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{ "a_id": [ "dae3ein", "dae5415" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "You file a case in trial court. If it's a question of federal law, you can file it directly in federal trial court (called the District Court). You can also file federally if the parties are diverse (that is, they're from different states) and you meet a certain dollar amount in controversy (it was $75,000 when I was in law school, not sure if they've changed it again). Otherwise you have to file in the state court system of your state. (But if can still get to the Supreme Court if there's a federal issue involved.) \n\nThe other way cases are initiated that often involve federal questions is if you get arrested and the state initiates a criminal prosecution against you.\n\nAfter trial (either in state or federal district court), the losing party cas file an appeal. Most (all?) court systems in the U.S. have at least one appeal as of right, which means you are guaranteed an opportunity to make your case to the appellate court. N.B. that if the defendant in a criminal trial is found not guilty, the state cannot appeal.\n\nThe federal appeals court is called the Circuit Court. There are 13. States have similar mid-level appeals courts.\n\nAfter you lose at the Circuit Court you can file a writ of certiorari to the US Supreme Court. There's no guarantee they will hear your case. They pick cases based on whether they think there's a question of law that needs an answer, not in order to do justice in individual cases.\n\nIf you're in state court, the state will have a similar process to get to the state Supreme Court, although there might be more or fewer levels in some states. If you lose in your state Supreme Court, if you think the state system got a rule of federal law wrong, you can file a writ of cert. to the US Supreme Court from there too. But if it's a matter of state law (like, what exactly counts as that state's version of second-degree murder, or the proper width of sidewalks, or whatever), the US supCt has neither inclination nor authority to consider it.\n\nThere are some exceptions, but this is the basic way it works.", "You go to trial in a city or country court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the state appellate court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the state supreme court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to the federal circuit court. You lose.\n\nYou appeal to SCOTUS. They decide to take your case.\n\nNote there are a lot of variations to this. You can win, and your opponent can appeal. If the grounds for appeal is a matter of federal law, or a interstate dispute, you might go straight to the district court. But in general, every case starts at the local level, and moves through the state, then federal level before it winds up in the Supreme Court. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfpw02n", "cfpxhn7" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Lots of cramping and dehydration. ", "Once when I had to go under colonoscopy I took laxatives for a period of time, up until it would still make me want to go, but nothing would come out. Didn't hurt or anything, it's just like normal pooping, but much cleaner :P" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwylo6j" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I'm not an expert on neuron regeneration, but I can tell you that the liver contains stem cell which mitotically active (able to divide) which is why the liver can regenerate. Neurons are not mitotically active, and do not contain stem cells, so if the cell body is destroyed, they cannot regenerate. Axons, however, can regenerate, but this does not involve cell division, just cell growth. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eqlc8pv" ], "score": [ 10 ], "text": [ "It’s a combination of things. First, basic nutrition is pretty simple and everyone largely knows it. Eat more vegetables, eat less meat, eat less processed foods, drink less soda, that kind of thing. Those kinds of things aren’t very interesting to write about because you can describe them in like one sentence.\n\nBut more importantly, people want easy answers or tricks, not straightforward obvious advice that requires potentially restructuring their entire diet. Telling someone to eat more vegetables doesn’t get a lot of hits, it’s boring advice and they don’t want to eat vegetables. What people want to hear is how to have a good diet and still mostly eat all the same things they’re currently eating. There’s no real way to do that, so people come up with lots of fancy diets and pills and whatnot and justify it with pseudoscience, because that’s what people reading diet websites are looking for." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7ursy9" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Well, the proof that it's wrong is that you *can* touch a pencil.\n\nIt turns out that, when you sum up all those fractions of inches, you don't get infinity. Instead you get 1." ] }

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[ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series#Zeno.27s_paradoxes" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "day5shi" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "If you can fully solve this you'll likely be up for a noble peace price. No one 100% knows. Cognitive Psychologists believe it has to with the person's upbringing and their outlook on the world. Most of us grow up thinking that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. But once you realize that's not 100% true it can lead to depression, depending on how you cope. There's also other theories based in different psychological branches. As far as the neuroscience aspect, no one really knows and our knowledge of the human brain is minimal at best. We have some knowledge, like what is bad and good for brain. But when it comes down why something isn't right, we just don't do not know, since it varies from person to person. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4ndqq9" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Well the sun wouldn't go out. It would actually burn brighter. Water molecules are two parts hydrogen and and one part oxygen. The sun uses hydrogen to burn (hydrogen makes up most of the sun's mass) so by adding water you'd be adding more fuel. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxq5ryi", "cxqi7s9" ], "score": [ 22, 3 ], "text": [ "I do this too and have no idea why. I suspect it's a reflex due to not having a good place for my pinkie to be, I have larger hands and most cups and glasses I use aren't big enough to have space for my pinkie to sit comfortably. My water bottle is larger and my pinkie does not pop up when I drink from that. \nTL;DR auto-fancy taking over.", "The fingers share a common muscle connection that goes up into the forearm. This makes them generally move together. The pinkie is connected to both the shared muscles as well as its own set of muscles. The pinkie's movements are a balance between the shared muscles and the dedicated muscles. The relative strength & flexibility between these muscle connections will determine where your pinkie naturally wants to go compared to the other fingers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cd7py8n", "cd7q5h1" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The color of an object is defined by which wavelengths of light they reflect. A blue ball for example absorb all wavelengths except for blue, which it reflects. \nThe sun comes in to play because it's what makes the light, but the surface of the object it shines on defines the color of the object. If the sun produces none of the wavelengths that an object would reflect, then the object would have no color (be black to us).", "So let's start from the brain and work backwards.\n\n* Our brain interprets various patterns of signals from the optic nerve as different colors.\n\n\n* Stimulation of the cone cells in our retinas are what create the aforementioned patterns of signals in our optic nerve. We have three types of cone cells, each responding to a different wavelength of light, and triggering different ones at different intensities create different signals in the optic nerve.\n\n* The three types of cone cells respond to different wavelengths of light because they each contain a different type of pigment. Each type of pigment reacts to a specific range of wavelengths, and will change shape when hit by a photon within that range, which is what triggers the signal on the optic nerve.\n\n* If we're looking at an apple, the photon that we're seeing came from some source, was absorbed by molecules in the apple, and then re-emitted toward our eyes (i.e. reflected).\n\n* The apple's molecules are shaped in such a way that they will absorb some wavelengths and convert them into heat, but re-emit other wavelength.\n\n* When a bunch of photons of various wavelengths from the sun hit an apple, most of them are absorbed, but some of them are reflected (i.e. re-emitted).\n\nThus the apple looks red because some photons of the correct wavelength to trigger our red cone cells hit the apple, and the apple's molecules are shaped in such a way as to absorb and re-emit them, while simultaneously *not* re-emitting photons of the right wavelength to trigger the blue or green cones.\n\nFinally, to answer your question, the apple looks red because it reflects \"red\" photons, but not \"blue\" or \"green\" (or \"whatever\") photons. I use quotes, because you can't really say that a photon is a certain color, but only that it has a certain wavelength that triggers our cones to tell our brain that we saw a certain color. However, if no \"red\" photons were hitting it, we wouldn't be able to see that it was red, because there would be no \"red\" photons to bounce off to our eyes. For instance, if it were illuminated only by blue light, the apple would look black (or perhaps dark gray).\n\nSo I guess you would be correct in stating that objects both have an inherent color *and* that their (perceived) color is dependent on the light source." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crbxoyh", "crbygvv", "crbzan8", "crc1oh6" ], "score": [ 10, 4, 96, 14 ], "text": [ "In many cases, this is a legal requirement.\n\nIn quite a few countries, every internet connection needs to be traceable. Hence why you need to register, often even with your phone number or identity card.", "Often, to get your email address so they can ~~spam you~~ offer you services from their partners that may be interest. Enough people fail to un/tick the appropriate box to make it worthwhile for them.", "Two reasons.\n\nOne, legal requirement. They need to be able to track whoever downloaded kiddie porn while sitting in their local McD.\n\nTwo, generating and then selling user profiles with personal information such as email or phone number = profit.", "They don't care about your email address, as some posters are saying. And, in the US anyway, there is no legal requirement to have a splash page, but they usually have a acceptable use policy they want you to agree to. \n\nWhat they are doing is tracking you for marketing purposes. They track when you visit, and how long you stay at a minimum. If it's a large area, like a mall, they can track where you are, where you were, what stores you went into, etc. They can actually do this even if you never sign in, because your device's MAC address is included in the beacon packets sent to discover Wi-Fi networks, and for location they simply use triangulation combined with a high density of access points, many of which are actually passive. Newer access points are including Bluetooth radios for finer location granularity.\n\nI realize this sounds a bit tinfoil hat, but this is commercially available stuff. They don't really want to do anything with the data but find better ways to sell you stuff. Do you visit every Tuesday but missed a couple weeks? Monday perhaps a coupon shows up. Did you visit the Gap but just walked through on the way to your parking spot? If enough people do that, they set up more interesting displays, tailored to your demographic. Stuff like that.\n\nEdit: here's an example of this type of technology. _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/enterprise-networks/connected-mobile-experiences/index.html?vs_f=Products+Launch+RSS+Feeds&vs_p=Cisco+Connected+Mobile+Experiences+Boost+Revenues+with+Better+Service&vs_k=1" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxf1c8m" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "A gun show is where vendors pay a event coordinator money for tables to sell their wares. It takes place at fairgrounds, meeting halls, and pretty much any space where there is room.\n\nPeople are opposed to gun shows because they believe you can buy anything there, illegal or legal with no paperwork. This is both true and false. In most states transfer of firearms between citizens in a private sale is completely legal, but 90% of the time vendors at a show are licensed sellers and perform a background check.\n\nMost of the private sellers, at least around here, sell over priced antiques or rifles that have been beat to hell no one wants any more.\n\nAlso, the ATF usually has a presence, either overt with a booth or covert with agents trying to sell illegal things to vendors or catching vendors turning over guns too fast after buying them from someone." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cb9abs6", "cb9achr" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "Depends on the state.", "Obamacare isn't a thing you can get, it's a nickname for a huge law.\n\nBut if you don't have any income you should already be eligible for medicaid, if not that you can probably get your health insurance paid for or partially paid for through the healthcare exchanges. The system is designed so that the poorest of people don't have to pay (or pay much) for healthcare." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3nzk5e" ], "score": [ 27 ], "text": [ "In the 50s the USA pulled down a democratical elected Man (Mosadegh) in Iran from his power because he were against the interests of the west (oil privatisation) and then they placed a western-friendly dictator, the shah of Iran, who were in fact not religous but authoritarian. One time people of Iran had enough of him and they began to protest. Some demonstrators were killed by the iranian military, which led to more and more demonstrators, that in Tehran a million people stood against the Regime and the iranian army refused to shoot at them anymore. That was the time the Ayatollah came, an extreme religious leader which coordinated the demonstrations against the regime from outside of Iran. because of that the ayatollah came to power and people's clothing and behaving in public changed. Saddam Hussein in Iraq was also a western supported dictator who at the end started a war against Iran (backed by The West), lost and attacked the southern neighbour Kuwait which angered the west, this was the time he was pulled down. People in those countries suffered most of the interventions of the west." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cd6eshv", "cd6exao", "cd6focj" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I always guessed that it's dangerous to shoot a person holding a gun to me at point blank range because Rigor Mortis or muscle spasms can set in to the shooter immediately after his death shooting me too. \n\n(_URL_0_). \n\nThis is just my theory though.", "* The time-honored western thing: who's the fastest draw/shooter...which gives us\n* \"You shoot me, I'll shoot you as I go down.\" Lots of people shouting that makes for good drama. :)\n* And tension.\n* Also, its a movie. Physics doesn't have to (necessarily) apply.\n* And besides, its good entertainment. Anything to draw out the moment, right?\n* Its a movie. The guns are probably filled with blanks.", "Two major reasons I can think of.\n\n1) There is a good chance you will still get shot. When you are hit by a bullet you do not instantly die like in a video game or if you are a mook in a movie. If you are having the big stand off that is usually the hero and a major villian so even if one shoots the other can shoot back before they die. If you miss something vital you leave yourself open for a more well aimed shot.\n\n2) It is psychologically very difficult to kill someone. That is why in movies if you want to show how much of a sociopath someone is you show them cavalierly shooting someone." ] }

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[ [ "http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dq68g7u", "dq68jpi", "dq68xth", "dq69jwn" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Because \"it's obvious\" is not the same as \"this is what it actually is\". You can't legally advertise a rating that you haven't been officially given yet, since that would be lying.", "The movie producer doesn't have the authority to show a rating until the final cut of the movie has been reviewed. The trailer gets produced and edited before that, and even though they might know by the time the trailer is showing, there isn't time to edit another version and distribute it. Teaser trailers are shown in theaters before the final cut is done, so in that case it's just impossible to have a rating. While you might envision a formula that lets anyone determine the rating for a film, that's exactly the opposite of how the system works.", "Check out the MPAA and the doc \"This film is not yet rated\"\n\nThe MPAA is a \"non-government\" trade organization which rates films so that the government does not get involved in the film-rating business. It's \"technically\" voluntary, but not going through their process is the quickest way to make sure your film is never seen (the NR rating).\n\nThe Rating System itself is \"somewhat\" arbitrary due to how certain \"weights\" are assigned. As an example, the movie \"Romy and Micheles High School Reunion\" was rated R because it had 3~ F-bombs, but no nudity and the general content as about PG~ (maybe PG13) level. The movie Annie (the one with Carol Burnett and Tim Curry) was PG due to one \"damn.\"\n\nThat said, it's fairly obvious what movies will get R ratings... but the MPAA may demand certain scenes be removed to stay below the NC-17 mark. Likewise the producers may be aiming for a PG13 rating (like the Marvel films).\n", "They are not allowed to display any rating until it has be officially rated. They have to go through the entire process before they can put a rating on it, no matter how obvious it may be. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "docu8yf", "dod07qe" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "In music the simple relationship is that the frequency of a sound wave is its pitch.\n\nHowever, sound obeys a cool property called superposition: if you play two sounds simultaneously then you can just add up the two waveforms and that's the combined sound. This is how a single groove on a record can give the sound of an entire symphony of players playing different instruments and notes.\n\nThe idea of *just* looking at the frequency of a sound wave evokes the idea that a sound wave is just going to be a simple [sine wave](_URL_1_), but that's a really boring tone. An actual instrument will have a something that looks [much more interesting](_URL_0_).\n\nWhen analyzing such a sound it's common to look at it in terms of a sum of different sine waves. You can break the wave up and say \"that's an A at 440 Hz, plus a C at 522 Hz but only 40% as loud, plus ...\" When you pluck just a single string on a guitar you're getting a sound that contains some fundamental frequency, which is generally the lowest and strongest of the frequencies it produces, plus a bunch of overtones. That's what makes a guitar sound like a guitar and a pipe organ sound like a pipe organ, even while playing the same note.\n\nA tuner needs to be able to work with all sorts of different instruments, so it tries to pull out that fundamental frequency. When you play a chord it again tries to pull out the fundamental frequency, and it settles on the root of the chord--A, in this case--which is some combination of lowest and loudest in the chord. The fundamental frequencies for the strings playing C/C# and E are both present, as are all the overtones for all the strings, but the A is the one that the tuner is picking up. ", "All the other answers are right, but here's the simple, simple version.\n\nYou played a chord, which is multiple notes at the same time. Your guitar tuner doesn't have a way to say \"A major\" or \"A minor\". It only listens for one note at a time.\n\nIf you play multiple notes, it's still just listening for one.\n\nIt's like if you're trying to sort apples into one box and oranges into another box, and then you find a fruit salad. Which box does it go into?\n" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.audioundone.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1.21.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Simple_sine_wave.svg/1024px-Simple_sine_wave.svg.png" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "crj548c" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The department budget which is funded by tax dollars and money made back from anything like tickets, police auctions etc" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqnixud" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Our faces are actually slightly asymmetrical. If you took an image of your face, split it down the middle, and mirrored the left side over the right or the other way around, you would get a face that looks off.\n\nFor the eyes, the appearance of the size of the eye often depends on the eyelid (some types of makeup applied on the eyelids try to amplify this effect). People with double eyelids (a crease in the eyelid so that it looks like two folds) look like they have more open eyes than people without double eyelids. However, the crease may be slightly different in one eye vs. the other so that one eye may appear smaller or more closed." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ef1kw75", "ef1ky20", "ef1lnrk", "ef1uykf" ], "score": [ 8, 4, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Many cities have water towers that use the force of gravity to pressurize your water, so when you use it, it is essentially pushed by gravity to your faucet or wherever.", "Gravity. Towns with hills will pump water up to a storage tank and let gravity do the rest. Towns with no hills... that’s where water towers come in.", "There are a couple of different ways depending on your geography. The easiest way to keep the water pressurized is to have a water reservoir on a hill so that the water gets pressurized on the way down from the hill. The issue then is how do you get the water up the hill if there is no water on the hill. And for this there is pumps which can pump water from sources further down and up the hill to refill the reservoir. Depending on how much water is being used the water level in the reservoir might become lower but the pumps will be able to refill it over time when people are not using as much water. But the pumps can not turn on and off fast enough to match the load exactly. But there can be other issues, what if you do not have a hill to place your reservoir on. Then you just place a tank on top of a tall building or tower. This is why you often see big water tanks on top of building and as free standing water towers in towns. But then what if you can not build tall structures to mount your tanks on. It is possible to have a pressure tank in the system which is filled with air. Unlike water air will compress when pressurized. So as the pumps add water to the pipes the pressure increases causing the air in the tank to compress letting water into the pressure tank. When the demand for water is higher then the pumps can supply the compressed air will push the water out of the tank. This is a more expensive system but is an option where an elevated water tank is not desired.", "There’s several ways. \n\n1) Water from a high reservoir is piped to a low place. Gravity does the work\n2) The water is pumped from a low place to a high place like a reservoir or water tower. Then gravity does the rest of the work\n3) Pumps without a reservoir or tower " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddlfljd" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Solid Objects are (on the whole, on average) square or cuboid. Crates stack cuboids well. Liquids fill their container. Barrels provide good volume per surface area, but don't fit cuboids well. Barrels have a worse volume per surface area, but the liquid fits it perfectly every time." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4eqyc2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Borax is sodium tetraborate decahydrate. It is a mineral salt of boric acid.\n\nIn some smelting processes it is used as a flux. A flux is something added to the smelt to help remove impurities in the metal. Borax and other fluxes help by bonding with the impurities and causing them to float to the top where they can be skimmed off as slag." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e4xqm4r", "e4xqubo" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "People carry dominant and recessive traits in their genes. When two people have a child, the dominant and recessive traits from both get passed to the child to some degree, with some of them dropping off, usually some of the recessive ones.\n\nWhat this means is that if you have two blond haired blue eyed parents, you're likely to have a blond haired blue eyed child. But if one of the parents has green eyes, you may end up with a red haired brown eyed child due to the interaction of the dominant and recessive traits.\n\nThe same is true for blood types. If someone O+ has a child with someone A-, that child could be A- (safest for A- mother) but could also be A+. AB- AB+ or O, based on the interplay of traits contributed from both parents.", "This is due to each cell containing information from their father as well as their mother. Everybody has two so called \"genotypes\" and one (possibly 2) so called \"Phenotypes\"\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThe Phenotype describes the \"strong\" inherited DNA whilst the genotype describes both parts that you recieved from your parents.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFor example: Your father has blue, your mother brown eyes. There is a big chance that you carry both these genes whilst one is more dominant than the other, so you end up with blue eyes, even though your DNA contains the info for both. so your Phenotype is Blue, yet your genotype is blue and brown.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThese informations will be passed on to your children, so each of your children can recieve either your brown or blue eye DNA that you carry in yourself, depending on what part of the DNA your partner contributes determines your childrens eye color. Lets say your partners parents had brown and green eyes. That would yield the possibility of brown eyed, blue eyed and green eyed children. \n\nIts hard to explain (especially since english is not my 1st language)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nYou have 3 \"basic\" Blood types: A, B and 0\n\n & #x200B;\n\nLets say your father has A0 as his genotype (his phenotype is A since A is dominant, whilst 0 is so called recessive \\[weaker\\]), whilst your mother has B0 as her genotype. That could yield all 4 possible outcomes of the AB0-Bloodtype. Your parents children could be AB, A, B or 0 as their expressed Phenotype.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIts basically 2 parts your cell carry that can be passed down from generations, of which only one can be expressed in you, but that doesnt mean that you can give these traits to your children.\n\nHere is a picture to hopefully make it clearer what Im trying to explain: [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO_system_codominance.svg/942px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABO\\_system\\_codominance.svg/942px-ABO\\_system\\_codominance.svg.png" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d6rsduj" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "The acidity of your urine irritates the area of inflammation in your bladder/urethra. Water-soluble over-the-counter cystitis remedy is composed of salts that lower the acidity of your urine, which in turn lessens the irritation. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ed0lg16", "ed0lno7", "ed7ab4z" ], "score": [ 5, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "They all deal with topics related to Bond and the music tends to pay tribute to the original Bond theme(s) or other songs that were written for the other Bond films. For example, Chris Cornell's \"You know my name\" was inspired by Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\" and Tom Jones' \"Thunderball\" two previous Bond themes.", "I think OP’s question is more of what is it about the song that makes you know it’s a Bond song, even if you hear it outside of a James Bond movie? ", "I imagine the producers give the musicians the musical versionof a design brief-- basically, specs for what they want the finished product to be like, so that it supports their brand. In the case of the Bond movie songs, it seems like they want something moderately slow-tempo, portentious lyrics relating to danger/espionage/sexxxxyness, and a mysterious sound-- in short, something that pairs well with the title sequence, which itself has a certain on-brand mood to it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnrxtxk" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "In Utah they used a variation of the \"Please, think of the children\" theme. The Utah AG's office argued to the court that the State has an interest in promoting child birth and stable families, and that same-sex marriages hurts the institution and somehow dissuades opposite-sex couples from marrying.\n\nNever mind that:\n\n* There are opposite-sex couples who can't conceive, yet are still granted marriage licenses.\n\n* Divorce rates and the number of single-parent households are higher than ever under current marriage laws." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn8va49" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Part of the plumbing for a house is in the Attic. The Attic temperature changes the temperature of the water in the pipes that are in the Attic. After some time on the temperature of the water generally stabilizes, as it will not be heated or cooled by the attic. In addition the type of piping can change the way heat is released into the pipes. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9tvsm2", "d9tw79b" ], "score": [ 9, 2 ], "text": [ "If you roll your tongue, then you're automatically superior to others and must immediately ask anyone you come across, \"Can you roll your tongue, dude?\". Should they fail to do so, you give them a look of disapproval and slowly back off. When meeting them again, remember that you're better than them in every way and that you should remind them as such whenever you can.\n\nOh wait. This is ELI5, not AskReddit.\n\nTongue-rolling gives you pretty much no advantage nowadays, and it's a pretty random gene. And since mating in humans nowadays isn't based on the tongue-rolling gene, you don't have better or worse chances of mating and having kids that might carry the gene. In the end, it's kind of like hair color- different from person to person, but not having any really important purpose.", "There is not a lot of supporting evidence that says tongue rolling is genetic. The common wisdom is that tongue rolling is dominant and non rolling is recessive. But two parents who cannot roll their tongue can have a child that does. Also in Twin studies identical twins are not more likely to share the trait than fraternal twins." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6vwo8n", "d6w0id1", "d6w83b8", "d6wab0l", "d6waoos", "d6wfnsr", "d6wm9yy", "d6wpss2", "d6wy5dk", "d6xaaip" ], "score": [ 2120, 179, 6, 2, 25, 2, 32, 159, 10, 2 ], "text": [ "It is sent from the sender's phone to their phone carrier. In my case Vodafone but it could be AT & T, BT, Orange - whatever.\n\nMuch like an e-mail, it is routed to the correct telephone number (it may as well be an IP address for this explanation). The phone sends a signal back to the provider saying it has received the message. If no such reply is found, the provider keeps the text message on a server somewhere and next time the phone is turned on and sends it's handshake to the provider (remember it takes 2-10 seconds sometimes when you first turn it on to get signal), the provider checks to see a list of any messages, voicemails etc that need alerting and then it sends out the push notification. the handset receives it, and sends back the reply stating it's received it.\n\nThe text message is then on the phone and depending on your provider, kept on record for hours, days, weeks, years or forever on their end.\n\nDuring this process, they may send it out every hour or every day just on the off-chance. This is why sometimes you don't get a text for a day but then get the same one 3 times in a row. The system is out of sync.", "Oh finally something I can actually answer. \n\nCore network engineer here. There is a server in provider network called IP-SM-GW or IP short message gateway. It stores the message for an arbitrary amount of time (different per provider) and sends it to the user once he registers with the network. Now this applies to IP networks (most providers are switching to them now) but in the older infrastructure there was a different node responsible for the same function called SMSC or SMS center. Basically the same thing just with different transport layer.", "So what happens when someone sends you a bunch of texts, but you don't receive them for a couple days?", "My phone was turned off for two weeks while I was out of the country, and when I got back to the states I spoke to a few friends and it turned out I only got like a quarter of the texts. Any explanation as to why they didn't all go through? Is it because my phone was off for so long that Verizon would have deleted the earliest ones and I only got the more recent texts?", "I have the answer to this.\n\nAre you ready for the answer to this?\n\nOkay, you said you're ready for the answer to this.\n\nI'm sending the answer to this.\n\nTransfer Control Protocol is the answer to this.\n\nDid you recieve the answer to this?\n\nYou didn't respond. Limit of attempts reached.\n\nI'll try to send the answer again in the designated time.", "The cellular network tracks whether your phone is connected to the network or not. This is called your device's registration. When your phone is turned off the network will consider your de-registered from the network. If a text message destined for your phone is received by the network while your phone is de-registered then the network will store that text message on a server until you turn your device back on and register once again.", "It's pretty similar to what happens if someone mails you a package but you aren't home to receive it. The mailman will try again until he or she is able to deliver the package for you and you sign for it.\n\nIn the case of a text message, if your phone is off, it will simply sit on the carriers servers (post office) until you turn your phone back on. Once your phone then connects to the carrier, it will know that it is on (you are home) and deliver the message to your phone. Your phone will then send a response saying it has received the message (signing for the package) so that it won't try to send it to your phone again.\n\nSee the other posts for more detailed, ELI25 answers.", "I work in cellular engineering! I can answer this!\n\nWhen a text message is sent to you their phone sends their carrier a bit of data asking for a connection. The data is flagged as a text message so the connection is made between their phone and the switch at a central switch office, using a router that connects the cell tower to the router at the switch office.\n\nThen they send that information to a text messaging server called an SMS Center. \n\nThe SMSC looks to see where the message _URL_0_ be sent. Let's say you don't have the same carrier. In that case it goes \"not us!\" And sends it via a special trunk (big fiber optic that carries a lot of long-distance traffic) to a company that offers inter-carrier messaging. In the US almost all carriers use Synniverse, Verizon, Sprint and ATT do I know.\n\nSynniverse (or your area's inter-carrier messaging vendor) has a huge chart of what companies own what number that they use to figure out who to send the traffic to. They split the traffic up so one message server doesn't get overwhelmed. A large carrier might have five or more SMSC all over the country at their regional connectivity data centers (RCCs).\n\nThe inter-carrier messaging provider also offers such features as spam filtering (by keyword and by source) and accounting support (carriers pay each other to terminate messages, but rather than do it for every message they add up every message sent and received and pay the difference between the two if they sent more or get a check if they received more than they sent).\n\nOnce it is at the SMSC on your side they send a message to the radio controller called a page saying \"find this phone\". It looks in a table called the Visitor Location Register, or VLR to see where you are. \n\nIf no VLR exists because you aren't connected to any network, it leaves a message in your Home Location Register saying \"hey when you make a visitor registry for this guy, let me know.\". That way when you connect the system makes a copy of your HLR to create a VLR, and when it does it sends the SMSC a message to retrieve your waiting messages and deliver them.\n\n\nAnd that is exactly, in detail, how it works. On a CDMA network anyway. GSM is very.much the same but names are different.", "Want a true ELI5?\n\n**Short Version**\n\nYour friend's phone sends it to the carrier message centers. The centers store it on their computers. When your phone turns on, it asks for the messages from the center. Once delivered, the center deletes the message off their computers.\n\n\n\n**Long Version**\n\nYour friend texts you a text message. His phone sends it to his carrier's message center which then relays it to your carrier's message center through their private network. A message center stores all the messages on their server computers, running 24/7. The carrier then notifies your phone that there's an incoming message. If your phone is off, nothing can be done for now.\n\nWhen your phone is turned back on, it will ask the carrier for the list of incoming messages. The carrier gets them from their server computers and delivers to your phone. Your phone communicates digitally with the carrier through a set of GSM/CDMA network standards, first written way before the internet. Once your phone got the messages, it lets the carrier message center knows to delete them off their computers (although they will just keep it stored privately for as long as they want and you will never know).", "I had a SIM card for the US and I took it out when I went home to Canada for a week. I used my Canadian SIM (same iPhone). When I returned to US, people said they sent me messages on the number of the US SIM that I took out, but I never received them. The latest messages I received were from two-three days before I returned to US. I'm curious, where did those other messages go? (my friends showed me the texts they sent me that I didn't receive). Is there something with the fact that the SIM was not in a phone? According to this thread they would be held until I reinserted the SIM... " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "coi7u9l", "coi82e6", "coi8m1m" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Could be a kink in either the inlet pipe or the breather tube inside the inlet pipe. ", "What is most likely happening is the gas isn't going into the tank fast enough. This causes the gas to back up a bit in the nozzle and trip the valve that shuts off the flow when your tank is actually full. Try adjusting how far in the nozzle is in your tank. I find having the nozzle in deeper usually helps.", "Not an explanation, but a solution; I have this happen on my wife's car. Friend of mine told me to twist the nozzle so it's upside down when pumping, which seems to have fixed it for me. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgrejup", "cgrfoin" ], "score": [ 3, 7 ], "text": [ "It's a TV show meant to get ratings and thus advertising revenue. Mermaids aren't real, and I strongly doubt that anyone involved in making that show seriously believes otherwise. ", "The documentaries are entirely fake and intended as entertainment. All of the \"scientists\" in them are actors. Sadly, they don't make this very clear, and hence gullible people believe it's real.\n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaids:_The_Body_Found" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d5jsyyf", "d5jw21w" ], "score": [ 3, 7 ], "text": [ "App store games can be made in about a month or three if you're dedicated, and when you're making a game based on another game that was written for Android or Apple's OS, it's not *terribly* difficult to pull apart the code and study it's guts. \n\n\n\nThough you wouldn't want to plagiarize the code, it's not difficult to adjust it just enough that it's different without really being *different*. \n\n\n\n > If it's so easy to make these apps how come none of them come from NA? \n\n\n\nCopyright protection and other legal gymnastic challenges. China- in blunt terms- has virtually no legal protections afforded to international companies, while the US will bend over backwards to protect them if it doesn't go against national interests. ", "Copying apps/products/websites is ridiculously easy. You don't need to spend any time on creativity or mechanics, just literally copying. \n\n**First up: concept.** *Building* a new game/app takes a tremendous amount of creativity/insight/etc. But imitating? Not much.\n\n**Now for the mechanics.** Figuring out all the logistics that make a game fun/playable is very hard. But once you have a mechanic, tweaking is again very easy. Once you know you have \"builders\" as a game dynamic, you can easily adjust. Flying builders! Digging builders! 4-armed builders! Wows!\n\n**Finally the work.** Using services like oDesk, there are seemingly unlimited coders out there ready to copy & paste your favorite game/site/etc for a pittance. Love that word.\n\nThink about food, for example. If I were to ask you to _invent_ a dish, how would you go about it? Think of the testing, tweaks, etc to get it right (and thats after you pick your basic genre/etc). Now if I were to say \"see this recipe for quiche? use it, but then at the very end, add more pepper\" it'd be pretty easy to follow. And once you've done that, you could, independent of the original recipe, begin to adjust the components, presentation style, etc. Until eventually you have your very own quiche, that sure resembles the first one, but you \"invented it\" in no time at all.\n\nI had a startup a few years back called Legacy Locker (online will service, got acquired in '13). We raised some funding, hired a local programmer and designer we could work with to figure out our MVP, launch, etc. A few months later I saw on oDesk a call to create a clone, with a budget of under $5K. They basically asked to build the exact same thing, but swap out the graphics... I don't know what happened to it, but they had numerous bids.\n\nBottom line: ideas aren't valuable, but implementations are, and copying them is cheap.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwtz7bv" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "The alpha dog is a myth. Dog behaviour is far more complex than we have previously known and still being studied. \n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [ "http://io9.com/why-everything-you-know-about-wolf-packs-is-wrong-502754629" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cnzgg9f" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "It's just a picture of an alien with the words \"ayy lmao\" on it, for some reason it went viral-ish, I think mostly on tumblr. And every time you see the picture or you see someone else say \"ayy lmao,\" you're supposed to respond with, you guessed it, \"ayy lmao.\"" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmuxlef" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Anything you haven't experienced before would just be a guess based on combinations of what you *have* experienced before.\n\nIt *could* be close to accurate. But that would be difficult to know without then immediately doing that thing before the memory of the dream fades, and even then your memories are constantly being updated, so you might automatically update your memory of the dream to match the new memory of scuba diving because your mind associates both with \"scuba diving\". " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "diwrc3q", "diwrda1", "dixau19" ], "score": [ 2, 9, 2 ], "text": [ "Wind is when air from high pressure areas is moving towards area with lower air pressure. If the air pressure in the troposphere was universal throughout there'd be no wind.", "From a conscious view...that's complex. From a wind view, molecules of air. Same as anything rubbing against your skin.", "Generally speaking, you feel the wind mostly through the movement of fine hairs on the body, or through cooling or change of pressure upon the skin.\n\nAir is mostly nitrogen gas, but we can't really feel it too well directly with our skin, otherwise we would feel sound waves(which is vibrating air).\n\nTry looking up *schlieren photography* to get a better understanding about moving air." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djxi4q2", "djxik8r" ], "score": [ 7, 7 ], "text": [ "Cockroaches tend to live in dirty conditions, harboring a lot of bacteria. They get into things like food and spread the bacteria, which can get people sick.\n\nPeople in general find insects gross, because we know they can be harmful or cause disease (due to bacteria that come with them).\n", "Cockroaches can spread disease-causing bacteria and also they carry allergens that can cause and exacerbate asthma. The allergens become a dust that floats around people's homes with all the normal dust, and it gets inhaled. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ean0d2p", "ean1nqu", "ean4koo", "ean8utq", "eana6iz", "eancfj5", "eancytg", "eandwyl", "eanebi5", "eang9ub", "eanhn3a", "eanhvlt", "eanr1yt", "eao11db", "eao189k", "eao3m1s", "eao797z", "eao838j", "eaofojz", "eaojlw1", "eaoodc5", "eap32as", "earo40s" ], "score": [ 50, 16986, 1253, 24, 380, 1938, 10, 8, 2, 11, 6, 10, 2, 53, 7, 3, 6, 3, 6, 7, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Not many people are outside, but also because snow acts as a sound muffler, deadening sounds and reducing echos", "Snow is really good at absorbing sounds, similar to what foam does in a recording studio or radio studio. ", "All of the roads, sidewalks, rooftops, and other hard surfaces that normally reflect sound are now covered in soft, fluffy snow that absorbs and muffles sound. \n\nThe effect is basically equivalent to putting sound-deadening foam on the walls of a recording studio. ", "So as mentioned earlier, snow absorbs the sound.If a sound hits a \"hard\" surface like concrete it will bounce off and reflect back. But when the ground is covered in snow, it doesnt reflect back, it just diffuses and dies out. Its the same thing that happens when you start to put furniture in a room. The sound in the room will change.", "In addition to the sound deadening effects correctly described by many posters - if it's snowed and then there's an ice storm, or a sunny winter day followed by a freezing night, all that snow can get a very hard coating of ice on it - low frequencies can pass through that and into the snow beneath, higher frequencies bounce off of it, making the overall soundscape sound \"brittle\", with higher frequencies bouncing all around. Post-ice storm sound has its own unique signature.", "In addition to more sound being absorbed, it might actually be quieter, especially if you live in a city and somewhere that it does not snow often. Fewer people will make journeys, less road noise, fewer people out on the street.", "Snow actually absorbs sound waves so the ambient sounds of outside (including to some extent wind) are deafened. This is why hearing thunder during a snowstorm is a rarity, the sound can’t travel very far. There is a video online of a meteorologist freaking out over witnessing thundersnow: _URL_0_", "In addition to dampening air temperature has an effect on the speed of sound. In warmer temperatures particles vibrate quicker allowing sound to move faster. Colder, slower. While secondary to dampening, this also plays a role.\n\n Colder air is a weaker medium for sound to travel through.", "Snow is pretty large and relatively stiff so when it lands and stacks on top of more snow it creates large pockets of air, sound is just vibrations moving through air so the snow absorbs a lot of the sound.", "Solid stuff reflects sound. Snow is cushiony, so it doesn’t. Effect doubles when it’s in the air, since that’s also part of where sound travels.\n\nSo yeah, it’s not “seeming” quiet, it is quiet.", "I thought you meant it just feels quiet but I didn't even know that you meant *literal* quiet.\n\nAs said by both u/yellowsubmarinr and u/SovietWomble (didn't expect to see you here), snow absorbs sound.", "Because with snow comes cold, and people don't like cold, so they stay inside. No people outdoors = quiet.", "And rain helps to carry sound. Moisture from fog especially helps. I can hear a train from my house that is miles and miles away when it’s sprinkling/foggy out.", "It not only \"seems\" quiet, it IS quiet. \n\n\nAllow me to explain: When sound moves between materials, it deposits some of it's energy into that material. Each snowflake takes up a little bit of the energy of sound. So while it's snowing, the sky is sucking up all the sound. \n\n\nNow while it's snowing, there is often a reduction in the amount of stuff going on outside. Fewer cars, fewer people. So there's less sound to reach you in the first place. \n\n\nThis effect also happens in fog and rain. I was at a concert a few years ago... Foo Fighters, if you wanna know. And a rainstorm came in. The rain, wasn't loud, but completely stopped the sound of the concert from reaching the end of the field I was enjoying the show from. \n\n\nNASA also uses water as a sound suppression system for rockets. :-) ", "There's snow sound to be found. \n\nI can say it's pretty ice, but no more than twice.\n\nAs sound travels, sounds are muffled, so the snow makes the world sounds a lot less like it's kerfuffled.\n\nI hope this fact helped all, small to tall. So happy holidays everyone, happy holidays to all.", "In the summers, my friend constantly has the sound of sirens outside his window. But in the winter, dead-silent.\n\nReason? It's too damn cold for crime.", "Add to all of the physical effects already described, that the motion of snow makes us psychologically anticipate sound, since when things move they usually create sound. This psychological effect amplifies the effect of the physical absence of sound.", "While the muffling effects are true, there is a main reason that has been missed out here: In the city, most of the noise comes from car tires on asphalt. When ist just snowed, cars are going was slower and the sound of the tires on snow is much more quiet than on asphalt.", "Temperature has an effect on how sound waves travel. Which is why it also seems louder during summer nights.", "Air trapped in between snowflakes attenuates vibration so snow absorbs sound lowering ambient noise. That's why it's so quiet when it snows.", "I'd imagine it's also cos people wouldn't be outside making noise much like when it's raining, but snow doesn't make noise like rain does. ", "Others have raised good points. Also note that snow has very high surface area per flake, which means a lot of points of contact for sound vibrations to hit first and thus be dampened before reaching your ear. Sound, to you, is just vibrational waves hitting things like air molecules or the ground, which continue like dominoes until they hit your body and make the tiny little bones in your ear vibrate. \n\nSnow acts as insulation which causes this travelling of vibrations to become inefficient, so the sounds are dampened. \n\nIt's kind of like having a messy room full of clothes on the floor. If you clean it up, the sound in your room will be much louder and will resonate more. With lots of clutter, everything is less loud because the waves of sound have more obstacles to break onto, before reaching your ears. ", "a few things. \n\n1) cold air does not carry sound as far as warm air.\n2) the air is less humid, less humid air does not carry sound as far\n3) the air is full of falling snow which absorbs, blocks, or deflects sound waves \n4) there is usually snow on the ground which absorbs sound waves really well. \n\nall this together means that in winter, during a snowfall, it is really quiet " ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://weather.com/news/weather/video/jim-cantore-thundersnow-in-plymouth-ma/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ctv16t4", "ctv1sah", "ctv1tmc" ], "score": [ 3, 5, 3 ], "text": [ "This would be a good question for /r/askhistory who can supply a lot more details.\n\nThe most basic answer: it starts counting with the birth of Jesus (or something close to that, because counting is hard), and is so wide spread because at some point in the past christian nations pretty much colonized the whole world.", "Here it is: [it was chosen in 525 by a monk](_URL_1_). There are enough cultures with different years: I know of the Hebrew calender, the Chinese calendar, and the Islamic calendar, which are in active use, although not for all purposes: the Hebrew and Chinese calendars are mostly used for traditional/religious activities. The Soviet calendar was also different.\n\nOur current calender is the Gregorian one: _URL_0_\n\nDid people use dates before Christ? Yes. The Julian calendar was devised 46BC, and was the basis of our calendar. The Mayas also had an elaborate calendarium. Perhaps you recall the prophecies for the end of their calendar in 2012?\n\nAs to why: because the countries that used the Gregorian (or Julian) calendar have been very powerful, I'd guess.\n", "To quote the relevant parts of [Wikipedia](_URL_0_):\n\n > The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470–c. 544), who used it to identify the years on his Easter table. He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era, based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a persecutor of Christians. In the preface to his Easter table, Dionysius stated that the \"present year\" was \"the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Anicius Probus Iunior]\" which was also 525 years \"since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ\".[1] **How he arrived at that number is unknown.**\n\n > **Dionysius did not use AD years to date any historical event.** This began with the English cleric Bede (c. 672–735), who used AD years in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (731), popularizing the era. Bede also used a term similar to the English before Christ once, but that practice did not catch on until very much later. Bede did not sequentially number days of the month, weeks of the year, or months of the year, however, he did number many of the days of the week using a counting origin of one in Ecclesiastical Latin. Previous Christian histories used anno mundi (\"in the year of the world\") beginning on the first day of creation, or anno Adami (\"in the year of Adam\") beginning at the creation of Adam five days later (the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative), used by Africanus, or anno Abrahami (\"in the year of Abraham\") beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint, used by Eusebius of Caesarea, all of which assigned \"one\" to the year beginning at Creation, or the creation of Adam, or the birth of Abraham, respectively. Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_domini#History" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_\\(year\\)" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cbg1t4b" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "A tank destroyer is usually a vehicle made with a low profile, and no rotating turret to better serve a stronger, or superior main weapon. It's chassis is usually taken from an already existing vehicle. \n\nThe T34 is a tank with a 76mm general purpose main weapon. The SU-85 is a tank destroyer, made on the chassis of the T34, with a low profile, and an 85mm armour piercing gun. \n\nMany tank destroyers also have poor armour, such as the German Marder series." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgj115i", "cgj1szu", "cgjah22" ], "score": [ 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "One is owned by Coke (Powerade), the other is owned by Pepsi (Gatorade).\n\nGatorade came first and is the market leader in its category, Powerade lags behind.\n\nOtherwise... its basically just heavily flavored sugar-water with some chemicals in it that the body needs after exercise. \n\nEdit: Corrected ownerships, thanks to /u/candiensfan", "Each bottle has a nutritional information section and ingredient list. \n\nAs you can tell, they aren't all that different. ", "One has 'Power' in the name, the other has 'Gator'." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f24c7eo", "f24ccyx", "f25c3zk" ], "score": [ 5, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Pay closer attention to your bodily reaction to watching these movies. Your heart rate increases, your breathing becomes more rapid, and your body tenses up in a slight case of fight or flight. With adrenaline moving through your system it’s impossible to fall asleep. Even though you know it’s not real, your subconscious perceived a threat. The bad dreams are your brain’s way of working that out. You might want to hold off on the scary movies if you’re having this kind of reaction.", "Consider the brain.\n\nIt has three layers: A, B, C\n\nNow forget about B.\n\nA knows the horrors in the movie don’t exist.\n\nC doesn’t know that.\n\nAnd C is the one responsible for dreams (and nightmares).\n\nThus, even though you *know* they don’t exist, you still have nightmares about them.\n\nA = conscious mind \n\nB = subconscious mind \n\nC = unconscious mind", "Part of this has to do with priming.\n\nPriming is like adding grease to a slide; it makes getting from point A to B faster and more automatic. This is why when you're having a bad day it might be easier to find the negatives over the positives.\n\nWith a scary movie, you've primed your fear response.\n\nA way many people try to resolve this is by following a scary movie with a comedy. In my personal experience this tends to be a good fix. Essentially, though, you want to have something else primed in your mind so it's not so hyper-fixated on horror." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "co6p85j", "co6ptda", "co6rx6o", "co6sgg9" ], "score": [ 144, 6, 10, 2 ], "text": [ "The problem here is that such a question contains a faulty premise. Evolution is not progress towards a \"better\" state. At least, not in any absolute sense. Hell, evolution isn't really even \"progress\" since \"progress\" implies an end goal and evolution has no end goal.\n\nEvolution is merely the process of an organism adapting to its environment in ways that make it more likely to survive in that environment. If the environment changes (for any reason, including the organism's own actions), in ways that allow differing traits to be advantageous, then it's not a case of natural selection being \"negated\" but rather, simply, a case of natural selection continuing by responding to an altered environment.\n\nThere's definitely an effect, but to call that effect \"negating natural selection\" is only possible if one doesn't really understand what natural selection *is*.", "It's a mistake to think that evolution has stopped. There are still evolutionary pressures acting on humans. In less developed countries disease still kills millions and animal attacks are not unknown. In developed countries other evolutionary pressures still affect people. Not only does traffic kill those who fail to judge the risk properly, but take a look at the number of teenage suicides. This removes those who cannot take the mental pressure of a modern society. ", "Two things:\n\nEvolution isn't progress, it's adaption to the local environment (in terms of reproductive success). We don't need to have people dying to get rid of natural selection: some people are still having more babies than other people, and that creates a shift in the frequency of of different genes out there. But evolution isn't a direction or inherent improvement--it's not like we're missing out on sweet upgrades because of penicillin.\n\nThe second point is that selective pressures on humans are both (a) highly variable, and (b) short lived. One generation it might be very bad to be tall, since there is a famine. Another generation it might be very good to be tall, because tall is sexy. These pressures could change quickly for humans (because wars, government policy) but are more constant in animals. Also, humans have only been humaning around in complex societies for a few thousand years. That's a blink of an eye in evolutionary time! If we want to see the species actually change in unified way, we need to have something pulling it in a constant direction for a lot longer.\n\nThe last point is, although we still have variable reproductive success (some people have more kids than others), a lot of it isn't driven by genes, but instead by social means. Success has a lot more to do with how you were raised than who your parents were. So, I would argue that a lot of our evolution now is social and intellectual rather than genetic. Which ideas are spreading? The idea of an idea/culture being a unit of inheritance was posited by Dawkins, who called them memes (before the internet kidnapped that word in order to apply it to lolcats).", "Modern technology has increased the ability of the human race to survive in the wild.\n\nDue to modern technology (primarily the [Fritz-Haber](_URL_0_) process), There are currently over 7 billion people on the earth. That means there is vastly increased opportunity for genetic mutation and the type of diversity that allows us to resist disease. If some catastrophic event occurs, large numbers of individual humans will die, but there is an increased probability that the human species will continue.\n\nOP asked about evolutionary \"progress\" but as others have explained, thats meaningless and what OP really wants to know about is surviving in a world without a complex society of effective logistics." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdEE5uvFhOM" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dvjnr3t", "dvjnrsj", "dvjo922" ], "score": [ 5, 17, 2 ], "text": [ "There are probably a lot of subtle things going on here, but mostly it's simply that we learn phrases like this as complete phrases. \"Calvin and Hobbes\" sounds better to us mainly because that's what the strip was called.\n\nYou might think, for example, that there is a tendency to want to put the two-syllable word first because of the more pleasing rhythm -- Morecambe and Wise, Little and Large and Cannon and Ball were all famous British comedy acts in the 70s and 80s. But this doesn't always work: another one was French and Saunders, and then came Lee and Herring. We also have men and women, bread and butter, and beef and carrots.\n\nQuite simply, we learn these phrases as if they were single words. Putting the elements of such a phrase in a different order sounds wrong because it scrambles the phrase. With Calvin and Hobbes, Watterson simply put \"Calvin\" first in the title, so that's how we learned it.", "There's a phenomenon (well, more a grammatical rule) that comes to mind, about a seemingly unspoken and untaught rule in English where adjectives must follow a certain order to sound \"correct\" (link discussing this here _URL_0_). \n\nWith regards to what you are talking about (such as names or common sayings), it most likely only sounds weird because people have heard it one way and only one way their whole lives. ", "There are a number of rules that English speakers follow without learning them. The first is adjective order which always follows: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose. This is never taught outright but the convention is so built in it sounds wrong to hear it in other ways.\n\nIn your situation, the unspoken rule is I, A, O. In word order this is the way we place the dominant vowels. The A in Calvin should proceed the O in Hobbes. The law does get more complex in terms of short and long vowel sounds (Key and Peel, Rock and Roll) and E fits in there somewhere but that’s the basic rule.\n\nEdit: Disclaimer - As with most things in English this is just a generalisation. There are always things that break this trend. Usually we aurally prefer to hear things this way. " ] }

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[ [], [ "http://mentalfloss.com/article/85863/odd-grammar-rule-most-english-speakers-know-are-rarely-taught" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkq3ok8", "dkq3x9d" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "What medicine TV commercials in Europe do you see? It's illegal to advertise medicine to consumers in the EU, so if someone is doing it you should report it to the advertising company in your country.", "Most.\n\nLitigious.\n\nSociety.\n\nIn.\n\nThe.\n\nWorld.\n\n\nNotice the commercials that are like \"OMG that new blood thinner that they made (that is safer that the older blood thinner you would have been on) still things the blood! Let' sure them over you having thin blood and bleeding rather than a fatal stroke or heart attack.\" facepalm." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlvtqba", "dlvu4uc" ], "score": [ 28, 7 ], "text": [ "Because written lines that are too long make text hard to read. The longer the line, the easier it is for you to lose track of where you are when you have to wrap back to the other side to continue a sentence. You'll tend to accidentally start re-reading the same line, or skip over the next line, more frequently the longer the lines are.", "Human vision is circular, and the point in which you can look sharply is a quite small circle. So in order to read a text your eyes have to be pointed directly at the characters. It is a bit easier to move your eyes from right to left then up and down due to evolutionary reasons. So most languages have text going horizontal although this is not always the case and does have other reasons as well. (For example having to leave space for your hand to rest on the unwritten part of the script.) But if you have a long line of text it can take some time for your eyes to get back to the beginning for the next line. We have seen text where they just continue writing in reverse on the next line but this did not catch on. However if you shorten the lines into smaller columns then there is less distance between the end of one line and the start of the next. You only need to stop reading when you get to the bottom of the page and have to start over again from the top of the next column or page." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbgxuwg" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "It's due to tannins in the beverage. They are chemicals that cause protein precipitation and astringency: basically they break down proteins in your saliva and what you perceive are the precipitates on your tongue." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cwxge4k" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Corporate tax: This is more of an all-inclusive term for taxes that are just applied to corporations, their income, net value, etc.\n\nSales Tax: the tax on a buy/sell transaction. This is what most people think of as the most obvious form of tax. You buy a soda for a dollar and you pay $1.10 for it.\n\nEstate tax: This is a tax for whenever you inherit something from someone passing away.\n\nPayroll tax: This is paid based on a percentage of an employee's salary and can be done by either the employer before paying or by the employee afterwards (either way it is paid by the employee). This tax typically pays for programs like social security." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dn38jne", "dn38pxe", "dn3e8m5", "dn3er1f", "dn3g4m9", "dn3pnhi", "dn3xl4z" ], "score": [ 1278, 419, 53, 2, 143, 5, 10 ], "text": [ "The ginger plant is actually red: _URL_0_\n\nWe get it from how the plant looks, not the root that we use. ", "Earliest usages of the term \"ginger\" as applied to red colored hair are;\n \n1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) , \"Ginger, of a pale red colour, particularly applied to hair.\"\n\n1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 35, \"I perceive a fine red or ginger game-cock in the yard.\"\n\n1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of \"Chester, Ginger, sandy-haired. ‘He's a bit ginger.'\"\n\n1897 Daily News 10 Sept. 2/6, \"Complexion and hair brown, moustache ginger.\"\n\n\nAs for why, u/Alberius covered that.", "More importantly, why do people say red-head? Gingers clearly have Orange hair not red. ", "I was always told that it became popular because of the Gilligan's Island character Ginger who was a red head", "Similar to when people say that a robin (the bird) has a red breast, a robin's breast is orange in colour.\n\nThe word orange didn't come into use in the English language until the fruit came England so red was used to describe the colour orange up until then. \n\nI'm guessing that's why red heads are called red heads rather than orange heads.\n\nAt least, that's what they said on an episode of QI one time anyway.", "Ever seen a ginger flower?", "I had never heard it used in the USA until South Park did it. It was much more commonly used in the UK, however" ] }

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[ [ "https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tsAXgE5lzDg/hqdefault.jpg" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d91dl0h" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Here's an example: You make widgets at your factory. You want to make sure there are laws that make widgets safe, and you want to be able to sell your widgets in many places, and you want advantages when competing against foreign widget makers. For all of these reasons, you go to a politician and say, \"My state widget industry needs new legislation.\" No problem there. Now to be more efficient and more effective, the national widget industry comes up with a group of people whose entire job is to talk to politicians and try to convince them to pass laws that benefit the widget industry and widget industry employees.\n\nIf you work in the widget industry, GREAT! There's no problem!\n\nBut now imagine if you are opposed to widgets. Say the widget factory put your gizmo factory out of business. Or say you think widgets are bad for the environment. Or whatever. Now the widget lobby is a bad thing. You go to protests and rant about how politicians are \"owned by the widget lobby\" or you complain that the widget lobby is ruining America.\n\nSo whether the interest group is a good or bad thing depends largely on whether you support whatever it is they are promoting." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cs6l6cy", "cs6l749", "cs6ptw4" ], "score": [ 3, 4, 4 ], "text": [ "unfortunately some vehicle accidents are unavoidable. if he/she was texting at the time/drinking/speeding then a charge would be warranted. ", "The investigation has yet to conclude. Whether it was a genuine accident or caused by drinking/texting/drugs has yet to be confirmed by the LA Sheriff's office.\n\nOnce that investigation is over, then we will see a trial.", "The vast majority of people who kill people with motor vehicles are not charged or punished. In North American culture, we believe it's normal to sacrifice people in pursuit of speed. Unless Bruce/Caitlyn was drunk, high or fled the scene, we will all blame the dead old woman and forget about it.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThere are signs of hope, however. Many have realized that when you make conditions safe and forgiving for people operating motor vehicles, you paradoxically encourage them to drive faster and take more risks. For the people in the vehicle, the before and after risk may actually be the same, but for everyone outside the car, life is more dangerous. In this way, \"safety\" features inside the car (seatbelt, air bags, traction control) and outside the car (wide lanes, generous shoulders, medians, guard rails, clear zones) actually transfer risk from the people in the car, to people and property outside the car.\n\n_URL_1_\n" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://freakonomics.com/2014/05/01/the-perfect-crime-a-new-freakonomics-radio-podcast/", "http://john-adams.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Management-of-the-risks-of-transport2.pdf" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ejuevgv", "ejuf837" ], "score": [ 2, 7 ], "text": [ "Depends on if it’s an annual deductible, typically the higher the deductible the lower the monthly premium. Coinsurance is typically paid on every visit for health insurance but I’ve never seen that on pet insurance..... granted I’ve never had pet insurance so I’m a bit out of the loop. ", "If it's like people insurance (which my dog's insurance is) and it's an annual deductible, I think it means that you pay the first $700 of whatever vet visits there are and after that amount is hit, the insurance kicks in. This will reset every year." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "drfuics", "drful98", "drfulrr", "drfzs5d" ], "score": [ 4, 10, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "his role is to make sure that all the big pieces of the corporate software picture fit together and work. whether it be the SAP system that tracks logistics, ties in with the accounting system, ties in with the CRM system like salesforce or any other internal and external business systems. additionally, his role might cover that any programmers working under him are following best practices and keeping up to date on technology and security concerns. \n", "SAP is a company that makes a suite of tools, generally around accounting and human resources. Just like Microsoft Office has Word, Excel, PowerPoint etc. SAP has something to process people's paychecks, the company's bank accounts and generating expense reports.\n\nThe architect's job is to connect all these different systems together. So when someone personally get's paid that goes through SAP's paycheck program, however it also sends a note to SAP's expense report program saying \"hey add $1,000 to the employee expense line\" and another to the bank saying \"hey withdraw $1,000 for John\". In many ways the enterprise architect is more analogous to a city plumber (which is also a civil engineer). They make all the connections between different systems, the same way a city plumber has to connect people's houses to the main sewer system and then route that to a repository.", "Sooo... this is gonna be some serious LY5 explaination, because it's hard to describe the job without a whiteboard. \n\nSAP is a particular brand of \"Enterprise Resource Planning\" (ERP) software. ERP is designed to \"wrap around\" all of a company's business operations — sales, planning, logistics, payroll, finance, etc. — and have a cohesive framework with which those things are run. \n\nThis means that no matter which arm of the company is being discussed, the data and processes fall within the same guidelines and there are tools that will understand them without getting fancy. Fancier. ERP is pretty fancy. \n\nAn entire company's business space is called the \"enterprise\"\n\nArchitects design things. \n\nSo, your dad's job is to use this SAP software to design systems within enterprises that support their business operations. Either this is an entirely new enterprise and it's relatively easy to build out these models because there's nothing pre-existing to consider... or they're trying to streamline enterprise operations by bringing everything under the aegis of a SAP framework. ", "First, you need to understand what enterprise software is.\n\nNon-enterprise software is designed for a single person or a smallish group to use. If your project needs to keep track of open issues, you might use a spreadsheet or buy some off the shelf package. Another project within the same company might use a different software package or use the same software in a different way.\n\nEnterprise software would provide a single issue tracker for the entire company to use. That adds a lot of complications smaller software doesn't have to worry about:\n\n* capacity to handle hundreds, even thousands of users\n* reliable, because an outage now impacts the entire company\n* security to limit user access to only the stuff they need to do their jobs\n* flexibility to accommodate a broad range of user requirements\n* interoperability with other software\n* compliance with company policies and legal regulations (like HIPA)\n\nSAP is one of the biggest, most complicated enterprise software packages out there. It has a handful of modules that are enterprise applications in their own right, including HR, production management, supply chain management, sales, and accounting, and all of them talking to each other.\n\nAn SAP enterprise architect is going to be the person responsible for making all the work and ensuring it continues to work. All the hardware, software, network, storage, interoperability, licensing, training, configuration, maintenance, troubleshooting and anything else is ultimately going to be the responsibility of one or more architects. Note that SAP is *huge*, bringing it to a medium-sized company is a multi-million dollar months long endeavor.\n\nExactly what your dad does can vary. He might work for one company can keep their SAP humming for them, or he might be a consultant who helps companies set up or expand SAP, and moves on after his work is done. He might specialize in customizing and configuring a specific module or make sure all the modules are working together. In the simplest terms, he makes sure companies use SAP the best they can and get the most out of it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7x6q5e", "c7x86d3" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Shampoo makers aren't just selling you something to clean your hair...they are selling you a consistent color, smell, and texture.\n\nAfter the expiration date, those things might be a little off, but it will still clean your hair just fine. They just want you to know that if you notice a difference, its your fault, not theirs.", "Sometime last year, my shampoo ran out and so, i grabbed one from the 'emergency storage'. I peeled the shrink wrap and start using it like any other shampoo. Well, i noticed that it smelled different. Went on to check the expiry date and to my horror, it expired way back in 2009.. Nothing happened to the hair on my head. \n\nSmell? Well it smells like Baygon." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcwfmkq", "dcwfuaq", "dcwhstb" ], "score": [ 2, 7, 4 ], "text": [ "Earlier this year, Mexico’s central bank released data indicating Mexicans abroad sent home $23.6 billion in 2014, almost all of it from the United States; An estimated 83 percent of Mexicans who enter the country illegally send money home.\n\nIn the early 2000s, Arizona attorney general Terry Goddard and other state authorities suspected Mexican crime syndicates were moving money through Western Union wire transfers. The figures were mind-boggling, according to the prosecutors’ testimony: $500 million a year in Western Union payments from Arizona, and $2.5 billion a year in payments for people-smuggling overall.\n\nTrump plans to tax those remittance payments representing a fundamentally unjust financial transfer... That is where he plans most of the money to come from.\n\n\n\n\n\n", "Congress needs to allocate funds in order to begin paying for construction, the President is able to move without them by using executive orders like he has done this week and the former president did last year, but as far as I know he cannot actually PAY for any programs with this tool. If he were to use the army corps of engineers (which I don't think hes planning to do) that money would come out of their budget, which is also controlled by congress. If any money were to come from Mexico for this project (at the moment none has) congress would determine how to spend that too.", "If the wall is to be built, as a Federal Project it would be designed and built by the Army Corps of Engineers, or contractors acting in their stead and under their guidance and supervision. \n\nCongress gives the Army Corps of Engineers $X per year to operate. Presumably, Trump could use his executive power to shift a pile of their engineering time towards wall research & design, at the expense of those engineers monitoring dams, waterways, or whatever else they were planning to do this year. \n\nSo long as they stay within their congressional budget, executive orders can cover their orders until Congress passes a law explicitly banning work on a border wall project. \n\nHowever, actually building the wall hits real material costs estimated to be $20 billion for the wall alone. This isn't engineering, construction management, quality control, or surveying costs, that's just purchasing concrete, steel, and labor to build it. It also doesn't include the estimated $20bil in highway improvements TX, AZ, NM, and CA would have to implement so concrete trucks and construction equipment can transport wall parts to the construction site. Odds are their respective DOT's aren't going to drop their already redlined budgets to build all new highways for free. \n\nFor the wall to be anything more than pretty pictures and engineering drawings, Congress would have to find a way to pay for it. Trump says he'll get Mexico to give us the extra revenue to cover the costs, but the specifics of how that will play out has yet to be seen. \n\nThis also ignores the idea that if we're getting $60bil from Mexico, we could also use that to build hospitals or schools or highways or genuinely competent immigration enforcement offices in every major city instead of an that stupid fucking wall. \n\nAs we're going to be saying alot this year: Call your congressmen and senators. Get involved or you get left behind. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ciokodw", "cior6cl" ], "score": [ 39, 4 ], "text": [ "Female horse-flies have mandibles to bite. They bite you for the same reason that female mosquitoes bite you; they require blood to reproduce. ", "Like a psycho that attacks for no cause,\n\nHorseflies will chomp with their jaws,\n\nTo cause suffering and pain,\n\nThey're evil and insane,\n\nAnd seek only flesh for their maws." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1xqy6f", "d1xr59o", "d1xss8r", "d1xxcux", "d1xxv8g", "d1xzmwo", "d1xzp2d", "d1y0lx0", "d1y1ghc", "d1y25xy", "d1y28mm", "d1y2ntm", "d1y34ni", "d1y3ho9", "d1y3s26", "d1y4r9i", "d1y4tc7", "d1y58gg", "d1y5hwi", "d1y7s6f", "d1y8g74", "d1y8xme", "d1yagqr", "d1ybq2m", "d1ycma7", "d1ydk6x", "d1yern1", "d1yetj2", "d1yf68f", "d1yfadp", "d1ygkf4", "d1yj1m1", "d1yjrwu", "d1ykaho", "d1yl6zq", "d1yldea", "d1yvwdn" ], "score": [ 313, 3181, 4, 73, 103, 205, 23, 8, 2, 8, 5, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 28, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "ADHD person here. When I am working on a task that requires mental concentration I enjoy having part so of my mind occupied by other activities such as drumming a finger, tapping with my feet, listening to music on repeat and similar. My own theory is that it occupies enough of my mind not to be distracted but not more to take my concentration away. Problem is that it takes concentration and focus away from others...", "Those type of actions are about soothing or entertaining yourself. You get positive feedback from the noise or motion. Other people just get an annoying click, tap, or track suit rustling as you bounce your leg up and down in 3rd period noise. Great for you as it works out your nerves, not for others because it's just a noise or motion. ", "The sound and motion are not annoying. It's what it *appears* to communicate to others. i.e. Inconsideration, selfishness etc\n\nAs individuals, we expect people to be considerate to us as we have learned to be the same back. It is a basic social contract that is a tenet of our species. \n\nInterestingly, a lot of the things we find annoying as adults are just not annoying to young kids. This is because they haven't learned the reciprocal nature of living in a social environment yet - they are too busy learning the basics of the world so it's all about them. Try tapping your fingers on a desk in front of a toddler. It won't give a shit. Ever.\n\nThink about it this way: when did you start getting annoyed at noisy popcorn eaters in the cinema ? Do you remember crying as a young kid as much as you probably did over most things every day? \n\nSelf-awareness and the expectation of that in others is why we get annoyed at these things", "I know now about Misophonia, but in high school, I would have fantasies about murdering fellow students for knee shaking, pencil tapping, gum chewing, etc. I once got off of an El train because a guy wouldn't stop blowing his nose. I wouldn't eat lunch with certain people because of the noises they made when they chewed. If my mother poured water into anything, I was filled with instant rage. I thought I was just an irritable bitch. Maybe I am, but I'd still like to know why these small normal sounds make me so angry.", "It's not the sound it's self that bothers you so much but the anxiety over something out of your control. ", "It's funny, but I think I may have a little insight into this, as just yesterday I was thinking how when you are whistling or \"scatting\" the melody of a song, in your mind, you're filling in with the whole orchestration, with chords and counterpoint harmony, and all anyone else hears is single notes. \n\nWhen I'm drumming on the tabletop with my fingers, I'm John Bonham, but all my wife hears is an annoying fucking noise.", "Similar circumstance, but it might apply-- I remember hearing once that the reason you get annoyed when you are in a public place and someone is on their cellphone, but not by overhearing a conversation is because our brain struggles and is annoyed to have only half the information. I wonder if the similar idea is true-- the tapper knows the melody and lyrics, etc. of the song they are tapping where as others cannot process only a part of the stimuli.", "Guy with Adhd here. Source: my buddy going for his double doctorate in pharmacology and psycology. It is a dopamine pathway. People with add or Adhd tend to tap on things more than others. An excess of dopamine creates other reward pathways. Tapping on stuff brings you into the music = more dopamine. For me tapping on things = more dopamine to disperse to parts of the brain that receive a reward more long term for doing Ie focusing on a task at work or reading. ", "When i was in highschool i used to bounce my feet on the basket under the desk in front of me. Sometimes people would tell me to stop. However i absolutely loved when someone would do the same thing behind me. More recently at a bar i frequent there is a long footrest at the seat i like to sit at and i often bounce my feet on it. If someone else starts bouncing their feet on it i love to just keep my legs still touching the rest and feeling the vibrations.", "It's control.\n\nWhen I jiggle my leg or click my pen I'm doing my thing...whatever it is.\n\nBut everyone else is forced to listen to your song, watch your little play.\n\nFor me it's click, click, click,.....click-click... Ahhhh.\n\nEveryone else hears click, click, click...oh, maybe we're done click-click...Ah fuck.", "Things are annoying when they attract our attention in a repetitive and uncontrollable way. \"Uncontrollable\" can mean that it's a loud noise that forces you to pay attention (like a foghorn -- it's impossible to ignore), or it could mean a smaller stimulus that comes in unpredictable patterns (like a drop of water that drip, drip, drips on your forehead at irregular intervals).\n\nYou can't annoy yourself with your fidgeting because you expect it and have control over the pattern. But others only hear an unpredictable series of sounds -- the sound constantly steals their attention, and that's annoying.", "When people smack a fork or spoon into their teeth when they eat... the fucking worst type of annoying sound. \n\n I'm pretty sure 23andme told me my hyper annoyance of this is genetic. ", "Just a guess, but for me it's badly followed patterns that annoys me. When you start hearing those drumming, you're already anticipating the next beats based on a tempo and looped pattern. Most people are no drummers and don't follow their pattern well, therefore, like hearing someone singing out of tune or out of rhythm, it gets on my nerve.\n\nI realized that by not being annoyed when I heard a real drummer doing it perfectly and beautifully.", "The action provides feedback within your closed system. It's a disturbance to the system of others. ", "I need to be doing two things at the same time to learn, I figured I got distracted if I tried to pay attention, so I started doodling or fiddling with my rubiks while listening to the class, and man does that help to actually pay attention. \nLater l found out that that's common amongst people with ADHD, so maybe I have some of that maybe perhaps probably?", "You, not being mindful of others is annoying. It's not necessarily the tapping or your other repetitive motion. Because tapping a table is just one way to annoy someone beside you who is trying to focus.\n\nAnyone including you gets annoyed when your focus is disrupted by noise and vibrations you didn't create. It's a question of where you are. Be mindful of what's around you before you tap that table. Obviously, not on the library and not even coffee shops where most people turned it into a library. But you can certainly tap your table at a bar while drinking and noone will care. See the difference in setting? \n\nSo your repetitive motion is not annoying. You just thought it is, because you do it in a place where people wants some peace and silence as they focus.", "Small stimuli can be soothing when you yourself are creating them because it's a tiny call and response game for your mind. You tap each finger, and your brain expects a sound and feeling for each one, so it's calming when that happens. You know when the tap is coming so it doesn't bother you. \n\n\nBut to others in the room it's an outside stimulus, which means that their brain is designed to \"figure it out,\" so to speak. Their brain is looking for patterns in the tapping, trying to figure out if it's getting closer or further away, analyzing every time the taps are at different intervals. Their conscious brain knows that it's just stupid bullshit, but their subconscious brain is still paying attention, which makes it annoying.", "Sometimes I think I am the only one who doesn't care when people do these things, its like having a fan on at night and is just white noise that is almost soothing. I almost believe people get \"annoyed\" and \"angry\" only because they have always been told its an annoying thing and should be stopped. I only think this because generally people don't care if the noise is being made by something that isn't human, unless the noise being made is loud (like a guy dropping a steel pipe) and has no real constant timing, it isn't annoying to me at least.", "I was thinking because when you make the noise you are usually doing it to some type of pattern or song but if another person here's the noise they just hear a bunch of tapping not seven nation army like you do. ", "You're following a rhythm that isnt yours and you cant help it. Its also frustrating when its slightly off beat.\n\nAlso its unwelcomed noise in the environment wherever you're in.", "It is all about synchronicity. When you dance with someone, you admire their rhythm, because you can follow it like the lyrics of your favorite song. However, when they are drumming to the rhythm of a strange tempo, you can't help but be disturbed. It's like talking to a crackhead who is incoherent and unpredictable. Losing control of the situation is unpleasant.", "I have something called restless leg syndrome\nbasically whenever you on a rest position, seated or laid down you can't stop moving/shaking your legs.\n\nWhenever I seat close to someone and start shaking my legs\npeople often tells me to stop, so I change legs, and carry on.\n\nSome people get motion sickness because they can feel it sometimes for being too close.\n\nI love doing it, can't explain why I do.", "For some reason my brother and a girl at work can hear me lick the top of my mouth from 5-10 feet away, it weirds/grosses them out.. ", "It isn't something you chose to hear, or accepted subconsciously you *would* hear in the course of your everyday. What isn't perceived to belong creates aversion. When unavoidable, animosity.", "I'd wager drumming a finger on a table is actually a lot less annoying for other people if the rhythm is solid, and that typically it is perceived more as noise simply because most of us aren't particularly good at keeping a steady beat going. Same for whistling and poor intonation.", "It's like coughing and talking. You might get irritated by it, but they are getting dopamine shot through their brain listening to themselves clear their throat or talk about bullshit.", "It's absence of control. You can control your motions. Others can't.\n\nJust like when driving we get tense and antsy not when driving at high speed but sitting still at stop lights.", "to further explain the top comment, it's a form of brainwave entrainment. What that means is the timing of the tapping sets your brain into a similar mental state, i.e. slow measured taps giving you a slowed relaxed state of mind, and fast anxious taps giving you a more anxious state of mind. Other people who aren't in the same type of mood as you are more likely to find it annoying, while people distracted by the same type of stuff might empathize or not even notice.", "When you are the one drumming, it's about feeling the rhythm, expressing yourself. When someone is listening to you drum, for that person it's about how good of a drummer you are. Let's face it, you probably suck. ", "These things bother me more than most. Loud chewing especially just grates at my nerves. The pen clicks or foot tapping or whatever isn't as bad, but still annoying.\n\nThat said, I still catch myself doing it at times (Except loud chewing. I don't do that. Fuck those people.). I do it subconsciously, and when/if I become aware of it I stop because I know it is annoying. I think it is simply a break for the human mind. A rest period that allows your mind to wander, or perform a function, without much effort.\n\nEver read a page then got to the end and realized that while you were reading, you weren't paying attention at all? Same thing. Your body performed the task physically, but your brain was on vacation.", " There is a huge selection bias. If it was annoying for you, you would not be doing it in the first place. ", "Because the person doing it can stop when they want. The others have to put up with it regardless.", "Not an expert in any way but I've always wondered if we've evolved to hate people who make noise because they might give out our location if we're hiding from a predator or something. Anybody have some insight on this? ", "I suspect it's because *we* -- those who are doing the drumming -- can anticipate the sounds, because we know the pattern of the drumming. Others, on the other hand, hear \"random sounds\", and because there is no pattern for them, it's distracting.\n\nSame reason random sounds are distracting, but the sound of something steady, like a fan, is actually kind of calming.", "Whenever a coworker mindlessly starts drumming on their desk I'll join in with a little accompaniment. They'll either stop or we'll have a percussive moment of musical beauty.", "If you found it annoying you wouldn't do it, would you?", "OP do you mind me asking which country you're from, cause this is so weird I blew up at the guy sitting next to me for doing this, and i just hope you're not that guy. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dumkznx" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "There is a theory that their weirdly shaped pupils result in something called \"chromatic aberration\", the result of different wavelengths of light refracting at different angles. In humans this causes colored \"fringes\" around objects which can be observed at the edges of eyeglasses or if your eyes are dilated at an optician. Octopus and squid may be able to use this to determine the color of their surroundings in order to create a match." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdeghdv", "cdegj7m", "cdegv2n", "cdenqop" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If they lied, then no one else would tell them things. It's not worth it for them to risk their reputation just to reveal the source of their info. Especially when there are laws and traditions protecting them from having to give up their sources.", "It's about an agreement between you and the reporter. If you ask for something to be off the record, and the reporter publishes it as on the record, then you'll never give any info to that reporter again - he's destroyed his credibility in your eyes.\n\nSo, although reporters would like everything to be sourced, it's understood that if a source asks to be off the record, it's best to respect it.", "Let's pretend you are a reporter and I work at Apple. We've had a pretty good relationship where I'll leak things to you exclusively. I tell you that the iPhone6 has a major problem with it's thingamajig and that the release will be delayed a few months.\n\nYou have two options. \n\nOne: You can print the story saying your source in Apple has raised suspicion of a production issue that may delay the release of the phone. \n\nNearly everyone will believe you because you've been accurately reporting my leaks for years. Who I am isn't important just my info.\n\nTwo: You can say that your source at Apple, thingamajig engineer Git_Off_Me_Lawn, is saying there will be a delay of the iPhone6 release due to production issues.\n\nIn this case my info is still accurate, no one is going to likely trust the leak any more just because my name is attached to it because I'm not speaking in any sort of official capacity, and now I'm fired so you lose your source at Apple and any other sources you have because they'd like to keep their jobs.\n\nIt's almost always a lose-lose situation if a reporter reneges on an agreement to protect their sources or to print other off the record sort of information. \n\nEdit: Grammar", "Everyone seems to be focusing on the legal and moral implications of \"going off the record\", but strictly speaking, the answer to your question is that TV writers use it as a crutch to squeeze in exposition.\n\nFor the story to advance, the writer needs a reason for the inside man to explain exactly how the nefarious company is burying toxic waste underneath the elementary school. he wouldn't just say it out loud to himself, and Thinking it out loud is tough to pull off, but explaining everything to a reporter brings everyone up to speed nice and easy." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7b1zev" ], "score": [ 45 ], "text": [ "Sirens aren't actually as effective as you might think. Some drivers don't hear them (if they're playing music or talking), some drivers can hear them but can't work out what direction they're coming from, and other drivers panic and either crash or get in the way doing silly manoeuvres. \n\nSome studies suggest that an emergency vehicle with sirens and an emergency vehicle without sirens will get to their destination at pretty much the same time. The one with sirens marginally quicker, but not enough to make much difference to the situation.\n\nThe reason sirens probably started out differently is that they were built with different technology by different specialists who thought their sound was the most effective. I'm sure if somebody finally *did* find an effective noise for a siren to make, then each country would adopt it. But as there's no magic answer yet, there's no reason to adopt another country's siren.\n\nInterestingly, most emergency vehicles carry two or three sirens these days. If the driver's using one, and it isn't working, they'll switch to another. And if you have a convoy of vehicles, they'll use different noises - otherwise you might think the emergency vehicle has passed and pull back out into the road and hit the following vehicle. If you hear more than one siren, you stay out the way." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dgxoi21", "dgxoq84", "dgycz6i" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Although I have only see them online, I have seen a couple. For instance, there is the saying \"/There are flat Earthers all around the globe.\" \nI also remember a video from a few years ago where a lady takes a video of her trip to the field museum. She compares something to being not real like dragons, which she thinks exist. \nI think it must only happen to really stupid people.", "The reason they are commonly shown in tv shows and movies is because it is a convenient plot device. It allows the writers to move the plot forward in a way that appears natural.\n\nOther reasons it can be used is as a comedic device. It can also be used to underline a feeling of dramatic irony in the audience.", "It is a storytelling device.\n\nFreudian slips, to the extent they actually exist, are more subtle and gradual. If you live with someone, over time clues will build up and you will have to finally admit that no, you really don't like their sister.\n\nYou don't have the luxury of that kind of build up on a TV show, so you condense it down into a single slip." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dig28zo" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Because there's a huge market for cheap things. At the end of the day, some people simply can't afford that $200-$300 vacuum that will work much better than the $20 they pick up on the cheap. Some companies are just out to make a quick buck on the people who are so concerned about cost that they don't realize a $20 vacuum won't work very well, while others may be trying to give the best product they can at that price point. In both cases, it seems better to save up and get one that will work better for longer, but for some people, saving isn't an option." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfr890n", "cfrb5ka" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "This obviously differ from country to country, city to city and even hospital to hospital. But I worked as the guy who did all the dirty work in the OR at a major hospital in Stockholm and one of mu duties was to take care the operation tables right after the patient left it and make it ready for the next operation. Basically, what you do is that you remove the sheets and pillow cases and put them in a bin for things that you wash and use again. And after you thrown away all the things that only get used once (diapers and different other material so soak up blood and other fluids) you clean the whole table with 40% ethanol or if there have been a high risk operation you use stronger stuff. Then you basically make the bed, put the straps in that is used for the patient lift. If there is going to be a special operation you just look at the schedule or the nurses will tell you so you can put the right equipment at the table. So just 40% ethanol and lots of elbow grease. ", "An operating room is an empty room with strong lighting system and a specialized ventilation system.\n\nThe tables are stainless steel. The table is narrow with a very thin plastic covered mattress.\n\nAll working surfaces are cleaned with a bacteria-virus cleaning solution like quaternary ammonium in alcool or activated peroxide.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dr5qx7z" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Oil and skin flakes are now covering the glue. Also sweat and oil will break down the glue over time." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "efyg0yt", "efygtcb", "efygukg" ], "score": [ 7, 4, 4 ], "text": [ "You absolutely need vitamins to live. For example, if your diet contained zero vitamin C you would get scurvy and die. However, it turns out that unless you're only eating one very specific thing it's hard to have a vitamin deficiency so severe that it negatively impacts your health.", "It's not like \"if you don't eat your vitamins you will die.\"\n\nIt's more like \"if you don't get enough folic acid, your brain function will reduce and you are at risk of depression\" or \"if you don't get enough niacin you'll have insomnia and diarrhea.\"\n\nOther deficiencies have more severe effects but if you have access to modern health care it's extremely unlike you'll die. You'll just have a lot of subtle symptoms like depression or skin conditions.", "Some vitamins you need, some you can live without. There is not unified answer for this as different vitamins do different things in the body.\n\nConventional wisdom is that there are 13 you need and can't live without. However, it's essentially impossible to avoid these vitamins and still be eating....food. \n\nFor example, you need vitamin A and that comes from leafy greens. But...it also comes in egg yolks, butter and cream...including ice-cream.\n\nFor another example, vitamin B12 is had almost exclusively through meats, although plant based ones exist (but are not absorbed as well). \n\nThere are some vitamins (C,K,etc.) that only come from plants, but you don't really need much of any of these to stay alive.\n\nMost people eating vitamins have a bar much higher than survival though, and there are OTHER reasons to eat vegetables and to avoid meats.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctxz0bu", "ctxz4dx", "ctxzyqr" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "From what I know,George Lucas wanted to use all unknown actors for the main roles. Harrison Ford only went in to casting to do readings to help cast the other actors. He had previously been in an earlier George Lucas film American Graffiti. He apparently fitted the role so he was kept on as Solo. Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill are still acting although they are not in the big budget movies. Natalie Portman, Kiera Knightley, Sir Alec Guinness, Liam Neeson, Ewan McGreigor, Samuel L Jackson, Terence Stamp, Brian Blessed have also been on screen since. I hope this helps.", "Mark Hamill suffered from being unable to get other on-screen roles because he was too recognizable as Luke Skywalker and the face of the Star Wars franchise. He did get a lot of work throughout his career (to this day) voice acting.\n\nCarrie Fisher struggled a lot with drugs and alcohol. Not unique in Hollywood, I know, but it really seems to have not done her many favors.\n\nThose are the big reasons those two didn't have big careers afterward, at least.", "Mark Hamill was in a car accident that messed up his face. He gravitated toward voice acting for this reason and is very successful at it. Many star wars actors have had successful careers. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ealuvxh" ], "score": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Flat screens come on sheets out of ,essentially, [a \"printer\".](_URL_0_) \n\nThat printer is only 80 inches wide. \n\nLike paper, they can cut smaller sizes out of that sheet easily.\n\nTo go bigger, they have to \"sew\" two sheets together, with is costly.\n\nImagine taking two pieces of paper and gluing them together in at the edges in such a way that you can't tell that it's not one piece of paper. That times 1000.\n\n" ] }

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[ [ "https://youtu.be/P124j7pFIeo?t=85" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz1skx0", "cz1stoh" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because it's been decided that it's okay for the modern day.\n\nPreviously, in the \"patriarchy,\" men had the upper-hand at all times. Now, with the rise of feminism, woman power, etc., there's backlash at the male population for the \"mistreatment\" of byegone eras.\n\nIf you want to see a \"Female Tears\" equivalent, look at the ads from the 1940s-1970s. Incredibly sexist with the focus of women being inferior; deemed completely acceptable at the time", "Largely for the same reason that people think it's funny to ridicule the president or rich bankers but may get a bad taste in their mouth if your jokes mock homeless people. Or more generally, why *good* satire punches upwards, mocks those with power and privilege, rather than than going after those without.\n\nBut most of the examples you mention aren't really jokes, they're not just attempts at being funny for the sake of being funny. They're (sarcastic or snarky) social commentary. They're part of a debate. They try to make a point about gender equality. They're responses to things that happened, to ways in which men react to discussions of feminism or accusations of sexism. They're not just intended as jokes.\n\nWhat point would a \"female tears\" mug make? Would it just be a joke for the sake of being funny, or would it present some kind of social commentary, make some sort of political point? Or would it just be lashing out, because your feelings were hurt by the \"Male Tears\" mug?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjuatrb" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "we're all related if you look back far enough . sometimes by blood other by marriage .I'm related to the king of england 50 times removed" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "disl6jo", "disl7lv", "disrvez" ], "score": [ 24, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "It just looks like it is moving faster when next to the horizon, an optical illusion caused by lack of any reference in the sky", "Lack of a point of reference. When the sun is up in the sky and you look up at it (in it's general direction, never look directly at the sun), there are no points of reference by which you can gauge its rate of motion.\n\nWhen the sun is closer to the horizon, you now have points of reference (the horizon itself, and any other major features) that allows your brain to judge its speed.", "There are a couple reasons. \nNumber one is, as many people have already mentioned, the lack of reference points in the sky. With nothing to see the sun against, your brain cannot judge its movement accurately. \nNumber two is that your eyes tend to overexaggerate vertical motion and sizes. A prime example of this is the Gateway Arch, which in reality is just as wide as it is tall but it seems significantly taller. Scientists aren't sure exactly why this happens, but it might have something to do with the fact that your eyes are placed horizontally. Continuing, when the sun is high in the sky, it is moving horizontally with respect to you. This isn't always true, but it is most of the time. However, when it is setting, the sun is moving vertically. For this reason, your brain overexaggerates that and it seems to be moving faster.\nIt should be noted that the sun doesn't really move at all, it is the Earth that does." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdn71sb", "cdnafnb" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "I believe in health class they taught us that the one ovary will do double time (release every period). Seek professional advise.", "Both of your ovaries create multiple follicles per menstrual cycle. Some follicles get bigger until one \"dominant follicle\" is established. At this point, it releases local chemicals that cause the other follicles to degenerate. The dominant follicle matures and then releases an egg that can get fertilized.\n\nSince you only have one ovary, the dominant follicle will only develop in your current ovary. There will be less follicles from which the dominant follicle can arise and this may cause a defective dominant follicle more often. However, this is generally negligible, especially if you are young ( < 35yrs). So your fertility is likely fine." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1p14a8", "d1p1azb", "d1p9ens" ], "score": [ 5, 9, 2 ], "text": [ "I'd assume it has something to do with those two colors being on opposite ends of the color spectrum, making them easier to distinguish between the two. But that's just a guess really. ", "Because you need two bright, primary colours that can be easily distinguished both against each other and against the environment. In Video games you're unlikely to come across large sections of bright and flat red or bright/deep blues, whereas you will come across a lot of greens and yellows. Red and Blue are highly distinct from eachother, so they fit this niche nicely. \n \nThat's my guess anyway.", "The U.S. military has a long history of naming the two sides \"red\" and \"blue\" in training maneuvers.\n\nFor example read about the [Louisiana Maneuvers](_URL_0_) held in 1940 and again in 1941. The two sides were officially \"Kotmk\" and \"Almat\", acronyms derived from the states the participating units were drawn from (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Kentucky for Kotmk, and Arkansas, Lousiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee for Almat). However, for identification purposes the Kotmk soldiers wore red armbands and the Almat soldiers wore blue armbands, and since the official names were a bit hard to remember and pronounce, the two sides were often referred to as red and blue.\n\nI am not clear why the military chose red and blue as their preferred opposing force colors, but it has been an established convention since well before living memory. Perhaps some of the factors mentioned by other posters apply, the colors are easily distinguished even by the color blind, red and blue dyes are both readily available, etc. Whatever the reason for the original choice for the military, the modern *gaming* convention is clearly derived from the military. Red vs blue in games has nothing to do with optical pallettes of modern electronics and everything to do with carrying on the red vs blue convention the military has been using since before there was such a thing as a programmable computer." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Maneuvers" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ct7xbcg", "ct88cts" ], "score": [ 8, 2 ], "text": [ "Pasta refers to food made from a paste of water and flour, extruded or stamped into shapes. Noodle refers mainly to strip or ring shapes. So pasta can be noodles, however it can also be stuff like ravioli which is not a noodle but still a pasta. \n\nThere are also many types of noodles that aren't pasta, such as egg noodles, tofu noodles, shirataki, even zucchini and carrot noodles.\n\nColloquially, I usually hear noodles in reference to non-pasta dishes, usually Asian food. ", "Traditionally, pasta is made with a particular kind of flour: durum semolina (hard wheat). Noodles are made with \"soft\" wheat or other flour (e.g., buckwheat). I'm pretty sure that in Europe, at least, noodles contain eggs, while pasta is only flour and water." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e7adyi4", "e7agn90" ], "score": [ 5, 3 ], "text": [ " That's the way we see content best. Our eyes pick up a wider field of vision than long. So it feels unnatural to see things with a longer field of view than wide. It's why when you go watch an Imax the screen fills the whole rooms walls but doesn't stretch as high into the roof of the building. ", "We have two eyes, one beside the other on a horizontal plain. If our eyes were set on a vertical plain, vertical monitors would make more sense. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c51j2tn", "c51ne6u" ], "score": [ 7, 4 ], "text": [ "They \"absorb\" light, and that absorbed light knocks some of the electrons to higher orbitals around the nucleus.\n\nLater on, the electrons jump back to lower orbitals and lose some energy. The lost energy we see as photons, or light. Some materials, such as Phosphor and more expensive Strontium are very susceptible for this.", "They're actually storing the *energy* from light and re-emitting it at a slightly lower energy. If the incoming light has wavelength(1) and the outgoing light wavelength(2), wavelength(1) < wavelength(2). This corresponds to energy(1) > energy(2).\n\nAnyway: all matter(substance) is made of atoms and molecules. Molecules are collections of atoms connected by electron interactions. Atoms consist of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) which are orbited by electrons. If light of sufficient energy (i.e. low enough wavelength) for a particular electron in that substance to be excited hits the substance, the electron can be promoted to what's called an *excited state*. For atoms, this can be visualised as the electron gaining enough energy to move slightly further away from the nucleus.\n\nWhen the electron is in it's excited state it can do a bunch of things. One of them is to vibrate and lose it's energy as heat. Another is to \"flip it's electron the other way round\" (changes it's spin; [intersystem crossing](_URL_1_)). Another is to lose it's energy as light again - it emits a photon of lower energy than that which excited it (some of the energy was lost in vibrations etc.).\n\nNow, we've various different excited states. Put simply, one is where the electron spin is the same as it was before, one is where the spin has been flipped. If a photon is emitted from the originial spin state we have [fluorescence](_URL_0_). If it's emitted from the state with the spin flipped then we have [phosphorescence](_URL_3_).\n\nFluorescence occurs faster than phosphorescence, but the light usually has a shorter wavelength (higher energy). Why does it occur faster? Because the excited state with the original electron spin is *less stable* than that with the spin flipped. This is because electrons pair together with opposite spins (eg. +1 and -1) when they're in the same orbital/state, but when one of them is excited and they're in different states (one in the *ground* state and one in the *excited* state) it is more stable to be *spin parallel* (eg. +1 and +1). So flipping the spin makes it more stable - a *metastable* excited state.\n\nAs to why charging is the same for different light sources, technically it isn't, BUT it's because the incoming light (photons) only has to be of sufficient energy to excite the electron in the fluorescent materials you've seen. It just so happens that the fluorescent materials you've seen have been designed so that \"sunlight\" and \"fluorescent light\" and anything that the consumer would use will cause fluorescence/phosphorescence to occur. See the [electromagnetic spectrum](_URL_2_) for the energy of different lightsources.\n\nHowever, if you go to really high energy light (such as a gamma ray) you might actually stop fluorescence/phosphorescence from occuring because you have so much energy that rather than become excited, the electron just leaves. And if the light is of really low energy, like a radio wave, it might not have enough energy to excite the electrons in the material.\n\nAs for the \"charging\", you have to place it under that light source for a while so that lots of different electrons can be excited. If you only put it there for a second then it's possible only a few of the electrons have been excited and the material won't contain so much energy yet." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florescence", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersystem_crossing", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cz1hdie" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Instincts are basically hardwired instructions in the brain. While developing, the body builds these things into the brain the same way it builds the muscles in your arm. The compulsion of a raccoon washing its food is similar to you pulling your hand away from a hot stove.\n\nNow, a common fallacy is that some raccoon somewhere in the past decided to wash his food, found out it was better for him somehow, and passed this tendency along to his offspring. Genetics don't generally work like that. What happened is that by random chance the raccoon genes aligned so that some of them washed their food and some didn't, washing the food gave them some kind of advantage, so eventually all raccoons were descendants of the ones who wash their food. Had food washing not proved beneficial, it would not be common in the population and might have simply died out." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e028gzs", "e028h4n", "e02c5s7" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The definitions of the Volt, Amp, and Ohm are all somewhat circular, but that's as a result of attempting to create a definition so a reference could be recreated anywhere in the universe at any time\n\nFor what an amp actually means in a practical sense its helpful to think in terms of electrons(briefly). 6.24x10^18 electrons have a collective charge of 1 Coulomb. When you have 1 Amp flowing through a wire then you have 1 Coulomb per second flowing through a cross section of the wire. If you were to poke a hole through a sheet of paper and run the wire through it so the current is flowing to the right, then you'd have a net change of 6.24x10^18 electrons flowing to the right through the plane of the paper per second. You'd have some going left, but the majority are going right so the net charge flow is 6.24x10^18 electrons/second to the right.", "One Ampere is defined as one Coulomb per second.\n\nOne Coulomb is equivalent to approximately 6.242 * 10^18 electrons worth of charge.\n\nSo 1 Ampere is 6.242 * 10^18 electrons passing through a point in one second (or one electron passing through a point in (6.242 * 10^(18))^-1 seconds, I guess)", "In addition to the good answers you have received, I would add that the direction of **conventional current flow** is positive to negative. That is opposite electron flow. It is important when measuring polarity of current. It seems backwards because electrons are usually thought of as carrying the current, but it was established before the electron was discovered. \n\nCurrent can be carried by protons as well as electrons. In lead-acid batteries, hydrogen ions (aka protons) in the electrolyte carry current. The definitions of the Coulomb and Ampere do not specify the charge carrier. A Coulomb of protons is 1C, a Coulomb of electrons is -1C. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f49inna", "f49lb84", "f49lv23" ], "score": [ 7, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Maintaining consciousness requires a lot of energy and resources provided through the blood, so blocking that even briefly will prevent the brain from keeping up the emergent property of the conscious mind. However it doesn't instantly stop doing *everything* and the parts of the brain that control things like the urge to breath keep on functioning for a while.\n\nOf course they don't keep up forever, and even a brief interruption of blood supply can result in the death of some brain cells. It isn't a guarantee that someone will recover from being choked into unconsciousness.", "Breathing is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Although you can control your breathing consciously, your brain isn't usually in direct control of your breathing or heart rate. Both of those functions (as well as other things, like digestion) can function independently from the brain, where neural pathways connected to the spinal chord are doing all the 'thinking'.", "There are numerous receptors in your body that send signals to your brain depending on the pH or relative amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. Restricting tour airways does not directly stop them from doing this -- your body still tries to breathe automatically based on such signals. Stopping the restriction simply allows your body to breathe normally (although the pace and depth of breathing will likely change due to prolonged differences such as in suffocation). This holds even for blood-based chokes (e.g. a sleeper hold) where the lack of oxygen to the brain results in the suspension of consciousness. This automated function would only stop if your brain is deprived of oxygen for a sufficiently long time period such that serious neurological damage occurs." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "epi9ifc", "epi9xcb", "epj6a2m", "epjpv3p" ], "score": [ 45, 13, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Most of the water is used to raise crops like alfalfa, which are then used to feed the cattle all their lives, which are then killed to make meat. (The cattle drink every day too.) So it's a very indirect, wasteful process.", "this of course assumes you're going to make a hamburger from scratch with absolutely nothing but some seeds and a pregnant cow.\n\nthe wheat for the bread is going to need water to grow. The Baby cow is going to need water to live. The lettuce and other veggies are going to need water too.", "A major reason beef systems are so inefficient:\n\nYou have to maintain a herd of cows (females) and a few bulls to produce the calves that are grown for beef.\n\nAnd each cow only has one calf at a time, and the calves take 1-3 years before being slaughtered.\n\nSo, to produce 100 beef calves for slaughter in a given year, you have to maintain > 100 cows and a few bulls. That requires a lot of resources. \n\nSo, it's not just the resources that go into growing the calf. It's the resources that go into growing and maintaining its mother, year-round, to produce one calf.", "I’ll also add that, even if we assume it takes 600 gallons of water to raise a cow from newborn to “ready to be made into a hamburger”, this number is still egregiously misleading. You get more than just a single hamburger from a single cow.\n\nIf we assume an average of 430 pounds of meat per cow (see _URL_0_), that means approximately 1.4 gallons of water per pound of beef.\n\nA typical fast food restaurant hamburger patty is 0.25 pounds. So, if we were crazy and turned all those excellent cuts of steak into ground beef and made hamburger patties, we would get 1,720 patties, bringing us to about 0.35 gallons of water per hamburger patty. This is 5.58 cups of water. Per hamburger. Not 600 gallons. \n\nThis all of course ignores water used for the ingredients to make the bun and toppings." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dbo9c0b" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Because their insolvency would represent a systemic risk. Too big to fail means failure could have a domino effect that would destroy the worlds's financial system. So they in effect have an unlimited insurance policy written by the US government ." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2tcynl", "c2td9ik", "c2tcynl", "c2td9ik" ], "score": [ 7, 7, 7, 7 ], "text": [ "I think it's a combination of several things, but if I had to take a crack at it:\n\n* Fiscal responsibility is not really taught on a broad level. In general it's not something you would learn in school in America. Ideally, you'd learn fiscal responsibility from your parents, but that leads to the problem of...\n\n* Perpetuating fiscal irresponsibility because the parents are poor at it. If the parents don't know better, or do but still have bad credit habits, prospects aren't going to look good for their kids.\n\n* Credit is hard to build without one (a credit card). No credit is only slightly better to lenders than bad credit. If you want to buy a home, a good credit history is important in getting the loan but also a good rate. \n\n* Perception. What I find is disturbing is that people actually factor their credit card limit into their pool of available money. Obviously this is a recipe for disaster and/or bankruptcy, but it doesn't change that it is actually perceived this way by many Americans. \n\n* Finally, Americans, by and large, love instant gratification. The prospect of having to pay way more on an item because of interest rates on credit cards doesn't really outweigh many people's \"need\" to have the item *now*.\n\n", "I don't understand it either, and I live here. I treat my credit card like an extension of my debit card. It's not MORE money, it's just a different card to pay with, and the money comes immediately out of my debit account (I transfer it immediately). I only do that to build credit. I hate the idea of being in debt for anything other than a house or a car - I didn't even take out student loans.", "I think it's a combination of several things, but if I had to take a crack at it:\n\n* Fiscal responsibility is not really taught on a broad level. In general it's not something you would learn in school in America. Ideally, you'd learn fiscal responsibility from your parents, but that leads to the problem of...\n\n* Perpetuating fiscal irresponsibility because the parents are poor at it. If the parents don't know better, or do but still have bad credit habits, prospects aren't going to look good for their kids.\n\n* Credit is hard to build without one (a credit card). No credit is only slightly better to lenders than bad credit. If you want to buy a home, a good credit history is important in getting the loan but also a good rate. \n\n* Perception. What I find is disturbing is that people actually factor their credit card limit into their pool of available money. Obviously this is a recipe for disaster and/or bankruptcy, but it doesn't change that it is actually perceived this way by many Americans. \n\n* Finally, Americans, by and large, love instant gratification. The prospect of having to pay way more on an item because of interest rates on credit cards doesn't really outweigh many people's \"need\" to have the item *now*.\n\n", "I don't understand it either, and I live here. I treat my credit card like an extension of my debit card. It's not MORE money, it's just a different card to pay with, and the money comes immediately out of my debit account (I transfer it immediately). I only do that to build credit. I hate the idea of being in debt for anything other than a house or a car - I didn't even take out student loans." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dk1yynk", "dk20i8u", "dk2330r", "dk29t67" ], "score": [ 42, 17, 10, 6 ], "text": [ "I think this is primarily an American thing to be honest and your \"most other places\" is incorrect. \n\nAustralia, New Zealand, Europe, the UK (technically they're still Europe but not for much longer), Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan all do tax as part of the sale price by law. \n\nThey do this to allow consumers more accurate information when making purchases of goods and services.\n\nI think the better ELI5 question would be, why DOESN'T the USA include tax in the purchase price?", "In the US taxes vary by city, county, and State. This means that no store that was a chain could advertise the prices of their products unless they paid massive amounts to take out hundreds, if not thousands of individually tailored ads. It also makes it difficult for those organizations and people who are tax exempt on some kinds of purchases to get their discounts. ", "In many of those places, there is a single value added tax for the enitre country. Manufacturers can price their items once and they are good throughout the entire country.\n\nIn the US, you have a separate state and local sales tax, which is only applied to some items and for some buyers. It would be confusing to try to guess how much tax a given person might have to pay. ", "The difference is between sales tax and value added tax.\n\nThe US has sales tax, which is a tax on the value of a retail sale -- that is, a sale to an end user.\n\nFor example, you might buy a bar of chocolate that costs $1. If you're a baker and you want to use that chocolate as an ingredient in a cake that you're going to sell, you pay $1. If you're going to eat that chocolate yourself (or use it in a cake that you're going to eat), you pay sales tax -- say, a 20% sales tax, bringing the total to $1.20.\n\nEuropean countries have value added tax, which looks to the end user like a kind of sales tax, but technically it's a tax on the value that is *added* to something at each stage of production.\n\nBut since it *looks* like a sales tax, we can simplify the explanation. You buy a bar of chocolate that is worth €1, to which is added 20% VAT, so you actually pay €1.20. If you then use that chocolate as an ingredient in a cake you want to sell, you can claim back the 20 cents from the tax authorities, but then you have to charge VAT on the cake that you sell.\n\nThe advantage of sales tax is that it's quite simple. The disadvantage, though, is that whoever you're buying from needs to know whether you're a retail customer who has to pay sales tax, or a wholesale customer who doesn't. With VAT, the seller doesn't need to know that, but the paperwork involved is a bit more complicated.\n\nIn Europe, though, if you go to a wholesalers -- a company that usually sells to other companies, not end users -- the prices on the shelves are given without VAT, which is then added at the checkout, just like a US-style sales tax. This is because it's expected that customers will be claiming the VAT back, so they're more interested in knowing the price before VAT." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d92wg9z", "d930pe8", "d932zrq" ], "score": [ 29, 2, 5 ], "text": [ "Get a bunch of super hot wires, wrap vents around them, blow air through said vents. It's probably more nuanced than that but it's the general idea", "Lots of really hot wires (resistances) running with electricity. Imagine something like the ones used in the kicten to boil water. But water is much harder to warm up due to its density and it is heated up from 15C to 100 C, while air is much easier to absorb heat and we heat it from room temperature (22C) to 40C. So not such a big deal.", "What hand dryers are you speaking of? The ones I have used produce 1.5 seconds of cold air and require you to wave your dripping hands in a worship ritual under the dryer before the it will bestow upon you another 1.5 seconds of cold air." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dpbwikb", "dpg9cfk" ], "score": [ 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Anti-bacterial - Kills bacteria or otherwise messes with them in some way (e.g. prevents them reproducing).\n\nAntiseptic/anti-germ/anti-microbial - Kills bacteria, viruses, likely also fungi and parasites like protozoa. This is stuff like strong alcohol (60-70%), bleach, chlorhexidine, iodine, etc. which will kill most things. May or may not work on particularly hardly things like prions or bacterial spores.", "Not specifically asked about, but another important distinction to make is the difference between a disinfectant and an antiseptic, that being that antiseptics can be used on living tissue while disinfectants should not. Because of this, disinfectants are typically more harsh than antiseptics, because you don't mind if you kill anything living on the surface you're cleaning." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cb25ge1", "cb25i6k", "cb2avmk", "cb2qnuc" ], "score": [ 6, 40, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "In order to keep typewriters from jamming, more popular letters were spread out. ", "In the days of typewriters, the keys were alphabetically ordered. However this caused some keys to get jammed up, or more frequent typos (remember, typewriter, you cant just hit backspace), due to frequently used letters being too close together. \n\nSo they rearranged the letters into the qwerty board to space the well used letters apart more. This cut back on jams and typos and was carried over to computer keyboards. ", "Since a few people have already given an ELI5 answer, I'll [link this awesome comic](_URL_0_) that explains about the history of typewriters and the qwerty/dvorak layouts.\n\nAlong with what everyone else said, it's important to note that since the qwerty layout was specifically made just to accommodate the typewriter tech, it's really very silly that people still use the layout to this day. If people weren't so stuck in their ways, I'm sure alternate layouts like dvorak, colemak, or workman would be more widely used.", "The typewriter thing may well be true, but with qwerty you can type a lot quicker, once you've practised, than you can with alphabetical. \n\nCommonly used keys are easy to reach, and common combos like ious are different fingers. Less used letters like q and z (in English) are out in the corners. When you run a typing learning program (which everyone should do) the levels start with words that only have the common letters in them, then start including the uncommon ones as you level up and have the hang of the common ones. \n\nThis must play a part in the particular layout, although there are idiosyncrasies that we wouldn't design in today, but momentum keeps us with it. There are technically better layouts, that enable quicker typing, but these remain minority use for the same reason. \n\nI recall a TV program, probably on the BBC, about the history of it, and a demo of the typing speed of \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" repeatedly, and it coming out much faster on QWERTY, with typists trained on each layout. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dy54fvc", "dy54g8o", "dy54iwc" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "depends where you are. Generally Mcdonalds could only sue if the claim could be proven to be untrue.\n\nif there is small print at the bottom that cites a survey, or a specific quantification,and that fact is true, then they are allowed to show it.", "As long as what you’re saying isn’t overtly false everything is fine. Addressing an opinion or research that says your burger is better, ain’t nothing wrong with that. Why would there be? ", "You can sue for:\n\n**Libel/Slander**: deliberate false statements intended to damage reputation\n\n**Trademark infringement**: Trying to sell a product using your trademarked imagery/slogans\n\nYou *can't* sue for negative statements that are true, or ads that are merely referencing a competitor.\n\nBurger King can say our Whopper^tm has 15% more meat than a Big Mac^tm if it's true.\n\nThey can't say Ronald McDonald personally spits in every Big Mac." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyr4chl" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "It was simply very embarrassing for Mexico. It was a Maximum security prison he had escaped from. Mexico wants to be taken seriously, in this didn't help. Especially the elaborate tunnel" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fkvhazj", "fkvhkl1" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "You could store the files on a memory drive which would reduce access time but usually the game files are stored in a compressed format and have to be decompressed then re-loaded in to memory for each level load, so it would require the programmers of the game to design it to be all loaded in to memory in order for it to be instant.", "Sure, it's doable. Called a RAM Drive. I don't know what the best app for it might be. You'd still normally need to load all the data into ram each time you restart your computer.\n\nI can't suggest a specific ram drive app. \n\nReally though, if you've got an SSD it would get you some improvement, but not worth the trouble, IMO." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fhmhh4p", "fhml9vt", "fhmtvx6" ], "score": [ 6, 3, 13 ], "text": [ "I would say it's the opposite. The irregular is annoying. \n\nThere is another difference in your example than irregular and regular. Music is often pleasant to listen to and people's voices can be comforting. An alarm is often annoying by design.", "I think because with things like alarms, clocks, dripping taps etc you know what’s going to happen and are unconsciously waiting for it which gets distracting. It’s like when it’s windy and your bedroom window is open and the door is rattling. Even though it might be irregular it is still repetitive and you know it’s going to happen so you listen for it and concentrate on it. At least I do", "Neural /sensory adaptation. That is, your sensory neurons will actually stop firing after exposure to a prolonged, constant stimulus\n\nFor example, when something is touching your skin for the first time, say, a new watch on your wrist, all your sensory nerves are firing. Neural adaptation is the process of your body getting used to the watch on your wrist and eventually no longer firing sensory neurons to let you know there's something there. \nWhich is why you feel like your wrist is 'naked' when you don't wear a watch after a while of wearing one constantly. The stimulus has changed and the neurons are now firing at a different frequency they are used to. \n\nNot all sensory neurons adapt, and some (phasic) adapt fadter than others (tonic).\n\nChanges to the intensity of a stimulus (volume, pressure, light) will throw the balance again and cause you to notice the stimulus\n\nThere's a really cool thing about the feeling you get when you're sleeping and you feel like you're falling that's to do with it too" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dz68mtq", "dz6aglb", "dz6fwy5" ], "score": [ 12, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "8.4 % is probably worse for your liver because the alcohol is absorbed and processed by the liver quicker. The same way it’s worse to drink a bottle of wine in one go instead of over a few days. ", "Your body sees the alcohol as a poison and works on getting rid of it. So getting a huge concentrated 8.4% burst of alcohol will be more draining to your liver than the two small 4.2% bursts of alcohol.\n\nIt's the same way when you get a snake bite: The venom pushed in your body will go to your lymph nodes which will be overwhelmed once it arrives all in one go. That is why putting a bandage over the limbs and reducing the quantity in which the venom arrives at the lymph nodes a way to survive.", "Another thing to add to the above- 2x 4.2% beers will be (approximately) twice the volume of water. I don’t know if that’s better for your liver specifically, but certainly it’ll be better for your body as a whole (assuming you aren’t incredibly hydrated already)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cr28l6j" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "If you put a telescope 73 light years from Earth and pointed it at Earth, yes you would see Earth 73 years in the past. But you could never see WW2 because it would take you at least 73 years to get the telescope out there, since nothing can travel faster than light. So this isn't a method that would allow you to see into your own past. It would, at best, let you see what you've missed on Earth as you were taking this telescope out into the far reaches of space." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdgptaw", "cdgqxl1", "cdgr94h", "cdgsddf" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 22, 2 ], "text": [ "Because at a grocery store all those high prices you're seeing are 'impulse' buys. They're stationed at the front where people will quickly buy anything. \n\nFor Cub Foods there's a section where you can buy this hugeeee can for pop for less than a buck. Yet Upfront there are smaller bottles for more than twice the price. Once again, because they know people will be making impulse buys upfront ", "It could also be the store buying overflow of stock from other companies. Here in Sweden we have one that buys from all around Europe. So a product that's expensive in let's say Germany is dirt cheap here because we don't know the brand (and the brand won't get damaged by low prices) a little OT but yeah some companies might get to much of an item that they can't turn fast enough so selling it of cheaper is more cost effective. ", "Dollar stores generally operate on a high volume, low margin basis. What this means is the store attempts to sell many more items per day than a large grocery store but receive less profit per item. They rely heavily on buying from wholesalers at low cost and having very little operating costs. \n\nYou may also notice that many dollar stores carry very few or no perishable goods. A large grocery store may require extra profits on items like Coke because they may have to discard the $200 of turkey meat that is now expired and no longer salable. \n\nThere are many other factors that can contribute to the sales price, however. Some Dollar stores are large chain franchises that heavily utilize economies of scale to obtain large price cuts from wholesales. Small Dollar stores generally rely on low financing costs.", "As others have said, dollar stores buy overflow of stock from other companies, products from factories that can't ship because they are slightly irregular etc. Food nearing the expiry date and so on.\n\nAnother reason is that a lot of the name brand products they sell are actually Chinese counterfeits. Especially beauty products and toiletries such as toothpaste and soaps. You can usually tell these by reading the labels though as there are frequently grammatical errors or spelling mistakes." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d9bl4l9" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "It isn't unhealthy to remain unconcious for \"too long\". The problem is that if something renders someone unconscious such as a blow to the head, the longer they are out indicates greater levels of damage and disruption to the brain.\n\nYou are confusing the cause and the symptom. It isn't bad to sit in a giant pool of blood, but it is a really bad sign to see an injured person sitting in a giant pool of blood." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "caxjy5k", "caxk346", "caxmaxr", "caxmtua", "caxpnyu", "caxq2g3", "caxqs1a", "caxsc9u", "caxu34z", "caxuk7o", "caxus0u" ], "score": [ 166, 13, 2, 52, 6, 2, 3, 5, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Any defect in the bloodstream is called an embolism - defect meaning anything that is in the bloodstream that isn't blood. When the defect is air, it is called an air embolism. \n\nYou suppose the first 'question' in our chain: how does the air get there in the first place. The usual candidates are medical procedures, though major injury to a blood vessel can have the same impact. Obviously, an injection is a medical procedure. Most medical procedures with a few exceptions involve the 'return' side of the vascular system, ie the veins - which is by design, and has a lot of positive side effects for an AE. \n\nThe effect of an AE depends on where in the circulatory system it occurs. If, as we've indicated, the embolism occurs in a vein, it will be transmitted to the heart - specifically the right Atrium. The air will then be passed by the pumping action of the atrium into the right ventricle. This is the first place where a serious problem can occur. If the quantity of air present is enough to displace a 'large volume of blood' - about 100 mL - then the ventricle may become partially or totally obstructed, which would prevent the movement of blood in the body, and lead to death. \n\nIf there is *not* enough air to occlude the ventricle, the air will be pumped to the lungs where it has the potential to escape the body through the same process that all other blood gases do. \n\nIf the AE begins in the arterial part of the vascular system, the problem can be much more serious as it can block the flow of blood to a major organ or system (eg, the brain or heart). The reason this can occur in the arteries but not the veins is that the arteries only 'narrow' in the direction of the flow of blood, and veins only 'widen.' An AE in an artery would behave exactly as any other arterial blockage, and would lead to an infarction. \n\nNow, the blood is full of dissolved gases all the time (that's its primary purpose after all) - so there is an extent to which it can handle this problem. The blood has a limited capacity to dissolve air within itself, and given time the air in blood will dissolve (assuming it does not kill the patient first). So a 'very small amount' would likely be either dissolved before anything of significance happened, or be expelled through the lungs. A larger amount could pose a more serious threat, depending on precisely how large the embolism is, and where it took place. \n\nThis problem is something that is experienced by divers (associated with decompression sickness) - but in reverse. Gases that are dissolved in the blood under pressure come out of suspension when the pressure is decreases, causing an air embolus. Interestingly, one of the treatments for an AE is a hyperbaric chamber - basically 'playing back' the conditions of decompression sickness in reverse. ", "Depends how much and where.\n\nIf its into an artery, it'll travel down until the vessel gets too thin, at which point it will obstruct blood flow. This is called an 'air embolism'. What happens afterwards is the same as when any blood vessel gets occluded, the tissue fed by that blood vessel can become necrotic due to oxygen deprivation unless it can get blood flow from other blood vessels. If its a small amount of air, the occlusion might be somewhere where the tissue can be blood flow from elsewhere. Nothing bad will happen as eventually the air will dissolve into the bloodstream and be reabsorbed by the surrounding tissues. A larger amount of air, however, and it can obstruct an artery that feeds an entire organ, such as a cardiac artery, a cerebral artery, or your mesenteric artery (feeds blood to your bowels). This can cause bigger problems depending on what organ becomes ischemic (oxygen deprived): a heart attack, stroke, etc. Air getting into the arteries isn't very common because arteries tend to be deeper into the tissue and rarely involved in injections (which are the leading cause of air emboli).\n\nVeins are the common site for injections, both medically and recreationally. Once again, the same general principles as above can apply but since veins flow from smaller to larger, problems don't tend to arise until you hit a critical juncture. Veins are also a bit more resistant to air emboli as there are valves in the veins. Normally the valves are used to help build pressure so blood can get back to the heart, but these valves can serve to trap, disrupt, and break apart air bubbles in blood stream. If the bubble is large enough, a vein can get occluded at the valve, but veinous blood flow has a lot more co-axial flow so a blockage in a vein can usually be circumvented through other veins.\n\nThe big problem that comes from an air bubble in the veinous system is when that bubble eventually gets back to your heart and gets pumped into your lungs. A large enough bubble can block blood flow in the heart. There's also the pulmonary arteries, the vessels that carry blood from your heart to your lungs, get rather narrow. If these vessels get blocked, you get something called a pulmonary embolism, which is a life-threatening condition. Blood flow to the lung gets blocked, blood can't get oxygenated, and you basically suffocate while still being able to breath.\n\nThe veinous system can handle a lot more air before it becomes a risk, but injections into the veinous blood flow are more common and more likely to be done by somebody without medical training (ie - IV drug users). The arterial system, however, can cause serious complications with as little as 0.5mL of air into a cardiac artery (a potential complication that can arise from cardiac angiographies) or 2mL into a cerebral artery.\n\nAir emboli are also the cause of the symptoms when experiencing 'the bends' from diving, though in diving, its from nitrogen gas rather than normal air.\n\nSource: Medical professional that does IV injections", "I always thought it would be cool to see this in a movie. When someones is being held hostage with a needle in their neck, have it be full of air instead of poison. ", "Ok so like you are five... Air can be squeezed (compression) and stretched (vacuum) and liquids can't. So if air desplaces enough blood in your heart it no longer is pumping blood just compressing the air when it contracts. The elasticity in the air prevents the right ventricle from pulling blood from your vena cava (think of pulling something heavy with a stretchy rope) this reduces the amount of blood the comes into your heart and air's ability to be compressed prevents the right ventricle and left ventricle from pushing the blood to your lungs (right ventricle) and body (left ventricle)(imagine trying to push a heavy weight with a soft spring, the spring will absorb most of the pushing force). When this happens it's called cavitation and it not only can happen in the heart, but also in any pump that uses a centrifugal pumping system that depends on it not having air in the system.\n\nSource: Firefighter/Paramedic for many years\n\nEDIT: Changed the word fluids to liquids\n\nAlso when I say push against a heavy weight I refer to systemic vascular resistance (SVR). That’s the force the heart has to work against to pump blood.", "Thanks everyone for their answers. Now I will second guess injecting air into my veins. ", "Great, now I'm worried I could die getting a shot.", "As an ex junkie Ive shot up with air in the rig plenty of times, never any adverse effects. But I imagine an entire syringe full would be a different story. ", "Don't do it op", "I was in the hospital recently and a bubble went down my IV line. I pointed it out to a nurse, and she said \"Don't worry about it.\"\n\nI didn't. Nothing happened. \n\nOf course a bubble isn't the same thing as a syringe worth of air.", "Did you recently see the Heat?", "The Heat! \n\nCoincidence? I think not! " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cymo0lt", "cymo4ue" ], "score": [ 8, 9 ], "text": [ "Disregarding arguments about practicality, it's not in the interest of those governing to make elected offices truly available to anyone.", "Your first practical problem would be passing such a law. Congress is full of people who won their seats by raising lots of money for their campaign, so having to raise a lot of money isn't a problem for them. They don't want to vote to take away their advantage and give all candidates the same amount of money.\n\nAssuming you can pass the law, you have to work out which candidates deserve public funding. Why only four candidates per party in the primaries, and how do you decide which four candidates qualify? Why do only the Republicans and Democrats get public funding? How much support would a third party need before they also qualify for public funding of their primary and their nominated candidate? How will they campaign to get that support and qualify for public funding if you've banned donations to campaigns?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpl0ijv", "cpl2909", "cpl2mnk" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "A lot of animal poisons are destroyed by heat so you just have to make sure the food is properly cooked for it to be safe. ", "I've read that, at least in some areas, they excise the meat surrounding the wound and toss it.", "1. A lot of toxins are destroyed by heat, so cooking the food removes them.\n\n2. A lot of toxins aren't poisonous when ingested, as they are destroyed by stomach acid.\n\n3. Removing and discarding the meat nearby the wound removes enough poison to make the rest of the animal safe." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cv76jdq" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "A lot of predators are attracted by movement. Humans are a great example - something moving when everything else is still, or moving in a rather odd way, really attracts our attention.\n\nSquirrels are a tiny bit more invisible when they sit absolutely still. So they put on a little burst of speed to get to where they want to be, then pause to hopefully throw off the tracking of that eagle or weasel or coyote that spotted them. \n\nSure, it's not a perfect survival strategy, but every little bit helps. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "db4vh7u", "db4vlp4", "db52wli", "db541kz" ], "score": [ 6, 8, 4, 7 ], "text": [ "To oversimplify, submarines have systems for removing CO2 and adding O2 to maintain a normal, breathable atmosphere inside. Spacecraft are similar, though even more self contained.", "Are you asking where the breathing air in a submarine comes from? \n\nIf that's the case there is a machine called a carbon dioxide scrubber. What it does is turn the carbon dioxide into water and a byproduct via a chemical reaction. \n\nBut this does not make any oxygen. There are 2 ways to get oxygen. Either you bring tanks of oxygen onto the sub, and you release oxygen when you need to. \n\nOr you create oxygen from the water. The process is called electrolysis. What it does is separate the hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom. ", "When the o2 generators go down they can also burn oxygen candles.\n\nSource: former uss seawolf submariner", "There are multiple systems on a sub that work in conjunction to maintain breathable air to the crew. Nuclear subs have a more than ample supply of electricity, so water can be broken down into O2 and H2 via electrolysis. The O2 is stored and dispersed into the ship, while the H2 is sent to a CO-H2 burner to eliminate both hydrogen and carbon monoxide. CO2 scrubbers are used to remove excess CO2 from the air. Note that the nitrogen in the air becomes a relative constant, since we don't react to it. Note that the sub normally maintains a slightly higher O2 level than is found naturally, with the side effect of finding it hard to get to sleep the first few nights aboard\n\nIf needed, the sub's diesel generator can be used to ventilate, or replace the air on the ship, as it sucks it air for operation. This can even be done while submerged when the sub is at snorkel depth. This is an important capability in the event of a fire or other toxic gas issue, and crews drill often on this when underway\n\nThe ship does have extensible emergency air breathing (EAB) systems and masks for the crew. The EAB masks have long hoses and support buddy connections so that crews can continue to do their jobs in degraded atmospheres. The sub's air tanks can sustain the crew for very extended periods of time.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c7ywht1" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "'Wild-type' means the phenotype of a species that occurs in nature (in other words, \"normal\"), as opposed to 'mutant'.\n\nSo for example, in humans, wild type would be having five fingers, whereas mutant might be having six." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dsgu3we" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I tried to listen to him several times over the years and just couldn't, didn't understand the big deal with him." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dk4huwm" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "I have animals.. not cattle, but I have a donkey, llama, and sheep. Mostly what I see them do when flies start to annoy them is shake their heads, but I have seen them blink too. They stomp their feet or swish a tail when they are annoying them as well.\n\nMostly though, livestock are not bothered by the flies until they start to get tickled by them, or are aware that it is a biting fly. Mind you I see some horses so irritated by flies that their owners have to keep fly masks on them or the horses are really annoyed. \n\nLivestock, and wild animals, eventually come to realize they waste a lot of energy dealing with flies so unless it is a biting fly, why bother?\n\nYou will note that when you see pictures of people in poor areas of Africa they are sometimes seen with flies crawling on them and they don't seem to mind. I suppose it's because they don't care and have gotten use to the flies where as we get irritated easier." ] }

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