pope Sergius I; the militias of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna refuse, and take the pope's side. Births ------ * Gundelina, Frankish abbess Deaths ------ * Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Arab sahabi (b. 624) * Asmā' bint Abi Bakr, companion of Muhammad * B'alaj Chan K'awiil, a Maya ruler of Dos Pilas (b. 625) * Two Ewalds, Saxon priests (approximate date) * Chrothildis, Frankish queen regent ### Sources * Bede (1990). Sherley-Price, Leo; Farmer, D.H. (Trans) (eds.). *Ecclesiastical History of the English People*. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044565-X. * Ostrogorsky, George (1956). *History of the Byzantine State*. Oxford: Blackwell.

692

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/692

Year **410** (**CDX**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year after the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius** (or, less frequently, **year 1163 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 410 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Empire * Spring – Constantine III crosses the Alps into Liguria (Northern Italy), but retreats to Gaul after Gerontius revolts in Spain against his son Constans II. * Raiders from Ireland, such as the Uí Liatháin and Laigin, harry the coasts of Wales. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonise large areas of what is called *Gwynedd*, in particular Llŷn, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date). * Flavius Constantius, Roman general and politician, is promoted to the rank of *magister militum*. He becomes the imperial adviser of Honorius, and the power behind the throne in the Western Roman Empire. * The Eastern Roman Empire sends six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with King Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor. * August 24 – The Visigoths under Alaric I sack Rome after a third siege. Slaves open the Salarian Gate and Goths loot the city for three days; according to Augustine in *The City of God* and others, comparatively few Roman men are killed and women raped. Only two churches are burned, and people who took refuge in churches are usually spared. Many Romans who survived the Sack flee to Africa, or to the Eastern Empire (see Saint Jerome). It is the first time since 390 BC that Rome has fallen to an enemy. This marks the decline of the Roman Empire. Only 45 years later, in 455 AD, Rome will again be sacked, this time by the Vandals who will kill, burn, and loot much more ferociously than the Visigoths in 410 AD. * Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes a hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul. * Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who becomes king of the Visigoths. * According to Zosimus, this is the year when Emperor Honorius sends his *Rescript* (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, ending Roman rule in Great Britain. However this is likely an example of scribal error. Most recently, David Woods has argued that the account refers instead to Raetia, a Roman province north of Italy. #### Britain * At around this time, one of the first Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain, Mucking, is established by the mouth of the Thames River. (approximate date) #### Europe * The city of Aléria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants. #### Asia * Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India). ### By topic #### Religion * Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed. * Honoratus founds the Monastery of Lérins on the île Saint-Honorat (France), and forms a monastic community. Births ------ * Pope Gelasius I, Pope in Catholic church (d. 496) * Severinus of Noricum, monk and saint (approximate date) Deaths ------ * Alaric I, king of the Visigoths * Hanzei, emperor of Japan (approximate date) * Maron, Syriac Christian monk * Murong Chao, emperor of Southern Yan (b. 385) * Yujiulü Shelun, khagan (emperor) of Xianbei

410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/410

Year **509** (**DIX**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Inportunus without colleague** (or, less frequently, **year 1262 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 509 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Clovis I (*Chlodowech*) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy. Births ------ * Kinmei, emperor of Japan (d. 571) * Wei Xiaokuan, general of Western Wei (d. 580) Deaths ------ * Chlodoric, king of the Ripuarian Franks * Sigobert the Lame, king of the Ripuarian Franks

509

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/509

Year **634** (**DCXXXIV**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantine Empire * Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius, ill, infirm, and unpopular with the Eastern Orthodox Church, is unable to personally lead the Byzantine army to resist the Muslim conquest of the Levant. He sends his brother Theodore to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories. Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontented with Byzantine rule. * July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome. #### Europe * King Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian nobles to put his 3-year-old son Sigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power in Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on Pepin of Landen, and extends his rule over the Bretons (approximate date). #### Britain * Eanfrith of Bernicia and his bodyguard are killed by King Cadwallon of Gwynedd, in an attempt to negotiate peace. Eanfrith's brother Oswald returns from 18 years exile in Dál Riata (modern Scotland), to claim the crown of Northumbria. * Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force of Scots (or Picts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a Welsh army near Hexham (northern England). He reunites Deira with Bernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria. #### Persia * Battle of the Bridge: Persian forces (10,000 men) under Bahman Jadhuyih defeat the Muslim Arabs at the Euphrates (near Kufa). The sight of elephants panics the Muslims, and many are killed. Bahman does not pursue the fleeing Arab army. #### Arabia * Battle of Firaz: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire and Arab Christians (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) in Mesopotamia (Iraq).[*full citation needed*] * February 4 – Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces under Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs around Gaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire. * The Rashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire, when Muslim forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah invade the Levant. Khalid sets out for Syria from Al-Hirah, taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong. * Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the Ghassanids at Al-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and plunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area. * Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of Damascus, to plunder the region.[*page needed*] * Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalid besiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at Bosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment of tribute on the inhabitants. * August 23 – Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I, who becomes the second caliph (*khalifah*) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria, Persia, and Egypt in a "Holy War". * September 19 – Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch. * Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj: A Byzantine convoy of Damascan refugees (10,000 men) is slaughtered by a Muslim army near Antioch. The Mobile Guard (elite light cavalry) captures a great amount of brocade. #### Asia * The Tuyuhun Kingdom is invaded by Chinese forces under Li Jing (Tang dynasty) during Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun, resulting in the murder of their leader (*khan*) Murong Fuyun in 635. * Tai Zong orders the construction of the Daming Palace in Chang'an. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor Gao Zu, as an act of filial piety. ### By topic #### Religion * Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, is summoned by King Oswald from Iona (Inner Hebrides) to establish a bishopric on the holy island of Lindisfarne, and reestablish Christianity in Northumbria (approximate date). * Birinus, Frankish missionary, lands at the port of "Hamwic" (now in the St. Mary's area of Southampton), on his mission to reconvert the West Saxons in England. About this time, the St Mary's Church is founded. * Sophronius becomes patriarch of Jerusalem. He sends synodical letters to Pope Honorius I and the Eastern patriarchs, explaining the Orthodox belief, by renouncing Monothelitism. Births ------ * Athanasius II Baldoyo, patriarch of Antioch (d. 686) * Chad of Mercia, Anglo-Saxon abbot (d. 672) * Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxon bishop (approximate date) * En no Ozunu, Japanese ascetic (approximate date) Deaths ------ * August 23 – Abu Bakr, Muslim Caliph * Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (Wales) * Eanfrith, king of Bernicia (northern England) * Sigeberht, king of East Anglia (approximate date) ### Sources * Akram, Agha Ibrahim *The Sword of Allah*: + Akram, A. I. (1969). "The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns". Lahore: Feroze Sons. Archived from the original on February 24, 2002. Retrieved June 8, 2013. + Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1970). *The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns*. Rawalpindi: National Publishing House. ISBN 978-07101-0104-4. * Bede. "Book III". *Ecclesiastical History of the English People*. Internet History Sourcebooks Project.

634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/634

Year **63 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Cicero and Hybrida** (or, less frequently, **year 691 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 63 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Roman Republic * Lucullus holds a triumph, then retires from war and politics to live a life of refined luxury. * Establishment of the Decapolis and Year 1 of the Pompeian era. * Pompey conquers the people of Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for the Roman Republic. * Roman annexation of the Seleucid Empire and of Judea as a client kingdom. King Judah Aristobulus II removed from power, while his brother John Hyrcanus II is reappointed king (ethnarch) under Roman suzerainty and high priest, until 40 BC. * Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II. * Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus and praetor for 62 BC. * Marcus Tullius Cicero is senior consul. He is the first *novus homo* (new man) to be elected to the consulship in 31 years. * Gaius Antonius Hybrida is junior consul. * Cato the Younger is elected tribune of the people for 62 BC, taking office in early December 63 BC. * Servilius Rullus, a Roman tribune, proposes an agrarian reform law. * Second Catilinarian Conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled by Cicero. #### Pontus * Pharnaces II becomes King of Pontus. Births ------ * September 23 – Augustus, first Roman Emperor (d. AD 14) * Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian (approximate date) (d. c. AD 10) * Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general (d. 12 BC) Deaths ------ * Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (b. 135 BC) * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, pontifex maximus and general (b. c. 130 BC or 127 BC) * Those involved in the organisation of the Catilinarian conspiracy in Rome, including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura

63 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63_BC

Year **441 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Fusus and Crassus** (or, less frequently, **year 313 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 441 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### China * Zhou ai wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the year's end, to be succeeded by Zhou si wang. ### By topic #### Literature * The Greek playwright, Euripides, wins his first victory in a dramatic festival. * The Greek playwright Sophocles writes *Antigone*. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * King Zhending of Zhou, 28th King of the Zhou dynasty of China * King Ai of Zhou, 29th King of the Zhou Dynasty of China * King Si of Zhou, 30th King of the Zhou Dynasty of China

441 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/441_BC

Year **443** (**CDXLIII**) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Paterius** (or, less frequently, **year 1196 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 443 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * The Burgundians sign a peace treaty with Rome, agreeing to serve as *foederati* in the Roman army. They begin to move from the Upper Rhine and Flavius Aetius, commander-in-chief (*magister militum*), gives them land in the Geneva area (Maxima Sequanorum). * Period of civil war and famine in Britain, caused by rival kingdoms and Pictish invasions; the situation aggravates tensions between Pelagian and Roman factions. Pro-Roman citizens migrate towards Gaul. ### By topic #### Religion * Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist monk, is an invited honored guest by emperor Wen of Liu Song (Liu Song Dynasty). He translates the Lankavatara Sutra from Sanskrit into the Chinese language. Births ------ Deaths ------ * Zong Bing, Chinese artist and musician

443

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/443

Year **447 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Macerinus and Iullus** (or, less frequently, **year 307 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 447 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Pericles leads Athenian forces in the expulsion of barbarians from the Thracian peninsula of Gallipoli, in order to establish Athenian colonists in the region. Thus Pericles starts a policy of cleruchy (klerouchos) or "out-settlements". This is a form of colonisation where poor and unemployed people are assisted to emigrate to new regions. * A revolt breaks out in Boeotia as the oligarchs of Thebes conspire against the democratic faction in the city. The Athenians, under their general Tolmides, with 1000 hoplites plus other troops from their allies, march into Boeotia to take back the towns revolting against Athenian control. They capture Chaeronea, but are attacked and defeated by the Boeotians at Coronea. As a result, the Athenians are forced to give up control of Boeotia as well as Phocis and Locris, which all fall under the control of hostile oligarchs who quit the Delian League. * The middle component of the Long Walls from Athens to the port of Piraeus is completed. ### By subject #### Literature * Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, produces his first play. #### Architecture * Pericles commissions the architects Kallikrates and Iktinos to design a larger temple for the Parthenon and the construction begins on rebuilding the great temple of Athena (the Parthenon) on the Acropolis at Athens soon afterwards. Births ------ * Deaths ------ *

447 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/447_BC

Year **410 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Mamercinus and Volusus** (or, less frequently, **year 344 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 410 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Greece * Commanding 20 ships, the Athenian generals Theramenes and Thrasybulus collaborate with Alcibiades and the main Athenian fleet in inflicting a major defeat on the Spartan navy commanded by Mindarus and its supporting Persian land army near Cyzicus on the shore of the Propontis (Sea of Marmara). As a result of its victory in the Battle of Cyzicus, Athens regains control over the vital grain route from the Black Sea. * Alcibiades installs a garrison at Chrysopolis under Theramenes to exact a tithe from all shipping that comes from the Black Sea. This revenue enables the Athenians to put an end to the regime of the Five Thousand and restore their traditional institutions in full. Democracy is restored in Athens. The new demagogue Cleophon dismisses peace overtures made by Sparta. * An Oligarchic revolt in Corcyra is unsuccessful. #### Cyprus * Evagoras re-establishes his family's claim as kings of Salamis which has been under Phoenician control for a number of years. ### By subject #### Art * A relief decoration from the parapet (now destroyed), *Nike (Victory) adjusting her sandal* is constructed in the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens and is ready in 407 BC. It is now preserved at the Acropolis Museum in Athens. * The grave stele of Hegeso is made and is finished about ten years later (approximate date). It is now preserved at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. Births ------ * Deaths ------ * Hippocrates of Chios, Greek mathematician and astronomer (approximate date)

410 BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/410_BC

Year **448** (**CDXLVIII**) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Praetextatus and Zeno** (or, less frequently, **year 1201 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 448 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Byzantium * Emperor Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila the Hun; Anatolius, an Eastern Roman general (*magister militum*) responsible for the security of the Eastern frontier, achieves a peace treaty with the Huns, in exchange for an annual tribute of 950 kilograms (2,100 lb) of gold per year. * Attila demands in the treaty the evacuation of the territory running from *Singidunum* (Belgrade, in Serbia) 500 kilometres (300 mi) east along the Danube to *Novae* (Svishtov, in Bulgaria). This depopulated buffer zone deprives the Romans of their natural defensive advantages. * Theodosius II orders all non-Christian books burned. #### Europe * Flavius Aetius suppresses the Bagaudae in Armorica (Gaul), and defeats the Salian Franks under King Chlodio near Arras (Belgica Secunda); the invaders are stopped around a river-crossing near *Vicus Helena*. * Rechiar succeeds his father Rechila as king of the Suebi in Galicia (Northern Spain). He marries a daughter of the Visigoth king Theodoric I and converts to Catholicism. #### China * Kou Qianzhi, Chinese Daoist reformer, dies after having converted emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei and having established Daoism as the country's dominant religion. His death presages a revival of Buddhism as China's dominant faith. ### By topic #### Religion * Eutyches is accused of heresy at a synod held in Constantinople. Births ------ * Cyriacus of Athens, Greek anchorite and saint (d. 557) Deaths ------ * Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official and Daoist (b. 365) * Rechila, king of the Suebi (approximate date) * Saint Germanus, bishop of Auxerre (approximate date)

448

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/448

Year **446** (**CDXLVI**) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Aetius and Symmachus** (or, less frequently, **year 1199 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 446 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events ------ ### By place #### Europe * Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visits Ravenna, seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties—all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany). * The Britons and Anglo-Saxon mercenaries, under King Vortigern, appeal to Flavius Aetius (*magister militum* of Gaul) for military assistance in their struggle against the Picts and Irish. Aetius has enough problems with Attila the Hun and is unable to send any help (according to *Groans of the Britons*). * The Cor Tewdws (College of Theodosius), Llantwit Major (Wales), is supposedly burned down by Irish pirates. #### China * Three Disasters of Wu: The Northern Wei Dynasty begins persecuting Buddhists, having heretofore encouraged them. The drain of manpower and tax money to temples and monasteries has threatened the secular government, and the reaction is fierce: monks and nuns are murdered, temples and icons destroyed. All men under age 50 are prohibited from joining any monastic order in a program that will continue until 450, helping the Confucianist philosophy of the Han Dynasty to gain dominance over Buddhism. ### By topic #### Religion * A local synod is held by Turibius of Astorga. * Flavian becomes patriarch of Constantinople. Births ------ Deaths ------ * February 19 – Leontius of Trier, Bishop of Trier * Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth, king of Leinster (Ireland) * Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)

446

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/446