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{ "a_id": [ "csmat0j", "csmawol", "csmazv4", "csmbgdl", "csmbpba", "csmby7z", "csmbywa", "csmckim", "csmcrl0", "csmd60h", "csmdi9v", "csmdqef", "csme3zq", "csmebne", "csmeix1", "csmejr2", "csmetgm", "csmetu3", "csmevc9", "csmeykl", "csmfjnu", "csmg9ic", "csmgiyc", "csmgxrp", "csmh3ln", "csmhpk2", "csmigs4", "csmirk5", "csmj8qb", "csmk0pv", "csmkaui", "csmkjr2", "csmkm7x", "csmksa5", "csmkxsg", "csml51q", "csmlces", "csmm5b4", "csmm6br", "csmn40c", "csmnb69", "csmneqc", "csmngee", "csmnhbz", "csmnx9c", "csmo1rn", "csmo6zl", "csmo9qg", "csmoc18", "csmoih0", "csmom7l", "csmoto5", "csmpvz3", "csmq06d", "csmqr6q", "csms7a5", "csmswug", "csmu6tp", "csmvs4d", "csmxoq6", "csmygbg", "csmyhrj", "csn05rz", "csn07pa", "csn9xqb", "csndq2t", "csneqx8", "csnfabr", "csngqzp", "csnkvn3", "csnr32m", "csnwnu4", "cso4e51", "csoi5x0", "csoiry3", "csoitr0", "csoksgf", "csouqtw", "csp9ydp", "cspkurj", "cspmubj", "cspoigg", "cspv0wm", "csq3cc6", "csqefw2", "csqeyhk", "csqkndv", "csqt776", "csqu4ni", "csqumy2", "csr99s9", "csrjytd", "css027x", "csstnrk", "csstrug", "cst2szc", "cst375q", "cst4h89", "cst78nt", "cstnfas", "csu0lur", "csu4yed", "csw99ds", "cswyi1q", "csxlngg", "csylo3a", "ct228kn" ], "score": [ 710, 236, 97, 2, 3, 77, 64, 6, 2, 5, 14, 4, 39, 226, 2, 519, 219, 6, 22, 5, 139, 2, 2, 9, 91, 3, 14, 16, 3, 3, 23, 8, 6, 22, 2, 3, 3, 81, 3, 3, 10, 2, 2, 11, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 7, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 6, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 21, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 10, 2, 2, 3, 4, 15, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 9, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Greece spends a ton more than they take in and has racked up an insurmountable about of debt, mostly by providing welfare and government services they can't afford. Now at the very least they will be forced to start acting/living like the poor nation they have turned themselves into. But the people are reluctant to make the change within their government. They have continued to elect people who promise them they won't have to make the necessary painful cuts. But now the EU and IMF may make that decision for them...\n\nNations like the US can continue to spend money when we can't afford it because world lenders believe they will eventually be paid back with interest. The world has lost faith in Greece and they could be cut off. This is a problem because their economy and government expenditures are completely out of wack. Without the ability to borrow they will have to institute austerity measures and completely ruin their currency/international trade leverage and could enter a spiral to poverty.", "Someone ELI5 please: How are they going to organise a referendum in just 5 days? Normally it takes months to compile the register, print polling cards, organise polling stations, recruit vote counters, etc. Not to mention raising the money to do all this.", "I'm in Greece now on vacation, will this affect me in any way?\n\nEdit: affect not effect", "\n\n > kh498\n \nI work at the moment in a Greek island and I can tell you that things look pretty stable but I'm not sure if they are. You won't have any problem with your holidays for sure.\n", "Watching the news, Greece is nearing to default. What does this mean and (if any) what repercussions does it have on Greece and the Eurozone? ", "ELI5:\nIf a) the IMF (and the world) knows that Greece can't make its debt repayment this month and b) the repercussions of Greece defaulting are expected to be bad, why is the IMF insisting Greece attempt to make the repayment? Wouldn't it be better to just let it ride a bit longer while the country tries to get itself into a place where it can afford to service its debt?", "ELI5: What happens to all the other countries Greece owes money to if they go through with the Grexit?\n\nCountries like: Portugal/Italy/Germany etc. do they just simply not get their money and each country's economy also tanks?", "ELI5: What exactly is the 'Grexit' and what referendum is being voted upon? I'm trying to find answers that are a) not in Greek and b) explain what is actually going on other than political propaganda, but not having much luck. The translation services make it look like the majority of articles I'm finding in Greek are actually propaganda.", "What is the worst case scenario for Greece, and how long would it take them to recover from that? ", "What programs has the government of Greece been paying for that the country can not afford? \n - I imagine its not gold bathtubs for everyone.", "There is also the issue that the Greeks used Goldman Sachs to make things look rosier than they really were.\n\nThis article from 2010 explains some about how Goldman Sachs was used to mask Greece's true debts:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nIt is also said that Goldman Sachs massaged Greece's finances to help them get into the Euro in the first place:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nI think if the true financial state of Greece was known at the time, they wouldn't have been allowed in.\n\nI think if you want to really understand what is happening at the moment, you have to look right back to this stuff.", "Eli5- why is all of this happening now? What set it off? Is Greece just going to turn into some sort of developing nation after all of this? ", "For a \"true\" ELI5 (I know that's not what this sub is for):\n\nThe Greek economy has a broken leg. The doctor told them it has to be set, but they started to set it and it hurt too much so they yelled \"Stop!\" Now the doctor still says the leg has to be set, but the Greeks hope that if they just lay still, it won't hurt too much and maybe it will get better on its own.", "Like most countries, Greece borrowed money to invest in order to boost their economy and their government services. \n\nAnd like most countries, Greece is borrowing money to pay the previous loans. \n\nDue to poor management and corruption, their debt got a bit higher than other countries. \n\nDuring the 2002 crisis, the income of all government worldwide went down since they collected less taxes. They had to borrow more money. As a result the interest rate went up.\n\nGreece had difficulties dealing with those higher interest, but had no choice but to keep borrowing in order to pay the previous loans. But since Greece had difficulties, nobody wanted to lend money to Greece and the interest for Greece got out of control. \n\nAt the same time, other countries feared that the debt crisis would spread. If a country like Greece can't pay its debt, people would hesitate to lend money to other countries with weak economy, increasing the interest rate for others. If the interest rate goes up, it cost tons of money to the other countries. \n\nThis is why other countries, especially european ones, don't want Greece to bankrupt. It order to avoid that they lent money to Greece that was no longer able to borrow on the public market. \n\nHowever, when lending to greece they forced Greece to cut down its spending. This was supposed to ensure Greece could pay back. \n\nSadly this was a huge mistake (as admitted by Strass-Kann who was director of IMF). By forcing Greece to cut down its spendings, it shrank Greece economy and increased unemployement. This mean, Greece income dropped just as much as its spendings, Greece was not any closer to be able to pay its debt and the situation got worse. \n\n***\n\nOne of the problem of Greece is that it doesn't have its own currency. \n\nIn general, strong economies should have a stronger currency in order to balance import/export. If a weak economy has a strong currency, it isn't competitive and it has trouble exporting. \n\nThis obviously can be a problem when countries with a strong economy like Germany share the same currency as a country with a weak economy like Greece. Germany gets a currency weaker than it should have, and Greece gets a currency stronger that it should have. Germany becomes very competitive, and Greece not competitive at all. Germany is effectively taking the jobs from Greece.\n\nTo become competitive again, Greece needs to devaluate its currency but it can't as long as it is using euro. \n\n", "What happens if Greece ends up voting \"no\" on the July 5th referendum?", "This is my understanding of it: The Greek government had been cooking its books for years before joining the Eurozone, the monetary union in the EU. The EU requires [certain attributes of an economy](_URL_1_) before a country is allowed to join this union. Greece probably did not meet these requirements but that was not apparent until [later audits](_URL_2_).\n\n\nIt was kind of too late to just kick Greece out of the union once everyone in the EU realized the Greece economy was a lemon. This situation would have been manageable if the entire world economy didn't crash in 2008. Because Greece was already in massive debt, and since they were in a monetary union in which they did not control the currency, Greece was put into a very bad spot without the tools to ease the crisis. Unlike Greece, in the US the Federal Reserve could manipulate the dollar in ways that would reduce the impact of the crisis. A lack of monetary tools was supposed to encourage fiscally responsible policy in the EU, but it ended up contributing to this perfect storm of economic crisis in Greece. \n\nThe EU had an interest in not allowing the Greece economy to crash, so a coalition led by Germany approved several [bailout](_URL_0_) [packages](_URL_3_) with the understanding that Greece would implement severe austerity policies (cutting social programs and spending) in order to be able to pay them back. The Greek people were not a fan of these measures, so they voted out the politicians that had made this deal. The new politicians were much more leftist and basically refused to pay the debts, getting rid of any austerity measures. \n\nNow to today, Greece needs another bailout to avoid default, but its creditors (i.e. Germany) are refusing to give them any money because they haven't paid off the last two bailouts. If Greece defaults on its debts, it will likely be removed from the Eurozone. Hence you see people running to ATMs withdrawing all their money before the Banks in Greece crash. Also contributing to this crappy situation are Greek politicians that are playing chicken with payment and negotiation deadlines. Through all of this, the Greek people are likely to emerge significantly worse for wear. \n\nEDIT: Read /u/green_velvet 's comment for clarification on austerity", "This comment is very related and a great ELI5 answer: \n_URL_0_", "This is more about the solution, or whatever comes next:\n\na, What happens if Greece accepts these terms? They get the money, pay back the IMF. But there is a huge ECB payment coming up next month. I have the feeling, just as most of the people that this can't go on.\n\nb, Most importantly, what happens if they refuse? The immediate thing would be that they default on the IMF loan. What happens after that in detail. What will the EU do, what happens to the peoples money.\n\nc, And connected to that, the default. They wouldn't default on everything, but what does a real government default means. I get that people are talking about that here as a huge deal but all I see is the IMF and the ECB loans and defaulting on them. Or these are enough to bring that devastating effect.\n\nd, And then there's the actual money. If they default, what happens to it. All those euros in Greece, owned by the people. Why would it destroy peoples lives. The government said it will pay the wages and the pensions. What happens to it if they leave the zone?\n\ne, And the last, grexit. Why is it so unavoidable and necessary? Some people talked about the devaluation of the money (which is obviously niot possible with the euro) and that would help the economy. Some said this would again, destroy the average citizens life? I understand some of the upsides but not all.\n\nI got some of it, but there is not a single full picture about these things. I hope someone will be able to answer at least a few of these questions.", "As a german I heard, that we gave them a lot of money and I really dont get why they hate us so much. Could someone please explain it to me?", "My daughter is going to Greece in 2 weeks. Can anyone tell me how the financial crisis there will affect her? I was going to send her with a credit card and some cash. Should I skip the credit card now?", "Eli5: what happens when a country declares bankruptcy?\n", "Will this affect tourism in Greece? Do you see the country going down a road where it is not safe to travel to?", "Why if Greece is such a small country within Europe and not being specially powerful is a threat for the Euro as a currency and the whole Europe in general? \nWould not be as simple as just letting it go out of Europe and that's it?\n", "Austerity is overrated, World GDP growth of 3.3% is 3 trillion (in US$) per year created out of thin air. Greek debt is barely 10% of that figure and harsh austerity measures have to be recognized as punitive rather than pragmatic solutions.", "FWIW, the top comments here are currently not actual ELI5's of the situation. So far they're just biased interpretations of the situation, i.e. the Greece governments interpretation vs. the EU/troikas interpretation. Hopefully someone can present a truly balanced ELI5.", "Why would Greece's exist from the EU affect american markets?\n\n_URL_0_ ", "Rarely will you see an explanation of Greek debt that mentions how huge hedge funds basically ran the show. This is a [fun place to start](_URL_0_):\n \n > Just look at how banks like Chase behaved in Greece, for example.\n\n > Having seen how well interest-rate swaps worked for Jefferson County, Alabama, Chase “helped” countries like Greece and Italy mask their debt problems for years by selling a similar series of swaps to those governments. The bank then turned around and worked with banks like Goldman, Sachs (who were also major purveyors of those swap deals) to create a thing called the iTraxx SovX Western Europe index, which allowed investors to bet against Greek debt.\n \n > In other words, banks like Chase and Goldman knowingly larded up the nation of Greece with a crippling future debt burden, then turned around and helped the world bet against Greek debt.\n \n > Does a citizen of Greece do that deal? Forget that: does a human being do that deal?\n \n > Operations like the Greek swap/short index maneuver were easy money for banks like Goldman and Chase – hell, it’s a no-lose play, like cutting a car’s brake lines and then betting on the driver to crash – but they helped create the monstrous European debt problem that this very minute is threatening to send the entire world economy into collapse, which would result in who knows what horrors. At minimum, millions might lose their jobs and benefits and homes. Millions more will be ruined financially.\n \n > But why should Chase and Goldman care what happens to those people? Do they have any skin in that game?\n \n > Of course not. We’re talking about banks that not only didn’t warn the citizens of Greece about their future debt disaster, they actively traded on that information, to make money for themselves.\n \n > People like Dimon, and Schwarzman, and John Paulson, and all of the rest of them who think the “imbeciles” on the streets are simply full of reasonless class anger, they don’t get it. Nobody hates them for being successful. And not that this needs repeating, but nobody even minds that they are rich.\n \n > What makes people furious is that they have stopped being citizens.\n \n\n", "The responses so far have all been woefully wrong. The cause of crisis in Greece was like the cause of the crisis in the United States, Ireland, and Iceland. It doesn't have to do with a budget crisis but with a failure of banks during the financial crisis of 2008. \n\nDuring the financial crisis of 2008, the Greek government, like the Irish government and unlike the Icelandic government, borrowed other European countries' money to bail out failing Greek banks. The government was forced to bail out these banks because foreign European banks were heavily invested in the Greek banks and they risked failures, ie contagion, in their homes countries if the Greek banks failed. So Greece borrowed this money to prop up their banking system and in turn the banking system of Europe. \n\nThe terms that Greece negotiated for this money have been too onerous for the weak Greek economy, which unlike Ireland, has failed to rebound making continued austerity for the sake of paying these debts unlivable and politically impossible.\n\nRead this article. It's explains it succinctly\n\n_URL_0_. ", "Why can't the debt just be dropped? Why can't the Troika just say \"Do you know what? Forget the last £1.5bn, just forget it. We'll start again.\"?", "France and Germany wanted to sell lots of military hardware to Greece and a previous administration was happy to take their loans to expand their military. When the German and French banks failed because they made bad investments (like lending money to Greece to build up a huge military), the govs paid off the banks and took on the debt. In the past, the bank would have to cover their bad investments. With banks controlling most politicians, that was no longer an option. Our tax dollars paid off their bad investments and allowed them to continue playing the same game. Privatize profits and have govs and tax payers pick up their losses. What a game, what a scam.", "I'll try to provide an ELI5 from my point of view (Greek citizen). (Sorry for its length.)\n\nCurrent global economic system is based on borrowing money and paying the interests of that loan. You have a big problem when you owe a lot of money compared to the money you produce each yer(GDP =Gross domestic product). Due to wrong decisions, corruption in governments (they increased the size of the public sector so they can gain votes, huge projects were assigned to companies cause politicians were bribed (e.g. Siemens got many huge programs in Greece that way)), and tax evasion Greece failed to meet the growth of it's debt. (Many have already stated out that the true economic figures were falsified in order to join the Eurozone with the help of banks such as Goldman Sachs.That's true.)\n\nIn 2009 Greek Prime minister [G.A.Papandreou](_URL_10_) made an agreement with the [IMF](_URL_3_), so IMF would lend Greece money with low interest and Greece in return should reform some aspects of its economy to reduce the amount of money spent (austerity measures). Going under the IMF caused uncertainty in Greece and many retrieved their money from Greek banks leading to liquidity problems (not enough cash) which caused a need for a new loan to support Greek banks (Greek banks couldn't borrow directly any money because certain statistical rating organizations made sure they were demoted and lost their credibility even if it was OBVIOUS Greek banks wasn't the cause of the Greek debt problem (unlike Irish debt which was cause mainly by their banks)). Austerity measures led to reduced spending but also caused a huge problem in Greek economy, so a second set of measures were forced in 2011 in order to further reduce spending. Second set of measure reduced spending (cut down pensions, wages, etc) but also drove Greek economy to the ground (highest unemployment recorded in Greece, highest rate of people near poverty, reduced GDP ). It's easy to spot the black hole here, it's a vicious circle that proved their experiment with Greece failed. Now they proposed to Greece a third set of measures targeting pensions (which NEED to be reformed) and TOURISM in Greece (they want 23%VAT for restaurants and hotels) which would lead to huge reduction in tourists (Italy,Turkey,and Spain would benefit from that) and further shrink our economy.\n\nIt's clear that in order to get out of the vicious circle Greece must either boost it's economy (economic growth = higher GDP = more money \"produced\" per year) or have it's debt defaulted (you don't owe money any more because you are \"forgiven\")(partially or totally, like Germany had twice in 20th century).\n\n**END OF ELI5.**\n\n*(Bonus content/1st day free dlc)*\n\nNow some interesting facts:\n\n1. In the years 2005-2010 Greek economy problem was well known in Europe , but banks kept on lending Greece money so they can make profit.\n\n\n2. In 2010 G.A.Papandreou asked for a referendum with the question \"Do you want to join the IMF\", European leaders were paralyzed and counter offered loans without interest for some years and promised for future help (so he recalled it). If Greece refused to go under the IMF or demanded a haircut or even declared bankruptcy back then the only sure outcome was that European and American banks would collapse because they were holding a huge amount of the Greek debt (Later, European Central Bank bought that debt in lower value). Keep in mind that it was right after the collapse of [Lehman brothers](_URL_0_). [Deutsche Bank](_URL_7_) , [Credit Agricole](_URL_4_) would be the first banks that would collapse.\n\n\n3. It's [IRONY](_URL_8_) when German government accuse us of corruption when they REFUSE to extradite the number of suspect [Michael Christoforakos] (_URL_1_) (sorry i couldn't find an article in English) for the biggest scandal in recent Greek history (Siemens (German company bribing Greek government)).\n\n4. Tax evasion is a practice well known around the world ([yeap, even to Germany](_URL_9_)), is it a mere coincidence that most of the [tax havens](_URL_13_) belong to the [United Kingdom](_URL_2_)?\n\n5. Germany is the only country in EU that [violated the commonly agreed inflation target of 2% per yea](_URL_12_)r (wages would increase by 2% more than your GDP).That was possible by decreasing the power of its labor unions and putting political pressure on wages.\n\n6. When Greece took a loan to save its banks (low liquidity = low on cash to give if asked) European Union , IMF etc made sure that loan was calculated in the countries public debt. YET, when Spain took a loan for EXACTLY the same reason , that loan wasn't added to the public debt.\n\n7. 27% decrease in GDP since the first set of austerity measures, it's the HIGHEST ever recorded for a country during peace. And they can't figure out why we don't want a third set....\n\n8. **(Conspiracy time)** [Portugal , Italy , Spain and even France](_URL_5_) have the same problem as Greece. Certain [\"parties\"](_URL_6_) love the fact that Greece might fail if its citizens don't accept the third set of austerity measures. And those \"parties\" will make sure to make an example out of Greece for the next to come. The show is coming to end for us , one way or the other but it's time for Europe to face the real problem now and stop having Greek problem in the spotlight.\n\n\nEDIT: My only fear is the possibility Greek government has an agenda of forcing the country in becoming a \"left\" nation without asking us.. (and damn i am kinda leftist myself)\n\n@don_one I don't have a problem with Greece being in the spotlight if it was the major problem, but Greece is only 2% of the EU economy , even if its debt is totally defaulted(forgiven) there would be almost no negative outcome , yet Spain, Italy, France are in the G8, i can [bear](_URL_11_)ly imagine what a possible bankruptcy or a reduction of their GDP by 27% would cause in the world economy.\n\n@LxSwiss GOLD ? < 3 Thx kind stranger . And a black/white world would be SO boring..\n\n@moneyjewjew Let me know if you have any more questions\n", "Essentially, the Greek economy has never been particularly strong, but coupled with high high levels of corruption in politicians and the richest refusing to essentially pay any taxes, the country wasn't in a particularly great state before the 2008 economic crash. \n\nPost Crash the economy tanked, and Greece was left with extremely high levels of unemployment (up to around 30%). Unfortunately this reduced tax revenues even further and Greece entered a spiral. In the past, governments would invest into economies to kick start the economy and create employment, but the EU, IMF & World Bank around this time decided Austerity (cutting of social spending and investment ) would produce a faster recovery. So in return for large loans, the stipulations were for vast levels of spending cuts. \n\n6 years later and the economy has yet to improve, and austerity has had the complete opposite effect of intended, increasing Greece's debt while having little effect on the economy. \n\nSince then the World Bank and IMF have produced reports saying that austerity has deemed to essentially failed, and have apologised to Greece stating that they never expected it to go so badly. \n\nThere has been a growing movement in Europe over the last 5 years for anti-austerity -the idea that you invest in your future rather than cut to get the debt down (see Post War Britain for one of the best examples of this). This culmulated in 2015 with the election of Syrzia, who stood on a left platform of anti-austerity in order to get the back on track. \n\n6 months later the EU has started getting pissed of with Greece for not cutting what politicians promised 7 years ago. Which has now culmulated in a situation where the Greeks have essentially been asked whether they want to stay in the EU (and commit to more austerity) or not. \n\nP.S. I haven't got a source for this, but I have also heard that Greece has one of the best structural economies in the developed world, and that under 100% employment ( and hence 100% of tax revenue), they would actually have one of the highest surpluses in the world. This would essentially make this an employment problem in Greece, rather than a selfish welfare benefit problem, which unfortunately much of the media seems to suggest. ", "Would now be a good time to get a bargain on a villa overlooking the Mediterranean?", "Here's another version to compare to the other top comments:\n\nGreece's economy got hit really hard by the recession, relatively speaking. A lot of their economy relied on tourism which pretty much came to a halt when all the tourists stopped traveling due to the recession. In response to these tough financial times, the ECB (which is just the European version of the US Federal Reserve) and other EU governing bodies decided to implement austerity measures. This just means that you reduce government debt, either by cutting spending, increasing your taxes, or both.\n\nIf you ever took Econ 101 (which is unlikely since you are 5), you know that during a recession, governments are supposed to implement expansionary policy (increase govt spending, cut taxes) in order for the economy to get firing on all cylinders again. If you're wondering why the EU implemented the exact opposite, well... Tough to say.\n\nAnywho. Greece impemented these austerity measures in a severe way. More so then any other EU nation because like others pointed out, they've been in financial turmoil for a while and in order to get more loans they needed to implement even more austerity as part of the terms.\n\nSo you end up with a downward spiral of more debt, more contractionary economic policy, and an eventual situation where debt is so high and the economy is so weak that a default occurs. If this default happens then the EU lenders will receive less money then if they had restructured current debt levels and allowed Greece to enact expansionary policy. This would be your win-win scenario but it means the EU would need to admit that austerity was the wrong path initially.\n\nInstead it seems pride goeth before the fall and the EU (led inexplicably by Germany and not the governing units of the EU) is poised to kick Greece out of the union. Greece's economy will suffer, lender nationa will receive less on their loans, and the future stability of the EU will be brought into question.\n\nLet me know if you have any questions or thoughts.\n\n", "Some great answers here as I didn't fully understand this situation before reading this thread. So I guess ELI5: Is the United States going to go through something like this eventually since it owes over $18 trillion in debt?", "ELI5: From reading the comments, what I understand is that the fault lies with Greece. If they were to refuse to repay the loans, would some country that has loaned Greece a significant amount of money start a war against them to seize Greece assets? What ways are there for the countries that loaned them money to get it back?", "This story begins with the general economic crisis reaching Europe in 2008-10. A lot of European economic institutions and banks are in danger and so it is decided that Greece will take loans from them to keep confidence in the banking system high.\n\nNow, Greece is a unique country, economically speaking. It never went through an industrial revolution, so it has no industrial infrastructure. There is also a big tax collecting problem, as a lot of the big money-makers are shippers who have the ability to move their money overseas so as to avoid taxes. (There are more reasons Greece was unable to pay back the debt - of which genetic tendency to corruption is obviously not one of - but these are arguably the main ones).\n\nThis led to a problem of paying back the debt. This is where the EU, ECB (European Central Bank) and IMF (American/International economic organization) come in and force austerity measures on Greece - in other words: really harsh measures that kill its economy in order to raise money (the fact that austerity kills the economy is no longer debated, not even by the EU, ECB and IMF).\n\nThe Greek people have a problem with that, so they vote off the EU-friendly government that pretty much accepted all this and voted for the leftist SYRIZA party, which is against austerity.\n\nWhat is currently going on is SYRIZA fighting for lighter measures and the EU, ECB and IMF being unable to back down due to political reasons.\n\nWhat happens next is up to anyone's guess.\n\n(This is all based on [this non-ELI5 post](_URL_0_))", "**So what exactly is the problem?**\nBasically, Greece was hit hard by the financial crisis, and since then it has borrowed a lot of money that it says it can't pay back – at least not yet.\n\nAccording to calculations by Reuters, it owes its official lenders 242.8 billion euros, with Germany its biggest creditor.\n\nThe lenders include the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the ECB (European Central Bank) and the Euro zone governments.\n\nMany of the loans don't mature for years, even decades.\n\nHowever some do. In particular, Greece was due to pay 1.6 billion euros to the IMF by the end of June in overdue interest. After that, 3.5 billion is due to the ECB on July 20, and another 3.2 billion in August.\n\nOn top of that, more than 8 billion euros in short-term bills are due over the next two months.\n\nGreece says it has scraped together all the money it can to pay its debts – it even called in cash reserves from councils, hospitals and other public bodies. It says that, to pay the money owed, it would have had to stop paying money into pensions and public wages – which it refuses to do.\n\n**What happens if Greece doesn't get the rescue money?**\nBarring further surprises, it will default on at least some of its debts.\n\nSovereign default does have precedents, but it always comes with major economic upheaval.\n\nThough the consequences of that are long-term (difficulty finding lenders willing to invest in the country), there will be immediate side-effects.\n\nAfter months of massive withdrawals, fearing this very crisis, Greece's banks are surviving on emergency credit from the European Central Bank. Without that, they have had to impose capital controls to stop any more money going out.\n\nGreek people will have less money they are able to spend. Business will be unable to invest. The economy will head into recession.\n\nSo far the Greek government has refused to countenance 'Grexit'. However if no new rescue deal is negotiated, Greece would have to supply the banks with money itself, or they will collapse.\n\nBut the government has no money. The only obvious solution is to start printing new money to get cash back into the economy.\n\nThis 'new drachma' would effectively mean Greece has left the euro – at least temporarily.\n\nThe 'new drachma', even if it began on parity with the euro, would quickly lose up to half its value. Essentially, the value of everything in the country would be halved.\n\nThere will be high inflation, and the new exchange rate would make imports much more expensive. Life will get even harder for ordinary Greeks and Greek businesses.\n\nOn the other hand, some economists say it would stimulate the local economy and, in the long run, leave the country stronger. There is fierce disagreement over this view.\n\n**Why would the Greek people possibly want this?**\nThey are sick of austerity. Unemployment has sky-rocketed, wages halved, pensions were slashed, public bodies like hospitals, schools and universities starved of funds.\n\nMany no longer believe that austerity is just a necessary, temporary measure to put the country back on its feet. They believe it is wrecking their economy and their lives. They are willing to take a risk and try something else.\n\n**How will all this affect other countries?**\nThe euro is already tumbling on international markets.\n\nIf Greece defaults it leaves many of its neighbours short. Germany is owed 57 billion euros, France 43 billion, Italy 38 billion and Spain 25 billion – on top of those countries' contributions to the IMF loans.\n\nThe loans don't mature for almost 30 years, there is almost no interest on them and some of the loans came with a 10-year moratorium on interest payments, so it's not like the countries need the money back immediately. However it's still a lot to have to take off the bottom line.\n\nConfidence in Europe, and the euro, has been profoundly shaken. Eyes will turn to the continent's other weak economies such as Portugal, Spain and Italy. They may start to lose capital and investment.\n\n**Is it just an economic problem?**\nNo.\n\nThis could also drastically change the political balance in Europe. If Syriza makes a success out of splitting Greece away from the rest of the continent, it will embolden other nationalistic parties such as the National Front in France or UKIP in the UK.\n\nFuture elections in Europe could see a surge in nationalism, a rejection of the European project, potentially enough to threaten Europe's stability as a political union.\n\nSpeaking of which, the UK is in the early stages of debate on a referendum on whether to stay in Europe, next year. If Europe is a basket case this time next year, public opinion (currently in favour of staying in) may drastically change.\n\nThen there is the question of Russia. Syriza has already made overtures to the Kremlin, with Tsipras a star speaker at Putin's recent big international summit in St Petersburg.\n\nIf Russia comes to Greece's aid, with money, other support (or both), it will be a new factor in the current Cold War-like tensions between east and west.\n\nGreece has already expressed its anger at Europe and NATO for not doing enough in its regular chest-bumping with Turkey. If Russian warships find a friendly berth in Greek ports, the strategic map of Europe is drastically redrawn.", "What I find particularly disturbing about this whole mess is that in the early 2000s, when Greece joined the Eurozone, almost nobody in Brussels expressed concerns over how much of Greece's economic boom was built on borrowed money. The same troijka institutions demanding Greece to reform and slash spending helped in allowing this mess to happen. Goldman Sachs didn't mind lending the Greek government lots of money when they wanted to invest in prestigious projects like the 2004 Olympics. Complain about the Tsipras administration all you want, but you can hardly blame the Greek people for looking toward an alternative to the traditional New Democracy and PASOK governments.They led Greece to spend too much borrowed money in the first place. These same parties and institutions complaining that Syriza doesn't do enough are fucking hypocrites.", "This comment board is a pretty good example for the two camps that people have been forced into through the media's bizarre simplistic and ultimately corrupt portrayal of how the global capitalist system works. \n\nThe main thing the Greek crisis is pointing out is that the world's entire economic system is resting on a house of cards made up of debts that can never be paid (and this includes the US economy/banks, and the supposedly responsible German banking system) The EU itself as a economic system that forces drastically different countries to use the same currency and fiscal systems was never a good idea. Basically the statement that the Greek government is irresponsible and is spending more than it makes is true, but it is only true because of the following:\n\n1) Goldman Sachs directly helped them hide their bad finances in order to join the EU and start taking out giant loans\n2) German banks knew exactly how risky loans to Greece were and plowed in because they were under the crazy assumption that the EU/IMF would never let basic math come home to roost. 3) There is no way for Greece to pay back the debts that German banks and the EU signed off for them to accumulate. The banking system always knew this and expected to start seizing Greek assets as soon as they stopped paying. This is essentially the same model as a loan shark...sure you can blame the idiot for taking a loan out, but you then also have to point out the loan shark nature of IMF/EU making loans they knew were mathematically impossible to pay off.\n4) The financial world is quaking at this situation because it exposes all the fake/bad math that exists built into our economies. If you acknowledge it in Greece then you also have to acknowledge the very same situations in Portugal, Italy, Mexico..the list goes on and on.\n5) They let Greece go this far with extending promises they knew they couldn't meet because the alternatives of admitting that all their math is off is terrifying. There are many banks that would be insolvent immediately if they have to admit all the bad loans they've made to countries just like Greece. \n\nGet ready for a rough ride world, Greece is the canary in the coal mine. \n\n", "Could we PLEASE have the top comments sourced? The disinformation in here is astounding. ", "[NPR article: Nov. 17, 2012](_URL_0_)\n > the Greek National Railroad generates a mere $100 million euro in revenues a year, and pays out $400 million euro in salaries to the employees of the Greek National Railroad. **He'd actually made a calculation that it would be cheaper to put the Greeks who took the trains into taxi cabs than to keep this railroad running.**\n\nThis type of public expenditure, coupled with an almost pathological refusal to pay taxes has had Greece living off of credit and deficit spending. It's like someone being on food stamps and buying a Ferrari. \n\nI don't blame the Germans and other euro zone members for refusing to bail out Greece *again* while they fail to address the fundamental flaws in their economy. Why should they subsidize and bear the burden of Greece's irresponsibility? There are going to be some very hard times ahead until a strong leader tells them that they're going to have to do some very unpleasant things and everyone is going to have to sacrifice. Blame only gets you so far, and while the rich certainly need to contribute, it won't solve the problem.\nEdit: mobile formatting", "If the Economy of Greece does collapse, what would that mean for the rest of the world?", "*I'm a bit late to this. Hope this doesn't get buried!*\n\nFor those who are interested in a little bit of a longer read (and obviously not ELI5 - but by no means technical), get the book Boomerang by Michael Lewis. It covers the financial crisis as a whole but also thoroughly explains what exactly went wrong in Greece with a few absolutely mind-blowing examples. \n\nAnyway, here goes a shot at explaining the whole situation, from joining the EU to what's going on right now. \n\nBefore Greece joined the Euro, the EMU (European Monetary Union) had set a number of requirements a country had to meet before they'd be allowed to join the Euro; this to make sure that only financially stable countries could join. Amongst them the maximum 3% budget deficit, but also things like unemployment rate. At that time (mid to late 90's) Greece didn't meet those requirements at all; they were struggling with a pretty serious unemployment rate and had a pretty sizeable budget deficit (meaning they spend more than they get in income), possibly even around the 10-15%. \n\nIn a few years seemingly they managed to have solved this, while in reality they did some 'creative bookkeeping'. In essence, they simply didn't record a lot of expenses and put people on the governments' payroll just to make it all seem well. In reality though, those people got a large sum of money monthly for pretty much doing nothing. The EU frankly failed to notice how Greece went from pretty much being a third-world country in a lot of regards to a financially healthy country like they pretended to be and let this all happen.\n\nTo quickly clarify the 'third-world' part, Greece never was a rich country (always had the lowest GDP per capita of the founding Euro countries) and when you look at things like tax morality or corruption, they score not just as worst in Europe, but also used to rank amongst the worst in the world. When I researched this in 2012, the country was ranked just as bad as China on the Corruption Perception Index ([you can find the data here](_URL_0_)). Not only that, a huge part of their economy depends on tourism and besides that not much else, which also made it a lot harder to compete with the rest of the Euro zone.\n\nNow as Greece managed to join the Euro, a couple of things changed. One of the things was that they could borrow at much lower rates; the rates of the most credit-worthy country in the Euro zone being Germany (I think the interest rates went from somewhere in the 10 to 5%. Now instead of taking responsibility and fixing the financial issues, the Greek leaders saw it as (if I may quote Michael Lewis) \"a stuffed piñata full of free money\". They started ambitious projects which would never logically have any meaningful return on investment which only caused the bubble to grow. At this point (we're talking 2001-2007 here), the Greek were living first world's standards on borrowed money. \n\nOnce the financial crisis started in 2007 and especially once the Euro-crisis (which is a separate part from the banking/housing crisis which started in the United States) started later towards 2010, the world found out what really had been going on in Greece and the bubble bust. It wasn't just a crisis like it was in other western countries, there were fundamental issues underlying the Greek system which means the solution isn't as simply as in other countries (as Europe is slowly but surely climbing out of the crisis as we speak). This meant serious reforms had to be done which takes a lot of political responsibility from the leaders at that time. I'll explain what happened further down this post. \n\nWhy? Well, imagine yourself as a small child getting a candy bar from your parents. Now imagine yourself as your parents take away that same candy bar. How does that make you feel? Pretty bad I reckon. Most people who get this question would actually feel worse than if they hadn't gotten that candy bar in the first place, which is a very important psychological phenomenon (explained by Daniel Kahneman, go read his book \"Thinking, Fast And Slow\" if this interests you). This exact same thing happened to Greece, they enjoyed the feeling of having all those privileges and right now have them stripped away from them, one by one. \n\nThe problem is, these reforms are mandatory. In Greece, you could be eligible for retirement in your mid 50's (compared to 65 in most other European countries) and now this just isn't financially possible any more. Another thing would be how there just wasn't an independent body that would control taxes and catch those not paying up. The list goes on with things that needed to be changed fundamentally but more importantly, will require a shift in mentality from most of the Greek people. This is simply something that does not come easily. \n\nNow another problem is, Greece was not rich to begin with, while they were still buying things at European prices. The effect of this is that a lot of 'common people' struggle to even make ends meet. People literally freeze to death during winters because they get cut from electricity/gas (you can look up the news for this). There's a humanitarian crisis going on but because the country is still in massive financial problems, there isn't much that can be done besides stopping the bleeding momentarily.\n\nAnyway, the politicians in the country didn't really want to admit that this was all their doing in front of the big public and lose their voters (and to be fair, it was mostly their predecessors' doing) so instead they blamed the European Union for things like putting them in an humiliating position or for any cuts in general. If you listen to current PM Tsipras' speeches you will see this exact thing; shoving pretty much all the blame for the position the country is currently in towards the other countries. Right now there's a massive anti-European movement in Greece which just flat out refuses to comply with any mandatory reforms, which is what's causing the problems right now. \n\nJumping slightly back in time, with the elections of last year Syriza is now the party in power and they are the embodiment of the anti-European voices in the country. Tsipras has played the game hard trying to get Greece out of these reforms, but their creditors won't budge. *If you ask me, with reason. If Greece were to ever become a stable country within the Euro zone, they will still need to keep making reforms to make sure the tax morality and corruption is on-par with the rest of Europe. They also still need to fix numerous things like retirement age (which is where part of the debate right now is on about). If they don't, it's just waiting for something like this to happen again.* Tsipras made serious promises during the election period saying he'd end all the cuts, but it puts him in a very difficult position because he has to come to an agreement with the creditors. Now both sides are on an impasse, and Tsipras appears that he doesn't want to take responsibility for either a grexit (Greece+Exit) which can cause serious instability for years or for another round of cuts which would lose him all the trust people had in him. Therefore he is giving the voice to the people, which may just as well be 'the death of him'.\n\nThe problem with the referendum is that it isn't on neutral terms. The question given will be \"Do you accept the reforms/cuts?\" which doesn't tell the whole story. If Greece were to vote no, it's pretty much over and out for them and the Euro - which is the part Tsipras doesn't tell. Instead, he publicly condemns the reforms and recommends all the voters to vote \"no\" in the referendum. That's also why the head of the Eurogroup, Dutch minister of finance Jeroen Dijsselbloem said that even if Greece would vote \"yes\", they strongly doubt the ability of the Syriza-led government to actually carry out those reforms. \n\nRight now, the situation is unclear. There is a payment due to the IMF tomorrow but if they cannot pay, there's still another month for them to try and pay those debts off before they default. It's pretty much waiting for what the referendum will bring and if Tsipras is willing to carry out the will of the people if they vote \"yes\" or if he might possibly resign as PM. Right now, it seems unlikely that the Eurogroup will want to negotiate with him again, especially on his terms. The Greek people will have the vote; which poison will they pick? Find out next week!\n\n**TLDR: The Greek fooled the EU, lived on high standards with borrowed money, once the bubble bust got privileges like pensions cut over the past years which seriously hurt the population and together with politicians not taking their responsibility caused an anti-European mood. Right now we're at an impasse waiting for what the referendum brings and the reactions from Syriza and the EU.**\n\n\n", " > There are people who are willing to do anything to stop any competition.\n\n[More quotes](_URL_0_)", "Is greece really loving opulent lifestyle with their high pensions and social programs? Can someone give me comparison of how much they are leeching compared to other European countries? ", "Please ELI5 why killing jobs and cutting pensions is supposed to be the only responsible thing to do.", "Sorry. I've yet to see a good answer. Most the answers I have seen even fail to mention Syriza, why the Greeks are voting for them (the huge rise in employment etc) and contain lots of bias against socialism. I can't give a good answer to this but await one.", "So what happens if Greece goes under?", "ELI5: What happens if Greece just tells the world to screw themselves and refuses to pay their debt? Would there have to be a war?", "I'm /outoftheloop/ here. What is Tsipras trying to do that all the the other people are just NOPING all around?", "Juncker and company are now only interested in a political change. That is, Tsipras out. They have finally understood, that their austerity measures produced no effect in Greece and that the current government won't bend over to the Troika. Read [Krugman's article](_URL_0_).", "I am a very well traveled Greek (Lived in Greece for 18 years) with mixed opinions in regards to the matter that have studied and heard multiple sides of the story. I currently live in U.S. so I get to watch different news outlets and hear different perspectives. \n\nThe Greeks have a different culture and understanding of the world then most people. They are very social people and have a strong appreciation for family. Family and religion(at least for some part) for most Greeks means a lot. \n\nThere was a big instability caused by mainly the involvement of U.S. during cold war in the 1960s. There has been documents and proof that the U.S. government assisted in the establishment of a military dictatorship in Greece. (_URL_0_) \n\nI would pinpoint this dictatorship as the start of the crisis but also the start of the modernization of Greece. There have been extreme loans taken on the name of Greece that are still being paid off. These loans were partially used to build roads, schools and modernize Greece. However the big majority of the loans were used to hire public servants. \n\nThis period of time created the public servant culture. According to law it is illegal for the government to fire a public servant unless he has been involved into criminal activity. That means that working as a public servant is a very stable job. It is a dream job for most people. Hence the public sector exploded in size over the past few years. \n\nIt was often used by politicians to attract votes by promising positions in the public sector. But as you would expect hiring people that you can't fire to do nothing can be sometimes a problem. For the most part the public sector is very strong and stable but there is bad organization for it that in some cases there is surplus of workers in one place and lack of workers in another. \n\nGreece is a very socialist country regardless of who is being elected to lead. Regardless of social position the values of socialism are widely accepted. The idea of giving from one's surplus or wage to help the poor, seniors, handicapped have free education, free healthcare is viewed upon strongly. There is a strong sense of empathy between Greeks, and I haven't met a person from Greece that would disagree with the value of free education, healthcare etc. \n\nThe main income of Greece is from tourism. Farming used to be a big sector that has been slowly dying. \n\nA President of Greece (namely _URL_1_) with his party, have faked data to join the European Union because they saw a benefit from the common currency and boost in tourism. \n\nEuropean Union since then with different imposed rules have been slowly killing the economy of Greece by weakening other sectors of the economy. Farming has been slowly dying because according the European Union Greece is allowed to export a specific amount of tomatoes, peaches etc etc. As a result the surplus would often be bought by European Union for almost nothing and be left to rot and thrown away. This created a productivity slowdown. Moreover the European Union, would often pay farmers to plant Acacia in their farms as part of an ecological movement. Acacia is a very weird tree that has very long and deep roots and often destroys the area where it is planted because it is very expensive to remove. As a result big fields that used to yield lot of fruits etc are now useless. The farmers that were short-sighted got a big amount of money that ended up wasting around and left without a job. Farming was more or less destroyed by the rules of European Union and Greece had to import food from nearby countries (Like Turkey). \n\nCorruption in Greece is big. Not as big as in many other countries but there is a lot of \"white-collar\" crime. Big companies from Canada and US pay off politicians to provide with public available land and resources with tax free zones that end up ruining the environment driving tourism away from some areas. \n\nThe Greeks are people that like to enjoy the today and often ignore the consequences of tomorrow. They can be very obnoxious and many of them would appear to be spoiled. There are always exceptions to the rules of course. \n\nAs a result of all of the above, the people leaving the country side and coming to big cities with increased poverty for better \"opportunities\". The government loaning money to support a big part of the public sector and keep everyone happy. The slowly dying economy it was kinda expected for us to come to this point. \n\nHowever we also know to never give up and always keep fighting. Our values are very different than most of the countries. \n\nWhat makes me the most sad is that there is so much propaganda against Greece in all media. We are proud of our heritage despite our shortcomings and we are very friendly towards tourists. Our country was born with a big bloodshed against the Ottoman empire and every Greek sees in himself a little bit of revolutionary and as a Greek and from what I know is happening in Greece we are happy to fight back the people that forced a loan on us. \n\nAs additional information: the reason we dispute the loan is because during WW2, Germany \"took\" loans of huge amounts that destroyed the economy at the time but since recovered. They never paid off these \"loans\" even due to the principle of continuity of Government or country. \n\nGreece has a long way of reforms in regards to organizing the public sector. ", "ELI5 how America can go trillions of dollars in debt and no one bats an eye but Greece goes a fraction of that in debt and everything is going to shit?\n\nAlso how much did Germany owe Greece in WWII reparations? Was all that paid off? ", "They spent more money on government entitlement programs than they collected in taxes. This is the basis of socialism and why it doesn't work. Eventually, you will spend more than you make, more people collecting than people working and paying taxes. This new majority of people living off entitlements will vote for those who promise to continue these costly programs, driving them further into debt. It's not a \"rich vs poor\", \"decade old financial crisis\", or \"people evading taxes\" issue, it's implementing fundamentally flawed policies for years.", "Here's a visual I posted a month ago to give you a better perspective of the amount of debt. \n\n_URL_0_", "Now Putin can give them some Roebels.\n\nWhile he'll make sure **not** to fix the economy over there,\n\nSo the Greek politicians will have to listen to him !\n\nI bet he can't wait to build a military base in Greece, strategically it's an even better then the Krym", "I've posted it before, my Greece debt analogy:\n\n\nYou meet your SO who has a horrible credit rating and has also maxed out all their credit cards before you met.\n\n \nYou ask your SO if they're just marrying you for your money. \"No, no, no.\" Your SO insists and you believe them because you think your in love with your SO and make a great match.\n \n\nThen you marry them, which Mom & Dad have their doubts about. Your SO applies for joint credit cards, backed by your credit rating, which you agree to provided they pay you back and they agree. Unknown to you is that your SO has also significant baggage from past relationships (hidden in the form of large debts).\n\n\nYou and your SO's rich friends convince your SO to go out to buy some useless stuff, that it won't cost all that much, and it will be lots of fun. This idea is encouraged by the media. With the rich friends and your SO not understanding how much $1 means this leads to problems further down the road.\n\n \nThe marriage continues without a problem for about a decade. Then your SO maxes out the new credit cards buying stuff they don't need and complain to you about having to pay you back with money they don't have because they forgot to tell you about all the debt they had and still have.\n\n\nYou, Mom and Dad pay off the credit card and other debt and cut up the credit cards then proceed to give your SO an allowance.\n\n \nYour SO has a garage sale selling items at a drastically discounted rate to try to make some money and the whole neighbourhood comes over and many other people to buy something that would cost much more at the store. The local gossip makes sure the entire town knows about this.\n\n \nYou won't let your SO apply for bankruptcy because that would also affect your credit rating.\n\n \nYour SO doesn't like being treated like a child after acting like a child by ruining two peoples credit rating and lying about their intentions and starts complaining about you, Mom & Dad to your kids and the media.\n\n \nYour kids ask your SO to buy them something. Your SO replies that we can't afford that right now. Your kids, being used to getting everything they want, have a full blown temper tantrum, they start stomping around throwing stuff at the walls and screaming \"That's not fair, we want it NOW! Why can't we have it NOW?\". Your SO blames you, Mom & Dad for not being able to buy your kids what they want.\n\n \nThe local gossips, who didn't care to listen to your SO complain, lavish attention on the kids because they're more exciting that your SO. The local gossips are such drama queens. The rest of the country watches with idle curiosity because its entertaining and its not their problem, yet.\n\n \nTo conclude: \n\n \nYour SO = Greece's government\nFeels like they're being patronized and is mad at you for not letting them declare bankruptcy.\n\n \nYou = EU\nAre disappointed that your SO doesn't understand the concept of money nor the responsibility of it.\n\n \nMarriage = Greece joins EU\n\n \nYou and your SO's rich friends = Germany and France\nComplain that you're no fun anymore now that you have no money.\n\n \nThe media: Western financial institution influence (Wall St., the S & P, Goldman Sachs,...) \nMakes fun of your SO and their situation.\n\n \nThe local gossips = the news media (ie. attention whores)\nPlaying up the drama between you, your SO, your kids and Mom & Dad just to get attention and they have nothing better to do.\n\n \nMom & Dad = IMF\n\nMom & Dad think that your SO is a mess and the marriage will not last. They're trying really hard not to say \"I told you so.\"\n \nAllowance = Austerity measures\n \nGarage sale = Greece's tourist economy\n\nGoing out of business, maybe, sale.\n \nNeighbours = EU country citizens\n\nOnly want stuff from you if it's cheap.\n \nOther people = non-EU country citizens\n\nOnly want stuff from you if it's cheap and exotic.\n \nYour kids = Greek citizens\n\nHave a temper tantrum because they don't like being poor and can't understand how their parents let it get to this point.\n \nTemper tantrum = Riots\n \nThe rest of the Country = Non EU member countries\n", "[This paper](_URL_0_) is a fairly clear, simple, comprehensive and unbiased summary of what's happening in Greece. It's written by a professor of economics at Chicago, who should be more knowledgeable and able to avoid bias than the average redditor.", "I love how no one in this thread puts any blame on the EU for lending so much money to an un-credit worthy country. \n\nRemember a few years ago when we had a little mortgage meltdown? Yeah, people shouldn't have borrowed have borrowed so much money. BUT, banks should not have lent money to those people either. AND, between the average American consumer and the average American loan officer, which one should be more knowledgeable about credit worthiness. Blame goes both ways. ", "People say that Greece wants to devalue it's currency to make exports cheaper, but it can't do this because it's on the Euro, and it's not allowed to print more Euro. But, why can't it just sell it's exports for less? Wouldn't that have the same effect?", "Greece, Spain and Italy are all 'pigs of the trough' meaning they take a lot of money out of the EU and put fuck all back in. Greece is corrupt as all hell and no one pays taxes over there. They don't like to work and there is a bit of a joke amongst Europeans that the retirement age in Greece is 15.\n", "ELI5: How does this effect me, as a regular American?", "\"We need money!\"\n\nHere you go!\n\n\"Thanks, now we need more!\"\n\nHere you go!\n\n\"Where do you keep getting all this money?\"\n\nFrom you!\n\n\"Oh no....\"", "I tried to make my own topic but got auto shut down :(\n\nELI5: Why are all these greeks just now trying to take their money out of the banks?\n\nI mean the writing has been on the wall for some time now. You would think that the average person would have seriously considered withdrawing what they could a year ago, certainly a month ago, yet there are massive lines and protests outside closed banks going on... If my country has similar problems slowly creeping its way I would have remove my savings a long long time ago, but apparently no one did, not even after the election? Am I missing something?\n", " Imagine that every country is stacking blocks to see who can have the most blocks on their tower. Greece didn't have alot of blocks to begin with so they borrowed some from other countries. The other countries said that was fine as long as greece gave back the other blocks as fast as they could. Greece stacked the blocks on their tower but found that their tower was still small in comparison to the other countries.The other countries were worried that if Greece's tower fell over, it might knock theirs down so they made sure Greece could keep building on their tower by giving them more and more blocks. Greece was still no closer to having the biggest tower AND they still had to give the other countries some blocks back once they could afford to.\n \n Things are looking bad for Greece, they need to give back the blocks and find a way to make the tower gap smaller. Greece decided to get blocks from a different country to return to the first country. This made the first country that greece borrowed from really big and increased the gap in tower size compared to Greece. Greece realized that as long as they were building their tower with the same kind of blocks as everyone else they would never catch up to the other countries.\n\n This lead to the re-introduction of the Drachma! A kind of block just for Greece! Greece knew they could slowly close the gap in tower size as long as they used the drachmas. Sure, the drachmas weren't as big as the other blocks but Greece knew they could eventually make their very own drachma blocks bigger than ever before. \n\n Alot of residents in Greece became scared because if they started using drachmas, all of their original blocks would be rendered useless. This meant that all the progress someone had made with the older blocks would be for nothing and they would have to start their tower over again entirely. Greece is voting whether or not they should use the drachma blocks or stay with the original blocks.\n\nTL;DR Greece is going to vote on whether or not they use their own currency. (to refinance their own economy)\n", "This is the best ELI5 article on it that I've read.\n\n[The Greek Financial Crisis isn't sexy, but knowing about it is](_URL_0_)\n\n > \"When Greece joined the euro in 2001, confidence in the Greek economy grew and a big economic boom followed. But after the 2008 financial crisis, everything changed. Every country in Europe entered a recession, but because Greece was one of the poorest and most indebted countries, it suffered the most. The unemployment rate reached 28 percent in 2013, worse than the United States suffered during the Great Depression.\n\n > If Greece wasn't in the euro, it could have boosted its economy by printing more of its currency, the drachma. This would have lowered the value of the drachma in international markets, making Greek exports more competitive. It would also lower domestic interest rates, encouraging domestic investment and making it easier for Greek debtors to service their debts.\n\n > But Greece shares its monetary policy with the rest of Europe. And the German-dominated European Central Bank has given Europe a monetary policy that's about right for Germany, but so tight that it has thrust Greece into a depression.\n\n > So Greece is squeezed between a crushing debt burden — 177 percent of GDP, about twice the level in the United States — and a deep depression that makes it difficult to raise the money it needs to make its debt payments.\n\n > For the last five years, Greece has been negotiating with European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (dubbed \"the Troika\") for financial assistance with its debt burden. Since 2010, the Troika has been providing Greece with loans in exchange for tax hikes and spending cuts.\n\n > Rich European nations such as Germany believe they're simply insisting that Greece live within its means. But the austere terms of the bailouts have caused resentment among Greeks and contributed to crisis-level unemployment and poverty. In January, they elected a new left-wing prime minister, Alexis Tsipras, who promised to reject the previous bailout deal and secure a more favorable agreement.\n\n > But he has very little leverage. In 2010, Greek debt was widely held by private banks, so a Greek default could trigger a financial panic. But since then, this debt has been consolidated in the hands of rich European governments, greatly reducing the risk of a financial crisis if Greece defaults.\n\n > So Greece faces a hard choice: it can accept the Troika's demands for further austerity. Or it can defy the Troika, which would likely lead to a default on Greek debt and possibly a Greek exit from the euro. The Greek government is holding a referendum on July 5 to let voters choose between these bad options.\n\n > In the meantime, the Greek economy is melting down. Knowing that Greek euro deposits could soon be transformed into devalued drachma deposits, Greek people have been rushing to ATMs to withdraw as much cash as they can. That has forced the Greek government to close the banks and limit withdrawals to €60 per day.\"", "[Here's a simple primer](_URL_0_) by a Chicago Booth economist that explains the crisis in Greece in a very elegant way. \n\nIt essentially walks you through everything that has happened over the last few years, and explains the crisis from different actors' angles.", "If there were no debt interest from the beginning, Would have Greece already been able to pay back their debt? (Bonus: Same question if the debt was simply inflation adjusted.)", "So what happens to Greece and its citizens when the banks run out of money? ", "I think one thing the media is totally glossing over is the destructive tax policies that deepened the crisis to the point of no return. During the Great Recession, the Greek government enacted tax policy that mirrors the Bush-era tax cuts. Deep cuts for the wealthy, and minor cuts for the middle class. However, as the crisis deepened, instead of raising taxes on the wealthy they put the tax burden on the middle class. So you had these stories of people paying nearly half of their monthly income in taxes. The problem isn't the taxes themselves, nor the social safety net they support. The problem is Reganomics.", "Looking back on US financial markets seeing huge losses yesterday (Monday), why is it that United States markets reacted so negatively to Greece coming closer to default if there really isn't much involvement in the Greek economy? Why would investors panic so much if it really doesn't matter directly to US companies should Greece return to the drachma? To me, it seems overblown and a severe overreaction for US investors to see a default as a significant blow to the world economy. I understand the fears of the \"domino effect\" that could lead other debt-ridden countries to follow suit, it just seems to be a gross overreaction since Greece is not a dominant power in the global economy.", "so what will happen to Greece and it's people?", "What would be the downside to the EU just 'forgiving' the debt, creating Euros by fiat, and paying all creditors? \n\nPerhaps followed with a strongly worded memo saying \"We will never do this again so don't nobody get any ideas\" while glaring at Spain?", "ELI5: What does this whole issue mean to the average citizen of Greece? e.g., If I was a citizen and I have $100k in savings, is that all worthless now?", "What will the impact to the UK and rest of Europe be if A) Greece are declared Bankrupt and B) They are not declared bankrupt?", "ELI5: What would happen if to Europe if they kicked Greece out. Would it actually affect people in Europe or not?", "ELI5: What are they voting on in the referendum?\n\nI was under the impression that they were voting on whether or not to accept the next installment of payment of the bailout money, along with the new conditions it imposes.\n\nBut the deadline to accept has already passed. Are they essentially voting on whether or not they want to accept the proposal that is no longer on the table? Or is this meant to be more of a \"guidance vote\" or \"opinion poll\" so the government knows whether to default and give up negotiating or whether to continue to negotiate and accept the new conditions?", "What exactly are the terms the IMF demand. I think I read somewhere it includes a 25% sales tax. Even if this is not true, no one seems to report what the exact terms are.", "Could Greece be annexed to pay off its debt? What would happen then?", "A serious / unbiased response to this question, please: What does the Golden Dawn party think of the crisis? What would their solution be?", "Can someone please explain this issue from the start? How it started? how greece effects the Eurozone? what could this trigger?", "ELI5: Why Greek economy, which is apparently in trouble, can pay it's citizens 700€ minimum wage (and appropriately adjusted average wage), while countries which have stable economies like Poland have < 500€ minimum wage? Shouldn't Greek minimum wages drop very much below the levels of stable economies?", "What are the consequences to Greece if they refuse to pay the money back? is the money just written off as a loss/bad investment ?", "ELI5: If Greece were to leave the European Union what happens to all the immigrants seeking asylum? \n\n", "E: Are their rational arguments for the 'Greek side\" of the crisis? Meaning, how do the Greeks rationalize their situation as not the result of their choices and government but the result of something else? How can/do the Greeks view themselves as victims?\n\nI ask because I haven't heard the Greek side beyond not wanting cut pensions/programs and 'cultural differences'. ", "What would happen if Greece voted yes or no?", "In the worst case scinerio of economic crisis like this, I worry about the minority groups in Greece...I know Greece is by in large a homogeneous society but are there any ethnic tensions rising as a result of this crisis and if shit hits the fan who is the most vulnerable? ", "Now that the IMF seems to be suggesting Tspiras was right:\n\n1 If this is what the IMF believe then why have they kept schtum until now, given how really quite useful it would have been for them to have said something along these lines a week ago?\n\n2 If this is what the IMF believe then why are they not willing to renegotiate their own credit agreement with Greece on that basis? Why could they have not at very least asked for their $1.6 bil repayment to be deferred for a week to allow the referrendum to take place before default?", "I am going to Greece in one week, already payed through AirBnB the accomodation and I also have payed the transport months ago (before all this crap happened). \n\nWhat is the worst I can expect as a tourist going to one of their islands? I will be getting to Zakynthos by ferry. I am an EU citizen and don't have or require a passport at this moment. \n\nI know I should have cash prepared.. what else?", "Hypothetically, if the US were so inclined, could the US 'buy' Greece (i think this is essentially buying Greece's debts?) And become Greece's owner? ", "Well 5 years on, and they still won't pay their taxes... lack of serious reforms and enforcement.\n\nAsk anyone who has visited Greece, how hard it is to get a receipt.\n\nGreece has eaten their cake, eaten everyone elses cake, and is now asking for more cake as they are addicted.\n\nUnfortunately like all western culture, its the poor/lower class that has to pay. Everyone with money has taken their money out of Greece years ago.\n\nSure we can blame their high public wages and early pensioners but they're now taking 100% of the punishment for 10-20% of the wastage", "Question(s): What happens to Greece if they'll be out of the Eurozone? What are the chances? Which countries will be affected? Also, is there a way out of this?", " 1. Is it true that in Greece you get a guaranteed government pension of 110% x your final salary?\n 2. Is it true Greece productivity per worker is 40% less than Spain and Italy?\n 3. How were the banks allowed to get away with shoveling that much debt into Greece, collecting a decade of profits, and then handing their debts on to the Euro Central Banks and hitting the exits a few years ago?\n 4. Why are the same incompetents in charge of Europe? How has Christine Lagarde kept her job?\n 5. Is France next?\n 6. How long will German taxpayers put up with this? I don't understand why Merkel is so popular when she was so easily sucked in by the big banks to lump all this debt on the German voter. Can someone explain this?\n 7. Why were Greece allowed in the Euro in the first place after they got caught cooking their books during the application process?\n 8. How can Europe continue as a monetary union when countries cant deflate their own currencies? This will simply keep happening.\n\n", "If there is a yes vote, what can/will Greece do differently so that they are not in the exact same position they are in now 1-2 years from now?", "ELI5 : With today's referendum, what will happen to Greek citizen (living in the country and outside)?", "How can the leaders of Greece be saying that the terms of the bailout are humiliating when they have defaulted on one loan and have gotten several loans in the past? From my perspective it seems like they've been loaned money tons of times, haven't paid it back, and are acting like they are entitled to terms that they want. I don't know much about how lending money on this scale works but it seems like they have very little ground to stand on.", "ELI5: Why would Greece say no to the countries aid?\n", "Where were the terms for the bailout by the creditors?", "I don't get all this economic stuff. So - What will happen if Greece simply can't pay back it's dephts or is unwilling to do so? I guess the creditors can't confiscate stuff as it would be if a private person goes insolvent.", "Here's a pretty straightforward analysis of the Greek (European) crisis from _URL_1_ - _URL_0_. Gave me a good idea of what is the issue and where we are right now.\n\nSorry if it was already posted. Couldn't find it in a search.", "So the Greek parties (minus KKE and GD) just put together a deal to present tomorrow. Among the terms is that the defense spending be kept intact. Why's this one of the top priorities? What exactly is there to defend from?", "Found this infographic that really simply explains the whole Greece Crisis, from the start right up to the referendum result and gives clear indications of what might happen if Greece leaves the euro/stays in. Really helped me to understand! _URL_0_ ", "A good summary of Greece after the referendum and analysis of the possible outcomes and geo-pol ramifications\n[_URL_1_]\n[_URL_0_]\n", "ELI5: isn't America in debt too? And had a deficit basically forever? How is this different? What am I missing? Why is Greece \"in trouble\" but America is okay?", "Here's a good video breaking down what's going on and the potential repercussions for Greece, Europe and the rest of the world:\n\n_URL_0_", "ELI5: So looking at the gross GDP of the world (2013 numbers) show to be roughly $75 trillion USD. The debt owed by Greece is roughly $353 billion USD.\n\nWhy does a country whose total debt accounts for .47% of the worlds GDP have such a large effect on the world's economy? That seems like a drop in the bucket." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.businessinsider.com/the-secret-goldman-sachs-greece-deal-thats-described-as-a-very-sexy-story-between-two-sinners-2012-3?IR=T", "http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html" ], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Financial_Audit,_2004", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" ], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3betvd/eli5_the_greek_governmentdebt_crisis/cslicr1" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-markets-stocks-idUSKCN0P91NO20150629" ], [ "http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/a-christmas-message-from-americas-rich-20111222" ], [ "https://www.vox.com/2015/6/27/8856297/greece-referendum-euro" ], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers", "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Christoforakos", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole", "http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=ds22a34krhq5p_&amp;hl=en&amp;dl=en#!ctype=l&amp;strail=false&amp;bcs=d&amp;nselm=h&amp;met_y=gd_pc_gdp&amp;scale_y=lin&amp;ind_y=false&amp;rdim=country_group&amp;idim=country_group:eu:non-eu&amp;idim=country:el:it:pt:fr:es&amp;ifdim=country_group&amp;hl=en_US&amp;dl=en&amp;ind=false", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank", "https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7047/6861665259_55b341be24_z.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/German_GDP_in_tax_havens.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papandreou", "https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2586664217/o78k5fogx5g3hdy6peai.jpeg", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qw_2FxcE8mk", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/3bb82t/greek_bailout_extension_refused/cskz3x0" ], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.npr.org/2011/11/17/142437694/lack-of-trust-underlies-greeces-societal-problems" ], [], [ "https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results" ], [ "http://trooclick.com/event/greek-banks-take-holiday-restrict-withdrawals-37635" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/29/opinion/paul-krugman-greece-over-the-brink.html?_r=0" ], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Simitis" ], [], [], [ "http://demonocracy.info/infographics/eu/debt_greek/debt_greek.html" ], [], [], [ "http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/anil.kashyap/research/papers/A-Primer-on-the-Greek-Crisis_june29.pdf" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.vox.com/2015/6/29/8862583/greek-financial-crisis-explained" ], [ "http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/anil.kashyap/research/papers/A-Primer-on-the-Greek-Crisis_june29.pdf" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.vox.com/cards/eurozone-crisis/eurozone-crisis-origin", "vox.com" ], [], [ "https://www.scenesofreason.com/greece-crisis-explained/" ], [ "http://www.democracynow.org/2015/7/7/economist_richard_wolff_on_roots_of", "http://www.democracynow.org/2015/7/7/a_europe_of_equals_report_from" ], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt6w4eE_tg0" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "em3evz3", "em3f8wu" ], "score": [ 13, 2 ], "text": [ "There are actually two types of fruit, **climacteric** **fruit** and **nonclimacteric fruit**. **Nonclimacteric** **fruit** will not ripen off of the tree at all— they depend on their connection to their tree to build up sugar. Fruits such as citrus, berries, and melons are nonclimacteric and best when picked as ripe as possible, because while they can soften and develop a smell, they won't get any riper (sweeter) when detached from the plant. **Climacteric** **fruit**, on the other hand, responds dramatically to the plant hormone *ethylene*. Once triggered by ethylene, ripening enzymes break down stored starch into sugar. Fun fact: wrapping unripe fruits in a paper bag with an ethylene-producing ripe fruit traps and concentrates the ethylene in an enclosed space, and that's why fruits get riper when you do this!", "This is more biology than chemistry (biochemistry, really), but basically fruits are made of plant cells, and plant cells have this hard, rigid structure called cellulose, along with several other structural proteins. They also store sugars as starch, because its way more efficient than storing it as sugars (sugars we detect as sweet when we eat them, starches we don't, even though its the same material overall just in a different arrangement). Fruits still live for quite a while off the stem and enzymes, special proteins designed to make reactions happen faster, are still breaking down starch into sugar to make it sweeter and breaking down structural molecules to make them softer." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fdpzagz", "fdpzroe" ], "score": [ 2, 22 ], "text": [ "Well, sunlight is just a more expansive mix of different wavelengths of light. Certain plants can tolerate a more limited spectrum of light. Furthermore, you can buy lights that have a larger spectrum than normal light bulbs.\n\nAll plants need light, sunlight is best, but not the only source of available light.", "Many plants have evolved to be “understory” plants that live close to the ground, in the shade of layers of larger plants above them. This is a viable niche in the wild, and those plants are then also suited to many indoor situations." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d6cbap6" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I get creeped out sometimes when I think about it... and I work in aerospace. And I build the stupid things. I reassure myself like this:\n\nThe team that engineered your lawn mower spent thousands of hours making sure it would be safe and reliable. \n\nThe team that engineered your car's safety features spent tens or hundreds of thousands of hours making sure they would be reliably and consistently safe.\n\nThe team that engineered that aircraft and the tools that made it have spent (cumulatively) millions and tens of millions of hours in making it safe. And designed for failure well beyond any condition the aircraft would _ever_ meet in its lifetime. \n\nNo airliner has been lost in the past 40 years that cannot ultimately be attributed to human error, negligence in maintenance or maliciousness (terror attacks etc.). Just don't fly \"Fred's discount airlyne\" and you'll be fine. \n\nYou are more likely to die in the car ride to the airport than you are on your flight. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2yyzya", "c2z0agd", "c2z3uhm", "c2yyzya", "c2z0agd", "c2z3uhm" ], "score": [ 6, 4, 2, 6, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "You answered the question yourself. Russians were seen as subhuman, western Europeans and Americans not.", "The Germans never really disliked the English. Even in WWI, the Germans always respected the English, and in both wars, never really wanted to fight them; it was the English that declared war on Germany. Their war was more professional than personal.\n\n", "From an ethnic point of view, the English and German people share a common heritage - English is a Germanic language, and most English people are descended from Anglo-Saxon settlers who came an area that includes parts of what are now the Netherlands and Germany. The Nazis therefore did not regard the English as racial inferiors the way they did Jews and Slavs.\n\nThe Nazi classification of races regarded the \"Nordic\" European peoples as being of superior quality to the Mediterranean Europeans, while people of Slavic descent and Jews were regarded as subhumans. The Nordic European races included the English, Germans, Dutch, Danes, and Norwegians. As such, the Nazis had little interest in exterminating the English, and since many Americans would have been of English stock, the same would apply to them.", "You answered the question yourself. Russians were seen as subhuman, western Europeans and Americans not.", "The Germans never really disliked the English. Even in WWI, the Germans always respected the English, and in both wars, never really wanted to fight them; it was the English that declared war on Germany. Their war was more professional than personal.\n\n", "From an ethnic point of view, the English and German people share a common heritage - English is a Germanic language, and most English people are descended from Anglo-Saxon settlers who came an area that includes parts of what are now the Netherlands and Germany. The Nazis therefore did not regard the English as racial inferiors the way they did Jews and Slavs.\n\nThe Nazi classification of races regarded the \"Nordic\" European peoples as being of superior quality to the Mediterranean Europeans, while people of Slavic descent and Jews were regarded as subhumans. The Nordic European races included the English, Germans, Dutch, Danes, and Norwegians. As such, the Nazis had little interest in exterminating the English, and since many Americans would have been of English stock, the same would apply to them." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d80oqbi", "d80pqtj", "d80rcy9", "d80sajj", "d80t4dm", "d80w4zz" ], "score": [ 35, 10, 10, 2, 14, 2 ], "text": [ "Because they tend to be very careful about precisely what they say and how they say it so they aren't actually committing libel. They also have a bunch of lawyers to address any charged that are filed against them, but they are specialized in reporting news and know how to phrase things well to avoid it in the first place.", "Because they are very careful to not commit libel. Being wrong in a news report is not libel, maliciously spreading a known lie with the intent to ruin someone is libel. That was common at one point with news agencies, but has not been for nearly a century. ", "I'm a journalism student currently taking (among other things) a course about this.\n\nThe short answer: in Canada (and probably other countries), libel/defamation laws have exception clauses. Those exceptions include things like if the information is true, a matter of public interest, etc, so as long as what journalists report is factual, they cannot be (successfully) sued for libel/defamation.", "What country are we talking about here?\n\nIn the US, libel is very hard to prove due to the need to balance it with the (broadly interpreted) right to freedom of speech.\n\nIn other countries, such as the UK, it's [easier](_URL_0_).", "First off, libel is a tort, and is not a criminal offense in most places. That means you won't be charged with libel, but sued for it.\n\nAnd to be sued for it, someone needs to show damages. They will need to show that your statements caused them financial harm. \n\nNote that most of the time when the media \"gets it wrong\", they are reporting information that someone else got wrong. So, if the news says that \"Joe Smith is wanted by police for questioning in the murder\", and Joe Smith had nothing to do with it, he won't have a cause of action against the media outlet because they simply reported what the police told them.\n\nNews organizations aren't really in the habit of just making shit up. Know why? Because a libel suit is a very bad thing. Not just in money, but in loss of reputation, and that's usually even worse. A news outlet that invents stories gets a lower readership/audience, and will have a lot more trouble getting qualified journalists to work for them.\n\nIn breaking news, especially, there's a lot of misinformation going around early on. But it's not libel to report that unless you do it recklessly or with malice, and that's almost never the case.", "I actually work for a news station and something I hear all the time being shouted across the room is we can't say he did \"blank\" we have to say he was accused of \"blank\" or the police department suspects he did \"blank\" or the suspect was arrested for \"blank\" if you watch any newscast about crime and there is a suspect but they haven't been charged you will here some variation of that.\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d10gr2f", "d10hd2e" ], "score": [ 15, 2 ], "text": [ "This is older than any videos.\n\nPP is synonymous with abortions, even though only a small percentage of the facilities actually provide that service. Unfortunately, the conservative side of America (or whatever the fuck they are), think it's appropriate behavior to protest abortion clinics, or to make death threats to the people who go in. Why? Who the hell knows. To their twisted minds, it's somehow tolerable behavior act like a jackass in front of a business they don't agree with, despite the fact that PP offers many other services, like family planning, certain kinds of counseling, and other stuff related to making sure women (some men, but mostly women) can live healthy lives", "Planned Parenthood provides many services related to reproductive health. One of these services is abortions. Many people think that abortion is immoral and some of them would even say that performing a procedure to intentionally destroy an embryo or fetus is murder. Since Planned Parenthood is the largest and most well-known abortion provider in the US, opponents of abortion do not like the organization. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cewzx48" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Unknown quantities of foreigners in a country can present a security threat and stress public services. For example, how do you know if they leave?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbw0v2q", "cbw11iz", "cbw1gcf" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "That germs exist and that is what makes you sick. ", "Germ theory is a scientific theory that explains how germs - small microscopic organisms - are the cause of illness and disease.\n\nBefore germ theory, the common explanation for diseases were things like spirits or \"bad air\" (e.g. air that smelled bad).\n\nWhen large outbreaks of disease started occurred, scientists noticed some patterns in how they were spreading which made them start doubting the old superstitions about how diseases were caused.\n\nLater experiments/developments supported the idea that tiny organisms were at involved. For example, scientists noticed that if you heated food and then cooled it off and kept it well covered, it would prevent the food from spoiling. This supported their idea that the small organisms which were causing the food to go bad were being killed. \n\nLater on with the invention of ways of observing the tiny organisms (e.g. powerful microscopes,), we confirmed their existence and their role in disease. \n", "At its simplest, germ theory explains that there are microorganisms (Bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) and they are the causative agents of disease. While this may seem very intuitive now, before the advent of microscopes people would have had no reason to accept the existence of something invisible to them. To explain the cause of sickness any number of hypotheses were generated including miasma theory, humorism, and witchcraft but failed to recognize the actual disease causing agent and often did little to mitigate the issue. Skeptics and critics of these ideologies had to overcome a great amount of resistance from scientist (and doctors) to finally recognize what we know today as germ theory. There were a very long series of experiments spanning centuries that finally established the \"germ hypothesis\" as \"germ theory,\" but the experiments conducted by Robert Koch are considered the standard for identifying a microorganisms (germ) as the causative agent of disease. He established four main tenants of diagnosis which are dubbed Koch's postulates:\n\n1. The microorganisms must exist in great number in an infected host, but be absent in a healthy host. \n2. The microorganism must be isolated from the sick host and grown in pure culture.\n3. The microorganism must cause disease when a healthy host is inoculated experimentally\n4. The microorganism must be reisolated from aforementioned experimentally inoculated host. \n\nAlthough there are certain exceptions to the above mentioned guidelines (which I can discuss if you want) these were the first parameters for determining the cause of disease and are the primary support for germ theory. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "clcdvbw", "clcdx69", "clcdxt8" ], "score": [ 2, 4, 6 ], "text": [ "The initial burst of water is the water that is sitting in your pipes. It is the temperature that your house is kept at. ", "Because the hot water comes from the water heater. There is water in the pipes between the water heater and the shower head. When the shower is not in use that water is sitting in the pipes. It is at room temperature, thus cold feeling. So it takes a second for the hot water to make it from the water heater to the shower head.", "I'm about to change your life.\n\nTurn the shower on and let it heat up before actually getting into it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eb5cevq", "eb5cmaa", "eb5cp79" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because there are white Hispanics, black Hispanics, mestizo Hispanics, indigenous Hispanics, and even Asian Hispanics. The life experience and reality of a black Hispanic is likely dramatically different from that of a white Hispanic.\n\nCalling Hispanic a race or ethnicity is as accurate as calling American a race or ethnicity.", "Hispanic is not considered a ethno-racial category, but rather ethno-linguistic or ethno-cultural\n\n > The U.S. Census Bureau defines the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino to refer to \"a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race\" and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race, any ancestry, any ethnicity", "Hispanic is not considered a \"race\" by the federal government (and lots of other people who keep those kinds of statistics). The distinction between a race and an ethnicity is pretty arbitrary when you get down to it, but here are the reasons why:\n\nSome Hispanics are descended completely (or mostly) from the Spanish colonists and look just as \"white\" as anybody descended from Englishmen, Germans, Poles, etc. They speak Spanish and have a different culture but there is no easily visible physical distinction.\n\nSome Hispanics are descended completely (or mostly) from African slaves brought over to work on plantations on Cuba or Brazil or wherever. These people speak Spanish (or Portuguese, which is also considered Hispanic) and have Hispanic culture but look just as \"black\" as any African American from a physical perspective.\n\nThen you have Hispanics with a mixture of ancestry from European, African, and/or Native American sources, who might be anywhere in between.\n\nUltimately the concept of race is going to have a lot of overlaps and fuzzy borders because it's something society made up, not something that has an objective scientific definition. But as long as society marks the distinction between races people will want to study and classify them in the same way. To paraphrase Morpheus, it's real because your mind makes it real." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cohxszs", "cohyi06", "coij2ya" ], "score": [ 6, 15, 2 ], "text": [ "No knock warrants are suppose to be reserved for cases that you already believe the occupants have weapons and are likely to use them on police if given a warning before entering. In such cases the safest thing for the police is to enter with overwhelming force hoping to neutralize the situation before it becomes violent. Overusing no knock warrants, though, makes things more dangerous for everyone involved.", "Screaming, \"POLICE\" before crashing in like the Kool-Aid man isn't lawful identification to me. They can't verify you have heard and acknowledged their identity and they haven't provided any real credentials. \n\nA police officer was killed in Virginia because of a no knock raid went wrong. Guy was thought to be growing weed but was an avid gardener who was growing Asian plants to go around his Koi pond in his yard that were mistaken for marijuana. All he heard was his door caving in and he fired at the first person through it. They did find a misdemeanor amount of weed and that's it. Now he's in prison for manslaughter because of a false accusation and needless use of force. Did I mention the false information came from a police informant that BROKE INTO his home? Yeah..... \n\n_URL_0_", " > How do you prevent police officers from being killed?\n\nIn most cases, by the cops being pro-active: shooting anything that moves, tossing flashbang grenades into the cribs of potentially-dangerous babies (I *wish* I was making that up...), that kinda thing.\n\nAnd then, when people who have been jolted out of bed at 2 in the morning by a bunch of screaming guys in black with machine guns actually *do* stand their ground and shoot one, you charge them with murdering a cop.\n\nSee? It's a win-win for everybody. Um, except society.\n" ] }

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[ "http://thefreethoughtproject.com/prosecutor-seeking-death-penalty-officer-killed-knock-raid/" ]

[ [], [ "http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Frederick" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djun72y", "djuq0fz" ], "score": [ 8, 3 ], "text": [ "The primary objective of any sport is to get as much attention for the sponsor as possible. They are the ones who pay the salary. There are a few ways of doing this in a bicycle race. For example leading the race means there are a lot of cameras aimed at you while you wear the logos of your sponsors. There are also separate competitions for sprint point and climbing points as well as being judged the most aggressive rider of the day which will get you some attention. So some teams often have different racers going for the different objectives so they can get attention to their sponsors. However to perform well in a bicycle race you often need a team of helpers who make sure the main riders are well rested and comfortable. These helpers are paid almost as well as the main riders and even get their share of the price money whenever the team does well. They might also try to draw attention to their sponsors as often as possible.", "Around the idea of teams competing but individuals winning the different stages, the individuals require their teams around them to help. Someone like a mountain climber would stay with their team to get longer-term speed advantages and help on the stretches, then 'break away' from the team on the hills to try and win that specific piece.\n\nTypically, the individual has the better sponsorship money and will 'donate' winnings from those stages to the team." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "db5pxu7" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Sugar and other chemicals in such drinks overpower the taste of caffeine, especially because there's so much less caffeine and so much more sugar eg 30 grams of sugar vs 200 mg of caffeine. That's not an accurate measurement, but a good example." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cj245l5" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Can you be clearer on your meaning? or is it simply why do Asian people look like they come from Asia why do etc etc ?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cz8ax9w" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Could this be due to confirmation/selection bias? The number of times that it worked correctly was not noticed, but when it works wrong, you notice and remember it. Over time, it makes you believe that autocorrect doesn't work as it should." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dgifwoh", "dgig690", "dgip9du" ], "score": [ 20, 6, 5 ], "text": [ "There are a handful of examples where a company builds an expiry date into a product. The companies that do this are assholes that everyone hates and are opening themselves up to massive, massive, government fines and penalties (which include class action lawsuits, etc.).\n\nIt is actually really hard for companies to \"get away\" with doing much that you would find despicable if you were truly informed of all the facts and issues at play. It happens, don't get me wrong, but its far less common than you think, its far harder for them to get away with it, and its seldom as overtly evil as one might think.\n\nHowever... Every physical object is going to have tradeoffs. Would you like your remote control to weigh twenty pounds but never wear out or need batteries - or would you like it to weigh five ounces and wear out after 10 years of average use?\n\nCustomers have spoken and they want cheaper, lighter, fancier shit - and they are wiling to pay for it.\n\nSo really what companies do is design the product so that in average use conditions it lasts a reasonable period of time, and then give consumers a warranty that covers a shorter, but still reasonable, period of time. And then if your toaster, or television, or jeans wear out sooner they replace them with an apology, and if they last longer... good everyone is happy.\n\nThe real issue though... Seven years ago you went to the store and bought a computer for \"word processing and browsing the internet\", and now \"browsing the internet\" means streaming netflix and you are trying to use a computer capable of opening Word, and reading CNN, to run a home media center. And its not up to the task.", "This is done through MTBF prediction( Mean Time Between Failure). There are several methods based on field(real data) and some physics ones or simulation with which you can predict when something is going to break/fail.\n\nBest is if you have field(real) data based on previous product designs, but if none are existing then you can make accelerated lifetime tests (temperature, humidity, vibration .... anything you can think about) and then based on this how severe were the conditions during the test you can round up/predict in approximately how many hours/cycles you will get to failure.\n\nThe more data is available the more accurate is the prediction.\n\n\nP.S. This is not used only to design the product to break after the warranty. It is vital to the maintenance of life support systems, airplanes, power plants and etc.", "Despite all the negative responses here, we don't design products to fail. We design products so that ~98+% will last until at least the end of the warranty period. But we also design them as cheaply as possible, and this often results in one of the parts failing shortly after the warranty period has expired. So if you want a product to last longer, buy the product with the longer warranty." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ch51sxg", "ch52pdt", "ch580j9", "ch5qrlk" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Could you provide some background for why this isn't a loaded question? Why do you think the education system \"insists\" everyone wins?\n\nMy wife works in schools all the time and teachers routinely tell students they're wrong when they're wrong.", "I'm not sure that teachers necessarily don't tell their students they are wrong, though I have had instances where teachers have let their kids down softly to escape helicopter parents from bursting through their class room door and yelling at them.\n\nLots of parents are very protective of their children and many think that little Susie can do no wrong.", "I've seen it, I've lived it. What you talk about happens. Not all the time, mind you, but my grade school teachers would have all sorts of little class competitions and \"team building\" exercises, and everyone would get an award or _something_.\n\nI blame white, middle class suburban mothers who are sissifying our children because they believe their _precious snowflakes_ are _special_ and deserve a fucking medal for everything. The can't accept that a diversity of people can demonstrate a diversity of strengths and talents, that their children aren't going to be good at everything, and they feel the impulse to smother their children with emotional over-protection.\n\nSo these Smothers have rallied and pressed our school systems into conforming to their bizarre sense of reality, and all children have to bear the consequence of it.\n\nAnd it is counter productive. Children who grow up with this are emotionally fragile snowflakes as adults. They expect a handout with everything, don't do things \"because it's hard\", and these fucked up mothers think their children are fully prepared to be adults the second they turn 18.\n\nI've seen this in my school system, but I wasn't treated this way at home. Several acquaintances I know did get this treatment at home, and as a result, one, for example is finishing his Masters and won't look for work in his field because he's \"afraid\". He can't handle the feeling of rejection should he not get the job, so he doesn't look in the first place. He'd rather work a part time job at a bookstore. Others just don't know how to act as adults and turn to binge drinking because their behavior is utterly unchecked; they only kept in line when their mothers were there to wipe their asses. My fiancee tutors, and some of these college kids, they skip class all year long and then attempt to guilt her, \"I'm going to fail this semester if you don't help me.\" Really, kid? Like not going to class and not taking notes has nothing to do with it? Do you think she actually believes your line of bullshit? Or that it's even necessary?", "I am a teacher and recent college graduate, and I have never been told not to tell a student they are wrong. We try to soften the blow a little, and the main reason is that constant negativity makes students feel worthless and helpless when we want to empower them to improve. \n\nWe are,trained to focus on positives and strengths rather than weaknesses. There are a few driving ideologies behind this. One is the concept of self efficacy. Once a student starts to think that they are too dumb or incompetent to be successful, the chances of them closing the achievement gap hits close to zero. Children are very perceptive of this even at an early age. My first graders have already started to idenfity and point out the better readers, early finishers, and discussion dominators in the class. While students can't officially drop out until the age of 16, they give up in elementary school. By focusing on what students have accomplished, and giving praise alongside corrective feedback we help keep students from frustrating out.\n\nSecondly, pointing out what students lack does not help much with promoting student growth. If I make a list of things a child cannot do or does not know it does not tell me where to start instruction. I need information on the skills they do have so I know where to go from there. I have also noticed several mistakes made in the classroom our when students try to apply information incorrectly. They have a strategy that works for one type of problem but they get the wrong answer when they try to use it somewhere else. If you do not explain that, they may discard that strategy as worthless.\n\nThat first part addressed the never telling students they are wrong or need to improve misconception. The fact is we do, quite frequently in fact, but we aim to keep a ratio that favors praise over redirection.\n\nAs for the idea that schools have an everyone wins policy, I do not feel that my school buys into that. Some schools probably do, but I do not think they are the majority. In my classroom I make sure all students are praised, even my lowest students. The lowest students are the ones that often need it the most to keep up their self esteem. The big focus is on growth. If a student comes in not knowing their letters but end the year near grade level that calls for celebration more than a student who barely grew at all but is still exceeding becuase they were more than a year ahead coming in (although typically the gap in achievement grows each year). However there are special celebrations only available to students who meet a prescribed standard. Some of these celebrations are academic, but others are behavior oriented. The biggest celebration of each quarter is based on district test scores, and only the parents of students scoring above 80% (where a passing score can be as low as 60% becuase the of the way questions are tiered) are invited.\n\nIn addittion to only presenting awards to students who demonstrate academic excellence, we don't withold the fact that students are failing. Almost all of my students who were at risk of being held back were at the conference when I informed their parents and compared their score to the benchmark and went through a pile of failing assignments. We like to focus on what students have accomplished and what can be done to improve towards a target, but they need to know where they are. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cofzzde" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "It was a 2013 reddit meme going around where the joke was basically while Americans sleep Australians take over providing content on reddit and vice versa." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ekj4rf8", "ekj4v86", "ekj4yiq", "ekj56sc" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Bonus: How to reduce/minimize the loss.", "The wire has electrical resistance to the flow of electricity. It's kind of like friction and the longer a wire is, the more resistance the electric current will see. This will make the wire hotter and the electrical force on the other end lower", "Because wire produces resistance (measured in Ohms). More wire means more resistance. In essence it simply isn't a good conductor and absorbs/dissipates that electricity as heat (which you can feel if you run too much through a wire). The reason we still use copper wire despite it not being a very good conductor is because while there's better materials they're too expensive, and copper is \"good enough\".", "Every electrical conductor has a certain resistance, that depends, amongst other factors, on its length (measured in Ohms/meter). In a longer wire, the electricity must travel through \"more resistance\", which will limit the electrical current, that can pass through. For example, if a wire with a given length has some electrical resistance, then a wire with twice that length will also have roughly twice the resistance, only allowing half the electrical current to pass. If you want to send a high current through a very long cable, then you will need a high voltage, to overcome the resistance of that wire. You can also use a wire with greater diameter to allow more current to get through, as resistance also depends on the \"thickness\" of the wire." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "deezvpw", "deezxpn", "deezz1w", "def01ti", "def0rbz", "def15c7", "def2anz", "def3dc8", "def3tx0", "def557r", "defcwz4" ], "score": [ 3, 58, 5, 2, 12, 5, 7, 12, 6, 58, 5 ], "text": [ "Follow the sources. If an article do not include sources it is probably fake. If an article lists another article as a source that does not include sources it is probably fake. If the initial source contradicts what the article say then the article is fake. If an interview shows the subject contradict all his previous and future statements then it is probably fake.", "First, look at the reputability of the source. The source may be a *biased* source (every source is biased in its own way), but if it's reputable, then you can typically trust the facts. If the source has a print edition or was around 30 years ago, its reputability increases. If the source's headlines are typically sensationalized or \"click-bait\", its reputability decreases. If the headlines are written in a way such as to make you feel angry, jubilant, or prideful, its reputability decreases. \n\nAlso, look for multiple reputable sources reporting the same facts. If nobody else is reporting it, wait a day and see. You don't always have to be up-to-the-second with whatever the news cycle is telling you.", "By verifying the claimed facts across multiple sources, identifying the primary source of the claim, and evaluating the credibility of the source on the subject. ", "Sources. If a news article lists and links out sources to other websites, or if searching for the elements of the article and you get other websites reporting on it, the less likely it's fake. Also, check the about pages and fine print of websites that something comes from, fake news often comes from 'satire' sites that specifically come up with false stories.", "It is admittedly hard to tell, as no site is correct 100% of the time, but some do have a better track record than others. There are a few things you can look for though.\n\n* Is it a reputable source? Even the best news sources can be have wrong info sometimes, and a normally terrible site can sometimes have a nugget of truth, but in general something like the BBC is going to be more reliable than random blogs.\n* Are other news outlets saying the same thing? Every time there's a major event reporters swarm to it, so if something big does happen you can bet that many, many other places will be telling the story. If a particular website seems to be the only place saying something then that's suspicious.\n* What are their sources? In particular, look for primary sources backed up by photos and videos. While digital media *can* be edited and manipulated, it's better than nothing at all.\n* Does it report objectively and let you draw your own conclusions or does it tell you how to feel? There's a big difference between \"the president attended this meeting and had this to say\" and \"OUTRAGEOUS! Listen to what the phony president said! All true Americans should be outraged!\"", "As an addition to the other good advice already given, take a look at...\n\nTone. Does this read as NEWS or an opinion piece? If it reads like an opinion piece, be wary.\n\nDoes it make seemingly outrageous/major claims with major ramifications without citing specific sources? Just because someone cited an unnamed source doesn't mean it's fake (this is common in real journalism), but it doesn't mean you should blindly accept it either.", "Did you see the story on Facebook? Or some other service that's trying to hold your attention by appealing to your predispositions? Then it's fake, or at best biased.\n\nDid the event happen within the past 36 hours? If so, then the most reliable stories haven't been written yet, check back tomorrow.\n\nDoes the story offer \"secret knowledge\" that \"(somebody) doesn't want you to know\"? Then the likelihood it's fake is 90+%.\n\nDoes the story tell you that the world is simple and you/government/somebody should obviously do (something)? then it's probably pushing an agenda.", "\"Real\" news is clearly distinguishable from \"fake\" new. \"Real\" news will usually cite multiple sources, and will fact-check their material. Their sources **must** be credible (Verified eyewitnesses, expert testimonials, hard scientific or statistic data, information from authorities, videos/photos). \"Real\" news also tends to be at least somewhat decent about correcting itself on inaccuracies they reported earlier. \"Real\" news tends to agree with other news in most cases, if not initially, eventually. Have you ever noticed that while FOX and NBC have quite different demographics for viewing, when they both report on something, the reports are often almost identical? \"Real\" news will be reported as it is, not as it is wanted to be. This is why critical stories that multiple networks report on are near-identical. They are all working with the same source material, they are all fact-checking the material. It's hard to come up with a different story from the guy ten feet away when you're both looking at the same thing.\n\n\"Fake\" news will fail to cite many, if any sources. These sources, if present, will not be credible. Sources may be heavily altered photo/video, false witnesses, experts nobody has ever heard of, statistics that don't match the norm, and a lack of information from the authorities. Fake news will usually not correct itself, and it will usually come from small, obscure \"news\" outlets. These outlets may be disguised to look like mainstream \"real\" news outlets, but can often be caught by check the url, or other details. Fake news reporting on a common story will often not match any other reports, with either no similarity, or changes to major details.\n\nPlease note, just because a news outlet makes a mistake, that doesn't make them fake news. Just because they don't agree with what you think, that doesn't make them fake.", "It can be difficult which is part of the problem. Here are some tips:\n\n* check your sources - fake news often comes from fringe sources, butbwe aware mainstream news will often repeat those stories\n* check your bias - the most dangerous fake stories are the ones that tell us things we want to believe...make sure you separate your bias from what you are actually hearing\n* develop critical thinking skills - understand the difference between evidence and proof, anecdote and data, causation and correlation", "I really like this blog post from [Popehat](_URL_0_)\n\nEssentially, read every news article like it's a search warrant and look for the presence or absence of three things: attribution, corroboration, and particularity.\n\nAttribution: For every fact asserted in the article, how does the author know it? If a statistic is reported, where does it come from?\n\nCorroboration: Other facts support what the author is saying. Anonymous sources are permissible if other facts support the assertions.\n\nParticularity: If a story attributes a stance, or a goal, or a motive to a public figure, does it give specific examples of conduct consistent with stance?\n\nEver since I read this post I've looked for all three things in news articles and it makes it pretty easy to distinguish fake news (fabricated) from news that isn't fake (just because something doesn't confirm your world view doesn't mean it's fabricated).\n\nOf course, there's still the issue of bias. Bias (implicit or explicit) can still encourage authors to make the facts fit the conclusion and that's why it's really important to read things critically. Be on the look out for logical fallacies that are used (many times very successfully) to manipulate readers. Appeals to emotion, attack the messenger, straw men, and ad hominem attacks (i.e. personal attacks), are good examples of logical fallacies that unscrupulous (or unwitting) reporters use to force a particular world view.\n\n", "Well, here's how I do it...\n\nFirst thing is a \"gut check\". Does this news sound unlikely? Does it go against common sense? If it does, I head over to the front page. Is there a bunch of news on the front page that also sounds sensationalist, or is grossly skewed one way or the other? If so, I'm assuming this is BS and I'm outta there.\n\nSecond thing is are they the only one reporting it? News does not happen in a vacuum. If they're the only one reporting it and it's been a few hours, I call BS and move on.\n\nThird is the site itself. What kind of reputation does it have? Is it known as a serious news site, or a fringe site? I'm going to give a lot more credence to the NYT, NPR, BBC, AP and Routers than to the Huffington Post, Breitbart, Fox, or the Other98.\n\nLastly is, does the reporter cite sources? Obviously some sources are anonymous, and that's fine, but if they quote statistics or studies and don't reference those, I get suspicious. If the phrase \"some people say\" (or anything similar) appears anywhere in the article, I'm assuming BS." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://www.popehat.com/2017/01/19/how-to-read-news-like-a-search-warrant-application/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxm46v2", "cxm5n7f" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Many fish have a line of sense organs along each side, which helps detect what is in the water nearby. \nGoogle \"fish lateral line\" to learn more.", "When you're milling around in the park, you're the fish in the aquarium. No bumping. Lots of room, people talking, peaceful.\n\nWhen you are at the skating rink, you've got a lot of people in a generally open space. You're mostly all moving in the same direction, if in circles. You can see each other and talk, but mostly you just try not to bump into those around you. That's when you see a large school of fish in the ocean, or in a blue water tank, when they're moving in circles or moving fast.\n\nWhen you're walking down the street, you're the salmon moving upriver in a vast school. They bump into each other all the time, then. Moving fast, trying to follow the current, walls on both sides of you, it's pretty chaotic." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkxgl47" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "They are just heavily-tinted windows. What makes them one-way is that the room that's supposed to be visible is well-lit, and the room that's not supposed to be visible is dark (same way tinted windows on cars hide what's inside).\n\nThe window is actually just as visible in both directions. It's placement that makes it work." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu2jl70" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "All of the above. In the UK for example during a major incident one of the responsibilities of the police is to set up temporary mortuaries for the dead and reception centres for everyone else. There are lots of operational plans in place to ensure everything is adequately recorded." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c6vz3g1", "c6vzdlq", "c6vzop9", "c6w00hi", "c6w02tq", "c6w1dgq", "c6w1jl4", "c6w1ly5", "c6w1x9t", "c6w40rq", "c6w595d", "c6w5hub", "c7vwf03" ], "score": [ 4, 21, 10, 18, 2, 2, 7, 10, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Probably related to the change in neurotransmitter availability. Whatever the SSRI drugs were controlling the amount of, the body got used to and so it stopped handling the production/regulation of said neurotransmitter. Now that there is less of the drug available, the body has to regulate itself, which may take some time to readjust, resulting in this \"brain zap\".", "Shit feels crazy, son. Mine lasted almost a week and would go through periods where I'd get them every 20-30 seconds. \n\nIt wasn't really that bad to be honest, just strange. I'm glad I'm off SSRIs now, but they did help me through a rough time. ", "SSRI discontinuation syndrome. [Here's an article](_URL_0_) on wikipedia with references.", "I would love to know this. Weirdest feeling ever. Like accidentally touching a live wire with your eyes, and from out of nowhere.", "I get these all the time (well, not all the time, maybe a couple times a year, but I remember getting them even as a kid). I've heard they're commonplace, no idea what causes them.", "What do they feel like? I'm not on an SSRI but I'm curious. Never even heard of them.", "I've tried to explain this symptom to other people, including medical professionals and they all looked at me like I was stupid.\n\nThey don't call it \"brain zaps\", or \"mild electric shocks\", like I called them. \"Oh, do you mean your teeth, tongue, fingers, toes and eyeballs feel *tingly*?\" Yes, asshole. Thanks for making me suffer while you dicked around over semantics.", "Not an answer, but I found that it was related to eye movement. If you keep your head still then dart your eyes about, each movement causes a 'zap'. What's odd, if you focus on something and move your head so that your eyes are moving but you're looking at the same thing, it *doesn't* seem to zap. \n\nAlso, it's been a while since I had them but I seem to recall that if you close your eyelids and then dart your eyes about like before but with your lids closed, the zaps don't happen. Very odd indeed. ", "Sometimes they frustrate me, even if I've taken my meds for some reason I'll get a few zaps. However they are also a good reminder for if I've forgotten my meds. If I get to around 2pm ill start getting zaps and that usually reminds me to take them!\n\nEdit: I thought this was on r/bipolar so it wasn't exactly an answer. But I'll keep the comment here anyway.", "SSRI discontinuation* syndrome is no joke. I took myself off of a high-dose SSRI a decade ago, and had these shuddering flashes of disorientation for two weeks straight, multiple times a day.\n\nMy best shot at explaining it is like this. Neurons communicate electrically and chemically. When the chemicals get out of balance with each other, the communication gets distorted or interrupted, at least in a sense of deviation from normal.\n\nSerotonin is that neurotransmitter that sort of makes everything in your body talk with every other part, and with the world outside. An excess makes you sleepy, cuddly, alert, dreamy, or downright trippy. A deficiency means other chemicals, like dopamine, norepinephrine, & acetylcholine (all of which hype you up and are related to attention to stimuli) are out of balance.\n\nSo here's the thing: if the chemical that helps your cells make a cohesive unity of it all is (relatively) suddenly reduced, then you're getting a lot of exciting electro-chemical signals that your brain is having trouble filtering & making sense of.\n\ntl;dr static on the line, you're disoriented for the split second it takes for your brain to clean up the signal.\n\n Source: degree in research psych, personal experience.\n\nEDIT: Posted from my phone. Neodymium is right, I had a brain fart and posted serotonin syndrome at first.", "A friend of mine and myself always knew it as the \"whoosh\" feeling. I'm just curious if anyone else has described it that way.", "When my eyes are closed, I see actual small flashes of light when they zap. ", "A little late to the conversation here but I thought I'd contribute my situation. I'm on celexa. I've been taking for six months and now that'll clean of it, it's been three and half weeks of the zaps. I've had them before coming off of something else in the past but they were more intense..blink your eyes...get the zap. This stuff is giving me more of a dull zap when I close my eyes (usually get 2 or 3 in a row) or if I'm out in public. I find the zaps get more frequent and often when I'm out around other people. I'm guessing it has something to do with the nervous system and just feeling like people can see what's happening. Does anybody else find they intensify when in public?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dyv9lck" ], "score": [ 19 ], "text": [ "Absorbing the light is how it helps. Light skin will allow UV rays to penetrate the skin and get absorbed by cells and their DNA which can lead to either the cell going through cell death or mutations such as thymine dimmers where two thymines bind to each other on the same side of the DNA. But in a dark skin, most of the light will be absorbed by the skin, causing as little of it to go through into the body. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbkrfk0", "cbkrgas", "cbkruw4", "cbks75e" ], "score": [ 7, 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "So 80% water doesn't mean that there are bags of water in us, it means that parts of us are made, in part, with water. \n\nThink of orange juice: its mostly water, but you don't see *any* water in it. Yet, you can \"concentrate\" (dehydrate) it a bit, and you get an orange juice goo. \n\nNow you can take this goo and add water, yet it appears to be identical (or very close to identical) to the original orange juice. Where did the water go? \n\nIt's still present, its just no longer isolate, pure water. ", "Have you ever taken a bottle of water, and put just a drop or two food coloring in it? You know it's mostly water. You know it's nearly all water. But it doesn't look like water, because it's not all water.\n\nBlood is like that. Nearly our entire bodies are like that. If you ever see a dissection of some animal, you'll notice that most of their insides are very wet.\n\nThe water is everywhere, it just isn't pure, because why would need pure water inside our bodies? We use the water as a liquid medium for storage and transport of minerals, and nutrients. Why leave it pure?", "Our cells (the vast majority of them anyway) are essentially little bags of water with various solutes dissolved in them. That's pretty much how we function: chemical reactions in solution in little bags of water contained by phospholipid membranes. There is a whole lot more to it than that of course, by for eli5 purposes it's a decent description.", "It takes energy to separate miscible (mixable) things. It's a lot easier to make Kool-Aid with sugar and water and flavoring than it is to make those three things from Kool-Aid!\n\nBesides, the things dissolved in your bodily fluids tend to serve important purposes like keeping you from leaking too badly and keeping conditions for the various functioning enzymes and other proteins maintained and easy to maintain.\n\nPlants *can* store pretty pure water in their vacuoles (little cellular storage pouches), but they do this even more to keep a firm fluid 'skeleton' (and stay pointed up toward the sun and the air!) than they do for consumption." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqnylb5", "cqnylj9", "cqnzv7y", "cqo0gu8", "cqo2jx1", "cqo3fq3" ], "score": [ 2, 30, 9, 3, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Well Jap was a derogatory term that rose up during WWII. Brit was never used in a derogatory form to describe people from Britain or the UK. \n\nAs for the commie part, that term is never used in Canada so I cannot comment with any validity. ", "Most slurs are slurs because of their history. It's not that calling someone a \"Jap\" is offensive by itself. It's that a whole lot of people who meant very bad things by \"Jap\" used it for a long time. So today, if someone uses the word, it's like they're saying they agree with the bad things that were meant by it in the past.\n\nSince the same thing didn't happen with \"Brit\", it's not seen as offensive today.", "Because \"Jap\" was used in racist war propaganda with explicit purpose of dehumanizing the enemy. This was the same time that we were rounding up Americans with Japanese ancestors and putting them in concentration camps.\n\nThere is no real history here of persecuting British people, apart from our war of independence. Even then, a huge part of the colonial population considered themselves British. It's been a very, very long time since people thought of the term \"Brit\" as derogatory. It doesn't conjure up images of persecution in British people's minds. There are still Americans alive today who remember when \"Jap\" was a term used against them as justification to treat them as second-class citizens. That's why it's inappropriate.", "For what it's worth, Canadians don't mind being called Canucks. Snow Frogs on the other hand...", "As others have said, \"Jap\" was used in a derogatory sense in contexts intended to dehumanise the Japanese, while \"Brit\" was never used in that context -- and indeed, the British themselves are perfectly happy to use the word \"Brit\". (I should know, I am one.)\n\nAs for \"commie\", that again is usually used in a derogatory sense (if you call somebody a \"commie\", you are almost certainly criticizing them), and is also usually used to describe people who aren't actually communists, just people whose politics you happen to disagree with.", "I agree with everything said here but, as an Englishman, I can guarantee that calling someone here a 'Brit' will get you at the very least an odd look, if not a 'piss off' for some Scottish/Northern Irish individuals. A lot of people here do not like being generalized as British instead of their actual country. \nFrom what I've seen this seems to apply in double when Americans are involved (maybe just because you're the ones that do it the most)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d3vpcbe" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Herds are huge, calves can't survive that long without their mothers, and it would be almost impossible to find that calf's mother. \n\n\nIf you read the story about the recent bison calf, it was rejected *by the herd*, not by its mother. There was no way they could have found its mother specifically. The herd would have rejected it for smelling like a stranger, not because it smelled of humans. You can see on youtube that there are many times a baby is attacked by a predator but manages to return to the herd - this wouldn't happen if a herd or mama animal would reject a baby that smelled like a predator. [It is a myth that animals reject babies that smell of humans.](_URL_0_) \n\n\nBaby bison are introduced to a herd through its mother. So the major issue was the separation from the mother. \n\n\nEdited to add, because I was curious: another potential reason for the herd to reject a baby without a mother is this, written about cows who are herd animals like bison are: [\"It is not by accident that a cow rejects the approaches and nursing attempts from all calves except her own. If females let all the calves in the herd nurse, then only the oldest calves would survive. Natural selection insures that females will invest in their own offspring and no other.\"](_URL_1_)\n\n\nSo the bison herd would reject a strange calf because they will not nurture anything but their own babies. " ] }

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[ [ "http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-birds-abandon-young-at-human-touch/", "http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/articles/maternal.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "djn4fca", "djo7x7h" ], "score": [ 89, 3 ], "text": [ "The recycling bin is a \"virtual\" folder that shows a list of deleted files that can be undeleted. Deleted files aren't actually *moved* in to a different folder: they stay where they were, they're just *marked* as deleted. The recycling bin is a \"view\" that lets you see all the deleted files in one place.", "On the Windows operating system, the files are all moved into the one Recycle Bin folder, but are first renamed with a unique incrementing number. The original name of the file is stored in a special hidden file called \"INFO2\". When you view the Recycle Bin, it does not show you the actual recycle-bin's folder structure, but uses a specialized control to display the INFO2 contents like a folder. See _URL_1_ for a bit about the Recycle Bin, and _URL_0_ which shows the contents of an INFO2 file." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/recycle-bin-forensics", "http://www.infocellar.com/winxp/Recycle-Bin.htm" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ek6x915" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "“Natural flavors” don't need to be named individually in the US at least. This is probably just as well when you consider that there's a natural raspberry flavoring that comes from the anal glands of beavers." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu2kagz", "cu2leto" ], "score": [ 11, 2 ], "text": [ "For a long time, the United States was just New England and The South. Everything else was The West. The Midwest is west from all the older stuff, but it's not quite as west as The West. It's in the middle. ", "Michigan, Ohio, Indiana are clearly in the middle. They are west of the Appalachian mountains and for a long time were the western US. " ] }

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[ "http://i.imgur.com/j1TufCo.jpg", "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "djv0h72" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "First of all, personality testing in general is not that accurate. The problem is that often there are flaws in the questions such as questions that don't measure what they intend to measure, issues with culture or preexisting knowledge and problems with the wording of the questions.\n\nThe most obvious \"flaw\" in these kinds of tests can be seen if you take it more than once. In general personality is something that should remain consistent over time, changing very slowly if at all. But people will sometimes answer those questions differently depending on their mood or recent experiences and that can cause significant changes in the results. For example, last weekend I went out with friends and had the most amazing time, everything lined up just right where it was a REALLY fun party. So my brain will tend to rank \"going out\" as more fun and I'll appear more extroverted. Wheres if I had a really shitty experience last weekend, everything went wrong, people got arrested and someone broke my nose. I'm less likely to rank going out as fun and therefore will appear more introverted. \n\nBut in theory each question is placed there to measure a particular indicator. There are normally many questions that measure that indicator and after all are answered they can be used to measure consistency and dominance of that indicator. For example, you might ask 5 different questions that involve \"going out\" vs \"staying in\" to see what people prefer and that might give you an indicator if they are introverted or extroverted.\n\nIf the questions in the test were organized by indicator it would be obvious to the test taker what was being measured. One of the secrets to these tests is that they measure many indicators and mix up the questions. So the introverted questions might be number 1, 7, 16 and 30. So they seem unrelated but in reality they are not. " ] }

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[ "http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/home.htm?bhcp=1", "http://www.hypnoid.com/psytest2.html" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cgehcbq", "cgehw39" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because we've had radio since 1896, and microwaves since the 1930s. This is the part of the EM spectrum that is used for WiFi. If there was a problem we would have noticed long before now. It is non-ionizing radiation, which means it does not affect cells.", "Everything we know about electromagnetic radiation (which is what wi-fi and radio waves *are*) says that there is simply no mechanism via which waves of the frequencies in question can interact with the body in a way that would be damaging\\*. And we know electromagnetic radiation pretty damn well. It's always *possible* there's something we don't know, but that's not the way these decisions are made. If we used that as a rationale for not doing things, we'd never do anything, since there's always the possibility of something that we don't know. No study (or even a plausible hypothesis) has shown these waves to be harmful, whereas many studies have shown them to be harmless, so we operate under the assumption that they are safe.\n\n*They can cause heating, but limits are placed on the allowed power output in order to keep this at manageable levels.\n\n > To me it seems questionable that it would do NOTHING to your body.\n\nIndeed. Like I said, there will be a heating effect, but the device cannot produce enough waves to cause enough heat to be damaging.\n\n-----------------------\nJust an anecdote to go with the explanation: the power of radio waves drops off so quickly with distance that the cell phone in your pocket warms your body more than if you were standing 15 ft away from a fully-powered and active radio tower. Unless you use a transmitting antenna as your pillow, you are never going to suffer any ill effect from a radio tower. And even then, I doubt it." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2sclhu" ], "score": [ 19 ], "text": [ "Actually, this is wrong. \nSome batteries (Lithium Polymer, for example) even have to get (dis-)charged several times, until they get their full capacity." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjt1am4", "cjt6jxt" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "They didn't. and they were all deaf. They did cover their ears with their hands, but that doesn't do much.\n\nPreventing hearing loss wasn't much of a concern until the 80s. ", "Modern audiology actually got its start from soldiers returning from WWII with hearing loss. " ] }

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-104-10A%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Batterie_%22Todt%22.jpg" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "e98rtlh", "e98srru" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "So, while it is theoretically possible, the way that US elections are held make it effectively impossible for third parties to get elected to higher office. Unless we switch to ranked voting, and remove the \"first past the post\" rules, third parties will not be able to get serious support in the US. ", "Not in the same sense as a coalition in a parliamentary system.\n\nA coalition in a parliamentary system means two or more parties agree to form a government together. In this context, \"government\" really means the executive. That typically happens because no single party has control of Parliament, and Parliament is responsible for choosing the executive. So the only way they can get the support they need to form a government is by agreeing to team up so together they have a majority.\n\nIn the US the executive is the president and the cabinet he appoints. A coalition isn't possible because it's all decided by an election for a single office (well, two offices I guess including the VP, but they come as a package). There's no way for two parties to partially win. In theory a president could agree to share power with another party by appointing heads of departments who are aligned with other parties, but he has no incentive to do that. Unlike in a parliamentary system, his role as president is not dependent on Congress supporting him.\n\nI suppose the closest thing to a coalition would be if a third party gained some seats in Congress, and made an agreement with another party over what bills to support so that together they have enough numbers to pass the bills they want. But that's not really the same as a coalition in a parliament." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dtcwga2" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "The garage door opener responds to a particular code. You can set the buttons in your car to produce that code. Push the button and the garage door opens." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfw9wvr", "dfwap5m" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Spiders aren't heavy enough for them to be greatly damaged by a fall, plus their skeletons are outside, so it acts like armor. Humans are heavy, and our skeleton is inside, for support rather than protection (skull, spine, and ribs notwithstanding). ", "Terminal Velocity.\n\nTerminal velocity is dictated by the mass of an object. The TV of a down feather, is not as high as it would be for a 15lb bowling ball.\n\nIf you toss a teeny bug off the empire state building, it's likely going to land unharmed (or, more likely, blown away and hit the ground far from the base of the building) Because it's mass is so low....A human's mass is much greater, there for...well....clean up on 5th avenue!" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d4qldq0" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Why does the number matter though? How is having 4 terms any different than having 2 in any way lol. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "elijc21" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "You set it to warm to evaporate the water on the windshield and set the AC on to dehumidify the air." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d944sxj" ], "score": [ 13 ], "text": [ "You track the pixels, this is one big benefit of shooting in 4K or higher even if your movie is 2K, this is a reason why most CGI-blockbusters, like say Avengers, shoot in 4K+ but only release in 2K (because 4K CGI takes way too much time/money). \n \nYou also have to track neighboring pixels as well to make sure you are locked onto your target. In instances where motion capture doesn't work well, you have to manually adjust it. Besides for CGI, motion tracking is used for stabilization, [which Tom Scott has a great video on](_URL_0_). \n \nFor background replacement, that is why the entire room has dots/crosses, it's for the program to easily track." ] }

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[ [ "https://youtu.be/BgAdeuxkUyY" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvconjm" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Fiber optic internet works by shining a light down a long glass or plastic cylinder (fiber). The light reflects toward the center of the fiber because of the design and coating of the fiber. If you want a thorough explaination of the physics involved, r/askscience probably has some experts.\n\nIt is a very good form of fast internet in most cases.\n\nYou should look at it the same as any other Internet service though. \n\nHow fast is the service? \nWhat is the cost?\nWhat is their customer service like?\nHow reliable is the service?\n\nAll these issues are largely independent of the technology (fiber-optic vs copper wire), and will depend on the business practices of the company." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ddr82xx", "ddr8aze", "ddrc3ka" ], "score": [ 4, 11, 3 ], "text": [ "Because the vegetation that animals can eat is much easier to grow in bulk than the vegetation that humans will eat.\n\nAlso, if you're buying groceries, produce is often going to be a *ton* less expensive than meats.\n\nIt's just the restaurant business that vastly overcharges for salads, and that's so they can make up the cost of the meats that they're not making as much profit on since if their meat meals were too expensive people would just eat at home.", "You're comparing the cost of *prepared* foods. A restaurant has to keep enough product in stock to supply the demand but if they have too much on hand & it goes bad, they're losing money on that product and need to charge more for to get their profit margins back up.\n\nHamburger can be frozen without much loss in quality. Lettuce must always be fresh & tends to go bad quickly. There also tends to be more labor in chopping up everything & making a salad than plopping a frozen burger puck onto a grill - everything on a burger can effectively be mass produced in a factory & simply assembled on site. These are what drive the cost of these items up, not the raw value of the ingredients ([the beef in a Big Mac is only like 40 cents](_URL_0_)).\n\nLike many things that come around ELI5, your fundamental mistake is thinking that a business exists just to supply *you* with a product and then then do the exact same thing a million times a day when they actually try to find very efficient ways to do the same thing a million times a day **first**. It's the same as watching package tracking information and thinking that it should come directly to you rather than through a central hub.", "Subsidies. [The cost of meat if it weren't subsidized would be much more expensive.](_URL_0_)" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.trueactivist.com/this-sheet-shows-exactly-how-much-mcdonalds-menu-costs/" ], [ "https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=cost+of+cheeseburger+without+subsidies&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "diw927p", "diwm778" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "With cement walls. Or erosion barriers like giant concrete pilings. or low tech with piles of big rocks", "You will typically have to start with something that the sea is unable to shift around. Large rocks is a good example. Someone, somewhere is blasting away a mountain to get room for a city, a factory or a tunnel. (though, the tunnel example is a bit flawed since they are usually drilled nowadays.) \n\nIf you take care of all that rock (sometimes, if you are lucky, you can have it for free if you are willing to stash it someplace for eternity) from another project and stash it in a neat pile on the sea floor that reaches all the way up to the surface, you'll literally create a new island. Once you are up above sea level, add more gravel-like materials instead that willingly stay up on top of the rocks, and you'll eventually literally end up with a huge gravel-covered parking lot. Out in the sea.\n\nYou'll also have to add some way for the gravel to be protected from the damage that can come from a stormy sea, but there are so many ways to do that, that it's better to leave that part of the question open for later. (or let someone else chime in with suggestions. I would probably run an iron border around the entire island myself if I was to choose.)\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e9xh6jj", "e9xhak3" ], "score": [ 2, 5 ], "text": [ "It is often said that a data scientist is someone who's better at programming than a statistician and better at statistics than a programmer. Data scientists want to create models that use data to solve some kind of business/science problem.", "Take some level of information and derive meaning from it.\n\nMy day to day is spending a ton of time organizing, cleaning and thinking through data problems, then visualing it to come up with insights. I get asked questions all day and do my best to answer them with the available information." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d99z1rr" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Anything soluble in water can be washed away. That includes many chemicals like pesticides and contaminants like feces. Soap makes this washing away of things easier and more thorough, but water is much better than nothing. Water is sometimes referred to in chemistry as \"the universal solvent) because of the variety of things which can dissolve in water." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cb5fec9", "cb5gfx2", "cb5j7c3", "cb5l2w2" ], "score": [ 6, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It's most likely nothing more than a psychological effect based on the fact that you likely find the fresh pizza more appealing. In the same way that you'll eat until you think you're full at a restaurant but somehow you still find room for dessert. By the time the food hits your stomach, it's most likely in a state where one is pretty much indistinguishable from the other, mashed up, very close to body temperature, same basic composition.", "On a hot slice of pizza - the sauce is hot and liquid-like, the cheese is soft. On a cold slice of pizza - the sauce is cold and more solid-like, the cheese is hard.\n\nIt takes more time and energy to mechanically chew the pizza for digestion.\n\nMore time allows your brain to get signals from the stomach saying I'm full before you've eaten to much. Try a little experiment at home. Eat 2 slices of cold pizza and time yourself. Then the next meal eat 2 slices of hot pizza but take your time and try to match it up to the time that it took you to eat 2 slices of cold - you most likely will be full by then.", "Because you are full from all of the hot pizza you ate two hours earlier.", "Our taste buds like things that are healthy enough. This is for evolutionary reasons - people who had a taste for poisonous foods would end up racking up a habit of chewing hemlock, and his genetics would die with him. For reasons already mentioned in this thread, hot foods are healthier than raw foods. Bacteria and viruses have a hard time living when it's hotter, so it's healthier to eat. \n\nThis means that people that developed a taste for healthier, non-raw meals, would survive and live to reproduce a chain of humans that lead to you, who clearly shares these traits." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "chl54ly", "chl73nv", "chl7st5", "chlazzd", "chlb8zn", "chlbjfz", "chlbwe7", "chlc1jv", "chlclhn", "chld2xx", "chldcnj", "chldpb1", "chle2e3", "chlefb3", "chlegxm", "chlektu", "chlekyj", "chleu4l", "chlfjlu", "chlgn74", "chlgs2y", "chlgt3r", "chlhny7", "chli5hd", "chliumh", "chlja1h", "chljipm", "chljpkh", "chlke6a", "chlkugo", "chlkx4s", "chlnnko", "chlnpo9", "chlnrc0", "chlovf2", "chlpd8s", "chlqikh", "chlqrgz", "chlrvlu", "chls3jl", "chltrrn", "chlua09", "chm2t15" ], "score": [ 259, 2108, 27, 12, 5, 4, 10, 10, 11, 10, 4, 3, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 95, 17, 4, 3, 2, 8, 4, 3, 4, 77, 2, 2, 8, 8, 7, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's not though.\n\nBearing teeth can be good or bad for most animals. Let's look at dogs, my dog shows his teeth when he's entertained and happy, but also when angry.\n\nSimilar to a human, bearing teeth in itself isn't a sign of aggression or happiness, but it is one sign that when combined with others can tell.\n\nFor instance, I can bear my teeth in two ways; I can smile, or when I get annoyed, I can make a sort of grimace or scowl, where I show my teeth. One says \"I'm happy\" not just because of teeth, but because of my eyes, my posture, I might be laughing, etc. The other shows that I am annoyed or angry, again, not because of the teeth alone, but again because of my posture, my eyes, or I might be sighing or showing signs of frustration/irritation.\n\nSimilar to a dog, they can show their teeth while \"smiling\" (I don't know if dogs actually smile or if we just think they do) which is accompanied by a wagging tail, them bouncing, maybe panting a little from playing, etc. But they can also show teeth when angry or preparing to fight, this is often accompanied by an arched back, straight tail and growling.\n\nIf dogs aren't a good enough example, look at primates. They all smile as well as yell, both of which often show teeth, just like with humans.", "In primates, showing teeth within a /closed/ mouth is a submissive gesture. It shows that there is no aggression going on. If a monkey bares fangs with their mouth open, then that is a dominant gesture.\n\nI did behavioural research with monkeys for several years.", "Chimpanzees do smile actually, and we also do the 'fear face'. Look at pictures of people riding roller coasters, you'll usually see at least some one with their teeth grit and on full view. Primate facial expression is more complicated than for most animals because that's what we rely on most heavily, but if you look at an animal like a dog, their tail wagging can have multiple meanings. It's generally taken to mean happy, but dogs will also wag their tails when nervous or agitated. ", "We bare our teeth for a wide variety of reasons, including out of exertion/desperation/aggression. It's not always used to express a positive emotion.\n\nCompared to other animals humans have insanely acute vision and very over-developed facial musculature. We're able to make a much wider range of expressions with our faces than other animals, and our stereoscopic, true-color vision allows us to perceive very subtle nuances in each other's expressions.\n\nFor most animals baring teeth expresses one emotion. For humans it can express upwards of 1,000.", "It's not a universal sign of aggression, all types of animals bare their teeth for non aggressive reasons. ", "Completely not true. Humans bare their teeth under aggression. It's a scary thing as it denoted immediate physical attack, usually. Nothing as scary.", "You saying this just reminded me to start watching 3rd Rock from the Sun. They often question the actions of humans objectively as aliens.", "People still can use smiles as a sign of agression. When I get really mad, I get this nut house smile like I'm going to do something people aren't going to like. It has never been mistaken as a happy smile..", "Humans also show our teeth in aggression. It's called snarling.\n\nIt's also worth noting that, while it's certainly not the rule, some laughter is cruel—like laughing at pain and misfortune. \n\nIn general, I think the most obvious distinction to be noted is that laughter is an extremely different muscle motion than snarling.", "Not entirely true. My dog smiles when i come home from work, it's hilarious. She also shakes her head no when i ask her if she has to go out and go potty.", "Healthy teeth can be indicative of overall health. Showing your teeth may be a way of showing another tribe or a potential mate that you are disease free. ", "It's not universal. Wolves bare their teeth with other wolves as a greeting. Whereas dogs smell butts, wolves smell each other's teeth. (dogs are so disgusting).", "For me it just feels like a natural response. Overwhelming happiness just make me smile. It doesn't seem like something that society has taught human.", "Many people believe that the reaction to fear in primates evolved to our smile. A show of fear, teeth in this case, in another being means it has no intent to harm, so we can proceed to come closer. The evolution theory to it suggests time turned it from \"fear\" to \"no harm intended.\" \n\nHumans smile to show that we are friendly and welcoming; ergo, no harm intended.\n\nEdit: Typo", "Guess I'm an evolutionary throwback. I find smiling with lots of teeth as strange. All my life people have tried to get me to show teeth while smiling. Anyone else like that?", "I have studied facial expressions. I believe that the reason that we show our teeth when we smile is that we have zygomatic muscles that make the display non threatening. And if you think about it, it's not just the mouth that is involved in a smile. In a genuine smile the corners of the eyes crease and there is no downward movement of the eyebrows indicating aggression. \n\nMost animals do not have the same physiology as humans to produce a equivalent smile. If you think about a scowl indicating aggression possibly with bared teeth the eyebrows are always lowered. The mouth is pulled up more vertically by the muscles that cover and surround the nose (i.e. not zygomatic). Also, if you think about instinct, we smile when we are tickled and when we laugh. It's really hard to laugh with a scowl on your face. Because laughing when tickled is a reflex, that is some evidence to suggest that it is something that is hard wired. ", "There is definitely such a thing as an aggressive smile.", "Corner of the mouth (back teeth exposed) is submission; front teeth only is aggression. This is for both humans and primates.\n\nSource: Desmond Morris, whom you should all take a moment to youtube.\n\n_URL_0_ (doesn't cover teeth)\n\nEDIT: TEETH, Y'ALL: _URL_1_", "I answered this last time this question was posed, but my comment was buried. Here is an interesting take on it:\n It is covered relatively simply in [this](_URL_0_) document. In very simple terms, we smile because evolutionarily when our ancestors were happy or something maked them pleased, they would be wise to show something that is the opposite of aggression, which is to vocalize something that makes the other, pleasing party feel superior. Think of it like this. Make an \"oo\" sound and spread your lips into a smile. Notice how the sound is heightened and might by seen as less intimidating? This is essentially the claim to the acoustic origin of the smile.", "The famous case of Genie the feral child showed when they rescued her, she could not smile. It wasn't until she saw others doing it she learned. Pretty solid evidence it is just a social thing and not wired in us.", "I never understood smiling. Especially in photos. It might be because my mom was never happy with my smile. I either smiled too much or not enough.", "Closed mouth exposure of teeth = submissive. Open mouth exposure of teeth = dominant. \n(Try it yourself, smile then open your mouth. It feels like you're getting ready to attack someone)", "Showing your teeth is saying: \"Look at this dental job. Can you pay for it? No? Therefore: submit, submit, submit, lower being.\"", "There are a lot of good posts here. This is a copy/paste from when I answered this question once before. I hope ol' Darwin's take on the whole smiling thing is still interesting:\n\n Worked in a Fear and Emotions lab in college: Darwin tackled this one in OOS, and modern research bears this out. The \"Fear Face\" is an evolutionary response that maximizes survival in response to a threat (gasp gets some extra O2 in the lungs, lips parted mean you can get more when you need it, eyes wide open to let in more information about the environment, possible escape routes etc.). This instinctive survival tactic has become an innate part of the mammalian fear response. In social animals, seeing a fear response from another member of the species will activate a fear response in the observer. This is also a survival tactic; if you are looking toward me and you are scared, then I will know there is something to be afraid of and get biologically prepared to try and survive the threat.\nNow think about the shape of a \"Fear Face\" (jaw parted, lips turned down, eyes wide open, brow raised). It is the opposite of a smile (teeth together, lips turned up, eyes squinting, brow relaxed). So the smile evolved as a nonverbal method for communicating the opposite of fear (perhaps more properly- the total lack of fear) to other group members. Similar patterns exist in other social mammals (rats, dogs, meerkats, apes), but smiling is the human one.\nFurther reading: _URL_1_\n_URL_0_\nAdolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433, 68-72\nMonk, C., McClure, E., Nelson, E., Zarahn, R., Bilder, R., & Liebenluft, E. (2003). Adolescent immaturity in attention-related brain engagement to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 20(1), 420-8.\nAlso check out the \"predatory imminence curve\" - My Google is broken", "lot of answers here that don't sound like they're coming from anthropologists and sound like they're coming from people with pets that have teeth that are visible, sometimes. ", "You're wrong. Dogs show teeth the same way as humans. Instead Of just teeth, look at the face. If the face is pulled back and the eyes relaxed, that's a smile, with or without teeth. If the face is pulled forward and scrunched, that is a face of anger or aggression regardless of the teeth showing or not. ", "The only human to smile and show aggression is Gary Busey.\n", "We do it because it shows our weapons, same reason why we show our hands or shake them. We show our weapons as a sign of respect, as to show that we are not going to use them. We are saying, \"Hey, here's my guns and I'm putting them on the table\". ", "Because the feeling of happiness, smiles and laughter, are derived of fear and aggression.", "I see what you are asking, but the premise is misunderstood. Facial expressions are fairly universal throughout animals, including humans. It is thought they were all evolved to be used as a form of communication. \n\nWhen humans bare their teeth, it is an aggressive gesture. Just look at every drawng of the angry HUlk: _URL_0_\n\nWhen monkeys are happy, they smile: _URL_4_\n\nGenerally, a person can look at other animals and know what emotional state they are in. There can be tells such as the position of ears and tails, but a lot can be seen on the faces between species. \n\nFor instance, here are some facial expressions of dogs: _URL_3_\n\nAnd here are some expressions of chimpanzees\nSmiling: _URL_2_\nAngry:_URL_1_\n\n", "I always thought smiling with your teeth is a very American thing. Here in Germany many people will not show their teeth when smiling, which makes it often very easy to spot people from the US in group pictures. I always wondered about that difference, though. ", "if you actually watch a human face for example playing poker, in very slow motion/high def camera, you will notice there are MANY expressions that show on our face but are then quickly suppressed/changed by our conscious thought (or subconsciously, if its habit/social). \n\nSo many times you see teeth-baring, or grimacing, or frowning or curling of lips but its only there for literally a frame or two before being suppressed.\n\nThis suppression of body language/reactions is natural in our society where we often do not wish to 'show' that we are disgusted by something or scared of something. Due to a variety of social conventions, morality, blah.\n\nPersonally, i've made the disgusted face several times while writing this post. One of the keys on my keyboard is sticky.", "I don't bare my teeth when I smile. In fact, I make very conscious effort of hiding my teeth when I smile.\nAm I not human?", "I'd wag my tail... but got no tail to wag. :'(", "I think it has roots in the way we communicate trust and social bonding. There are studies on the way that people sound when doing something like laughing and how similar that is across cultures. [See this study summary](_URL_1_)\nWhen you think about it reckless laughter (like when it hurts) it is very weird, you pant and grin wildly and generally lose control a bit. The theory that it is part of a social/trust ritual is plausible but nothing is proven as yet!\nThe origins of laughter are thought to be through tickling (see [here](_URL_0_)) and that is quite a trust exercise as you expose your delicate, tickly bits to another for them to tickle you. It's quite sweet really.", "Wait until your next staff meeting when the boss tells a joke and then look around.", "Not all other mammals! \nProsimians and simians (Primates) show their teeth to show submission - particularly the teeth held together. A threat is when the teeth are apart (and lips curled back) as it shows you are about to/ready to bite. \nIt seems logical to me that the human smile has developed from this.", "Because when you smile with no teeth, you look like a prick.", "Because \"hahahaha you're so funny I'll fucking kill you hahahahaha\". ", "Because imagine our ancestors back in Africa.. They are having a BBQ chilling with their tribe having a good time and in this vulnerable state they are attacked by predators.. So they needed to figure out a way to still be able to have fun and chill out while still scaring off predators.. This is how the tooth bearing smile evolved. ", "Reposting this on It's own since It was buried under many other comments and several people suggested this should be higher up!\n\nFor humans showing our teeth has a bit to do with language as well. When we smile, we are actually creating a shape with our vocal tract/mouth that increases/heightens the pitch of our voice. The kind of pitch that indicates that one is happy, or speaking to a child in a 'nice' tone, for example (give it a shot, say something, and then say the same thing while smiling). I think that originally, smiling and showing teeth began as a speech function (long before we ever took pictures showing how happy we are!) that served to indicate to those around us that we were in fact nice and passive and happy.\n\nSource: I'm currently 1 class away from graduating with a degree in linguistics. If anyone has more information/evidence to back this up, please do so, as I don't have any references available currently aside from memory.", "Humans also put their mouths on each others' genitals. Don't read so much into it. :P", "Aggression CAN be shown through smiling! Humans do it all the time. \n\nA man who was in jail once smiled at me and it sent shivers down my spine. His smile was worse than a death threat. " ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHOdJ0qlavQ", "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnAi_cnMX9c&amp;list=PL-gmiZzGdNTEpyKfh7pakDo1vRONrDA0h#t=227" ], [ "http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/68/S1/10.1121/1.2004679" ], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mreimers/SysNeuro/Adolphs%20-%20Fear,%20faces%20and%20amygdala.pdf", "http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2008.20151" ], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://hulkcollection.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/hulk-stuff-6-208.jpg", "http://www.thejrexperiment.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/angry-ape.jpg", "http://rsvp4success.com/Images/ChimpSmiling.jpg", "http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/17/article-2294813-18BD5FAC000005DC-730_634x421.jpg", "http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/images/attachement/jpg/site1/20110712/002170196e1c0f85e7b503.jpg" ], [], [], [], [], [ "http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/13/6/215.abstract", "http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/Media-office/Press-releases/2010/WTX058303.htm" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c7rjh0e", "c7rjhg8", "c7rpcgo" ], "score": [ 37, 15, 14 ], "text": [ "Since 1930, electric clocks have kept time based on the rate of the electrical current that powers them. If the current slips off its usual rate, clocks run a little fast or slow. Power companies now take steps to correct it and keep the frequency of the current — and the time — as precise as possible.", "The fact that it's digital does not necessarily make a clock more accurate. Something needs to tell the clock that 1 minute or 1 second has passed. This can be done either internally, using clever circuitry or crystals, or by taking information from the interwebs. Im assuming this is done internally in the case of a microwave. Either way, errors are always present in the determination of time (even in atomic clocks) and it would be just as likely that your microwave's clock would run slow. Electronically determining time has an effect on the accuracy of the clock itself with respect to mechanical methods but it does not eliminate the error. Mechanical time keepers have the same problem, but are effected by many external effects and thus have larger errors.", "I'm sorry, but most comments here are pretty inaccurate. NO truly digital system (I know of) uses the 50/60Hz net frequency for something like timekeeping. It's unstable, can suffer from peak voltages/harmonics, and is filtered out anyway, when providing power to any digital circuit. (as digital circuits all operate on direct current, not alternating current)\n\nEverything that needs an accurate frequency (be it an antique clock, or your laptop), has an oscillator inside. In the antique clock this is a pendulum, in your laptop and almost all digital systems, a 'crystal'.\n\nIt works much like a tuning fork, which means that, when a voltage is applied, it will oscillate at a certain (very high) determined frequency, but always the same one (as long as the crystal doesn't get worn out/damaged.)\n\nThink of the crystal as a pendulum that oscillates not once but 1 million times a second. (called the frequency: 50MHz would mean 50 million times a second) Once you know this number of oscillations per second, you can easily make something that can count seconds. You just make a circuit that counts up to one million, and when that is reached, gives a signal that a second has passed and resets the counter.\n\nThere is also another (less accurate) way to generate a frequency, and it happens when you put a capacitor and an inductor (coil) - two electronic devices, the former acting to maintain voltage, the latter acting to maintain the same current - together in an 'resonant circuit'. It makes use of the fact that you put two energy storage devices together, and 'swap' energy constantly.\n\nImagine an iron ball hanging from a rubber band. As you pull the ball down, you store energy in the rubber band. You let loose, and the rubber band transfers it energy to the ball, which -once the rubber is fully flaccid- will have all this energy now stored as potential gravitational energy. Now gravity starts to pull the ball down again, storing that energy once again in the rubber band... Operating on a cycle. This cycle will have a certain frequency again, which you can determine by adjusting the stiffness/length of the elastic band and the weight of the ball. Once these variables are set, the frequency is set.\n\nHow can it get off sync? All electronic components degrade over time. This is called drift. Resistors, inductors, and capacitors suffer from it, but also crystals. Drift simply means that the actual value of the component will change, due to heat, corrosion, etc... Much like a rubber band won't stretch as well after 10 years of use.\n\nIf your microwave clock is fast, it probably means the oscillating digital circuit is faster than it was calculated to be, and it thinks a second is slightly shorter than it actually is. On a fun note, this technically means your microwave was 'overclocked' ;)" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfwyx1j", "dfwzl0n", "dfwzpyb" ], "score": [ 8, 6, 3 ], "text": [ " > Is it possible that they would cook some meat until they're 90% done and finish it when an order is placed?\n\nYes. This is called par cooking.\n\nThey also cook stuff overnight. Big chains will have more pre-cooked stuff that is just finished on site.", "Many BBQ joints now employ gas or electric smokers that can be set at the end of the night and then left running overnight. Some just start super early and that's why many are only open for lunch... they may get in at 3am to smoke the meat, serve from 11-1 and that's end of day (like Franklin BBQ in Austin). Restaurants often have to hold food that takes long time to cook for service, and there are all sorts of warming boxes, etc. And BBQ joints do often run out of particular items due to the long cook time... they may make 10 shoulders or 8 briskets and when it's gone, it's gone for the day.", "Items like brisket and ribs can sit in warmers for long periods of time, where chicken can't. Often times the pit masters work awful hours putting their meat in the evening, and pulling it out in the early morning, then placing these hearty cuts of meat in warmers before moving onto other food that's harder to keep warm and delicious like chicken. As far as more local BBQ joints, once they're out, they're out. I can't speak for large chains, but I assume that they possibly keep already prepped food cold, and warm it up as needed.\nChicken - absolutely terrible, pain in the ass. I can't count the number of times we've tossed our entire whole chickens because the workers got tired of eating it, or no one bought it. You had to make several throughout the day because of picky eaters." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "desg373", "desho8g" ], "score": [ 2, 4 ], "text": [ "No they are not technically lighter. An object that is lighter would weigh less, ie be less massive. Lift however has nothing to do with mass. It's all about relative density. An object with lower relative density compared to its surroundings will rise. But it won't change mass and is thus not lighter. ", "It's not that heat rises, it's that *hot air* rises - or more specifically, it rises above cold air. \n\nThink of it this way: the hotter something is, the further apart its molecules are. So if you take equal volumes of hot air vs cold air, the cold air will contain more molecules - and will therefore be heavier. If you introduce a heavy gas though, it won't matter how hot that other gas is, it'll still be heavier. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ch6bx9g", "ch6by8j", "ch6cuky", "ch6cuyt", "ch6edad" ], "score": [ 3, 62, 10, 3, 5 ], "text": [ "They probably are friendly with them from a young age. I remember seeing this one cool video about two guys who took care of a lion until he grew too large. They released him to the wild, then a while later visited him. The lion remembered them and was hugging and licking them. ", "You first need to make sure that you know how they interpret your actions, and what their actions should mean for you. Eye contact is amazingly powerful, as are all nonverbal cues and body movements. Learn what scares them and how they react when they're afraid. Once you have a grasp on how your actions (and any vocalizations you make) affect them, you can act appropriately to get closer to them without getting your heart ripped out. At this point, bribe them with things they like to help them understand that you bring good things. \n\nSource: I work with animals that can rip me apart if they want to. I also am in a long-term (human) relationship, and the rules are surprisingly similar now that I write them out!\n\nEdit: As some other commenters have pointed out, I am always separated from the animals or have them on a pole. I'm not just cavorting with my animals.", "Strictly answering your question, any reputable (AZA acredited) zoo will not allow anyone to go into an enclosure with a potentially dangerous animal. The safety of the people who work there is #1, so you will always be separated from them. \n\nThere certainly are people who will get up close and personal with their animals, they might have raised them from birth to be comfortable around people for example. These cases are rare though, and there is always a risk of an animal turning on you in a way that you couldn't have predicted would happen. The more you work around an animal, the more you get to know it's behaviour, but at the end of the day you can never be 100% sure what they will do.\n\nPeople like circus lion trainers are not professionals trained in animal welfare, and there have been a huge number of accusations leveled at them with regards to animal cruelty and poor practices. There's a slow trend of more and more countries banning wild animal performances.\n\nTL:DR - any large wild animal could potentially harm you. Good keepers place their safety first, and treat the animals with the respect they deserve. If you go into the enclosure with the lion and get mauled, then you deserve everything you get.", "In the US, in accredited zoos, keepers would not normally have unprotected contact with large predatory animals. Training techniques and modern facilities mean people and animals are not in the same spaces \nAnimals are often wary of new people and have a good memory of who brings food and who brings needles. They are keenly aware of sounds like keys, locks, doors that are associated with good things. \n\n At many so called animal havens and rescues , people do often go in with dangerous animals. Food rewards, toys, and affection can lead to a degree of \"domestication\" and decrease in aggressions. However, People are maimed and killed at these places with some regularity. \nSource: 20 years of field biology and zoo keeping ", "That's what interns are for." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dp4yep5", "dp51pbs", "dp5b7si" ], "score": [ 19, 6, 4 ], "text": [ "Explain the title better!\n\nSeriously though, babies are very base or primal in their behaviour and they'll cry about anything really.\n\nAnd since being tired isn't a nice feeling, they'll start crying because they want it to be made better. Eventually they'll tire themselves out enough to fall asleep.", "This is somewhat of a loaded/false premise question... the thing is, babies **always** cry. That's their sole method of communication. They don't \"make drama\" as they have no *concept* of that nor the facilities to understand, well, much of anything.\n\nBabies cry. It's one of their primary functions until they become children. ", "Emotional outbursts are physically draining (just think about the last time you cried until you couldn’t any more). This may be an unintended effect of reacting to uncomfortable stimulus (being tired). Babies haven’t been around long enough to just “deal” with unpleasant sensations, hence the reaction. Plus at that point an infant’s prefrontal cortex is too underdeveloped to even try to be reasonable. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ewzantp", "ex0x1nx" ], "score": [ 14, 3 ], "text": [ "Different chemicals.\n\nThe spiciness in chili and other peppers is caused by capsaicin, which stimulates the heat sensing receptors in your mouth. Meanwhile Wasabi and its friends have allyl isothiocyanate which triggers a different set of pain receptors.", "For an excellent explanation of this which is also fun and easy to understand, see [this Wow in the World episode](_URL_0_)." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.npr.org/2019/06/14/732812079/g-force-vs-wasabi-how-the-brain-registers-pain" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ciuwi5s", "ciuxer8", "ciuycq3" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Black person's skin does absorb more light and probably more heat. Black skin is good because it absorbs UV light, which could otherwise cause cancer", "Black skin does absorb a bit more heat than white skin, but it isn't all that much (about half the heat from the sun is from infrared light which is not effected by skin color at all), and a fair trade off for black skin's increased ability to resist damage from UV rays. ", "Sort of. Black people absorb more light and heat because the melanin in their skin helps protect them from the sun. It's partly natural selection - originally, black people had to spend all day in the harsh African sun, so they had higher melanin counts because melanin protected them. Having high amounts of melanin was actually the default human body, the original human being. White people came about after their (black) ancestors lived in Europe, which was cold and dark, and since there was no need to have melanin in their hair, skin, and eyes, it began to fade. Blue eyes came after a single genetic mutation. So there's that." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fmjmrau", "fmko61u" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The issue isn't necessarily that the test is difficult to make, it's that countries didn't have enough materials to built to conduct the tests, or they didn't have enough laboratories to perform the tests.\n\nSouth Korea had fairly recently dealt with MERS, so prepared by having a stockpile and plans in place in order to quickly develop and expand the number of guests.\n\nAdditional, South Korea was likely preparing much earlier once the virus was known to exist in China, so that should it end up in South Korea, they could respond very quickly because the premade a large number of tests and had enough materials in the stockpile to conduct those tests.\n\nThe US didn't take these same precautions and so took much longer to expand the number of tests it was able to perform. One bottleneck with there wasn't a good stockpile of materials needed for the tests. Another issue was that the US's first test had a flaw that took time to correct. Another was the US was slow to allow additional laboratories to create and conduct tests. Another was they didn't create a plan on what it would do once the first case of the virus was detected in the country.", "I would think some countries are better prepared and have them available. While others don’t have this preparedness. There’s also different rules, protocols they follow and crap like that which makes a difference." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eaqiuwc" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "* First they filter out all the waves they don't want, and just pay attention to the ones that are in a very narrow range of frequencies.\n* Then they split that range of frequencies into two parts.\n* They sample the exact frequency they are receiving and figure out if its on one side of the range or the other.\n* Each side of the frequency range represents either a 0 or a 1 in binary code.\n* This sampling creates a stream of 0s and 1.\n* The TV decodes this stream of 0s and 1s into the video, audio, and other data it uses." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmfoi5z" ], "score": [ 14 ], "text": [ " > Having said that, the new skin came in with the same wrinkles from age (35 years old) that I had before.\n\nPresumably the skin under the rash was still present and folding as it did before, otherwise you would be having that wound stitched closed. Wrinkles therefore would be preserved as the upper layer heals." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cu2jxuw", "cu2opeo", "cu2rjsv" ], "score": [ 4, 5, 5 ], "text": [ "as a dominican i can tell you that is really easy for poor people to play baseball as you dont have to buy a lot of gears and stuff, all you need is a broom stick, and a cap of a really big gallon of water, the game is call vitilla(which is really hard to play cus the broom stick is very thin and the cap is flat also, my theory of why dominicans players are good players is because of this game call vitilla, but thats besides the point),, so if you had money for a bat then all you need is a cheap bat and a rubber ball, and you can make glove out of juice carton.\n\nsorry for grammar", "Expanding on what Albert said, the question really is: Why is baseball more popular than soccer?\n\nThe answer is proximity to America. In the interim between the Civil War and the Spanish-American War, there were many opportunities for sailors and Cuba college students returning from semesters abroad to bring the sport to the islands. Once it gained popularity there were chances for international competitions with American teams. Negro league players would even go to Cuba and play on the integrated teams, and eventually Cuba players made their way to America to play as well. \n\nBy the time Castro rose to power there was no chance of getting rid of the sport. Fidelito didn't try, though. He used it as a symbol of nationalism and only made it more popular.\n\nA very similar thing happened in Puerto Rico, although obviously its territorial connection to the US makes the cultural influence a lot more direct. Cubans were actually the ones who brought baseball to DR when they were fleeing the Tens Years War.\n\nMost of this predates basketball's invention by about 20 years. I'll also speculate that basketball is mostly an indoor sport, whereas Carribeaners prefer to spend their sporting time outside.\n", "I have a climate theory about this. Baseball is an outdoor sport made to play in the heat. All the running is done in short burst. Sans the pitcher/catcher no one is giving effort on every defensive play. Then after three outs you get a break in the shade and can sip something cold. \n\nAs viewer, its a great sport to watch in the summer. Sit down lean back in the shade and watch the day roll by with something cold to drink." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfhfj1r", "dfhfk9b", "dfhfkm4", "dfhguo4" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2, 11 ], "text": [ "Hard drives encode information using magnets to put little dots of information on your hard drive. And it stores two key pieces of information. The file itself, and an index of where to find the file.\n\nThis is important because the file might have to be broken up and saved across multiple locations.\n\nWhen you press delete, instead of trying to erase the entire file, which can be a long and complicated process, they simply erase the index file. This makes the file location available for overwriting. \n\nAn undelete program looks for the actual file data that doesn't have an associated index file. If you haven't had a chance to add new information to the drive, there is a chance of recovery. \n\nNSA standards for compete deletion of computer data call for deleting and overwriting the data on the hard drive 7 times to remove as much of the file as possible.", " > but why are there companies charging $3000 to recover some files from a hard drive?\n\nSuppose you deleted some stuff off your drive and want it back. No problem, if all that was purged was the record of where the file was then software can probably retrieve it.\n\nBut there are other ways for a drive to fail. Suppose the motor for the spindle failed. Suppose there was a head crash and a head scraped along the disk, or bounced around the inside like shrapnel. What do you do then?\n\nSomeone needs to take the drive into a clean room and carefully clean the outside to be free of dust. Then they take a drive of the same type and open it and the damaged drive up. They carefully remove the platters from the failed drive and insert them into the new drive, button it back up, and try to read data from it with specialized software tools. Or, switch out a drive microcontroller, or a spindle motor, or whatever.\n\nMaintaining a clean room and specialists to do some fiddly, specialized work isn't cheap. But if you really need the data it can be worth the cost.", "When you delete a file from a hard drive it doesnt actually remove it. Instead it removes it from the registry, and basically pretends that its empty space. Eventually when you save something in the future it will be overwritten, but until then it exist on your hard drive. Recovering it is just a matter of accessing the hard drive without the use of a registry and piecing it back together if it is fragmented. Its not exactly hard to do if you have the right equipment and training, but not everyone knows how to do and IT can charge whatever they want for it.", "Data recovery software only works on data that is still (technically) on the physical disk.\n\nLet me explain:\n\nData on physical medium is stored as 1s and 0s, you may already know this. So there's different sectors filled with sequences of 1s and 0s. \n\nIn order to actually use storage medium, in computing we use file-systems to represent these sequences in different structures (files, folders, permissions etc.).\n\nFile-systems are plenty - from FAT, FAT32, NTFS, HFS+, FATX, ReFS, ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, ZFS etc.\n\nWindows uses NTFS by default these days. Apple's macOS uses HFS+, iPhones also use HFS+ (and since today they were swapped to APFS), Android uses a mixture of filesystems, but mostly ext4 for the important parts.\n\nAnyway, these filesystems decide how to store and access the sequences of 1s and 0s and how they are presented, and they are usually pretty documented.\n\nThey do this by having an area of the disk (or more areas) that is used to store a table that describes the physical location of the file contents.\n\nLet's say you have a file called Picture.JPG that is 1MB in size. Newer HDDs these days use a \"sector size\" of 4 KB. So Picture.JPG in this case it will use up 256 physical sectors on the disk. The filesystem stores the address of all these sectors in the table I mentioned earlier. So it will say something like: Picture.JPG is stored in sectors 100 to 200, then the rest of it is in sectors 5000 to 5156 (a file won't always be allocated continuously on the disk, but that's another matter: fragmentin and defragmenting a filesystem).\n\nWhen you delete a file, or otherwise destroy the data on a physical storage medium (be it hard disk, usb drive etc.), the 1s and 0s sequences that make up a file don't get removed from the disk, mostly because that's an expensive operation in terms of performance.\n\nInstead, the information about the file's location is REMOVED from the table of the filesystem I mentioned earlier.\n\nThis is also why usually it's very fast to delete 1 x 1GB file instead of 1000 x 1MB files. \n\nNow, because most file types have to respect some standard \"format\" in order to be valid, the data recovery software usually scans the whole physical disk for patterns of specific file/file types. For example, it can guess that a sector of the disk that has the contents of ````\" < FF > < D8 > JFIF\"```` is most likely a JPG file and then it looks for specific markers of the file format. This is the case of a lot of file formats, for example most PDF files start with ````\"%PDF\"``` etc.\n\nThe data recovery software also knows how a specific filesystem stores the data of file names and locations etc., so it looks for those patterns too.\n\nThis is rather an easy operation to do, AS LONG AS THE HARD DISK IS STILL FUNCTIONING and the DATA HAS NOT BEEN REWRITTEN.\n\nNow if you deleted File1.JPG, and somehow you wrote to the disk File2.jpg and File3.jpg, and because the closest available free disk space was where File1.JPG used to reside, then the contents of File2.jpg and File3.jpg will overwrite the data-structures that used to belong to File1.JPG.\n\nThis is why data recovery software tells you to not recover the data back to the same disk, so you don't overwrite the very own structures you are trying to recover.\n\nAgain, this is a rather easy operation to do, as long as the disk is perfectly functional and only the data from it has been made inaccessible because of a filesystem error or deletion.\n\nSpecialized data-recovery companies usually have very expensive hardware that can read the contents of a disk even if the disk is not recognized by your PC anymore. They can also recover broken PCBs, they can transplant the physical platters (the spinning thingies where your data is stored) to other HDDs in order to retrieve the data. This takes an incredible amount of time and a very clean room to do so. Even a speck of dust on the platter will make the data recovery very hard!\n\nA simple issue, from my own experience, can take a lot of time to fix if you haven't got this specialized hardware." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpq01cu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Norepinephrine plays an important role in mood, as does dopamine and others as well, but it doesn't just do that. It's also a stress hormone.\n\nThese neurotransmitters are not on-off switches. Too much norepinephrine will cause anxiety, but too little will cause anxiety as well, for various reasons. \n\nYou have to keep in mind that different parts of the brain do different things. Norepinephrine activity in one area will do one thing, and in another something else. When you take a drug it gets deposited all over the brain, and many of these parts of the brain are not responsible for mood but for other biological functions. Interfering with these biological functions can cause adverse reactions that inhibit mood regulation.This is a fundamental limitation of the current drug delivery system, and it's not going to be fixed anytime soon. Nanorobots or something of that sort may fix it one day. \n\nWithout much of an understanding of how the brain works and without a way to manipulate the specific parts we would want to, we're left with drugs that cause many unintended side-effects. The severity of these side-effects will be based on the dosage of the drug, as well as many other complex factors. \n\nEDIT: There's also more complexity beyond different parts of the brain doing different things. Receptors themselves have multiple roles as well for example. The brain isn't a perfectly logically segmented machine. There is overlap. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "egd0vpt", "egd13zm", "egd1b1h" ], "score": [ 3, 8, 3 ], "text": [ "It's basically a round about legal way of saying, \"There is zero chance of parole, and also super super duper fuck you\"\n\nIf you have one life sentence there is often a chance of parole no matter how awful the crime.", "The accused is tried and sentenced to each crime individually. This means if they do six crimes that deserve a life sentence they get six life sentences. It also means if they are later found to be innocent from one of the charges they don't need to be re-sentenced, they stay in prison.", "It serves two purposes. Firstly this penalty is typically used to prevent the possibility of parole since one life sentence doesn't mean the entirety of the felons life rather the term in that state which reflects the time it takes to become a new person and hopefully rehabilitate and since life without parole is given to criminals who commit the most henious crimes multiple life sentences serve to eliminate the possibility of parole. \n\nSecondly multiple life sentences are given for multiple crimes , to ensure if one is overturned another will keep you behind bars . Murder trials , for instance , are tried separately for each victum if they are heinious enough to try to ensure multiple life sentences , or were committed in several jurisdictions, also they prevent the inmate from being released for compassionate reasons or medical reasons since each conviction must be heard separately which then takes alot of time.\n\nEdit : Grammar mistakes" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c4cjd85", "c4cjooi", "c4ck78y", "c4ckbea", "c4ckd0g", "c4ckq6k", "c4cn4nu", "c4cplqf" ], "score": [ 7, 3, 67, 241, 2, 6, 14, 10 ], "text": [ "Well, you can't really say that x person has more muscle than y person just by looking, unless you weigh them both and separate fat from muscle. In conclusion finding out their real muscle to fat ratio.\n\nIn physiology you will find that strength of a muscle is a function of the cross sectional area only, which translates to basically, you NEED bigger muscles to gain more strength. No muscle no strength.\n\nThere can be several reasons why x guy(small) can lift more than y guy(big):\n\n* Their diet overall\n* Pre-workout meal\n* Their training method\nLet's say I'm training always on the limit of my capabilities. My brain will learn how to utilize 100% of the muscle mass available while let's say I'm training at 70% of my ability most of the time. My brain never really learns how to utilize 100% of the muscle, thus my record bench won't be as high compared to when I'd train 100%.\n* Attitude - lack of enthusiasm is a deal breaker when it comes bodybuilding.\n* Lack of sleep - another big no no when you want to gain muscle and achieve in the gym.\n\nIn a nutshell muscle mass = strength. Biggest proof I personally consider is when you first start training. After a month or so there are no noticable changes in your physique, but there are very large differences in your overall strength aka. you're not bigger, but you can move much heavier weights. This is also varying, if you're not giving it your all there might not be large gains in any area.", "If you're just watching people, you can't be sure what they're doing. Sometimes people work significantly below their maximum, for various reasons. De-loading, doing higher volume work, or another reason. Or the people you see doing higher weights could be using poor form and \"cheating\" somehow.\n", "Nobody's got it yet. \n\nThere's two kinds of weight training:\n\n- Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy\n- Myofibrillar Hypertrophy\n\nSarcoplasmic involves a high number of sets and high number of reps and the intention is to increase muscle mass. This is usually done by increasing the size of existing muscle fibres via water deposits in the muscles, causing little increase in the actual number of muscle fibres (ie strength). So the person appears muscular, such as a bodybuilder, but is not necessarily as powerful as they could be for their mass. \n\nMyofibrillar involves low reps and a lower number of sets to increase the density of muscle fibres and trigger growth of new ones in a small space. There is little space 'wasted' due to water so in essence all muscular growth equals an increase in strength. This usually means those focusing on strength training do not gain mass as quickly as those focused on bodybuilding. However when you see a power lifter or Olympic lifter, you know that their size is due mainly to Myofibrillar Hypertrophy rather than Sarcoplasmic due to their impressive strength. \n\nThese two methods normally go hand in hand but you can focus your training on a particular aspect. For example, Bruce Lee heavily used Myofibrillar exercises, and was exceptionally strong but did not have a very large muscle mass. \n\nBasically if you put Ronnie Coleman in a wrestling match with an Olympic lifter of equal muscle mass, the Olympic lifter is gonna win.\n\nEdit: clarified", "Like you're 5;\nYou have two balloons: One is filled to be bigger but is filled with air. One is smaller but filled with water instead. Which one is going to have more impact when thrown?\nSome people work out to make their muscles bigger, some work out to make them more dense. ", "This is ELI5 people. I read 2 explanations and I have no clue what they mean. Maybe I'm just dumb but could someone please simplify it even more?\n\n[edit] thank you to Tankinator", "ELI5 version: All muscles work by pulling. Think of your muscle as a tug-of-war, with the people on the rope contributing to the 'power' of the muscle. Now you can have a lot of people on a rope and they'll probably be pretty powerful--this is like having a large muscle mass. However, you could also just have a small number of really strong people pulling the rope which also results in a powerful team. In one instance you're generating strength by adding more people (more muscle mass) and in another instance you're generating strength by making what people you do have stronger.", "Don't forget people, your form and CNS play a big factor in how much strength can be recruited from your muscles. Generating strength from your muscles isn't as simple as flipping a switch, and your muscles get to work. Muscles are made up of lots of muscle fibers, all of which need to fire in a certain sequence during the movement. As you lift, your brain is constantly learning the optimal pathways to recruit more and more strength from your muscles. Without the proper pathways, your muscles are just lumps of proteins.\n\nTL;DR: Muscle mass isn't everything.", "Okay, there's a ton of \"bro-science\" in this thread, so I'll chime in.\n\nThere are two main types of muscle tissue: fast twitch and slow twitch.\n\nFast twitch muscle fibers are much bigger than slow twitch muscle fibers, and are capable of moving a lot more weight than slow twitch muscle fibers, and are capable of doing it a lot faster than slow twitch muscle fibers, but they get tired much, much sooner than slow twitch muscle fibers. This is because while fast twitch muscle fibers have a larger cross-sectional area (bigger), slow twitch muscle fibers have many more mitochondria (little factories inside every cell that produce energy) than fast twitch muscles.\n\nNow, the strength and power of a muscle group is *directly proportional to its size*. Period. This is why fast twitch fibers are stronger and faster than slow twitch. However, since slow twitch fibers contain many more mitochondria, they are able to continue working for much longer (although more slowly and not as much peak output at any given time).\n\nNow, add to this the fact that your brain controls your muscles, and without the proper \"wiring\" in your nervous system, you won't be activating as many muscle fibers at one time as you could be if you trained more.\n\nSo back to your question: first I would question whether the bigger guys actually have bigger muscles (they might have more body fat, making them bigger, but with less muscle than the smaller guys) and then second, if we assume that they do have larger muscles, then the only way for the smaller guys to be stronger is that they have more fully developed the nervous system control over their muscles (better wiring) which comes from training closer to your limits more often.\n\nIn conclusion, the smaller guys probably train closer to their limits more often, and this makes them stronger through better \"wiring\".\n\nEdit: Sorry if this wasn't explained in simple enough terms. Also, in an interesting side note, the difference in muscle fibers is why different people have a physique that is more adapted to different types of sports. For example, people whose genetics favor fast twitch muscle fibers are typically much more successful in sports where explosive strength/speed is needed, such as sprinting, power lifting, etc, and people whose genetics favor slow twitch muscle fibers generally excel more in endurance sports such as long distance running, cycling, etc." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckiqd8y", "ckiqekf", "ckiql3w", "ckiqsfd" ], "score": [ 9, 6, 11, 2 ], "text": [ "Anything with 255 (all 1s in binary) is reserved for a \"broadcast\" address - that means that it's sent everywhere on the network & everyone listens to it.\n\nAnything with a 0 (all 0s in binary) is reserved for a \"network\" address that references the network as a whole.\n\nIt's slightly complicated by using CIDR network adressing (IE - you don't just cut it off in 8/16/24 bit segments, but can split a network at odd boundaries), but that's still the general idea.\n\nUnroutable networks didn't come into play until well after the TCP/IP system was in place. The idea of a \"private\" network was sort of alien to the people who originally built the internet protocols with the goal of connecting all the computers in the world on a single network. You need to remember that [this was the entire Internet](_URL_0_) in the early days.", "Several network blocks are reserved for specific reasons:\n\n* 0.x.x.x refer to the \"local network\", whatever that may be\n* 10.x.x.x is a reserved local (non-routable) network. Some networks use this instead of the more well-known 192.168\n* 127.x.x.x is the local computer, which may respond to the different addresses in different ways\n* 172.(16 - 31).x.x is another local network\n* 192.168.x.x is, yet again, local network\n* 255.255.255.255 is a broadcast network\n\nSo 0 and 255 can't really be used, since they're reserved elsewhere. The first parts of the network blocks were the old network class prefixes, which aren't used as much these days but were very important when the internet was being built.", "Even though they look like random decimal numbers they're actually pretty nice looking numbers in binary:\n\n192 = 1100 0000\n168 = 1010 1000\n\n127.0.0.1 is also a special kind of IP address, which points to the local host. 127 is also a nice looking binary number:\n\n127 = 0111 1111\n\nOn older networks (before the standard was actually established), the number of ones at the start of the address (before the first zero) determined what kind of network it was. The standard was designed to maintain some compatibility with this system. Form this point of view 192 *is* all zeroes (for a network starting with two 1s).\n\nThe specifics of why exactly 162 was chosen for private networks (as opposed to any other pretty binary number) isn't really known. Somebody picked it and that's what it's been.\n\nIn a practical sense, almost any number can be used and could've been chosen. To somebody, at one point or another, that seemed like the most sensible option.", "Good question. I've taken several classes that included IP addressing and subnetting, and I don't recall hearing any explanation for why those specific numbers were chosen for the Class C private reserved subnet. \n\nConsider:\n\n192(base 10) = 11000000(base 2) = 300(base 8) = C0(base 16)\n\n168(base 10) = 10101000(base 2) = 250(base 8) = A8(base 16)\n\nAround the time ARPANET was created, many computers (e.g. PDP-8) used data and address pathways that were designed in multiples of 8, so the octal system (base 8) was a convenient way to represent numbers in those environments. Also, in IP addressing, the numbers between periods are sometimes referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th octets. Maybe someone thought that because 192.168 = 300.250 in base 8, there was some sort of appeal to those \"round numbers\" as seen in octal.\n\nThat doesn't work out as neatly for the 10.x.x.x or 172.(16-31).x.x private subnets, though, so this could all be a bunch of hooey.\n\nEDIT: Also, large blocks of addresses were assigned to various government, military, university and business entities, so the private addresses were carved out of the spaces in between. At the time the designers thought that we would never use up all the addresses in what we now call the IPv4 system.\n\nEDIT II: The 192.168.x.x private address range was defined in RFC1918 as the 16-bit block, consisting of 256 contiguous Class C networks. \n\nEDIT III: TIFU. Forget octet (above) having anything to do with octal. It just refers to there being 8 binary bits in the number." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmm5ly2" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The only answer to this is no one knows.\n\nThere is a ton of research about it in psychology, but it's one of those things that is a trait of \"personality.\" In the newest personality inventory in psycology (they always have a new personality test every decade or so. It used to be the Myers-Briggs) is the \"Big 5.\" Of which \"conscientiousness\" is a trait. It's the trait most associated with what you are getting at.\n\nBut why certain people are high in that trait and others low, no one knows. Genetics, nature vs. nurture, who knows. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cxxvboa", "cxxvebh", "cxxw5lr", "cxxxko1", "cxy01lu", "cxy4skv", "cxy5ag3", "cxypbnm" ], "score": [ 17, 9, 17, 3, 8, 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "I think it's a social thing stemming from when kids were needed to carry on the family income. Not really a case in the modern world.\n\nMen also get called selfish too if they don't want kids. My eldest brother is nearing 45 and doesn't want kids...in fact he went as far as to get a vasectomy at 25 to ensure he didn't father any. Cost him around £6000 to get it done, but he's happy. He found a lady who couldn't have kids and they're one of the happiest couples I know.", "I think a lot of people feel that one of the responsibilities of a woman is to bear children, and that to not do so is to go against what it means to be a woman. I'm sure many also take the view that by choosing not to have kids, you are 'denying life', or something to that effect. In either case it's ridiculous that anyone should be offended by that.\n\nSociety seems to be getting better at recognising that women have different ambitions and that not all of them are going to have a maternal instinct, but as with many things it will likely take a while.", "People who do have kids have personally decided to make a sacrifice in their quality of life to have children. When confronted with somebody who choses not to have kids, it makes them question whether they've made the right decisions in life. Rather than accept that they may have made the wrong choice, it's easier to vilify the other person & convince yourself that they are wrong.\n\nIt's the same as people who make a big stink about a friend claiming to be vegan. They automatically assume they're being judged & get defensive about their decision to not be vegan.\n\n...or how XBox owners constantly start internet fights with Playstation users.", "Having someone else make the same life decisions that you made helps validate those decisions. This is particularly true for decisions with a high economic, social and emotional cost. ", "As a woman who doesn't want kids (biological or adopted) and has been in a MULTITUDE of arguments WITH COMPLETE STRANGERS, the usual reasons they give me:\n\n1)Who will take care of you when you're old? (Me: maybe my nieces and nephews, but hopefully I'll have planned financially for long term care)\n\n2)Having a child is part of life, if you don't have a child you won't fully experience life (Me: in my socioeconomic status, having a child would prevent me from HAVING a life)\n\n3)If you don't you'll regret it for life (me: soooo...how does this affect you exactly?)\n\n", "I think it's bc they want you to want their life. If you don't want their life, well.... /shakes head//// who are THEY!?!?!!?\n\nEdIT: I see the same with ppl who insult renters... you're not a 'real' adult if you don't have a mortgage. \n\nI think part of it really is to trap people into their lifestyle. They have to believe the sacrifices they've made ( & debts acquired) really matter.\n", "As a guy who is asked if they want kids I say hell no, and there's always \"you will\". Never heard selfish, but apparently I'm just going to wake up one day and have some complete change. It's always by someone who has kids.\n\nNo I won't because I know my life, who I am, what I want, and I won't ever consider kids, my own or others, and not getting involved with anyone who has kids. This is an unquestionable fact to me.\n\nWe were asked in Sociology class in college to raise our hand whether or not we:\n\n1. Wanted Kids\n2. Wanted Marriage\n\nMost people said yes to #1, but not all. I was the only one to say no to #2 (I said no to both), but some people seemed reluctant and late raised their hand. I feel some people do this because it's expected of them, not necessarily because they want to. So they get a spouse they eventually can't stand just to not be unmarried by 30-40 (whenever), and their kids grow up as nothing more than an obligation. Sounds like a lose-lose scenario for everyone in those cases.\n\nIn this world, it's normal to be divorced by 35, often multiple times, but apparently never getting married makes you the serial killer suspect on some crime show. I've actually heard a cop on one of those who was a doubly divorced alcoholic with issues in his current relationship say \"oh that guy never married, mid-40s, he's our #1 suspect\".", "I think sometimes it's a case of misery loves company.\n\nParents have to sacrifice a lot of things, like money, free time, peace and quiet, hobbies, social life. However, many people have kids just because they never really thought about it. For them, it is just something that people do, sort of dues you have to pay in life. So when they see someone who actively chooses not to pay those dues, it seems unfair to them and they feel attacked." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpf508r", "cpf50zy", "cpf51if" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 4 ], "text": [ "My guess is because it hasn't gone to court yet. Cities do lots of stupid things, and unless someone challenges it, they stay the law. ", "It's called \"local preemption\". It means that local laws can be more strict than the state laws. In some states, local preemption of carry laws are permitted, and in others its not. ", "Because your state law allows municipalities to place those restrictions.\n\nSome states word their code so that municipalities cannot restrict concealed carry in this manner." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "f86nlv8", "f86nvr2", "f86p0rn", "f86p9d0", "f86pkig", "f86ppcz", "f86ppnl", "f86qxzc", "f86ribs", "f86ru5u", "f86rxyc", "f86sipl", "f86szv9" ], "score": [ 4, 322, 20, 77, 27, 10, 27, 7, 5, 10, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Pansexuality is attraction to someone regardless of their gender, this includes transgenders and people who identify as neither \nBisexuals are just attracted to both males and females, usually not including transsexuals", "There's a lot of overlap in the terms, and that's okay.\n\nBroadly, many people consider bisexuality to be attraction to two or more genders, while pansexuality isn't \"limited\" by gender. So someone who is bisexual could be attracted to women and Non-binary people, but a pansexual person could theoretically be attracted to everyone, and gender doesn't really matter. Omnisexual people are similar.\n\nUltimately, it comes down to what someone prefers to use.", "It’s not. People like to invent different sexualities and words to describe them to make themselves seem more interesting and unique.\n\nStuff like this is big in internet culture. In the real world, if someone says they’re pansexual, everyone else just rolls their eyes or yawns with boredom.\n\nEdit: Downvote me all you want. Gay or bi? That’s cool, whatever. Pansexual? That’s attention-seeking behavior and people think you’re weird.", "Both are, essentially, the same. Bisexual means attraction to two or more genders whereas pansexual means all genders. There’s a big overlap in what that means to any one person. \nThe differentiation comes down to what someone prefers to use, as well as the classic assumption that bisexuals aren’t attracted to trans people “because they’re not real men or women”, which is incorrect.", "The difference is negligible and really changes depending on who you ask. Do not that bisexuality does NOT exclude trans people. There are bisexual trans people, bisexual people can be attracted to trans people, etc.", "Honestly they're very similar, but calling yourself bi can be easier to normies. Saying you're pan and then having to explain to people what that means is awful, I don't care to do that and saying I'm bi is just as valid.", "Theres a lot of overlap between them. Bisexual is attraction to 2 or more, and pansexuality is attraction regardless of gender. Neither of them exclude transgender people.", "I’m bisexual, and I’m attracted to trans people. \nI think the pansexual label is at best performative woke and at worst transphobic (as it implies trans people are not real male nor female).\nSure, non-binary trans people are real, but they still display one or more sexual characteristics denoted by the gender spectrum.", "As David Rose says in Schitt's Creek: \"I like the wine, not the label \". I think that's the essence of being Pansexual. While I don't think bisexuals have ever excluded transfolx, there's a level of discerning that is suggested in bisexuality. It's like a Pansexual says \"i don't care what body you're in, I'm attracted to you\" but a bisexual is saying \"I care about your body and have preferences but they're very wide. You fall into the category of my preferences and therefore I like you.\"\n\nThere's nothing wrong with having preferences, but I believe it is suggested that bisexuals have them whereas Pansexuals do not.", "Bisexual: I’m attracted to both or all genders \n\nPansexual: I do not care about gender when it comes to attraction", "Ultimately it comes down to what term people use for their own identity. There are some folks who will imply that bisexuality is inherently anti-trans or anti-enby but that's not true. There's a lot of overlap and some people use both depending on their audience (for instance, sometimes it's easier to just explain to straight people that you're bi).", "Man, this is gonna sound crazy, but I always interpreted bisexuality to mean that you were attracted to humans of all genders, and pansexual just meant you were attracted to whatever you found attractive, as in, if your pillow looked sexy in the morning light, you would fuck that thing.", "I identify as pansexual. Like others have said there’s some overlap, but for me there’s just less range and openness in bisexual vs pansexual.\n\nTo me bisexual is someone who likes either men or women. \n\nAs a pansexual the gender of somebody is less important to me. I don’t care really about gender, I will date a person of any gender or no gender. I care about people as who they are and not what they are.\n\nI know that there’s overlap and some people may view it as being barley any different but that’s cool. As long as people respect me as a person and what I identify as then I don’t mind what you think." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "de1nhke", "de1niqc", "de1qtpo" ], "score": [ 4, 33, 13 ], "text": [ "Not sure what position the person is when you're picking them up.\n\nIf a person is limp when you're moving/picking them up you don't have to move it all at once. If they're stiff as a board you're having to move all the weight at once.\n\nSo unconscious patients can be easier to roll around than those who've had a stroke and are like a solid piece...if you do it properly.\n\nTalking about picking someone off the ground who's limp, you grab a \"part\" and secure it, grab another part, etc like picking up a bag of potatoes. Picking them up and they move as one solid object would be much more difficult as all the weight must be managed at once.", "Grappler here. It's all about the other person's center of gravity. When you are under a person's center of gravity, even people who weigh quite a bit can feel light. When a person tenses, a lot of the time their muscles will expand or they will frame away from you. These actions push their center away from your's and they will feel relatively heavier.", "Dead weight is much harder to move.\n\nIf you are trying to pick someone up and they keep changing their centre of gravity that can be hard too.\n\nFrom a rescuing perspective, a conscious person is usually a lot easier to pick up and move than an unconscious dead weight." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czpgvur" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "I'm fairly sure you won't find a study on this - you certainly aren't going to intentionally create this sort of exposure (laws, morality) and a study that isolated children who had high levels of exposure to child pornography would be confounded by the variety of other things any kid with such exposure was experiencing (abuse, neglect, generally shitting parenting, etc.)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2tysp1", "d2tyxg4", "d2u3tv1" ], "score": [ 5, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Don't they?\n\nCommodore 64, 128\nAmiga 1000, 500, 2000, 1500, 3000, 4000\nAtari 400, 800, 2600\niPhone 3, 4\nSamsung Galaxy S, II, 3, 4, 5, 6\nnVidia GeForce GTX 960, 970, 980, 980Ti", "This style of naming conventions was actually fairly popular back in the day especially in the late 90s and early 2000s. Lots of companies started adding large round numbers like 2000 and 3000 to their product models because it made it sound like the product was new, advanced, futuristic, etc.", "If you lived in 1978 (I did), the year 2000 was the glorious future when we would have flying cars and robot maids and whatnot. So tons of high-tech products really had names like Dynotech 2000. So many that 2000 sounded common and plain, so it was upped to 3000 and so on.\n\nFortunately we actually reached the year 2000 and the nonsense stopped. Though I dunno, maybe in Portland, Oregon, hipsters are calling their vintage old-style drip coffee \"2000 blend\"." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dmdql6u", "dmdqn03" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "Supply and demand... for the most part, people already have the money, but just don't spend it if they don't need to. As housing costs increase relative to earnings, they cut back elsewhere. If your mortgage is $1500 instead of $1200, then maybe they buy a cheaper car, go out to eat less, take less expensive vacations.\n\nIn specific places -- say in Silicon Valley -- real incomes have increased along with stock prices of tech companies and bidding wars for top talent, which creates more money competing for the real estate.", "The global money supply has indeed gone up substantially due to increases in productivity, high-speed electronic finance, and pro-growth banking policies by numerous governments.\n\n_URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://goldseek.com/news/GoldSeek/2007/7-24mh/3.gif" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dr17jap", "dr18d1q" ], "score": [ 8, 6 ], "text": [ "Because they are white in color, and often used as a milk alternative. If they were clear they would be called waters or juices. ", "[Almond milk](_URL_0_) is pretty ancient. I've linked to a 14th C source but I think there are recipes for almond milk going back to the Romans. \n\nMilk does not refer to something that comes from a cow or a goat, it also refers to a consistency - such as a \"milky\" glass - or color - such as the \"milky\" way. It can also refer to an action; ie, \"S/he's milking him/her for all s/he's worth!\" \n\nUsing the term milk for Almond milk - the oldest of the alternatives- could have come about for any of these three reasons. It could be because of the color, the consistency, or because to get almond milk, you need to put all the smashed up, ground up, blanched almonds in a mesh bag and slowly pour water through the bag, \"milking\" it. \n\nAlmond milk itself is a 1 to 1 alternative for regular cow's milk. It has the same fat content which makes it excellent for baking and cooking. " ] }

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[ [], [ "http://medievalcookery.com/search/display.html?forme:86:ALMNT+MLK" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "f4p1ujs" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Their goal is to weaken the US. Weaken their internal political unity, weaken their connections to allies, weaken their influence on the global stage, and ultimately weaken their ability to interfere with whatever Russia wants to do. Broadly speaking Russia sees the US as an obstacle to their growth in power and influence, so anything which can weaken the US is a good thing." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "flo8n3a", "flo8wbn", "floh3ic", "floi852" ], "score": [ 4, 9, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "Yes, this works if you're cold enough that you're shivering. That's how the body burns extra calories to keep warm. If you're not that cold, all you're doing is sweating less than usual, and that doesn't burn any extra calories.", "Yes, being in a cold environment does burn additional calories. This is the best figure how much I can find:\n\n\"To answer that question, Fear pointed to a study done by Dutch researchers back in 2002. They found that lowering a room's temperature from 71.6ºF to 60.8ºF increased the participants' 24-hour energy expenditure — the number of calories they burned in a day — by 4 to 6%. (Scientists who did similar studies in 2010 and 2013 got very similar results.)\"\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSimply put, yes, it will work. But we're talking about 100 kcal or so for the average adult.", "There is a professor in California who developed a waistcoat which holds multiple freezer bottles against your body. He claims that it is not uncomfortable and is effective in weight loss.", "Being cold does burns more calories because your body is expending more energy to keep you warm, but it's not an effective weight loss solution because you have to be cold enough to shiver, not just slightly cold, and being that cold for extended periods of time has other negative health consequences." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.insider.com/does-being-cold-burn-calories-2017-8" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c3v0f71", "c3v15nq", "c3v1d8i", "c3v5pfa" ], "score": [ 2, 11, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Coming prepared with the answers to these two questions will get you most of the way:\n\n1. What should it look like?\n2. What should it do?\n\nYour answers to these questions will allow you to get into the details. For example, do you already have a design, or are you wanting the developer to come up with it? You probably have some images or other assets that you're putting into your portfolio? She'll need those in digital form. Are you selling anything from the site? Will you be adding content to the site yourself, or will you want the developer to do it? Do you have a domain registered, e.g. _URL_0_?\n", "Ok... so the biggest thing you should be concerned about is this: there's a difference between a web developer and a web designer. \n\nThink of a website like a car. A car has an engine and an alternator; it does 0-60 in something-or-other and it can turn with some level of agility. Someone is responsible for all that stuff.\n\nBut a car also has a certain asthetic appeal. It looks a certain way, has lines that evoke speed and grace. It has a range of colors it comes in, amenities on the inside, a button and control layout. Someone **else** is responsible for all that stuff.\n\nIf your website is a car, the developer is the guy who makes it go, turn, and stop; the designer is responsible for how it looks and feels.\n\nSo first off, are you looking for a website designer or developer? Odds are pretty good that, unless you want your portfolio site to do something that no other portfolio site can do, you don't **really** want a web developer; you want a web designer. \n\nTake a look at some off the shelf portfolio software and see if it can do what you need it to do. Then find a designer who's comfortable putting together some sketches and plans and have them skin it up to look unique and interesting. \n\nThat's not going to be inexpensive, by the way. You're basically asking a professional illustrator to give you a couple days of their time.\n\nIf you need some custom functionality that no one else offers, then you need a web developer and now you're looking at a significant investment. \n\nIt's important that you walk into this knowing the difference (so you're talking to the right person) and knowing that you're talking about a fairly expensive professional service.", "This isn't an attempt to answer your actual ELI5, but to address your explanation.\n\nTo prepare for something like that you may want to explore some of the simple and easy to use self creation tools available, like _URL_0_, Blogger, etc. You don't need any technical knowledge at all, nor do you need to pay anything. Browse through the many many free themes available, find one that sparks your creativity, and add some content like you might have on your final product. You can then offer that to a professional with notes on what you like and don't like and what you might want different.", "At the base of everything, you have a server and a domain name. The domain name (_URL_0_) simply POINTS to a given server, the same way a street adress points to your home. This way, you can change servers by pointing it elsewhere. A URL (_URL_0_/hi.html) is just a file located at the root folder of that web server.\n\nA server is just a computer that serves files. You could even host your site yourself at home on your PC, albeit unreliably. It simply checks for the requested file, parses the code in it (if there is any), then returns plain HTML that your browser can read.\n\nWhen I say some files contain code, it's usually to receive parameters and behave accordingly. For example, _URL_0_/hi.php?product=23 might retrieve product #23 from a database, then use this data in the page. This is all done before you receive the page. WordPress and other content managers work like this: content is in a database, and when you call for a page, it retrieves it from a database, and puts it in a generic page.\n\nI'm typing on a phone right now, but feel free to ask for clarification." ] }

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[ [ "bobby-dash-portfolio.org" ], [], [ "wordpress.com" ], [ "hello.com", "hello.com/hi.php?product=23", "hello.com/hi.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cvqflef" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "[Adrenaline baby](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\n > Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands during high stress or exciting situations. This powerful hormone is part of the human body's acute stress response system, also called the \"fight or flight\" response. It works by stimulating the heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages, all of which work to increase blood flow to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs. Additionally, it is used as a medical treatment for some potentially life-threatening conditions including anaphylactic shock. In the US, the medical community largely refers to this hormone as epinephrine, although the two terms may be used interchangeably.\n\n\n > The adrenal glands are found directly above the kidneys in the human body, and are roughly 3 inches (7.62 cm) in length. Adrenaline is one of several hormones produced by these glands. Along with norepinephrine and dopamine, it is a catecholamine, which is a group of hormones released in response to stress. These three hormones react with various body tissues, preparing the body to react physically to the stress causing situation.\n" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-adrenaline.htm#didyouknowout" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "da6l1z7", "da6ma61" ], "score": [ 6, 7 ], "text": [ "They are sealed. No bacteria can get inside them until you open it, and since they are one time use there is no worry. Ketchup and most other condiments aren't refrigerated at the store.\n", "Most types of ketchup and mustard don't actually have to be refrigerated, because they're typically very high in vinegar and other ingredients that act as preservatives. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dhz4jel", "dhz5cju" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "First and foremost you have to understand how the music industry works. \n\nIf the label has a label-beneficial contract, which is common with a newly signed artist, and the musical style fits current trends, they will market the band as much as possible. \n\nMarketing includes grassroots, pushing rotations on radio, Spotify and Pandora as well as teaming a new artist with an established group for tours. Additionally, tv placements can be purchased. \n\nBuilding hype is easy with an unlimited budget, and most bands have a short popularity cycle so the record label will push hard to creat a buzz for them. ", "There are several factors at play here. First off the members of a lesser known band are switching bands more often. For example the vocalist of 5FDP were the vocalist of Motograter who toured at Ozzfest 2003 and also released the album Ghost Machine before forming 5FDP. The other members have similar stories and were touring and making albums even before forming a band together. The members were not new to the scene and had already lots of fans. Secondly the an album needs financing to produce and market it and people will not pay to make an album unless there is some great music to make an album from. And if there are problems during the production the financing might pull out and the album never gets released. So only the good music is put on albums and the rest is only played at concerts. Thirdly there is survival bias. The bands that do not make a huge hit with their first album is much more likely to not reach the same level of fame or even split up." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfcu3gg", "cfcu7oh", "cfcwn29" ], "score": [ 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "It is beneficial for reproduction if the act of reproduction is emmensely enjoyable. The fact that an orgasm is an extremely enjoyable end to sex makes people want to orgasm while having sex, and to insemenate their sexual partner, leading to successful reproduction.\n\nIf orgasm wasn't enjoyable, people wouldn't want to orgasm, and no one would reproduce for fear of pain.", "How else are you going to get two humans to make such goofy damn faces and motions that lead to reproduction? The juice must be worth the squeeze.", "For women (I'm not sure for men), the contractions brought on by orgasms that occur in the vaginal walls actually help the sperm along on their journey, so orgasm essentially makes the process of insemination easier." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7ie3be" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Actually, yeah. There are ant-related species where a foreman can show up and roughen up a worker for slacking off.\n\nTo quote Wikipedia:\n\n > Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. ... Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile antennae. The paired antennae provide information about the direction and intensity of scents. Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. This behaviour helps ants deal with changes in their environment. For instance, when an established path to a food source is blocked by an obstacle, the foragers leave the path to explore new routes. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Successful trails are followed by more ants, reinforcing better routes and gradually identifying the best path.\n > \n > Ants use pheromones for more than just making trails. A crushed ant emits an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from farther away. Several ant species even use \"propaganda pheromones\" to confuse enemy ants and make them fight among themselves. Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including Dufour's glands, poison glands and glands on the hindgut, pygidium, rectum, sternum, and hind tibia. Pheromones also are exchanged, mixed with food, and passed by trophallaxis, transferring information within the colony. This allows other ants to detect what task group (e.g., foraging or nest maintenance) other colony members belong to. In ant species with queen castes, when the dominant queen stops producing a specific pheromone, workers begin to raise new queens in the colony.\n > \n > Some ants produce sounds by stridulation, using the gaster segments and their mandibles. Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.\n\n\nDespite what sci-fi teaches us, there is no actual hive mind. The individual ants simply follow their instincts as to what the group is doing. Humans are not dissimilar that way." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgd7v31", "cgd7zq9" ], "score": [ 2, 8 ], "text": [ "Question 1: They have a claim against his estate and assets up to the amount they are owed. Next of kin doesn't factor in, they'll get their money.\n\nQuestion 2: They get screwed for the rest. Lending is a tough business and getting screwed is a real possibility.", "If the debtor dies their next-of-kin are never responsible for the debt. The Creditors can liquidate any estate or assets of the dead, but if that does not equal what is owed then they take the loss." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c4uvtdv", "c4uppme", "c4uq3fd", "c4uq46j" ], "score": [ 3, 14, 21, 3 ], "text": [ "A weird thing that rarely gets mentioned in these writeups, but is very important, professionally speaking: Macs give you a Unix environment. Steve Jobs didn't invent that; he just co-opted an existing OS. In fact, it's kind of funny how he unceremoniously chucked out the old OS and threw in with the old/new, as if conceding it was better all along. But, having done that, Macs are now aligned w/the classic academic computing OS, w/the added peripheral and built-in provider support that comes w/having such a large market share. ", "Macs tend to \"just work\", without a lot of hassles. But you have to do things the Mac way.\n\nPC are cheaper, have more software written for them and a greater variety of peripherals. They let you do anything you want, including shooting yourself in the foot.\n\nPut another way:\n\nMacs make easy things easy and hard things impossible.\n\nPC's make easy things hard, and hard things a little harder.", "Macs are custom designed to work with a smaller set of hardware and software. So more attention is given to details that are hard to enforce in an open, generic platform. However, inevitably, Apple is stuck with a smaller number of vendors who can therefore exert price pressure and ultimately cause the machine cost to be highly marked up.\n\nWindows main selling point is the high degree of backwards compatibility and openness. There is a high onus on independent developers to provide all the quality of their solution by themselves. Since Microsoft does not have any real method of enforcement of any quality standards (other than minor incentives such as the \"Windows logo\" program) you get solutions with quite varied quality. On the other hand the more open market place tends to create fair and correct pricing for third party hardware and software.\n\nSo there is a common conception that Mac's tend to crash less and \"just work\" more and that Windows tends to be flakey, insecure and more difficult to use. Windows machines tend to be much cheaper than Macs.", "I would just like to point out that all modern desktops would be called PCs. PC simply means personal computer, and has no regards to OS.\n\nThat said, I assume you mean the differences between OSX and Windows.\n\nOSX\n\nPros: Cool design, viruses are less common because of the smaller population size(they do exist though), and generally friendlier usability for simple tasks.\n\nCons: HOLY BALLS PRICE. Seriously. Give me the money you spend on a brand new Mac, and I'll buy you a top of the line Windows machine for half the price that can do everything the Mac could. Apple charges 2 or 3 times(sometimes more) what Newegg, TigerDirect, or other wholesaler type websites would. Oh and customer support usually isn't free. Software on Macs is harder to find. Because of the smaller population size again, most older software wasn't made cross-platform cause there was no reason to. Nowadays it's a little better, but you will still have difficulty finding the correct software for your needs. Games especially are notorious for being Windows only. Lack of ability to do some of the things Windows does without using third-party tools. If you like having lots of choice/tools, Macs are probably not for you. \n\nWindows\n\nPros: Price, easier to find what software you need, and some additional complexity/layers if you take the time to learn. Customer service is generally better than Apple's in my experience. (You're dealing directly with ASUS, AMD, Sapphire, or whatever other company's product you bought instead of the all-seeing all-knowing Apple) Loooooots of programs, applications, peripherals, and commands to do whatever you want. However, that comes with it's own dangers. Windows tends to give you all the tools, but doesn't really discriminate between good usage and bad usage of said tools.\n\nCons: Viruses are more common because of the market share of Windows.The complexity can dissuade people because they don't want to take the time to learn the arguably most important piece of technology in the world.\n\nIf you need a little more info, send a message or reply." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cej51yo", "cej7lf3" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Gender is not in the same legal category as race. Race is explicitly protected from discrimination in the constitution (a so-called \"suspect class\"), gender is not.", "Different genders need to learn different things. In some cases, it's good for development, as there's minimal distraction. There's no logic besides racism to separate races. In fact, it open people up to different cultures. \n\nI went to an all boys prep school before high school and it was sort of nice not being distracted by girls. I diverted my attention towards my own interests and hobbies. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cjrp72r", "cjrpaa1", "cjrpi83", "cjrpjf5", "cjrpsjz" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 7, 8, 52 ], "text": [ "Maybe because you are in a closed space, probably strapped in a seat, looking through a small window. There is no real feeling that you could fall down there.", "When I first rode a plane for the first time I felt comfortable like I was at home I loved how they treated passengers. I had sat by the windows too also the same thing with roller coasters I have gotten use to riding them without my stomach hurting. But if I was to do a challenge like sky jump or something that's going completely out of my comfort zone ", "Same for me actually. Its mostly because you don't really have the overwhelming sense that one wrong step will cause you to topple to your death.", "My fear of heights becomes more severe the closer I am to being able to look straight down. Buildings, glass elevators, gondolas, all of them are pretty scary to me, and triggers a fear of falling.\n\nBut with an airplane, you almost never can look straight down, instead the view is limited to a gentle, outward angle, that is unable to trigger my fear.", "You don't have a fear of heights.... You have a fear of falling\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfe1ewx", "cfe1gsd", "cfe1onj", "cfe1rii", "cfeo1cw" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 5, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Sea travel had a far longer history than air travel, and at the time there was no alternative to travelling by boat (via the sea). Whereas with air travel, the airplane was an alternative. ", "1) because WWII started 2 years after the Hindenburg blew up and civilian air travel stopped for the duration of the war.\n\n2) By the end of the war aircraft and jet engine technology has matured to the point where airplane travel is vastly better than anything Airships can offer. In contrast, when the Titanic went down, people still took ships because there was simply nothing else available for long distance travel.\n\nEDIT: Also, operating the Hindenburg is expensive, it can only carry 72 passengers, required a crew of 10 to operate and a trans-atlantic crossing took 4 days. A 1958 Boeing 707 can seat 150 passengers, required a crew of 4, and can fly from New York to London in 12 hours.", "Mankind has been sailing on boats since time immemorial. No single boat accident is going to change our opinion of boating. The risks are well understood & accepted.\n\nAirships were still new at the time of the Hindenburg. The accident showed everyone just how dangerous they were & nobody wanted to continue taking those risks.\n\nLet's say you've got an old friend. A guy you grew up with & have known for 20+ years. He gets drunk at a party and breaks a lamp. You know he doesn't normally do this shit, so you let it slide. If somebody you just met last week broke a lamp, you wouldn't invite him back.", "There wasn't anything at the time to replace ocean liners. Powered flight was new, expensive and dangerous. \n\nIn the end though both industries were basically killed by powered flight. After the Second World War airlines started to use a lot of powered flight to move passengers around, the prices dropped, safety increased and using airships or ocean liners just became too much of a hassle. ", "Airships have *never* been a satisfactory mode of travel, even if they WEREN'T filled with highly-flammable hydrogen.\n\nThe Hindenburg fire didn't END the use of airships, they were still in service here and there up until about 1950. The Hindenburg *did* point up just how stupid it was to fill the damn thing with hydrogen instead of helium, but helium was scarce and expensive in those days.\n\nThe problem with airships in general (and the reason the frequently-announced \"return of airships\" will never happen) is that they're just too unstable and too subject to the elements. Modern airlines can fly right through weather that would turn an airship into a pile of debris on the ground.\n\nThe Concorde accident *also* did not end the program. The Concorde died because it was *horrendously* expensive to fly, held too few passengers, and could not fly at supersonic speeds over land due to the sonic boom issue. It cost too much for too little return.\n\n\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cryx91p" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Two main ways, contrast detection of phase-detection. \n \nContrast detection is the most common. Contrast is the difference between white and black. When focusing, your camera first determines what it should focus on, which is another discussion. Once the subject is chosen, it runs through its different amounts of focus until it finds the focus distance that produces the best contrast, which is when the subject is sharpest. \n \nFor phase detection, which is the best (mostly in pro cameras) the light coming through the lens is split up and compared, when they match up, that's when the subject is sharpest. \n \nLaser autofocus is also used, this is when you see that red light, like with cheaper consumer cameras. This works like sonar, the distance it takes for the light to reflect back is used to determine the distance of the subject." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dozrukk" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "The CIA are not the ones releasing this. There was legislation passed in the 90’s requiring the Kennedy files to be released this year" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cn6lmqo", "cn6lmsa", "cn6ohj3" ], "score": [ 14, 5, 5 ], "text": [ "Currently it's debatable where they actually voted *for* statehood. The only thing that's clear is that the majority voted *against* staying a territory.\n\nOf that majority, many did vote for statehood, but many of the minority (stay a territory) voters left the \"what should we change to\" question blank. Some argue that interpreting the results as pro-statehood isn't accurate because of this weird division of the question.\n\nThere have been talks of having another referendum that basically asks \"Do you want to be a state? yes/no\"", "I think Congessional approval is the only hurdle left. Two bills have introduced, one in the senate and one in the house of representatives. We will probably have an idea by the end of 2015 what the outcome of their statehood will be.", "The actuall issue is politics. PR would be a very heavy democrat stronghold. No way republicans will allow that unless you can find another territory, equally republican leaning, to balance it out. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dtvkku6", "dtvmlqz", "dtvzesf" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "There's a sensor inside the iPad that the magnet triggers. The sensor puts the iPad to sleep or wakes it up.", "Magnets in the Smart Cover trigger magnetic switches in the iPad that sleep/wake the device. ", "It basically uses the 'Hall effect' phenomenon. Your iPads/phones have a sensor which when it comes in the field of a magnet turn the screen off and turn it back on when there is no magnetic field interference." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cnv3d3f", "cnv3na7" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because the first person to see something can copy it, screenshot it, and rehost it, and oftentimes, things that you host and then \"delete\" are not immediately removed from the host, just hidden from other people. ", "impossible to track down, buddy everything is archived I can view how reddit looked 2 years and 3 days ago in 10 seconds if i wanted to." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cyimsh6", "cyimsjy" ], "score": [ 4, 3 ], "text": [ "If the robbers were local the local police would go after them. If they covered a lot of area the US Marshals and the Pinkerton detectives would look for them. Wanted posters would go out so local law enforcement in other areas would keep an eye out for the robbers. ", "Well by the 1840s, a lot of the larger cities (Boston, etc)had implemented a police force. Out west wasn't very different. They had either U.S. Marshals, Sherrifs, Texas Rangers, Constables, and Deputes. These folks would be the ones to go after the bank robbers using various methods such as posting bounties, wanted posters, etc. However anyone with the balls could apprehend or take out the criminals and get their reward with little to no consequences. Maybe a handshake and a thanks. Nowadays it's of course considered vigilantism and the would be heros would be prosecuted instead. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqye59e", "cqykvxn", "cqym5oo" ], "score": [ 5, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Octane levels and compression rates. Regular gas combusts at lower compressions (your average car). Premium gas combusts at higher pressures (most sports cars). A higher pressure combustion creates more energy which is why it's used in sports cars. There's absolutely no benefit of putting premium gas in a car designed for regular and can actually be detrimental. Same goes for putting regular in a car designed for premium.", "Gasoline contains a number of different carbon compounds. These usually range from Pentane (5 carbons) to Octane (8 carbons). High octane fuels have more octane in them; this means that they burn slower because larger carbon compounds tend to burn more slowly. This is actually beneficial to engines, because if the fuel burns too fast it can harm engines. Diesel contains larger carbon compounds, usually somewhere in the teens. ", "Higher octane gas is more resistant to igniting. Or, to put it another way, it \"burns hotter,\" that is, the higher the octane, the higher the temperature it can attain before exploding. That's why it can withstand more compression. The \"ping\" from putting low octane in cars requiring mid grade or premium comes from the lower grade fuel igniting a split second before it's supposed to -- which makes it fight the piston, which is still traveling up on the compression cycle (ouch, poor engine). Modern engines have ways around this but you'll suffer a horsepower loss with too low an octane. Diesel engines have much much higher compression rates than normal gasoline (about 22:1 as opposed to 10:1). So diesel fuel is much more resistant to igniting on its own. Diesel engines do not have spark plugs to ignite the fuel. It explodes on its own when the high compression level is reached." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cmdcehs" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Probably mostly conformational bias - mixed with the fact that your memory of things before sleep is poorly coded.\n\nSo conformational bias means you only notice when the pattern is reinforced and place little value on when it doesn't.\nEg. You were listening thinking of a track before bed but you woke up and didn't have that song so you have no reason to think \"hey did I have a song stuck in my head last night???\" - instead you just ignore this case.\n\nThen after a few times in a row of waking up with a song in your head - you think you noticed a pattern. So you develop a habit of thinking in the morning: Hey do I have a song in my head - which causes a song to play in your head, likely the same on from last night. Thus reaffirming your bias.\n\nThis coupled with the fact that there is a 15min window in which you are not really awake nor asleep yet, and the things going through your mind may seem like a waking mind but they are not coded like proper memories. So you might have had a few songs in your head - but you're only going to remember the one that matches up with the song you have in the morning, because of the way those thoughts are coded.\n\nLastly - you brain does not just \"resume\" when you wake up. Sleep is terribly complicated and poorly understood but simply put, your brain does more asleep than it does awake." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crg4p8k" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Let's take a very simplified example.\n\nYou're a hog farmer. The pigs you raise, take 1 year from birth to slaughter time. So on January 1 2015. You want to buy 5000 baby pigs. You buy the baby pigs from a breeder, and you spend a year giving the pigs medication, hormones and feed. \n\nOn December 31, when you take the pigs to the slaughter house, the slaughter house tells you the current price for the hogs. What the farmer assumed he'd get a different price, and spent more money on medication and food? Now he might lose money, instead of making it. Plus the farmer had to use his savings to pay for the hogs all year long. \n\nInstead what if the farmer promised to deliver 4500 hogs on Dec 31, of a certain age and weight to the slaughter house for a certain price. In exchange for that, the slaughter house gave the farmer some money now that he can use to buy baby pigs, and raise them.\n\nThat is what a futures contract, or a commodity contract is. Now what if the slaughter house decides, they will get too many hogs on December 31 and want to sell the contract to someone else. Maybe another slaughter house might buy it. Maybe a middle man (a trader) might buy it.\n\nWith out the middleman or trader, it might be very difficult to find a buyer of a futures contract.\n\nIn general, spot traders are the people who can take delivery. Spot contracts have delivery contracts of a few hours to few days. Where as futures contracts might have delivery several months from now." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2b52ib" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Yuppers.\nThey can become language centers instead. And something poetically beautiful- they are active when reading Braille in some...\n\nI'd post a link, to a neat journal article on it, but I feel like I've been yelled at before for links on ELI5\nEdit:\nFuck it, here's a link: \n_URL_0_\n" ] }

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[ [ "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110228163143.htm" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cpnx5z8", "cpnx8qc", "cpnx9nw", "cpny58a", "cpnyb2n", "cpnycay", "cpo34vv", "cpo3yn5", "cpo40f3", "cpo40yl", "cpo42lz", "cpo4fjw", "cpo55g6", "cpo5sjt", "cpo64e4", "cpo653t", "cpo65fi", "cpo6dr8", "cpo6gf3", "cpo7r93", "cpo80zw", "cpo86jn", "cpo8q8n", "cpo9il8", "cpoaf5a", "cpoagef", "cpoajnt", "cpoaqz2", "cpob7vz", "cpob98b", "cpocqwp", "cpocst8", "cpoervm", "cpog9d5", "cpogkvb", "cpoh4pn", "cpoih16", "cpojy89", "cpokdgu", "cpokrip", "cpolb98", "cponav5", "cpos2d1", "cpouz6u", "cpowc3o", "cpowfwt", "cpowo5f", "cpoy439", "cpoz95c", "cpozcyo" ], "score": [ 3529, 12, 11, 499, 719, 252, 5, 2, 2, 9, 3, 24, 146, 6, 2, 4, 12, 46, 14, 2, 2, 10, 20, 2, 3, 2, 2, 54, 2, 9, 2, 2, 2, 9, 2, 2, 2, 6, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 7 ], "text": [ "In 2007, new laws were introduced about how companies could advertise which products to children.\n\nIt meant that you could no longer, for example, try to persuade a kid to eat your unhealthy food.\n\nI suspect putting toys in cereal would fall foul of that, and that's why cereal adverts are now aimed at parents, telling them their kids will be well-behaved, high achievers if they eat Coco Pops.", "Long story short, some kid somewhere ingested/choked on a toy, or other inedible prize in the box. Here's what I found:\n\n > In 1988, a Pennsylvania girl nearly choked to death on a “Cool Flutes” in-box toy from Kellogg’s Rice Krispies and Cocoa Krispies cereals, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)\n\nThere was also a one year old that died (who lets their one year old get their own cereal?), and while these incidents didn't \"directly\" cause all cereal companies to stop putting toys in the boxes, I'm sure they'd rather be safe than sorry.", "Probably after more and more people sued them because their children supposedly choked up putting those toys in their mouths (which I bet 99% of the cases were false)", "Cereal manufacturers are still giving away toys in cereal boxes in the United States. Source: I have a six-year-old son.", "They haven't stopped entirely. As of the last time I bought it, General Mills had cereal with Mega Bloks cars sponsored by Hello Kitty and Power Rangers. [linky](_URL_0_)\nI'm not convinced that the reduction in practice has anything to do laws or lawsuits. This just seems like a simple decision to save money. If their market research said it was more profitable to sell without toys, then so be it. In the case of Mega Bloks with Hello Kitty and Power Rangers, the external companies likely just paid enough to make it worthwhile.", "It has to do with the costs and theoretical danger. Kellogg received a lot of backlash in 2004 when they had to recall a ton of boxes because a [Spiderman watch](_URL_2_) used a [mercury battery](_URL_1_).\n\nIn 2008 Kellogg did have a [Batman toy](_URL_0_) in their cereal but for the most part these days since things are going digital a lot of companies just do 'codes' and 'coupons' for their incentives just to be safe. \n\nIf they do include a toy it's going to be a hunk of plastic that doesn't have joints or whatnot to come apart easily. Look at companies like Kinder who have drastically changed their toys in the Kinder Egg. I remember as a kid having to built something out of 10 pieces but now it's a one piece or 2 piece toy.\n\n~~Kids are dumb.~~\n\n**Edit:** Okay bad parents are dumb", "Well I just got a pack of \"skystone\" cards in my (U.S.) cheerios the other day, so they're not all gone. ", "I just got an Avengers flying disc last week. It's rare, but it's still around.", "My understanding, at least in the US, is that embedding inedible objects among food is now unlawful. Perhaps this is why?", "most cereal brands still give out toys here in portugal, except they come, and always came in plastic bags inside the box, outside the plastic containing the bulk of the cereals", "Because lazy moms let their kids eat the toy because they're stupid", "I just got a Nemo spoon in a box of fruit loops my damn children stole it...", "Because people would rather sue when their fuck trophy swallows a toy than actually raise their kid to not be a window licker.", "From what I remember a few years ago, the major brands agreed to [voluntary guidelines/standards] (_URL_0_) in regards to nutrition content and advertising to kids. It was obviously their attempt to keep the government from proposing their own, harsher standards. ", "Canadian here. Not sure if Ontario laws are the same but lately we've been seeing a temporary revival in cereals I used to have as a kid. Like Trix! Also...I have an old Nestle Quick red spoon from the late 90's. So they've been doing the spoon thing for some time now. \n\nAlso, doesn't America have laws against handing out food with toys? Aren't Kinder Eggs band there? Cereal boxes could count as the same as a Kinder Egg, no?", "Because lawyers got involved and sucked the fun out of everything. ", "Someone finally ran it by legal...\n\nMarketing: can we put a small but large enough item that if swallowed by a child could cause him to choke and die?\n\nLegal: (while throwing pen in air) COME ON!!!!\n\nMarketing: (looks on dumbfounded)\n\nLegal: (FACEPALM)\n\nMarketing: Well, we can tell the higher ups we ran it past legal....", "I miss cereal box prizes. We didn't have a lot of money as kids, we usually got the malt-o-meal bagged stuff. Once in awhile though, we'd get \"good\" cereal and get a prize. When I was an adult, and started buying my own cereal, I looked for a box with a cool toy but they don't have them anymore. \n\nIt's one of those things I really looked forward to seeing my kids do. Those bastards, ruining it for everyone. Same with cracker jack toys. They're shitty stickers now. I'm from KC, I opened a box of cracker jacks the morning after the last World Series game. It was a fucking San Franciso Giants sticker. ", "Last year Kellogs Coco Pops gave away hacky sack toys in each box, I know because I have several around my house including the golden one\n\nEdit: It was to celebrate The World Cup in Rio I believe", "When they figured out that they could simply add more sugar.", "Why can cereal manufacturers put toys in your food for the longest time but Kinder eggs are still banned!", "When you can hook kids with online \"prizes\" for next to nothing. ", "Is this why the prizes in Cracker Jacks are so shitty now? IE, just a sticker or trivia wax paper?", "On a side note, how come beer companies don't seem to include hats and stuff in cases anymore?", "Because they're expensive to produce and must not have created enough of a return on the investment. People buy cereal without that incentive.", "I miss the mini lightsabers they put in the boxes.", "There were some Skylanders cards in a box of Trix I recently opened.", "Why don't toy makers start including cereal in there packets?\n\nI´m a glass half full guy. ", "Chinese plastic=toxic.\n\nPlus choking hazards or some such thing.", "Probably for the same reason that many of the cereal mascots have gone away, stricter advertising rules for targeting children.", "Cost. Cracker Jack still has something, but they are just paper junk, nothing good anymore. ", "Because parents only care about price when buying cheap cereal, and cereal manufacturers found it was better for the shareholders if they reduced the price by $0.10 and left out the $0.15 toy.", "How do McDonald's get away with it in happy meals", "because the toy's we got growing up in cereal boxes would not impress the iPhone generation of today. ", "What do you mean? I got something from my Honey Nut Cheerios box, just this morning. Something for Skylanders.", "I'm pretty sure that in Europe, adding toys to cereals got outlawed.\n\nI bought some cereal recently a couple of years ago that had a description on it saying that by EU law they can't have toys inside anymore, so there was a sticker on the outside instead. It used to have small wodden toys in it (no choking hazard or shit like that unless you're 100% dumb as a brick).\n\nEdit: This made me curious so I e-mailed my cereal company of trust, I'll update the post if they reply!\n\n**Edit2**: They answered my mail, so as promised, the reason:\n\nIn the EU, some law went in effect on 20th July 2011, which is the **§48 EG** which outlaws hiding toys **in** the food itself. Therefore, they cannot put toys into the bag anymore for legal reasons!\n\nIf you want to search for it, it's named the\n\n**Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EG**", "Kids don't play with toys as much anymore, just iPads. They can't include those in boxes, so why bother.", "Chocolate frosted sugar bombs still has the mail in for a propeller beanie.......", "They have other promotional items now. I remember getting CDs with computer games around 5-8 years ago, and more recently, movie tickets.", "Digital goods are cheaper to manufacture and pack in.", "They haven't in the US. It is still very common to get toys in the boxes. ", "while we're at it can someone chart the reduction of quality of Cracker Jack toys and see if this coincides with the Cereal box toy eliminations? ", "This message might get flooded out but basically it is illegal in the US to sell a food product with anything non-edible that is sized to be able to be swallowed, this excludes drinks if it is not in the drink itself. It is also why the chocolate eggs with toys inside are illegal in the US but legal in Canada. \nThe reason why most cereal companies don't do^@ that is because the blunt of there sales^@ are in the US. \n^@ Spell checked", "As someone who has worked in a Kelloggs cereal manufacturing plant, it has just become too expensive to include extra items like that. The cereal industry as a whole has begun to deline.", "Apparently US children can't differentiate food to toys, that's also why they are not allowed kinder surprise....", "I bought a box of Reese's Puffs a few months that came with a Mega Bloks car. Still have the box as well. lol\n\nPeter Griffin: You got Legos? Aw, sweet! Lois only buys me Mega Bloks.", "I got a car in my box of golden grahms yesterday. It came with stickers. Instructions tell you to cut out the box and it will be a ramp you can make the car jump. Through a smaller hole on the other end. Pretty cool! Edit. Mine was also a mega bloks car! ", "In the netherlands we had a collectable inside bags of chips (flippo's). An old lady choked on one and they got prohibited.\n\nIt might be something similar about toys in the cereal boxes", "The worst thing about toys inside cereal boxes was when the coolest toy was inside the cereal you hated the most.\n\n'Do I get the hockey cards inside the rice krispies cereal or just get sugar crisp with nothing inside?' Fucking hardest decision a 8 year old has to make.", "They only did it for you, when you grew up they quit. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cpv2g4b", "cpv5m9k" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Repelling each other requires energy. Some of that is released as heat.", "Friction is less to do with atoms and more to do with microscopic imperfections. When you observe a surface, it probably looks very flat to you, a macroscopic entity. However, on a microscopic level, the imperfect surface is more like a series of mountains and hills. Now, imagine two mountainous surfaces moving upon one another. The tips of these mountains grind across the tips of the other surface's mountains, and you arrive at what is macroscopically known as kinetic friction (static friction also exists while the surfaces are motionless).\n\nNofftastic is simplifying the concept. After all, when two motionless objects are in contact, there is no heat coming from the friction even though there is clearly a repulsive action occurring. In fact, repulsion of like charges is an intrinsic property of charged matter, and does not require energy to exist. It does require energy to move like charges closer, however.\n\nIn introductory quantum mechanics, there exists the notion of a minimum separation distance between two particles in a single system (a geometrical consequence, see Griffiths QM). This constraint generalizes to systems of many particles. While repulsion is nonnegligible, this quantum mechanical separation distance is largely responsible you not being able to walk through walls.\n\nThe heat is a result of KINETIC energy being converted to THERMAL energy. If we revisit the mountain picture, imagine the peaks breaking off as they move across on another. In other words, the surface is being otherwise compelled to move more than before. Since the average speed (v) of the molecules composing the surfaces increases as a result of the microscopic interactions mentioned above, the kinetic energy (0.5mv^2, notice the dependence on the speed v) increases as the objects slide across each other at higher speeds. This is converted to thermal energy, and arises observably as an increase in temperature." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eeelqbz", "eeeobds", "eeeocq1", "eef3et1" ], "score": [ 11, 2, 11, 39 ], "text": [ "They only accelerate better because the weight of the engine on the drive wheels. They don't stop or turn any better than rwd.", "When turning and accelerating one component of the acceleration is sideways which helps pull the car through the turn. Also there's usually more weight over the front wheels so they dig in a bit better.\n\nWhen the wheels do cut loose, front wheel drive is much less prone to fishtailing and spinning. If the driver hits the gas too hard so the drive wheels cut loose, a front wheel drive will \"understeer\" or stop turning while a rear wheel drive will \"oversteer\" or fishtail.", "There are 2 main reasons.\n\nFirst, most cars have more weight over the front axle than the rear. FWD cars usually have ~60% of the weight over the front, while RWD cars usually have only ~40-50% of the weight over the rear wheels. \n\nSecond, if your drive tires start spinning, it's relatively easy to handle in a FWD car. You just let off the gas a bit, and maybe turn in more. In a RWD car, you need to ease off the throttle, but not too much, and turn in the opposite direction. It takes more skill. That said, modern cars with stability control can pretty much negate this issue.", "Put a pen flat on a table.\n\nFirst, drag it along by its tip. Then, push it in the game direction from the back.\n\nWhich of the above resulted in a more stable path? Obviously the first.\n\nSame thing with a car. With FWD, the front wheels are dragging the rest of the vehicle behind it, resulting in a more stable trajectory. With RWD, the rear wheels are pushing the rest of the vehicle in front of it, which isn't stable in limited traction scenarios." ] }

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