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{ "a_id": [ "cbfleuf", "cbflf9s", "cbflken", "cbfmoj0", "cbfuprn" ], "score": [ 25, 4, 2, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "The first thing that would kill someone who is swallowed alive is probably lack of oxygen. Assuming you're a scuba diver being swallowed by a whale, if you can avoid being forced into the whale's digestive track and stay in the mouth, you can live as long as your oxygen holds out and you aren't crushed by the mouth. As far as being digested to death, just imagine rolling around in acid and letting it slowly dissolve you, starting with your skin and muscles.", "Yes, but only for a very short time. You've got to think of the environment you'd be in - no oxygen, caustic chemicals, likely poisonous gases. If you survived the mouth my guess is you'd be unconscious and or suffocated within a minute or less.", "No. There was actually a lot of news stories in late 19th century about people surviving in whale stomachs. \n\nAlso survival depends on the animal. For example, a whale contains more than 1 stomach. The first stomach doesn't secrete any digestive juices, but the pressure inside it would crush a human. \n\nI would recommend reading Gulp by Mary roach. There's a few chapters in it, about this ", "Man survived being swallowed by a [hippo](_URL_0_)", "Did you happen to watch \"Sharknado\" before asking this question?" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/05/07/man-swallowed-by-hippo-lives-to-write-about-it/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dxbg1dn", "dxbori4", "dxc8m41", "dxc9xkh" ], "score": [ 17, 34, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Here's what I remember from my art history days...\n\nIn Chinese art there is a \"right\" way to do pretty much everything from holding the brush to applying ink to paper. This is easily controlled because artists were all from guilds(forget the Chinese word for it) and the artists that made the most well known lions were all part of the royal artists guild. This leads to highly uniform stylized art. That's why all \"foo dogs\" look the same. They are all emulating the work of an agreed upon master. Also many sculptures are not made by one person so having standards made it a lot easier. The Chinese are by no means unique in this respect. ", "Mostly because lions are not native to China. Imagine this: one person saw it, and tries to describe it in text, and the artisans tries to create something from the text, pretty much what Chinese lions looks now is what we get. Then newer generations simply copy and add their own interpretations, similar to Burrito is kinda of American food instead of Mexican food.\n\nThis compares to how tigers, which is native to China, are accurately depicted. ", "i believe you’re talking about sculptures of lions usually seen outside temples and such. i was taught that they weren’t meant to be representations of the animal, but rather as guardians of the location. they are more “stylized” in order to frighten demons or evil spirits. ", "From my understanding, and feel free to correct me, is that they kinda based them of Tibetan Mastiffs. Which were kinda bred to like lions" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crqaud4", "crqav3r", "crqaxcz", "crqc35x", "crqcctx" ], "score": [ 9, 5, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Child nudity is illegal if it appeals to the prurient interest -- that is, for sexual gratification. Child nudity is legal if it is for a legitimate artistic, educational or scientific purpose.\n\nSo, what you're describing clearly falls into the category of artistic.", "It's non-sexual nudity. It's not gratuitous. It's relevant to the plot. If someone is getting turned on by naked 6 year olds in Auschwitz, they are the ones with the problem, not the film makers or censors.\n\nAlso, I imagine, the children's parents were on hand at all times, and there a procedures and laws that have to be followed for children on film, even when those children are keeping their clothes on, so I doubt those children were in the least bit traumatized by their experience.", "Child pornography laws work in a similar way to regular pornography laws, where it depends on the context and contents of the picture. This is unfortunately an arbitrary line which leads us to the whole \"I know it when I see it\" bit when describing porn vs. art, but such is life.\n\nConsider, for example, a parent who takes a picture of their kid in the bathtub, or a picture of a toddler being a toddler and running around naked. I don't think anyone would call that child pornography, despite the fact that it obviously has nudity.\n\nThe idea is that they are not showing nude children for the intent of sexual arousal. While someone who's *truly* fucked in the head could probably get aroused by it, it definitely was not the intention of the artist and free speech says that they should be allowed to do it.", "so the answer people are giving is that it has to be non sexual, but isn't there still an issue of being able to consent?", "The depiction of child nudity in a non-sexual context has become as unusual/taboo as it is only fairly recently. The Blue Lagoon (1980, I think) is a good example — the first half hour or so the protagonists are children, and they're pretty much naked all the time. Utterly inconceivable today in a big Hollywood movie. Back then, no one batted an eyelid." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cuitv5d", "cuitv64", "cuitwzq", "cuitykz", "cuiubje", "cuivik8", "cuiwhuk", "cuix4dp", "cuj4xim", "cuj5hmp", "cuj7te7", "cujc86n" ], "score": [ 13, 5, 10, 2, 27, 17, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "There are multiple people from the medical field running in the US presidential election right now.\n\nThe sciences tend to contribute relatively few people to politics because it is a less straightforward path than it is from some other careers.", "The personality and lifestyle required to be a scientist or doctor are not highly compatible with those required to be a world-leading political candidate. It would be a very uncommon combination of personal attributes.", "There have been a few, for example Ron Paul is a doctor, he ran for president in 1988, 2008, and 2012. His son Rand is also a doctor and running this year. ", "That's what advisors are for, it takes a special kind I'd personality to be a winning politician and as for me and a lot (not all) of other scientists and engineers we are not very good at winning over the hearts of people and so it's best for us to give advice from the shadows", "The presidency, hell, pretty much any elected office, is a popularity contest. The talking head tells us a beautiful story about all the magical things that they will do, if only we'd give them our vote. Then we get strung along just long enough to reelect them and they proceed to do whatever the heck they originally wanted to do for the last years in office. \n\nScience is, generally, a truthful thing. The personality that enjoys discovering new facts and sharing them with the world doesn't mesh well with the give and take of politics.\n\nSure, I'm bitter, probably wrong, but this is the reality I see from year to year.\n\nedit: typos", "Ben Carson and both Rand and Ron Paul are MD's. Carson was amongst the most highly regarded fetal surgeons in the world. \n\nThough in my experience dealing with MD's, most don't seem like the type of people who would normally be attracted to politics. ", "Scientists work with truth, objectivity and evidence.\n\nPoliticians work with soundbites, easy answers and good teeth... Fuck, they really are gonna elect Trump, aren't they...", "People from those specific fields fill the cabinet roles. The president is a leader, she uses the advice of experts to make decisions. ", "Politics and business are actually incredibly similar fields, though. They both involve a lot of networking, charisma, leadership, and people skills. Think about it, though - politicians don't really worry about their credentials. A lot are businesspeople and lawyers (since I suppose it's loosely tied to legislature), but most of the time it's about the *person* and not what the person *is*.\n\nI, for example, have no clue what Obama did before government. Or Angela Merkel. Or David Cameron. Hell, in my country, our president never even finished high school. But who cares, because we vote them in for their policies and stances. If I were firmly in favour of candidate B over candidate A, finding out that A is an engineer while B was a schoolteacher isn't really going to sway me.\n\nAlso, science fields tend to attract more reserved, bookish people, who don't usually aspire to being in front of crowds or \"acting\" in the way politicians do. They're also usually no bullshit types, which doesn't gel at *all* with politics.", "Highly educated types might not want to deal with the avalanche of bullshit that being a politician entails. It's a lot of work, lots of stress, people want to kill you for stupid reasons, and at the end of the day half of your constituents or more hate your ass just because you did your job.\n\nFuck that noise.", "Scientists and doctors are far too busy actually improving the world to spend all their time promising to do it. ", "This is speculative, but here goes. The kind of person who gets a PhD and the kind of person who is successful in politics are largely different. \n\nFor starters, unlike a bachelor's or masters, a PhD is a career path itself. Most people who get phds do so in order to go into academia or research. So already phds are self selecting away from public service. \n\nFurther, think about the kind of person who is interested in government and law. Those kinds of people usually become lawyers or study government at University. A JD is a terminal degree, so usually no need for a PhD. And in things like government or political science, you often don't need a PhD unless you're going into academia. \n\nLastly, the fact that someone is intelligent enough to get a PhD is a specific field does not make them intelligent in other areas, or good at politics. They are an expert in one very specific field, and you should be wary of trusting them on other matters simply because they have a PhD. Witness Ben Carson, Republican candidate and widely respected surgeon, who IMO has some incredibly stupid views on government and is clearly not a skilled politician. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ek6kqb7", "ek6kzoc" ], "score": [ 4, 2 ], "text": [ "The things you drink are broken down by acid and enzymes in your gut, and the components absorbed in to your blood, which is immediately run through your liver, where further chemical breakdown takes place. There is no \"wine\" or \"pepsi\" at this point - there is water, and sugars, and fats, and proteins, and some other metabolites in small quantities. The blood is then circulated, use made of the various components as required, and then it goes to your kidneys, where some water and unwanted metabolites (including urea, a yellowish by-product of protein breakdown) is pulled out into the bladder, where you pee it. Tldr; the pee isn't the stuff you put in. It's excess water and unwanted stuff. ", "Remember - everything you Pee - came out of your blood. Not everything you consume ends up in the bloodstream... " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czwabji", "czwabkr", "czwazk6" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 6 ], "text": [ "Short answer is it affects your deep sleep, so it's kinda like only taking a light nap, for your entire sleep duration. Sure, you have been resting the whole time, but you haven't effectively been truly sleeping, which is what your brain needs. This is why if you smoke often before sleeping, you'll find you have a harder time wanting to get out of bed, because you did not get \"A good night's sleep\".", "Well for me personally i began smoking with friends back in high school just as recreational thing, never really got tired from it. as i got older i dont know why maybe it was the kind of weed i was smoking or what but i would just get tired and my girlfriend at the time would get horny. and we would have sex (with her doing most of the work lol) and i would just pass out. after we broke up i would smoke and use it to fall alseep. it wasnt til i stopped because i was looking for a new job and wasnt allowed to smoke because of drug tests i would have to do to get the job, i realized i couldnt sleep. i feel as i became dependent on it to fall asleep so maybe thats why its bad for sleep, but then again i never slept better when i was smoking. So from my experience being dependent on it to fall asleep is the only bad part, not saying thats everyone but for me thats how it kind of went.", "All I know is after I stop smoking (for two or more days after daily use) my dreams become SUPER vivid and weird. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cra7r6p", "cra8ah1", "cra8det", "cradpkm" ], "score": [ 10, 6, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Simple reason is that gardens are far more effort. Flowers, herbs, vegetables, etc require far more micro-management.\n", "This would be good question to ask over at r/historians. Lawns haven't actually been around for very long. They evolved in victorian times as a status symbol of the elite classes. Only in the last 50-100 years did the technology for maintaining a lawn drop in price enough that everyday folk could afford it. Now of course, they're still a status symbol (for keeping up with the joneses) but we've also found recreational use for them, especially families with children. Long story short, lawns are a symptom of western societies many excesses, and yes, of course we'd be better (and healthier) if we all had produce gardens instead. ", "Gardens take a shitload of work to maintain. Grass is super resilient and just needs water. Also the purpose of lawns is so children can play on the property. Not doable with gardens.", "Funnily enough we don't differentiate between 'lawn' and 'garden' here in the UK. They're all just called gardens." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czcq6n2" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Different language origins and culture. \nThe polish name for Germany translates to \"the mute ones\" because Poland could never really communicate with them (as opposed to other slavs). The german name for Germany comes from the old german word for \"people\" so it's basically \"land of the people\". English name \"Germany\" comes from the roman belief of the \"germanic tribe\".\n\nDifferent countries don't care for how the countries call themselves. They create the names that suits them best, which they can use best in communication." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cf1uzrs" ], "score": [ 6 ], "text": [ "Stormproof matches are basically regular matches with a light coating of wax to keep them waterproof. Scratching the match on a surface removes the wax, then simply strike like normal. You can easily make your own waterproof matches by simply dipping regular matches in melted candle wax. Cover the head of the match in a thin but complete layer of wax. Simple enough.\n\nYour survival kit should always include multiple ways to start a fire, especially in bad weather. Waterproof matches are good. Cotton balls with a bit of petroleum jelly (vaseline) on them make for great tinder. Finally, a flint striker is also very easy to include in any kit. Redundancy in your fire starting capabilities (as well as your water collection capabilities) can mean a big difference if you are in a situation where you need to use the survival kit. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d082jsv", "d085ntj" ], "score": [ 6, 3 ], "text": [ "There are so many variables that are very different for every plant. First is type of soil, how well it drains and ph. Second is the ph of the water and amount of water you give it, most plants do not like their roots soaked all the time. Third is what type of nutrients the plant needs and whether its getting needed nutrients from the soil or you have to supplement them via fertilizer. Fourth is how much light they get both in intensity and duration. Fifth is air temperature, for instance cold weather is what makes apples sweet, if you grow an apple tree in a warm climate it may fruit but it will be sour, similarly in you grow a coconut palm in a climate too cool it will not yield any coconuts. Last is pests, I have many plants that were destroyed by insects, grubs, mole crickets and animals; I had racoons knaw off the base of corn stalks until it fell over then they ate the corn, bastards killed 1/2 acre of sweet corn.", "Factor 1: Soil. Many plants are adapted to very specific soil compositions, including the balance of organic matter, the microorganisms in the soil, and most importantly the way the soil holds or drains water. Some plants are adapted to a wider range of soil types while others are capable of thriving only in a certain area. Grasses, for example, are pretty well adapted to various conditions. A cactus will be much pickier and need soil that doesn't hold water long at all. \n\n\nFactor 2: Light. Some plants come from regions that they are very precisely adapted to. Plants growing in a jungle floor expect different light than those that might grow on a riverbank or a hillside. This is difficult to replicate. Again, this will come down to the evolutionary history of that species and the kind of environmental variance that it's ancestors encountered.\n\nFactor 3: Air temperature, air flow, + humidity - again, this is all about adaptation. A plant that has a varied ancestral lineage might be able to handle lots of temperature or humidity fluctuations, whereas one that has stuck in a single environment (dessert, jungle) may not be able to respond properly to changes in air quality as easily.\n\nFactor 4: quality vs quantity. Some plants are adapted to produce few offspring but to have those offspring be very robust. Some plants have continued to survive by producing thousands of offspring with the chance that a couple will survive. If you are trying to grow a single specimen of this latter type of plant, you might expect that the odds are against you.\n\nFactor 5: Luck. Seriously, sometimes it's just about luck.\n\nTl;Dr - all plants are \"strong\" when they are in the environment that thry are adapted for. Trying to grow them outside that environment will reveal the ways that thry are \"weak\"\n\n\nEdit: fixed font size nightmare." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "di95vmu", "di960gx" ], "score": [ 3, 3 ], "text": [ "they have pumps at the distribution center. Fill up when they get back at the end of the shift so the truck is ready to go for the next day.\n\nthey buy enough gas its worth it to buy direct. no reason to cut a 3rd party in on their gas payments.", "They have their own \"gas stations\" that are privately owned to cut costs. They buy the gas in bulk because it is cheaper.\n\nSame applies to cops, school buses, and other fleet vehicles." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dka1dr6" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Perfume is a complex substance made up of essential oils, extracts, alcohol, water, wax, and other complex molecules and they all evaporate at different rates. \n\nIn general the more volatile a molecule and the lower it's vapor pressure, the quicker it will evaporate, creating a strong scent, but not lasting as long. The lighter the molecule the faster it will evaporate and bring scent with it. The heavier and more resinous or oily the molecule, the longer it will last but the slower it will give up it's scent.\n\nThe scents usually come in one of 3 forms, water based, oil based, or alcohol based. Some extracts result in essential oil like rose oil. Others are extracted by soaking in fat to extract the scent, then using alcohol or ether to separate the fats from the scent, and these are usually the alcohol based ones. Still others like rose water are pretty much adding the natural substance to water and letting it steep, then filtering the resulting elixir. \n\nMost perfumes are made up of different chords of scents which are mixtures of individual scents or notes. The most volatile are the head notes, which are what you initially smell the most when you apply a perfume. These last a few minutes up to an hour usually.\n\nNext are the heart notes which are slightly heavier and less volatile and these are what you tend to smell a few minutes to a few hours after applying it. \n\nAn the very last are the bass notes which are the heaviest, most resinous scents which are less volatile, give up their scent very slowly, but may last for hours or days. \n\n\nThese differences in evaporation and volatility are the reason why many perfumes change scent over time or \"develop\". The amount of perfume oil or concentrated scent in proportion to water and alcohol also affect the strength of the scent and it's longevity. Eau de parfume (perfume water) tends to have a higher concentration of fragrance to alcohol and water than eau de toilet (bath water) for instance. So the parfume versions are more expensive as there is more scent in them, but they also last longer than the more watered down eau de toilet which in turn is stronger than the super weak aftershave/body lotion versions. Some perfumes are also available as oil, which is pure scent with maybe a little oil to water it down. These tend to be very strong and are applied sparingly. The word perfume itself comes from par fumer which means \"through smoke\" as in walking through incense smoke, which was one of the earlier ways people experienced scent. Smelling as if you walked through incense or perfume is a way of saying the scent lingers on you. \n\nFor instance if you mixed lemon grass, cedar oil, and patchouli together, the initial scent would be very citrusy, followed by a more woodsy smell for a few hours, and finally ending in a more dry and dark earthy smell. \n\nA persons body heat, body chemistry, the local temperature and humidity all will impact the longevity and sillage (how strong the scent is). Some scents are better suited to cold climates and winter time and others are more of a summer scent for use when it's warmer. For instance a scent which smells great in the winter, may be over powering if worn in the summer because it flashes into scent at a high rate making your eyes water. (Angel for men I'm looking at you!)\n\nSource - Im a grown man that loves perfume and cologne, has read many books on them, makes their own scents for fun, and is afraid to reveal how many bottles he owns. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ckgmf74" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Microphones measure pressure waves by responding to moving air. Wind also moves air. The fluffy things reduce the amount of wind noise the microphone picks up. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eu6a5wp", "eu70jc1" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Throw a pebble in a pond, and it will make waves. \n\nThrow two pebbles in that pond and when their waves meet, they'll make extra big waves and extra big troughs. \n\nThe bigger waves in this case and troughs are bigger pressure differences we hear as sound. \n\nSame idea. \n\nYou can actually align the speakers to cancel each other out which is how noise cancelling works (trough meets wave and they sum to zero)", "Sound acts as a wave of energy. This is a logarithmic function which implies that as you add sources of sound (at the same volume) they add onto one another but as you increase the number of things, the addition of sound lessens off with each additional item. \n\nExample: person claps their hands. This is as loud as a single clap, repeating. Another person joins in. This is not twice as loud but it is louder than one! Now an audience of 2999 claps in unison for a concert. The concert has one more person join to make the claps of 3000 people, but no one noticed, even though there was an increase in volume." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d2gbw1u", "d2gc4e2" ], "score": [ 7, 2 ], "text": [ "I don't think it's a matter of nostalgia. Rather, it's a consequence of how music distribution has changed the fandom.\n\nFrom the 1920s to the 1970s or so, a great deal of people's exposure to music was through radio. And the radio stations aired certain songs, so those songs were heard by millions of people, and the best of them became insanely popular.\n\nBut in the 1980s, cassette tapes became widespread, allowing people to seek out music more closely associated with their personal tastes. And in the 1990s and onwards, the rise of the Internet and portable music players made this *ridiculously* easy. We're no longer all exposed to the same songs, because the distribution channels we get our music through now allow us to select precisely the kind of music we want, and ignore the rest. Jazz fans listen to jazz, metalheads listen to metal, people who like country or techno or rap find themselves country or techno or rap and listen to that, after their own tastes. As a result, the fandom is now *vastly* more heterogenous, with the best songs in each genre getting exposure among fans of that genre but not so much among the general population.", "The newer music is the less time it has had to fully mature. Plus what I think is more important to consider is that tastes and accessibility have broaden considerably. So many sub-genres have emerged. There still certainly are classics in every era but instead, lets just say 100 people like 10 albums back then, now we have 100 liking 50. There are still Circles who praise an album, they just merely shrunk and spread out.\n\nSome \"Classics\" that appeal to my personal taste staring from the 90's:\n\nRust in Piece\n\nAeroplane Over the Sea\n\nNevermind\n\nIn Utero\n\nLowend Theory\n\nElephant\n\nAutomatic for the People\n\nPinkerton\n\nGrace\n\nDookie\n\nIs This It\n\nLift Yr. Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven!\n\nLoveless\n\nWhatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not\n\nRage Against The Machine\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e31jkfa", "e31jvp1", "e31p3ob" ], "score": [ 3, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "If you eat it you don’t “have” it anymore. Things meant to be used, should be used and enjoyed without remorse. ", "I've heard that in Italian the phrase is \"he wants his wine unopened and his wife drunk.\"\n\nIt means you're gonna have to let go of one side of whatever you're talking about. You can't have both.", "You can't have your cake and eat it too.\n\nIt means that life is not fair. You can't always get everything you want. Sometimes you have to make sacrifices to get what you want.\n\nYou want to get into a good college and you want to party every weekend. \nIf you party every weekend, you don't study. You don't study, you get bad grades. You get bad grades, you don't get into a good college. Now you have great social skills but no education so no great future.\n\nIf you dont go to parties, you study a lot. You study a lot, you get good grades. You get good grades, you go to a good college. But since you never partied, you never developed social skills. Now you have a great job but no family, or friends. So no great future.\n\nBasically it means that life just sucks all the way around." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "depjkhz", "depk253", "depl74y" ], "score": [ 3, 9, 3 ], "text": [ "It is also a problem in other countries. I think that these people take things to serious.\nI mean, at the end of the day its just a sport and you won't have any disadvantages if your team loses. Just calm down and enjoy the sport.", "I did this once, and to try and explain it - there is no where else in society where violence and aggression is tolerated. You cant just yell and scream at work, and if you do a meeting will probably be scheduled with the HR lady. \n\nGoing to football, you can pay 50 pounds for the right to hate those fuckers rights there. God every thing about them is horrible, and a nice song has been made about it wankers. \n\nIts an extension of these, a place where both hate and violence is tolerated in a fixed setting, and everyone there is \"not civilians\" \n\nThere are rules, no weapons or stomping on peoples heads. And lastly, when you do get hit in the head really hard - you suddenly know exactly what you want. - its a strange feeling of clarity. \n\nAfterwards you go have a beer with your WAR BUDDIES, and you tell stories of valor and glory - or it looked funny when mike got hit in the face. \n\nIts primitive as fuck, and the only reason where this sort of caveman behaviour has a place. ", "These days genuine football violence is much more common in e.g. Brazil or Eastern Europe than in the UK - see [here] (_URL_0_) for a global overview from 2013. In some parts of the UK, the team rivalry is inextricably linked to cultural and ethnic divisions, most famously in Glasgow where Celtic = Irish/Catholic and Rangers = Scottish/Protestant. In other parts of the UK the rivalries have subsided over time e.g. Edinburgh (Hearts vs Hibs) or Liverpool (Liverpool vs Everton, where the rivalrly was [debateable] (_URL_1_) ). " ] }

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[ [], [], [ "https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/dec/19/football-violence-view-around-world", "http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/english-soccer/question-of-religion-as-basis-for-support-still-contentious-1.1655070" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dkkos09" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Special forces are people with an elevated level of training and skill. They can be embedded within normal troop squads (for example, a sniper in overwatch of a squad or patrol area).\n\nSpecial Operation Forces are a team of Special Forces who are used with a specific mission (for example, go take this water pumping station behind enemy lines).\n\nedit for clarity: The question was not about US Special operation force types. The question is about NATO map marking symbols." ] }

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[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Joint_Military_Symbology", "http://i.imgur.com/pbLxHDm.png" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "cxazop6", "cxb5v3m", "cxb81ii", "cxbqriy" ], "score": [ 28, 4, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Your sinuses and ears are connected via a thin tube called the eustachion tube. Sometimes the tube gets kinked like a hose and the free flow of air is blocked. A change in pressure outside your head, like flying in a plane, can make the air stuck in your head seem pressured. Yawning aligns the tube, allowing the extra pressure air in your head to flow out via your ears.", "Did anyone else yawn when reading the title? you probably yawned now", "Some of us can \"pop\" our ears on purpose and on demand. It's a tremendously useful ability, especially if you fly a lot.", "If you have jaw / ear pain, TMJ, see an Osteopath ( like a chiropractor), a chiropractor that performs Graston tissue remodelling or a chiropractor that performs NUCCA, an adjustmennt to the neck. Treatments and 1x adjustments will get you out of pain permanently.\n\n\nAlso, Dentists can perform prolotherapy for TMJ though I haven't had that done." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dffks1e", "dffku2x", "dffkuuc", "dffn7ei", "dffng0l" ], "score": [ 8, 3, 7, 2, 2 ], "text": [ " > if the baby chick is the yolk\n\nIt's not. The yolk is *nutrients* for the baby chick as it develops inside the egg. Mammals get the nutrients they need from their mother's blood via the placenta, but for birds, they need a way to get those nutrients while inside an egg, and that comes from both the egg yolk and egg white.\n\nThe actual baby chick starts as a tiny clump of cells attached to the yolk.\n\nThe eggs we buy at the store were never fertilized by a rooster, so there's no embryo inside it. Just the yolk and white that would have been used as nutrients for the embryo if it had existed.", "The eggs we get are unfertilized. The white would be the chicken. The yolk is the nutrient the baby chick would eat. Chickens lay eggs whether they are fertilized or not. They ovulate just like we do but more frequently. ", "Chickens lay eggs regardless of being exposed to a rooster... so if there isn't a rooster with the chickens (which is the case in supermarket eggs).... then the egg is never fertilized therefore it will never result in a chick. So no worries!", "If the eggs *are* fertilised then the embryo will be killed by the low temperatures and not develop into a chick. You won't see or taste any difference. The embryo only develops if the egg is kept warm (in nature by the hen sitting on it).", "In many females species eggs are formed and need to be flushed for fresh eggs. In humans, this happens when a women has her period. In birds, it happens when they lay an egg. The yolk is not a baby bird, the yolk is the \"food\" that the baby bird would utilize if the egg had been fertilized by a male.\n\nThe eggs you get at the grocery store are generally from female chickens, no males to mate with, and they are all unfertilized. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ctw8cjd", "ctw8gz9", "ctw8oby" ], "score": [ 5, 17, 5 ], "text": [ "Google is now trying to change that and force updates regardless of the carrier.\n\nThe problem is that many carriers include custom programming on their handsets, which may include custom apps, configurations, themes / user interface elements, etc.\n\nSome of these custom (carrier-specific) features may break upon updating the phone's Operating System so the phone/OS manufacturers often give carriers time (or the right to decide when) to push the update to their customers' handsets to make sure it doesn't break functionality or cause bugs etc. that may hurt the customer experience.", "Updates from Apple never go through your service provider. Apple controls the software and hardware of the iphones. Service providers are not allowed to make any changes to ios so you get your updates directly and immediately when they are out.\n\nGoogle, on the other hand, allows service providers to add their own programs and applications to android. You need to wait for updates because your service provider also first needs to update any additional programming they have added before they can role out the complete update.", "Specifically for Android.\n\nAndroid is open source. Which means that in simplified terms, Google will produce a \"base\" version of Android that cell phone makers then can modify and put on their phones. So this provides a first layer of variance. Then carriers will often modify the OS further before actually selling you the phone which creates a second layer of variance.\n\nAt this point if you were to create a blanket update to be applied to version X of android it likely would not be fully compatible with version X of cell phone model Y of carrier Z.\n\nSo essentially when Google identifies a weakness on Android OS, they can't simply create an update and force it onto your phone. They first have to present a version of the update to the cell phone makers and get approval for that update to be applied to a certain model of phones. Then they have to contact your carrier and get an even more specific version of the update specifically for that model and that carrier.\n\nThis layer of variance and of required bureacratic approval is why once a vulnerability has been identified it can take weeks for the update to actually be on your phone." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cfim56k" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Wireless Internet is transmitted via radio signal. Radio is easily disrupted, by microwaves, tvs, hell, even Christmas trees. It's a fickle thing. The second part to this is how this information is sent and received. It is transmitted via small \"packets\" of information. When the signal is disrupted, these packets can be lost, and you will end up lower via quality because it's missing some of the data. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcetpgh" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "A roux is made by taking oil (or butter) and flour, which is made up of several types of starch, and *slowly* evaporating all available water molecules in the flour by heating the oil-flour mixture. This causes the color to change from a white/creamy color, to a darker color. If the roux is heated too long, the starches will start to break down (burn).\n\nCheese is a mix of several types of molecules, like lactose sugars, proteins, and fats. Protein molecules like to stick together, and these proteins provides a framework for fats and sugars to spread out, since those two usually don't mix well together. The result of *slowly* adding cheese to a roux is the protein in the cheese can spread together with the starch in the roux, and allow the sugar and fat to \"ooze\" out and create a creamy sauce. \n\nThis article [here](_URL_0_) explains it well." ] }

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[ [ "https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2016/01/25/better-macaroni-and-cheese-through-science/4ajKeGFOKChDzN1ZYXiWeK/story.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dctgzu7" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ " > I'm guessing it unlocks it with a frequency value, but there must be something more?\n\nIt's not just something more. It's everything more. There is no \"secret frequency\" that's used. Instead, the keyfob and car both have electronic circuits that create psuedo-random numbers. Both the circuits are initialized with the same value, so they both produce the same sequence of numbers. Every time you press the unlock button on your remote, it sends the next number. The car keeps a list of the next hundred or so numbers in the sequence, and if it sees one of those numbers, it unlocks, and resets the sequence to the next hundred numbers from there (so that you have some leeway to accidentally press the button a few times on your remote without getting locked out of the car)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d11aphd" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "most colleges do have rounds of acceptance... the notification is automated, easier to click the button for everyone in a group when your ready to. see how many accept first round and then send a 2nd round, and a third," ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbklnrw", "cbkr8ji" ], "score": [ 10, 4 ], "text": [ "A small plasma cutter requires ~2500 watts. A small space heater burns the same amount of electricity, so there isnt a lethal amount of energy. Also, with a plasma arc, the point that reaches extreme temps is very small, and the energy is quickly dissipated into the metal and the air. \n", "You can imagine a match burning, it's flame is maybe a cubic inch. Well that is the stored energy in the match being turned into heat over the space of around a cubic inch and it burns for maybe 15 seconds and at maybe 1200F. Now if you were to take the amount of energy required to cause a flame for that time and temperature over that amount of space, and concentrate it to the size of a pencil tip and release it in 1/100th of a second instead of 15, well then the temperature goes way up because much fewer particles are being vibrated much much more rapidly. A plasma cutter gets so hot because it is a reasonable amount of energy being released really really rapidly in a very concentrated area. Hope that makes sense." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "eirbica", "eird3bo", "eirtzkz" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "If the armor is not pierced they would be jostled severely, but not much more than if they hit bad potholes. \n\nIf the armor is pierced then they would be facing the percussive energy of whatever pierced them. Shrapnel from that projectile as well as their own armor. There is a major risk of fire, which in turn means that all of the ammo they are carrying is at risk of exploding in addition to the threat of being in a confined space with smoke and fire. In general they will blow up and be ripped to shreds by their own ammo. ", "Smoke and fire from the fuel and ammunition.\n\nAmmo can cook off when struck, not necessarily exploding but cooking like fireworks.\n\nExplosive force from the round itself can knock the crew around if not outright kill them.\n\nDebris and shrapnel bouncing around inside of the tank.\n\nEven if the tank wasn't penetrated the force of impact could throw the guys around or causing spalling which is when material from the inside face of the armor plating sheers off and flies around the inside of the tank like shrapnel.\n\nOne story from a Sherman crew states they were shot at by a Tigers 88mm gun. They heard a horrendous noise and then saw an 88mm hole in the front armor and matching one in the rear. The shell had passed clean through the tank and it's engine before exploding behind them. That's how much more powerful the German guns were compared to the American tanks armor.", "Depends what they're hit by and where it hits. In most cases, you'll have dead or injured crew members, but there are a lot of cases that kill the whole crew but leave you a mostly functional tank\n\nTanks have the majority of their armor on the front with some on the sides but very little on the rear. A hit to the big front armored plate(glacis plate) isn't going to do nearly as much to the inside of the tank as a hit on the side will, that's why they put the big armor plate on the front.\n\nThere are 5 main types of tank shell - Armor Piercing(AP), High Explosive(HE), High Explosive Anti-Tank(HEAT), High Explosive Squash Head(HESH), and less commonly AP Shells with no explosives which were sometimes APCR.\n\nArmor Piercing shells generally had an explosive charge inside of them that would go off after they made it through the armor. If it penetrated into the main body of the tank and detonated that's it for the crew, and the ammo in the tank will likely go up as well.\n\nAn HE round will explode on contact, it'll jar the occupants of the tank and can break things on the outside of the tank or start fires. Its not really meant for hard(armored) targets like tanks\n\nHEAT rounds are HE rounds designed for Anti-Tank purposes(its literally in the name). They're shaped charges which means the explosive would focus a stream of hot metal to cut through the armor, once its through it'll start fires inside the tank and spray hot metal on the crew, generally bad.\n\nHESH rounds are interesting in that they aren't trying to get through the armor, they're letting the armor do the work. When you hit a piece of metal you will cause fragments to break off on the other side which is called spalling, if you hit a large piece of metal with a good sized explosion you'll cause lots of fragments to break off inside. HESH rounds would hit, squish, spread out along the armor, and then detonate turning the inside layer of the armor into a shotgun inside the tank. Very bad for the crew, not too bad for the physical tank.\n\nAPCR rounds didn't have an explosive charge but they were really good at punching through anything in their way. This includes but is not limited to engines, transmissions, crew, guns, ammunition racks, and the other side of the tank. They would often break up on the otherside of whatever they just hit and spray around the inside of the tank but sometimes they'd just go right through. They're good if you're shooting a tank bigger than you but not if your AP round could get through anyway." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cqwt8vu", "cqwtbgz", "cqwtdy6" ], "score": [ 4, 9, 3 ], "text": [ "If some one can answer please do? I am curious as well", "For you and /u/spartan1124\n\n_URL_3_\n\n_URL_6_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_5_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_4_\n\nTl:dr They're both big boxers, the best of the best, who haven't happened to fight each other before. They will both get a lot of money no matter what, the fight is pay to view and they organisers will make a lot of money, the fighters over a million each. People don't like one of them because he beats up his wife.", "This was a fight 5 years in the making between 2 of the best boxers of this era. Fans of the sport were extremely excited when this fight was finally announced and it was being dubbed the \"Fight of the Century\".\n\nUnfortunately, it didn't meet up to expectations because a lot of casual fans, including myself, didn't realize that Mayweather is a very technical boxer rather than an aggressive fighter like Pacquiao. For that reason, Mayweather won by unanimous decision even though most people were rooting for Pacqiao to win.\n\ntl;dr Big fight didn't live up to the hype surrounding it. " ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34p3d4/eli5_what_is_the_big_deal_with_the_mayweather_vs/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34ojhe/eli5_whats_the_big_deal_with_this_fight_tonight/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34o7ah/eli5_why_are_people_protesting_against_the_expo/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34ny8e/eli5_importance_of_the_fight_between_pacquiao_and/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34oxxj/eli5the_fight_of_the_century/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34o1q2/eli5_why_is_this_manny_pacquiao_and_floyd/", "http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34nxls/eli56040_split_of_the_mayweather_vs_pacquiao_fight/" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cprqece", "cprrzaq" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "The different \"dialects\" of Chinese are really different languages -- we group them together because they share the same writing system and are all related, but honestly, they can be just as different as, say, French and Italian. \n\nSo China isn't really an exception at all: it's just a great big region with a bunch of different languages spoken in it, like many other places in the world. ", "Most, if not all, languages have dialects which often differ greatly, almost to the point of being almost mutually unintelligible.\n\nEnglish comes in a huge variety of dialects. I happen to speak more or less the standard Oxford British English with some Westcountry influence, but if you have ever heard Scouse, Geordie, Cockney, Brum or Glaswegian, you'd probably barely recognise them as being the same language. And that's just England and Scotland: in America, you have the standard General American dialect, and then you have things like New York, Yooper, South Midland, Tidewater, and so on.\n\nI live in Germany, and the German language family encompasses a wide variety of dialects (some, like Dutch, considered separate languages) divided into two broad groups: Low in the north and High in the south. I can give you an idea of what that entails by explaining my wife's dialect.\n\nMy wife speaks a West Germanic language. West Germanic includes German, Dutch, Flemish, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic and some other more obscure languages like Faroese.\n\nNarrowing it down, my wife's dialect is a High German dialect, part of a group of dialects spoken in Austria, Switzerland and southern parts of Germany. Narrowed down further, and it's a Central German dialect, spoken in a broad band stretching from Luxemburg in the west to the Polish border in the east. Specifically, it's a West Central dialect spoken in the western half of that band. Drilling further down, it's part of the Rhine-Franconian group, spoken in most of the state of Hesse and parts of Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Bavaria and over the French border in Lorraine. It can be further classified as Hessian, then South Hessian, then Lower Mainland; and if you go deeper than that, you're looking at individual villages, and those distinctions have now been blurred out -- but listening to older people, you can still tell (if you have a good ear) which end of the valley they were born in.\n\nThe point is, dialects and accents are alive and well, even if you don't realise it. Of course, when we talk about Chinese \"dialects\", we're really talking about a group of languages: in the same way that the Germanic family includes German, Dutch, Swedish and so on, so the Chinese family includes Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu and so on. It's roughly on that level.\n\nBy the way, there's no good way to define the difference between a dialect and a language. Dutch can be viewed as a dialect of German, or Portuguese as a dialect of Spanish; while Swiss German is so hard for Germans to understand, that they sometimes need subtitles." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cx4ojwy" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Both are entities under state law, so the answer will depend upon the state where they're organized as well as the state or states where they'd doing business. If this is something you need to know for decision making, you need to see a lawyer.\n\nBusiness trusts are a much older concept. They're both more complicated and more flexible. Because of this, they're usually just used in very specialized cases where the flexibility outweighs the complexity. Mutual funds are among the most common examples of business trusts. \n\nBecause of their simplicity, LLCs have become the most common organized entity for small businesses. It would be extremely rare for a small business to be advised to form a business trust instead of an LLC. LLCs are even recommended more often than S-Corps. \n\nThere are some legitimate practitioners who, for valid reasons, may recommend a business trust or a corporation instead of an LLC for a small business, but that's a minority opinion these days. There are also people who recommend business trusts as a vehicle for illegal tax evasion - which gives such trusts a bad name. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "etjccpw", "etjkygi", "etjw2fw", "etjwk5t" ], "score": [ 3, 15, 6, 2 ], "text": [ "Depends where the break is. Growth in long bones like the leg occurs at growth plates, so growth should continue if the plates weren't compromised.", "A kid in my elementary school broke his leg before a growth spurt and they broke the other leg so that they would match. He missed the rest of the year and was in a wheelchair for a while.", "Yeah, sometimes they break them both, though now they have a way to make the legs even in length—if one leg doesn’t grow longer, they can break the leg at some later point and then move the two pieces apart. You’re immobilized for months. Every day they move the bones apart a bit more, and every day your body tries to bridge the gap by growing to fill the space. Eventually the legs are the same length again and then you have to build up your muscles. \n\nThe problem happens when you break something they can’t do this with. I know someone who broke her hip as an adolescent. It stopped growing. Now she needs to not gain any weight because her hip won’t be able to support it. Sometimes she’s in a wheelchair. Its hard because she was like 100 pounds when it happened, so now she needs to be very skinny as an adult. She’s have to be in a wheelchair for pregnancy.", "It completely depends on the location and size of the break. If it involves the growth plate, it could impact growth. If this is about your child, you’d get a more relevant answer by asking the doctor caring for him/her." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dwnifow", "dwnin5p" ], "score": [ 2, 11 ], "text": [ "Frequent, but that's not always the case.\n\nThe Clinton's claim to have been almost broke when they left the white house. They weren't made of money to begin with and even the 6 figure salary of the president wasn't enough to pay Bill's extensive legal bills, Chelsea's education etc.\n\nBut afterwards like many former heads of state and professional business people they began doing tours where they are paid significant amounts of money to do speeches. They sit on various boards etc like the Clinton foundation which pays them a salary. (I'm not going to discus it's dubious nature)\n\nLots of politicians end up getting jobs on various boards and committees or with corporations. Or getting an appointed position in a government owned organization. One of the upsides of accepting lobbying money is that they often take care of you financially after you leave office. Like getting a cushy executive job at a military contractor, pharmaceutical company, or big oil company etc that are profiting off legislation that you championed or helped push through.\n\nMany elite businessmen + lawyers who go into politics actually consider getting senate seat a retirement plan in and of itself because with the position comes a great benefits package and a government backed pension that only requires a few years of service to qualify for.", "Very few do. Most were wealthy before they started politics. But they do get paid fairly high salaries so that helps to maintain their wealth. They also tend to make a lot of connections and when they get out of office they often make a lot of money on the private sector. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dkcj1fj", "dkcjieb" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "A put or put option is a contract that gives the holder the right to sell stock at a certain price to the other party in the contract, but without an obligation to sell (it's the buyer's choice) usually either on or before before an expiration date. \n\nBecause they give one party a right without creating an obligation, they're a form of protection or insurance. The buyer pays a premium and gets to sell their stock at a certain price if the price drops. \n\nFor an example, if you bought a put option on Tesla from me, you might pay $1850 to sell me 100 shares before August 18, 2017, at a price per share of $320. You would only want do this if the price dropped below $320/share, but if the price dropped, you would get $320 per share from me no matter how low the price got. ", "A stock put is a type of stock option, that grants you the option to sell at a specified date for a set price. It's effectively a means of protecting stock you own, or for betting against a stock.\n\nLet's say you buy an 1 contract for August 140 puts on Apple. That means that the date August options expire, you would be able to sell 100 shares at $140 if you so choose. So if Apple drops to $125 by that time, you'd protect $15/share of gains. This might only cost you $1-2 per share to buy the contract.\n\nOr if you simply think the stock will fall, the put will increase in value as the strike price approaches \"in the money.\" So that $1-2/sh. you spend to buy the put option might be worth $10/share if the stock starts dropping and there's greater likelihood that it'll be below the $140 price. \n\nBecause there is a set expiration date, the values have a relationship to both the underlying stock and the time until the expiration. So a month out, the put option that's $10 in the money ($140 put, stock trading at $130) might cost $20 while the day of the expiration it'd be just about the difference between option value and stock itself." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "djlr8ln" ], "score": [ 18 ], "text": [ "In most cases, citizenship is not determined by international law, but only by the domestic law of the sovereign state granting a person citizenship of that state.\n\nThe child would be a Canadian citizen because it was born in Canada. The child would be a United States citizen because it was born the child of a U.S. citizen mother. And the child would be an Australian citizen because it was born to a father who is an Australian citizen.\n\nSome governments don't allow dual citizenship--they often make children elect which citizenship to keep at adulthood, or void the previous citizenship when the person becomes a citizen of another country. For example, this used to be the case in Australia. But currently that is not the case in either Canada, the U.S. or Australia--so it's entirely possible, if a bit unlikely, to be a Canadian, American as well as Australian citizen at the same time." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dhqbicf", "dhqbnck" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Collusion just means working together in secret or behind the scenes. It's not inherently a crime. It can be used loosely to describe the crime of conspiracy, which is committed when two or more people agree to commit some unlawful act, and then take some action toward committing the unlawful act. \n\nConspiracies are usually secret and therefore usually fit the definition of collusion. However, there must be some *other* identified crime that the parties are working toward in order to constitute criminal conspiracy.", "Collusion can be a legal term of art, but generally, it just means \"secretly working together,\" or something to that effect. It implies some degree of deception: outsiders are led to believe that the colluders are acting independently.\n\nIn some circumstances, it's important (or legally mandated) for two parties *not* to conspire against a third party: this comes up a lot in sports, where teams might collectively refuse to sign a certain player to push down his salary, not because they're trying to win, but to pay back a personal favor to each other.\n\nSometimes, it's just suspicious, and a sign that someone is not to be trusted." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cl2idf2", "cl2jrlu", "cl2k1as", "cl2ke56", "cl2kt70", "cl2lkfj", "cl2ls8d", "cl2mm6m" ], "score": [ 9, 24, 15, 2, 3, 10, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Not much, unless the dust is something allergen inducing (dander, mite poop), or with carcinogenic/irritating physical properties like asbestos. Or unless you have a compromised respiratory system, like from asthma or smoking. Healthy lungs do a great job handling everyday amounts of dust by using mucous to trap foreign particles and cilia (hair like appendages on cells) to push the dusty mucous out. Also, most of those two pounds of dust are settled on the ground where they aren't going to be inhaled.", "Where is your room exactly that it has two poinds of dust a month?", "ELI5: How did you figure 2 pounds of dust? Seems like way too much. Just curious.", "I heard once (maybe from a movie?) that household dust is roughly 80% skin. true?", "Two POUNDS. Of dust. Every MONTH ...what? Where the hell are you living?", "Not to worry, thanks to the mucociliary escalator. There are millions of fingerlike projections in your airway that all beat upwards. Goodbye dusty old mucus and hello new clean mucus. [Here's a super cheesy animation](_URL_0_). \n\nAlso check your air filter that's a lot of dust!", "I really hope someone answers this. I can dust my whole house every day and three days later there is a layer of dust on every surface a centimeter thick. I am not exaggerating but I wish I was.", "Beakman can ELI5 on this one. _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.colorado.edu/outreach/BSI/k12activities/interactive/actidhpamucociliary.html" ], [], [ "http://youtu.be/wtVGnoOJKfI?t=5m8s" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "e3ao5d7", "e3aonvm" ], "score": [ 3, 5 ], "text": [ "What little perfect circles are you talking about? I don't see them. I do see auras of light around very bright lamps, such as the street lamps at night. Is that what you're referring to?", "When you look at a single small light spot in the dark, does it have an [Airy Disk](_URL_0_) pattern? If so, it means your eyes are optically really good!\n\nThe airy disk pattern shows up when a lens such as the eye focuses a single light source down to a spot. Because a limited column of light enters your eye, it cannot focus to a sharp single point and instead has some ripples from the center that show up as rings. The closer you are to a symmetric airy disk, you closer you are to having the best possible optical lens.\n\nEveryone's eyes are different so people will have a wide variety of spots that they see. For example, without my glasses, a single spot in the dark becomes a grid of 12 points!" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disk" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cxy2f5y" ], "score": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Basically it's where a material will generate electricity if mechanical force is placed on it, and it will vibrate if electricity is placed on it. One of the more interesting aspects of physics, imo. If you get a piezoelectric material (generally quartz) of a specific thickness, it will vibrate at a specific frequency. Always. That's how we get quartz watches." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "fecl52z", "fecmi5l", "fecpvpv", "fecsqxa", "fecss1a", "fecwfp2", "fecxdh6", "fecyesh", "feczycg", "fed9efo", "fedb4of" ], "score": [ 2324, 180, 4, 6, 17, 9, 7, 12, 60, 2, 3 ], "text": [ "You’re getting a lot of pretty bad responses. The answer is simply that many lip balms contain ingredients that actually dry out, irritate, or sensitize the skin. Common culprits include lanolin, camphor, menthol, vitamin E, artificial fragrances, limonene/linalool, fragrant plant oils, and castor oil. Not everyone will react to all these ingredients, but it’s hard to find products that don’t use at least a few. Fragrances/flavors can also promote lip-licking, which can cause dryness.", "Oily / waxy substances like chapstick make the dead and dry layers of your lips softer, but they can't make them any less dead. They just make the dead layers peel off easier.\n\nI find that raw apple does a better job of exfoliating my dry lips and getting down to the live healthy layer of skin.", "I work in a cosmetics manufacturing facility that produces Chapstick brand products for Pfizer (among other companies). I’m one of the people that compounds all the “raw materials” together into a finished product in mixing kettles. I can tell you first hand there’s a lot of nasty stuff that goes into some of these products, some of which can indeed cause skin irritation, as well as respiratory inflammation when they’re heated and give off fumes. PPE like gloves, goggles, and respirator masks are a MUST around this stuff.", "I actually believe it is because the excess skin that was dry and damaged is falling off, while the chapstick hydrates and moisturizes the healthy skin underneathe.", "Chapstick/lip balm doesn’t completely keep your lips safe from drying out, and by the time you’ve applied it your lips are already chapped. Then it feels like you need to keep adding coats of chapstick, which is why it feels like it’s having a negative effect.", "There are many products for your lips that give temporary relief, but contain ingredients that make you reliant on the product. You have to use them more frequently for the same effect. I apologise for commenting without knowing the science, but I was on Accutane (Roaccutane), and I learned this the hard way. I got so addicted to an ordinary drug store product that I had to almost detox on Vaseline - which burned like hell because my lips were so cracked and peeling. Maybe you could research the product you are using to see if you are becoming reliant on it?", "Besides bad substance issues, lip balms are meant to peel off dead skin cells without further hurting healthy cells. Those cells that are already peeled off and hanging on one's lip cannot go back to moist fresh skin. With lip balms, you can safely peel it off without seeing blood.", "My wife had a bad reaction to chapstick (full red ring around her lips) the dermatologist recommended Aquaphor but it still has active ingredients. She put it on religiously and it just made things worse. She now uses Vaseline only and uses prescription lipstick. Some of these products are brutal.", "Chapstick/lipbalm is a class A drug that'll get you hooked in no time. Sure you lips feels moist but then you need a little more and a little more until suddenly you are 50k in debt to your local lip product dealer and still your lips are dry. Be smart kids don't do lip products.", "It is the mineral oils (usually a petrol derivative. Think Petrolatum Jelly Aka Vaseline) in your Chapstick/lip balm that does that. \nYour skin is unable to absorb them, so they just sit on your skin. Usually, your skin produce something to moisturize itself. But, after you used Chapstick with that kind of ingredients, it sees that there's already something doing its job. So it thinks \"my job is done here, I deserve a day off\"... The more you use it, the more your skin gets lazy. The more your skin gets lazy, the less it produce your lips' natural moisturizer. That is why your lips peel more after you used Chapstick than before you did.\nSource: I'm an esthetician", "I used to use chapstick all the time and my lips were constantly needing it. I decided to try going without it and I've never gone back. \n\nMy lips get bad once or twice a year now but I just get through it without any product and when I come out the other side I'm all good usually till the next turn of the season. \n\nAny science to all this or is it just in my head and I'm bound to become an anti-vaxxer?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbcn1t7", "cbcn4sq", "cbcn7og", "cbcnnyz", "cbcpct3", "cbcr3ny", "cbcwelq" ], "score": [ 6, 7, 2, 6, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "The ATF is basically defined by just a couple of federal laws, primarily the Volstead Act (Booze), the 1934 National Firearms Act (machine guns, explosives, etc), and a bunch of random excise taxes. They are sort of a weird hybrid between the IRS criminal investigation division (finding tax evaders) and the FBI (prosecuting violations of federal laws). The unifying theme, though, is the taxes- since even the NFA relies on Congress' taxing powers (and is structured as a tax).", "The ATF grew out of the Treasury Department's Bureau of Prohibition, and was re-purposed in 1968 after the passage of the Gun Control Act.\n\nEDIT: Now to move out of ELI5 territory to make this more comprehensive. The Bureau of Prohibition began under the Treasury Department, and after repeal, dealt solely with alcohol taxation. Then the IRS began to move into its territory. That was dealt with by making the IRS a investigative unit under Treasury's auspices, and the ATU (as the ATF was called at the time) was the enforcement arm. Then the Gun Control Act of 1968 came along, and firearms became taxable, therefore falling under the IRS/ATF umbrella. Tobacco kind of 'fell' into the ATF's purview under the same logic of alcohol taxation/enforcement. A slightly incomplete explanation, since it leaves out several layers of politics and a pissing contest between J. Edgar Hoover and Harry Anslinger, but it covers the process fairly well, I think. ", "Thanks, you guys! I could keep asking a million questions and will, if you are willing to keep answering, but y'all answered my question very quickly. I actually woke up in the middle of the night wondering this and thought--don't forget to ask reddit tomorrow.", "I have an interesting experience with the ATF that I think may help explain some of the things they do. Last year in february, I was arrested at my home for a noise violation and subsequently possession of marijuana (they found the stuff because the police saw my guncase and asked where the firearm was. \n\nI only have mine for home defense and sport, not in anyway related to drugs\\pot. About 7 or 8 months later, I went with my gf to go gun shopping as we spend a few weekends a month shooting for fun\\sport. I filled out the federal background check paperwork and was given the response of \"Delayed\". I had gotten approved before the drug incident, but as one of the questions asked \"Are you now a user or have you ever been addicted to a controlled substance\" or something along those lines. Seeing as how I wasnt addicted or smoking, I answered no. \n\n5 days later I called and was told I could come buy my Mossberg 710 .22lr. I picked it up for around $250 and all was well...\n\n2 months later I get a phone call from Special Agent \"Warren\" (different name) with the ATFE. He asks me about the purchase, and a few other questions and it turns out that by answering the background check question \"No\"and purchasing the rifle I had violated federal law and was looking at 10 years in federal prison. All while coding at my desk at work. \n\nTo make a long story short, he said I could go sell the gun back to vendor, (I got $150) and get rid of my ammunition. I had over 5,000 rounds of .22(about 10 boxes--this is when you could find it). So I'm pissed and mad but at the same time I avoided legal trouble and just went with the whole \"lesson learned\" mantra. \n\nA week goes by and the agent calls me again. He references the original police report where they had found my gun, and subsequently arrested me for possession. He then tells me I have to get rid of my .40 Sig Sauer that I've had for over 5 years. \n\nI can either sell it or transfer to a family member. Seeing as my sister is the only family near me, I get him and her connected and he sets up the transfer. We all meet at her house and fill out paper work for the gun, my background and hers. Once it's all done and finished he tells me I can have the gun back a year from the date of the arrest. \n\nHe then threatens to throw my sister and husband in jail along with me if they provide me access to the weapon at any time before that date. \n\nTHEN, he gives me a 25 minute lecture about the dangers of smoking pot, (which to this day I've stopped smoking as my career has lent itself to being more enticing) and he would have gone on for another hour it seemed before my brother in made him leave. Both of them defended the choices I've made as well as how I've changed things in my daily life. \n\nTL;DR The point is the ATFE enforces federal laws on substances and weapons. ", "They are also the group distilleries report excise tax to. TTB is a subset of the ATF. ", "Because no Government agency goes away once its created. ", "5-year-old answer: The ATF grew out of the department of the treasury division responsible for collecting taxes/prosecuting offenders of dangerous tax stamp industries. These people were called \"revenoors\" and usually dealt with bootleggers who were trying to undercut legitimate businesses in the alcohol and tobacco industries at the turn of the 20th century. Typically these were people smuggling in booze or cigars and trying to avoid paying taxes.\n\nThen prohibition came, and the job changed. The ATU was formed from the original group in 1920 as america essentially created gangland violence out of thin air by making fun illegal, and where fun is illegal only criminals have fun. And booze. And machine guns.\n\nThe ATU was eventually moved from Treasury to Justice, and was even a division of the FBI for a few years until 1933 where famous members like Elliot Ness and the Untouchables fought gangsters for the right to collect taxes on imported alcohol and other forms of fun. In 1933 Prohibition ended and the ATU was returned to Treasury.\n\nAs the units of the ATU had proven highly successful in dealing with armed and combative tax-dodgers through the 20s and 30s, it was decided that tax collection and enforcement for guns would be their job as well, though this was really just an extension of their responsibilities related to gangland violence as the only taxed weapons were machine guns (i.e. they weren't enforcing private citizen access to rifles or handguns as the gun control act was still decades away).\n\nIn the 1950s, the government consolidated the enforcement of the tobacco industry into the ATU, creating the ATTD.\n\nIn 1968 congress enacted the Gun Control Act and placed new restrictions (i.e. taxes) on guns. The ATTD was turned into the ATF.\n\nIn 2003, the ATF was returned to Justice, rebranded the BATFE, and will probably be there for another decade before they go back to being tax collectors.\n\nGrown-up Answer: The ATF under whatever name is a bunch of tax collectors. The only way this country can actually OUTLAW something that would be considered a personal liberty (say, pot) is to have a tax stamp requirement that can't be met. This was the way prohibition ACTUALLY worked. If you want to stop private citizens from doing \"a thing\" you make the tax on that thing SUPER EXPENSIVE and IMPOSSIBLE to get, and then give heavily armed people the power to enforce the taxes that you won't let people pay even if they wanted to.\n\nWorks for alcohol, works for tobacco, works for things that go bang.\n\nPossession of marijuana is a tax violation. Possession of a machine gun is a tax violation. Some tax violations have fines. Some will send you to jail. The people who used to enforce those \"taxes\" were scary dudes with heavy weapons.\n\nRuby Ridge, Waco, every other separatists' wet-dream...were actually tax stamp enforcement actions. ATF. Not Justice. Not FBI...the freaking TREASURY department.\n\nIs the BATFE neutered? No...but it's just an arm of an often confused and self-defeating Justice department. Be afraid when they go back to Treasury...the tax man doesn't mess around." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7fznbi", "d7fzoqu", "d7fzsie" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Because water pressure increases the deeper you go into water and something that can withhold the pressure of 1M of water can't necessarily withhold the pressure of 10M of water. ", "Add-on question: Why upto 30 mins? What changes after 30 minutes?", "The deeper something is in water, the more pressure it's subjected to--there's more water weighing on top of it. (This is also true for other liquids and gases; air pressure on Mt. Everest is much lower than at sea level.) At a high water pressure, the water might be able to bypass seals and other protective measures, which is why things aren't \"waterproof\" in an absolute sense but only up to a certain pressure.\n\nKeep in mind that water depth in this case is just a way to express static pressure. You could subject the iPhone to more pressure even in water that's less deep, such as by spraying it with pressurized water or forcefully moving through water, and it wouldn't be waterproof under that circumstance." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dqvefjh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "1. Printers aren't really an appliance. They're a computer peripheral.\n\n2. In what ways are printers hard to configure? Sometimes drivers can be a pain, but again, that's a computer thing, not an appliance thing. Once installed they're fairly simple to utilize. Print. Change color settings if you feel like it or just use defaults. Done. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dy7c5vp" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "When electrical current flows through a conductor, it creates a magnetic field around the wire. This field is oriented such that the lines of Force revolve around the axis of the wire. When this wire is coiled, aligns all of these magnetic fields into one large magnetic field. Essentially, it adds the magnetic forces together. Vsauce has a very good video on this on YouTube.\n\nElectricity and magnetism are very closely related. If you are interested in learning more about the physics behind these phenomena, I suggest picking up a copy of a book I studied while I was in middle school, entitled “Physics Simplified”. It contained many helpful explanations. It served for me as an ELI5, except it was an ELI11 because I was 11. I believe a pdf May be available online, but I was unable to find it as I am on mobile. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dixy6b0", "diy010r" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "Industry Standards. Some regulations or standardization rules were developed first in areas where the metric system was not used, thus it became industry standard for an international company (even if they are in a country that uses the metric system) to report standardized figures in the original measuring system. This is really common for components for larger machines (wheels for cars have to fit around brake calipers, computer computer monitors have to fit in tight desks and require compatibility with a GPU, etc) because it would be nearly impossible for anyone to find the correct sized parts for a bigger machine like a car or computer if the measuring system were different for each part. ", "I recall years ago Austin attemted to use a metric sized wheel here in the UK (I'm sure BMW have tried it too), But all this did was make the tyres harder to get and more expensive. Wheels have stayed in Inches because it's just too costly for everyone to change." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "czipxg2" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "Shells that go off on impact use a simple [contact fuze](_URL_2_). Armor-piercing shells (like HEAT rounds), however, don't actually explode inside anything. Rather, they explode just outside the armor, sending forward a jet of molten metal which does the actual penetration. These types of warheads are called shaped charges and take advantage of the [Munroe effect](_URL_0_). Here is a [video](_URL_1_) demonstrating how they operate.\n\nNote, there are other types of armor-piercing shells (like APFSDS rounds) that utilize pure kinetic energy--these are essentially ultra-high-powered metal darts." ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjH0tpnisLo", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_fuze" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "c39fbc2", "c39fbc2" ], "score": [ 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Did you look up human psychology and laziness/natural enegy conserving before posting this?", "Did you look up human psychology and laziness/natural enegy conserving before posting this?" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dh8aseh" ], "score": [ 4 ], "text": [ "every morning in the market square they will auction off one forex. however many goats the winning bid is gets translated to their weight in salt and the salt is then sold on the open market. the value of the salt then becomes the price of one forex for the day. this process is repeated at 4:37 every morning.\n\n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dcv6h6y", "dcvqjov" ], "score": [ 5, 2 ], "text": [ "The same way you stop noticing anything else. It is always there completely unmoving and unchanged. It's there in your view and your brain sees it but compared to everything else in the view it's so unimportant that you ignore it. ", "Its similar to [this image](_URL_0_) looking through binoculars. As long as you are looking straight ahead. In reality you do see your nose. Close one eye and look straight ahead at the computer screen. Do you see your nose? Of course you do. Its even there when both eyes are open but when both eyes are open the perspective viewpoint differences cancel each other out to some degree. Your nose is still there but it seems smaller or truncated." ] }

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[ [], [ "https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=view+trough+binoculars&view=detailv2&&id=25BD60081D498498C2C80558258DC9CA2B06B085&selectedIndex=37&ccid=kEijzOBx&simid=608012996432169687&thid=OIP.kEijzOBxRdcIrmibWWvp1AEsCh&ajaxhist=0" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cnkeitu" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "I have a friend who is a hadal (deep deep sea) ecologist so I'll answer with what I know from talking to her. \n\nWhat do we know? very little. Her PhD dissertation is trying to figure out what is down there and what they eat - in other words, the most basic ecological questions you could possibly ask. \n\nWhat's being done? Exploration. She has been on several cruises already in the past year to different trenches where they use a variety of equipment (including submarine type robot vehicles) to collect organisms and try to see what they can find. Once they have animals they do genetic analysis and look at stomach content, etc. \n\nThere's still a lot to be done - it is a branch of science that is wide open for discovery and will really start taking off soon. It's pretty amazing and exciting really, that with everything we know about the planet and beyond we are still at such a basic level of understanding about the deepest parts of the ocean." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "e9qw0k3", "e9qwqjk" ], "score": [ 3, 5 ], "text": [ "Imagine a wave of food falling on a starving child. Imagine that same wave of food crashing into an obese person.", "For most fires you have a _URL_0_ that illustrate what is needed for combustion. \n\n\nThat is heat, fuel, oxygen. if you remove one the fire can no longer burn. Blowing on a fire will reduce the temperature and it can no longer burn. \n\nLarge fire have a lot of mass that is warm so is is hard to cool them down. The speed they burn at is limited by the amount of oxygen that is available. So a wind will increase the amount of oxygen and it will burn more and produce more heat.\n\nA candle is not limited by oxygen but by fuel because the the was has to be wicked up the wick to the flame so extra oxygen do not increase the heat output to a high degree.\n\nSo if the extra heat that is produced is higher then the cooling from the air the fire will burn. \n\nIf you have a small fire and produce the ariflow your selfe by blowing or moving a tray to create a draft you can see that the ember that is hit first by the air will glow less or not at all because the get cooler but when the air get warmer the ember start to glow more as they have a increased amount of oxygen.\n\n\n\nWhen you put out a large fire with water the primary way you put is out is by cooling it down and not by removing the oxygen. It take a lot of energy to heat up water and to turn it into water vapor. That will cool down the fire so it will not longer burn.\n\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_triangle" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ciqmp1j" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Administration is pushing this story in the news and a media blitz about this \"new threat\" is part of it. The rise of ISIS as the #1 jihadi group has placed incredible pressure on the old-style Al-Qaeda groups, which face irrelevance in the near future if they don't get their shit together and do something high profile. \n\nTSA is designed to provide the feeling of security. Most of these measures are there just to make the public feel good about themselves. If the TSA is actually in a position to stop an attack, all our best preventative measures have already failed. The organization effectively only exists because no politician is willing to be the guy who voted to defund the TSA and then a terrorist attack hits." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ed1r97l", "ed1rolf" ], "score": [ 3, 9 ], "text": [ "First you'd probably need to register as a business, through whatever method is existing in your jurisdiction (you don't have to, but I'd really, really recommend it).\n\nThen you'd need to figure out how you're producing it. Do you need to hire someone to produce it because you need facilities you don't have, or can you produce it in your garage?\n\nThen you need to set up a store page, either by making your own website or using something like etsy, ebay, or amazon.\n\nThat's about it really.", "Just to give you a bit of perspective, the idea is probably the easiest part of bringing a product to market. Here is a quick (non-exhaustive list) of thing that are involved in going from idea to an actual product.\n\n* Creating a detailed engineering design for the product\n* Figuring out how to physically create the product\n* Finding a manufacturer or figuring out how to manufacture the product yourself\n* Raising money to finance the production\n* Figuring out the logistics of getting the finished product to your customer. (This is a big one that involves many sub-steps)\n* Testing the final product for functionality and safety\n* Advertising the product\n* Setting up customer service and returns" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cw3wgdl", "cw3wxij" ], "score": [ 32, 4 ], "text": [ "There are many reasons why:\n\nAdobe's softwares are the results of a long time of research and programing, they are to say the least, products of great quality and gives other businesses tools to create their activity and make profit for themselves. \n\n\nAdobe's consumers are mainly businesses and they can afford a larger cost than individual people, the price is chosen in order to make adobe's products professional more than personal, the bigger your business is the most expensive it gets. \n\n\nAdobe changed how they priced: before you bought photoshop for example but now you monthly subscribe and you get many of adobe's products with photoshop, like premiere, after effects, indesign, illustrator, etc... And adobe's cloud capabilities. \n\n\nAdobe also gained a reputation, because their products are well known and give a certain level of quality, Adobe can easily rise their prices without risking a huge fall of their clients. ", "1. **Money**. Could I say more about this?\n2. **Its target audience**. Adobe products aren't aimed at the average Joe that just needs to get the work done - this isn't Microsoft Office! For example, I doubt that an accountant would ever have to use Photoshop! Since its target audience is the \"professional\" crowd, they can charge more for a product for professionals.\n3. **Its \"seal of trust\"**. Nowadays, Adobe is a trusted company, which means that people are more likely to invest in Adobe - that is, buy their products and hope they do the job well. However, as other contenders (e.g GIMP, _URL_0_) don't have that \"seal of trust\", the professional crowd is less likely to invest in **those** programs." ] }

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[ [], [ "paint.net" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cp7lq4d" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Not necessarily more force, but more force in a given period of time. Muscles generate force by processing and releasing stored energy, which causes them to contract, (for example, contracting your biceps pulls your forearm up). Generally, the bigger the muscles, the more energy can be released at once. I say \"generally\" because it isn't all about size. It's also about density. Bruce Lee, for example, didn't have very big muscles, but they were very dense due to all his training." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c9oaded", "c9oae21", "c9ob4x3" ], "score": [ 3, 108, 14 ], "text": [ "For clarification: content ratings ([listed here](_URL_0_))? Or popularity ratings ([mentioned here](_URL_1_))? Both have more info if you search in the sidebar, but if someone has a good explanation then go for it!", "There are two different ways Nielsen measures ratings in the United States, either by a set top box or someone takes a daily journal of what they watch and when.\n\n\nThese numbers are separated into two numbers, rating and share. Rating goes by points. One ratings point is one percent of the total number of households with TVs. So if a show has a rating of 5, that means that 5 percent of people with TVs are watching that show.\n\n\nShare is similar but the difference is share takes into account the percentage of people actually watching TV. So a show might have a rating of 5, or 5% of households with TVs, but it might have a 15 share, which is the percentage of people actually watching TV are tuned to that show.\n\n\nNetworks then use these numbers to determine how much they can charge of advertising time during shows. Higher ratings = ability to charge more. That's why Super Bowl ads are so expensive.\n\n\nEDIT: Grammar", "Former Nielsen field representative (equipment installer) here, should anyone wish to know how the equipment & systems work. \n\nI was around long enough to have worked with the old systems that we literally had to solder onto the mainboards of VCRs, TVs, and DTS / Cable boxes. DVRs and flat-panel TV's destroyed that metering method, so Nielsen switched to a more passive metering solution that works off audio, to explain it simply." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.tvguidelines.org/ratings.htm", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" ], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "csaq2z8", "csaqrlt" ], "score": [ 2, 3 ], "text": [ "From what I understand, one of the challenges that the grids face is not just making sure there is enough power overall but making sure production can match the spikes in demand. Tesla recently came out with a battery for you home that acts as a reservoir of power that can also charge their electric cars. If everyone (or at least most folks with an electric car) had something like that then the tightrope between power surplus/deficit would be easier to manage.. Hopefully improving efficiently as well.", "The vast majority of your electricity costs all year round are used to satisfy peak demand: the highest energy usage that happens in summer for a week or two where everything is on. Adding to this would be extremely costly and require additional power plants which have a massive cost. \n\nThe thing about electricity is that it is not like water. If people need 1001 GW of energy and you only have 1000 GW, everything black outs. This doesn't happen if you are missing other things like water/goods. Any electricity not used is lost, you can't use 'the grid' to store energy for later. This may be circumvented with things like batteries, but they are extremely expensive, enough that it isn't viable to use them over fossil fuels.\n\nUntil our energy production is switched from fossil fuels, there is no benefit for having electric cars. We will need massive adoption of alternative energies **and** the price of battery storage to go down significantly before electric cars are viable." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cum4amd" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "For the purposes of this discussion, there are two types of targets in a drone strike, actively engaged militants. The various cameras, ground units, observe the people actively do something, such as fire weapons, set up an IED, etc. Once that's done, they know the people in the blast radius of the attack are militants. \n\nOthers are targets of command/control. For example, they observe a building where various messengers go, or they intercept cell phone or radio traffic. If you know a building is full of leaders, and you know who the leaders are, you can be reasonably sure that leader was in that building. \\\n\nIn some cases, a battle damage assessment patrol is set out, other cases, observation drones monitor the target afterwards, radio traffic is monitored. All of those give clues as to how effective an attack was, and who was killed in the attack." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ei6erjs" ], "score": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Chromatic aberration, it is due to light of different frequency being bent different amounts by a lens. It is why a prism can be used to split light into a rainbow, and it is attempted to be minimized for optical lenses (but usually shows up at the edges regardless)." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c2l4l0k", "c2l5d0h", "c2l7e3j", "c2l4l0k", "c2l5d0h", "c2l7e3j" ], "score": [ 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "\"When the human body is suddenly exposed to the vacuum of space, a number of injuries begin to occur immediately. Though they are relatively minor at first, they accumulate rapidly into a life-threatening combination. The first effect is the expansion of gases within the lungs and digestive tract due to the reduction of external pressure. A victim of explosive decompression greatly increases their chances of survival simply by exhaling within the first few seconds, otherwise death is likely to occur once the lungs rupture and spill bubbles of air into the circulatory system. Such a life-saving exhalation might be due to a shout of surprise, though it would naturally go unheard where there is no air to carry it.\"\n", "Your blood does not boil - your body exerts enough pressure on your blood vessels to keep it in liquid phase. Liquids located on the surface - such as tears on your eyes and saliva on your tongue - _does_ boil. Boiling simply means that the vapour pressure of the liquid is at or exceeds the ambient pressure. Usually one achieves this by increasing the temperature of the liquid, but it can be done by decreasing the ambient pressure as well. In the case of being in outer space, since the outside pressure is so low, the liquid boils at body temperature.", "Interesting read, I think it answers your question.\n\n\"If you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, something scuba divers have to watch out for when ascending, and you'll have eardrum trouble if your Eustachian tubes are badly plugged up, but theory predicts -- and animal experiments confirm -- that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness.\n\nVarious minor problems (sunburn, possibly \"the bends\", certainly some [mild, reversible, painless] swelling of skin and underlying tissue) start after ten seconds or so. At some point you lose consciousness from lack of oxygen. Injuries accumulate. After perhaps one or two minutes, you're dying. The limits are not really known.\n\nYou do not explode and your blood does not boil because of the containing effect of your skin and circulatory system. You do not instantly freeze because, although the space environment is typically very cold, heat does not transfer away from a body quickly. Loss of consciousness occurs only after the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood. If your skin is exposed to direct sunlight without any protection from its intense ultraviolet radiation, you can get a very bad sunburn.\n\nAt NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center (now renamed Johnson Space Center) we had a test subject accidentally exposed to a near vacuum (less than 1 psi) in an incident involving a leaking space suit in a vacuum chamber back in '65. He remained conscious for about 14 seconds, which is about the time it takes for O2 deprived blood to go from the lungs to the brain. The suit probably did not reach a hard vacuum, and we began repressurizing the chamber within 15 seconds. The subject regained consciousness at around 15,000 feet equivalent altitude. The subject later reported that he could feel and hear the air leaking out, and his last conscious memory was of the water on his tongue beginning to boil.\"\n\nSource: _URL_0_", "\"When the human body is suddenly exposed to the vacuum of space, a number of injuries begin to occur immediately. Though they are relatively minor at first, they accumulate rapidly into a life-threatening combination. The first effect is the expansion of gases within the lungs and digestive tract due to the reduction of external pressure. A victim of explosive decompression greatly increases their chances of survival simply by exhaling within the first few seconds, otherwise death is likely to occur once the lungs rupture and spill bubbles of air into the circulatory system. Such a life-saving exhalation might be due to a shout of surprise, though it would naturally go unheard where there is no air to carry it.\"\n", "Your blood does not boil - your body exerts enough pressure on your blood vessels to keep it in liquid phase. Liquids located on the surface - such as tears on your eyes and saliva on your tongue - _does_ boil. Boiling simply means that the vapour pressure of the liquid is at or exceeds the ambient pressure. Usually one achieves this by increasing the temperature of the liquid, but it can be done by decreasing the ambient pressure as well. In the case of being in outer space, since the outside pressure is so low, the liquid boils at body temperature.", "Interesting read, I think it answers your question.\n\n\"If you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, something scuba divers have to watch out for when ascending, and you'll have eardrum trouble if your Eustachian tubes are badly plugged up, but theory predicts -- and animal experiments confirm -- that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness.\n\nVarious minor problems (sunburn, possibly \"the bends\", certainly some [mild, reversible, painless] swelling of skin and underlying tissue) start after ten seconds or so. At some point you lose consciousness from lack of oxygen. Injuries accumulate. After perhaps one or two minutes, you're dying. The limits are not really known.\n\nYou do not explode and your blood does not boil because of the containing effect of your skin and circulatory system. You do not instantly freeze because, although the space environment is typically very cold, heat does not transfer away from a body quickly. Loss of consciousness occurs only after the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood. If your skin is exposed to direct sunlight without any protection from its intense ultraviolet radiation, you can get a very bad sunburn.\n\nAt NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center (now renamed Johnson Space Center) we had a test subject accidentally exposed to a near vacuum (less than 1 psi) in an incident involving a leaking space suit in a vacuum chamber back in '65. He remained conscious for about 14 seconds, which is about the time it takes for O2 deprived blood to go from the lungs to the brain. The suit probably did not reach a hard vacuum, and we began repressurizing the chamber within 15 seconds. The subject regained consciousness at around 15,000 feet equivalent altitude. The subject later reported that he could feel and hear the air leaking out, and his last conscious memory was of the water on his tongue beginning to boil.\"\n\nSource: _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html" ], [], [], [ "http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ce6vx5k", "ce6w3te", "ce6wj0q" ], "score": [ 2, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "The simplest way is by exposure. If you go to a foreign country you might get sick from drinking the tap water but residents do not. They've developed the appropriate bacteria in their digestive system so it does not affect them.\n\nLet's use children as another example, after enough exposure they become less annoying! ", "Part of your immune system is comprised of specialized blood cells called B cells (If you're interested, you can ask me why, but it's not that interesting). The B cells produce proteins called antibodies. The antibodies are basically protein receptors, but unlike most receptors in our bodies, they are highly variable (I can also explain why that is, but it's too long to put in here). Anyway, this means that each B cell, of which we have millions, effectively produces a different type of antibody, and each different antibody can bind to a different thing. Usually these things are foreign proteins or sugar molecules (but we don't know all the limits).\n\nWhen an infectious agent, like a virus or bacterium, invades your body, they might happen upon a B cell that produces an antibody that can bind to them. This B cell, then starts to rapidly proliferate into cells called plasma cells (which are basically just antibody factories) and memory B cells. The antibodies glom onto the invader and signal other immune cells to destroy it. After the infection is cleared, the plasma cells die off, but the memory cells remain. Thus, if the same invader comes again, they're ready for it, and begin to produce tons of antibodies again which help clear the invader even faster than the last time (called a secondary response).\n\nThe reason it's impossible to develop immunity against some things, like influenza is because those surface proteins that the antibodies recognize evolve very quickly and are highly variable in the flu virus population such that it's possible that even when you get it once, the next time you get it, it's unrecognizable to your immune system, and it doesn't get that super-efficient secondary response.\n\nThings like the chicken pox virus, though, don't change their surface proteins very much at all and are the same throughout the viral population, so getting one infection basically means your immune system can recognize *any* chicken pox virus infection. And thus vaccines and acquired immunity work for these types of viruses and bacteria.", "So ill get a little technical here... But first a pathogen is introduced into the body. Lets say... A cut in your body. Well, there are these cells that are part of the innate immune system, or the immune system that you always have ready to go which are called macrophages and dendrocytes. They are pretty similar in function, but they are called professional antigen presenting cells. That will come up later. \n\nThese macrophages take in the bacteria/virus and process it. They then express MHC II or MHC I. Only professional APC (antigen presenting cells) can present MHC II, another important APC is the B cell. Every other cell in the body, except for red blood cells and neurons express MHC I. \n\nMHC II cells activate CD4, or helper T cells. And MHC I activates CD8, or cytotoxic B cells. \n\nAnyway, if a macrophages take up the external body, then they have to wait for naive T or B cells to show up. But Dendritic cells on the other hand, actually travel to your lymph nodes. This is where B and T cells are processed and activated with much higher efficiency. When the T cells see this MHC II on the cell surface of the dendritic cell, they can differentiate. After about 7 days of cell division in order to form an \"army\" against the foreign body, the T cells start to die off, but a small amount are kept as \"memory\" T cells, that are ready to spring into action if the body sees the pathogen again. \n\nNow B cells are another specialized, or adaptive immune system component. The B cell is kind of chilling in the blood waiting to see something awesome. They have this thing called the \"B cell receptor\" which recognized foreign shit and internalizes it and presents it as MHC II in order to help CD4 T cells, or helper T cells. In the bone marrow and lymph nodes, the B cells go through something called negative selection and then positive selection. (T cells go through positive selection first and then negative selection, but that's a different point). the negative selection makes sure it can actually bind to stuff and the positive selection makes sure it wont bind to anything in the body that might be important. Anyway this B cell has gone through a selection process, and once it is ready it goes into the blood and kind of circulates. Once it finds something, it starts to divide and present information to the CD4 T cell. Like the t cell, it will spend some time mounting a response but then eventually die, except some of them are kept alive for a quick response. The B cells have different antibodies meant for different sections of the body. IgE is for allergies, IgG is the main one, IgA is for mucus bodies, etc... but that's beyond the point.\n\nTL;DR. You have T cells and B cells. They activate each other in complex ways, but once you're body finds T and B cells that work, they divide. Eventually they die, but a small amount are kept alive in case the fucker decides to invade your body again. \n" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dprwww6", "dprxdrl" ], "score": [ 2, 8 ], "text": [ "Simply because the sap of the sugar maple tree is incredibly high in sugar. These others do not compare -- they don't taste good.", "We can and do eat birch syrup, walnut syrup, and the syrups of a few other trees.\n\nThe key isn't as much the sugar content, the key is that the sap needs to be relatively neutral tasting, because of how much it has to be reduced to thicken it. The saps of deciduous hardwoods (maple, birch, etc) seem to work especially well here.\n\nAs far as why maple, I suspect it just tastes the most pleasant, although certainly it is to a large degree cultural as well - consider by analogy how almost any grain or fruit can be used to make alcohol, yet the large majority of world alcohol is made only using a few specific grains and fruits." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cvqfoif", "cvqh5nc" ], "score": [ 3, 4 ], "text": [ "When economists say scary words like *recession* and *collapsing* economy, they usually mean that the economy of a country stopped growing short term. Russia is 3.2%^^made ^^up poorer than it was in January, 2015? That means it’s collapsing!\n\nThey obviously can send 100% of the troops they could send then, or even more if they want.", "Russian GDP is down 3%, inflation is 10%. The oil is two times cheaper, but the rouble is two times cheaper too, which means the budget gets exactly the same revenue as before. Russia has not downsized any programs so far, including its military budget. It has near zero external debt and $400B in cash reserves. It still gives loans measured in billions of dollars to other countries. \"The general state their economy is in\" and \"economic sanctions\" exist mostly in your tabloids." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dqzn039", "dqzn3md", "dqzowzg" ], "score": [ 2, 17, 9 ], "text": [ "They're probably bugs that are inherent to animation and the physics coding behind them. You see a lot of similar issues when making cgi animation for movies. ", "because developers don't start truly from scratch every time... even if their **code** is written from scratch, the **ideas** for \"how do i check what's bumping into what\" \"how do i make something ragdoll\" all tend to be implemented in similar ways. Someone at some company years ago figured out a good way to do it and they're just tweaking that same strategy rather than waste time inventing their own.\n\n", "Modelling collision can be done in several ways. You can do it in a way which is basically perfect in terms of not having glitches of going through floors, etc., but it would require vastly more processing power and you would not be able to do it in real time for a complicated game.\n\nInstead, they cut corners, lots of corners, with the calculations. Almost all of the time it works fine, and the performance is orders of magnitude better. Because different developers use the same shortcuts to get to where they want to go, they tend to have similar issues." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ce2bs2i", "ce2fn6r" ], "score": [ 3, 2 ], "text": [ "Sometimes you'll see on a soundtrack where it says \"songs inspired by\". So sometimes not all the songs get used in the movie or were never meant to be used in the movie at all. Sometimes songs will get licensed to be used in a movie, but that song will be cut from the final cut of the movie because it didn't work thematically or tonally in the scenes of the film. A lot of times a soundtrack is just another way to advertise the movie. I think a recent example would be the latest Hunger Games movie. It had a soundtrack with current artists on it, but far as I can remember none of them were actually used in the movie. A soundtrack was really only compiled as another product to help sell the film.\n\nSo..there's many reasons.", "Before I answer, we may as well clarify some terminology here since it's relevant.\n\nPractically speaking, a \"soundtrack\" contains \"songs\"—a song specifically refers to music with vocals/lyrics.\n\nConversely, an \"original score\" contains \"pieces/tracks/cues/etc.\"—instrumental music is *not* a \"song\".\n\nSo The Hunger Games soundtrack contains songs from or inspired by the film. In recent years it's been more the latter than the former. As sexandliquor pointed out, it's more about marketing than anything else. Chances are any soundtrack that you buy these days will just have songs. People don't tend to buy score albums as much, so the studios don't bother publishing them as readily.\n\nThe Lord of the Rings scores, on the other hand, contain original music written by Howard Shore for the film. The normal releases only have a small fraction of the massive amount of material, whereas the extended editions contain almost all of it. This is an exception, not the rule. The simple fact there were re-released special editions is rare, as they actually sold well unlike most score albums.\n\nGenerally, score albums contain only the best parts of a movie's underscore, as a lot of the material is too subtle to be worth including on a disk and would make for an unexciting listening experience.\n\nTo confuse things further, sometimes a \"soundtrack\" album is actually a score album with a few songs tacked onto the end of it. This is a sort of hybrid. Generally speaking, if you say \"soundtrack\" people will think of both the original score and songs associated with the films, but technically there's a distinction.\n\nBut \"songs\" are always pieces of music with lyrics, no matter how many times you hear people using \"song\" to refer to any piece of music. At least, this is true if you care to be proper in your terminology. :P" ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cz2lq4i", "cz2lxc1", "cz33pfg" ], "score": [ 174, 9, 3 ], "text": [ "Because they adjust to the humidity of the surrounding air. The \"humidity\" of fresh soft cookies is above the humidity of air, so they get drier with time. However, the humidity of fresh dry cookies is lower than the humidity of the surrounding air, so they get moister with time. ", "Reminds me of a famous court case, Cookies soften when going stale, cakes harden, \n_URL_0_", "Sorry for not really providing an answer to your question, but I do think this may be helpful to you. If you bake cookies and want them to stay soft, put a slice of bread in whatever container you keep the cookies in (bag, box, etc.. just make sure you can close it reasonably tight). The bread will become hard as a rock eventually and the cookies will stay nice and soft. However, I have had a few batches get even softer, almost to the point of too soft, so keep an eye on that." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/vfoodmanual/vfood6260.htm" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dqp84e8" ], "score": [ 80 ], "text": [ "Graphite is relatively soft, and as you scrape it along a surface, tiny bits of it crumble away and stay behind. These bits are insaaanely individually tiny and make up an extremely fine powder. \nPaper is not as smooth as you might think. It's covered in ridges and pores and little valleys. \n\nSo as you are dragging the graphite along a piece of paper and leaving the trail of ultra fine powder behind it, you're also applying a bit of pressure between the pencil tip and the paper, effectively packing the graphite dust into all those grooves and pores and ridges in the paper. \n\nErasers work because they're soft and also extremely porous, wich allows them to sink into the textures along the surface of the paper and collect that graphite dust up in it's own surface, taking it from the paper. As you can imagine this process doesn't work perfectly every swipe, which is why erasers sometimes leave smudges behind. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbw50a4", "cbw52wf", "cbw6727" ], "score": [ 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "It's a largely safe investment compared to other things. A steady interest rate makes people feel more secure than investing that money in stocks or real estate.", "Inflation is very *low* right now.\n\nThat said, putting your money in a savings account is generally the least-good way to save it. It has the virtue of giving you nearly unfettered access to your money — your bank will have limits on how frequently you can make withdrawals — but as a store of value, there are better choices by far.", "Convenience. The interest rates are generally crap, but it's really easy and you still have your money easily accessible. In the long run you're generally better off in putting your money for example in a sensible fund with a diversified portfolio. The market portfolio's value should rise faster than any savings account interest on average, but of course banks do offer steady nominal interest rates which does reduce the risk even if it's fairly low in the long run in a diversified enough portfolio." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "efs1luf", "efs1wy2", "efs36g7", "efsbfin" ], "score": [ 6, 24, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Because we put \"an\" before a vowel *sound*, not before a vowel. That's why you say \"an hour\", because you don't voice the h. ", "Despite starting with a vowel, Utopia, Utensil, and Ukulele, all start with a consonant (y) sound unlike umpire or underwear. The rule has more to do with speech sounding consistent than making sense on paper. ", "You don't sound it as \"oo-topia\", you sound it as \"you-topia\". You wouldn't put an before \"you\", but you would before \"oo\", or \"ee\", or any ooen vowel sound.", "The a-an distinction functions to reduce the human mechanical effort required to pronounce those paired words.\n\n*An vowel* would be absurd for requiring additional human mechanical effort to pronounce; *a octopus* would render the listener unable to discern the *o* sound unless a terrifically mechanical [full-glottal-stop](_URL_0_) were inserted between by the speaker.\n\nWe say *a utopia* because *an utopia* is more human mechanical effort." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "fe5kfm9", "fe5oo9g" ], "score": [ 9, 5 ], "text": [ "TLDR: your brain is a muscle that needs to be exercised. \n\nReading, no matter if it’s for leisure or for education, is always good for you. Fiction books are no less important to read than non-fiction books. With fiction books you allow your brain to work other areas like your imagination and lets you expand your horizons. Also, just because it’s a fiction book does not mean that there is not factual information in them. Take a look at the author Michael Crichton, a lot of his novels are fiction but are packed with scientific and medical information and concepts that are being developed today. At the end of the day, whether it’s a text book, comic book, or any other kind of book, find what you enjoy and read.", "Because intellectual curiosity makes for a wellinformed mind and broad horizons. The notion is from before the internet, which may be why people don't resolve to read the wiki from one end to the other." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "devcz8n", "devvcoo", "dewruzq", "dewsmtx" ], "score": [ 239, 14, 5, 9 ], "text": [ "Birds have built in [goggles](_URL_0_). A special clear third eyelid.", "The have a second eyelid that acts as goggles its clear. Turkeys are the only one I've seen up close they chill out in the rain like it's nothing", "Also, Birds eyes are on the side of their head which gives them less exposure to front facing debris.", "Others have already done a good job of answering your question, but I wanted to bring up an instance of birds wearing goggles. Scientists trying to study flight mechanics equipped a parrot with goggles to allow him to fly through a laser grid without damaging his eyes: _URL_0_" ] }

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[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" ], [], [], [ "http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/12/watch-parrot-wearing-goggles-fly-through-laser-sheet" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cecvcrd" ], "score": [ 8 ], "text": [ "The sun's magnetic field reverses every 11 years or so.\n\nIt happens during times of high solar activity, so flares are more likely and could potentially disrupt satellite communications temporarily. You will also get more brilliant aurorae and more sunspots.\n\nBut mostly, nothing will change, this is an ordinary phenomenon that happens all the time. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cdqhzek" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Because she feels something there.\n\nDogs pick up things with their mouths, and while they may paw at items to get to them (like a bone in a corner or under a table), when it's in reach they go after it with their mouths.\n\nOther animals, who are more inclined to use their paws, will do so, [as in this video](_URL_0_).\n" ] }

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[ [ "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l57WtPQRvK0" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cdwgwlz" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Either with CGI or practical effects/special effects makeup or a bit of both. You wouldn't believe how convincingly a skilled makeup artist can make someone look like they're have a *really* bad day. Do a quick image search on special effects makeup and watch some videos of it being put on, it's pretty interesting stuff." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "csfulf8" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Not all spicy foods contain capsaicin. Mustard gets its spice from mixing water with two compounds, myrosin and sinigri. Wasabi's kick comes from something called allyl isothiocyanate which is the same for horseradish. Cinnamon gets its spiciness from two chemicals called cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamaldehyde. \n \nSo there are a lot of different kinds of spiciness. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cr3zubp" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Gravity curves spacetime. \n \n > if romilly (orbiting in the endurance) were to somehow take a telescope and observe them on the planet's surface, would it look like they were moving in slow motion? \n \nYes, if you look up the Wiki page on time dilation: \n \n > An accurate clock at rest with respect to one observer may be measured to tick at a different rate when compared to a second observer's own equally accurate clocks. This effect arises neither from technical aspects of the clocks nor from the fact that signals need time to propagate, but from the nature of spacetime itself. \n \nWe deal with time dilation daily when we use GPS: \n \n > Clocks on the Space Shuttle ran slightly slower than reference clocks on Earth, while clocks on GPS and Galileo satellites run slightly faster." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cd6iiom", "cd6ijal", "cd6ilb4", "cd6iny2", "cd6is1u" ], "score": [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 2 ], "text": [ "So you have a router. And multiple devices that consume your internet connection (phones, pcs, tablets, toasters, etc).\nEvery connection made from any device in your internal network, consumes a port in your router (think of your router as the street door on your home, everything that has to go out side must go through it). \n\nDon't worry, you have roughly 65.000 ports available, you won't run out of them.\n\nIn esscense, port forwarding refers to signal your router to specify a port (or a range of ports, ie 7000-7100) to a specific device (the ip of a device, to be more specific). This is usually associated with certain applications that require the use of a specific port to work.\n\nBe careful when forwarding too, always remember there's a port on your local machine too, (an entrance port, and an exit port) and its very easy to get mixed up too. \n\nIf this is still unclear, port forwarding is only advisable if you know what ports is your console using.", "Port forwarding works kind of like this:\n\nImagine your router like your front door. You have a bunch of people in your house, but any traffic in and out needs to use the front door.\n\nSo lets say that traffic from BF4 wants to get in. Well, OK, thats cool - where is it trying to go? Normally it will hit the router at a particular port, and if that port is opened, it goes through, if not, it gets blocked.\n\nMost ports are blocked by default.\n\nThe idea with port forwarding is you say, 'Open this specific port and let that traffic into the network.'\n\nYou can make it generic 'just fucking open this port,' or more specific, 'open this port specifically to *me*.' Most routers should let you do both.\n\nSome games / routers / computers support something called [UPnP](_URL_0_) where the 'game' in question tells the router 'yo open up these ports' and the router responds 'yeah they're open for you', so there is a possibility that your consoles are already dealing with that part.\n\nIf your router is any good, you can see the list of ports that are opened in the admin web console, and see whether they are manually assigned, or done via UPnP", "Imagine you work in an office building, where all the offices have a number. If you need to send a package from your office to someone else's, you just write \"Office #15\" on it, and it will get to the right place.\n\nBut outside of your building, there are lots of Office #15's, so sending a package there doesn't work. So what you do is have them send it to the building, and set up rules in your mailroom...all packages go to Office #15, letters go to Office #22, etc., etc.\n\nThose rules are roughly equivalent to port forwarding. Inside your house, you might have several internet devices, your computer, your phone, your TV, your Xbox. They all know how to talk to each other, but if a request to talk to them comes from the outside world, which one should it go to? Port forwarding lets you route incoming game related requests to your console.\n\nSo should you use it?\n\nSome games let you play head to head with other players be connecting directly, rather than through a server, which sometimes can be a little faster. If you play games like this, you can use port forwarding, otherwise it isn't going to make a lot of difference. ", "I'm going to start with an analogy, and then explain it at the very end, so please be patient: \n\nIn my analogy, there's an apartment building. As is the norm, the building has a single address, and each resident living there has an apartment number. So when you address mail to someone at the apartment, you have to include both the address and the apartment number.\n\nHowever, the property owner decided that he wanted to erect another building on the same lot, and he didn't want to go through the hassle of getting a new address for his building. Of course, you can't have two buildings with the same address and the same apartment numbers. How would anyone ever get their mail? So the property owner hired a guy named Robbie to handle the residents' mail. Robbie decided that the best way to do this was to keep a ledger. He gave each building a codename in his ledger so that he could tell them apart. Then, he'd look to see when someone from one of the apartments sent out some mail, and he'd modify the return address on the envelope to have a fake apartment number that was unique across both buildings. He'd then jot that fake number down in his ledger, along with the building codename and the actual apartment number.\n\nThis worked pretty well. Everyone who sent out emails to their friends and relatives and pen-palls were perfectly happy. In fact, this method also had the great side-effect of totally eliminating spam mails. See, every time a piece of mail came in with an apartment number that wasn't in Robbie's ledger, he just threw it away. Since spammer had no previous contact with the residents, of course they couldn't know what the made-up apartment numbers were, so their spam just got thrown out.\n\nBut one day, Sir Vernon, who lived in apartment 80 in building B, came to Robbie to complain. It seems that Vernon was running a business out of his apartment, and so he was expecting a lot of unsolicited mail. But since Robbie was tossing out all the mail to actual apartment numbers, well, you can see the problem.\n\nSo Robbie and Sir Vernon had a nice, long chat, and they eventually came to an agreement. Robbie would enter into his ledger that all of the mail that arrived at the shared addresses for both apartments would be sent to Building B, apartment 80. Sure, Vernon would get some junk mail, but at least he wouldn't lose any potential clients.\n\n****\n\nSo what was that an analogy for?\n\n* Apartment building = computer.\n\n* The apartments' address = the computer's IP address.\n\n* Apartment number = port number.\n\n* Residents = applications that need internet access.\n\n* Mail = TCP/IP data.\n\n* Robbie = router. He gave each computer a new codename (LAN IP address), while presenting the same old address to the outside world. He then made sure that every request from the LAN side of the router was able to communicate to the outside world.\n\n* Sir Vernon = server. Something that needs to accept unsolicited connections from outside the router. Port forwarding means that the router will always deliver traffic to a specific port on the router to a pre-designated LAN address and port.\n", "Most home routers use something called Network Address Translation. With NAT, you can have one publicly routeable IP address, but many internal private addresses. Those addresses individually aren't routable from the internet, so when you initiate communication from your device, your router makes a 1 to 1 port translation for your outgoing communication. It remembers the source port you transmitted from and maps it in it's table. When it receives a packet back on the port it mapped to, it knows which private IP address that packet is supposed to be delivered to.\n\nBut this only works if your PC initiates all the communication. You can't get any unsolicited incoming packets -- your router will have nowhere to send them. So you create a static port forwarding in your router. It will always translate packets with that inbound port onto the IP and port of your choosing.\n\nGenerally most programmers for online games recognize that gamers will be behind a NAT router and will not know how to optimally configure it, so they write the program in such a way that you don't need to do anything.\n\nWhere port forwarding does come in very handy is when you need to talk between two devices that are both behind a NAT router. In most circumstances, you need an intermediary that will act as a man in the middle for all transmission. However, if you have port forwarding set on one device, you can initiate the communication from the other and have direct two way communication. The one thing I can think of that uses this the most is torrents, where two home computers want to communicate with each other." ] }

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[ [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Plug_and_Play" ], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cdxj4q6" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Basically it is saying that different wavelenghts of light corresponding to different energies (by c=λv) would be affected differently by gravity. This is because in relativity, mass is just one expression of energy. If this theory is correct, then our techniques of tracing the origin of the universe (through telescopes which see light waves) could be fundamentally flawed. \n\nApparently the new (decade-old) theory has two outcomes. Either the function plateaus at a high density where these conditions are dominant, or it reaches a tangent and undergoes infinite regression. Either answer is contradictory with the big bang theory.\n\nEdit: Thanks for the downvote" ] }

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[ "http://iopscience.iop.org/1475-7516/2013/10/052/pdf/1475-7516_2013_10_052.pdf" ]

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{ "a_id": [ "ckxczmk" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Touching and other sensory inputs (except for the special senses) are mediated via corpuscles. There are 4 types of them and they have sense various stimuli like pain, temperatures, pressure etc.\n\nIn theory, what you described could be possible. But practically that would be difficult to achieve. Mainly because of the fact that fine/light touch is mediated via Meissner corpuscles, that are located deeper in the skin. Way deeper than Free Nerve Endings (FNEs)that give you the perception of pain and temperature.\n\nJust to give you a perspective, let's divide the skin to epidermis and the dermis for simplicity. The epidermis has 5 more layers. FNEs are located from the 3rd layer of the epidermis and beyond. Compared to Meissner corpuscles which are sometimes located at the 5th layer of the epidermis but are mainly concentrated in between the epidermis and dermis and beyond. FNEs are also present through the skin compared to Meissner corpuscles which are only present in hairless skin areas.\n\nWhat does all that mean? If you place an electrode over the skin, that is not invading any layers of the skin, and you stimulate the skin, the FNEs will pick up the electrical impulses before the Meissner corpuscles and you will perceive pain. Even if the stimulation reaches the Meissner corpuscles, they are adapt quickly so you will not really perceive the feeling of touch (FNEs on the other have both fast and slow adapting fibers, so the perception of pain does not change much over time).\n\nWhich is why when EMGs are performed for patients/students at a hospital or for academic purposes, it's the pain that bothers patients/subjects rather the than the rest of the sensations that could have been perceived.\n\n**tl;dr: Theoretically yes but practically no because your body's nervous system adapted for survival (probably through the evolutionary process)**\n\n---\nOn a different note though, let's assume FNEs never existed, and you performed an EMG or stimulated the skin via electrodes, then it is very much possible to perceive touch.\n\nThere was a theory in neuroscience about how neurons may carry impulses even if the stimuli isn't of its own kind. Which is why getting hit on the back of your head (as seen in cartoons) makes you perceive stars, which basically stimulate the neurons at the back of your head (where you visual center is) and you perceive flashes of lights which are not really present physically." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfipa51" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "You are feeling the extreme activation of your *salivary glands.* The presence of very sour foods makes you produce much more saliva than normal, very suddenly, and this action feels uncomfortable." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "crd0qtr", "crd0sia", "crd16uq", "crd31jc", "crd3r7o", "crd4o8v", "crd4y6t", "crd5r0c", "crd60s8", "crd664j", "crd6b00", "crd8v03", "crd9lz7", "crd9ram", "crdd37i", "crdgyzu", "crdhdu1", "crdhgrm", "crdieul", "crdik6z", "crdjhld", "crdjj8g", "crdjlma", "crdk3ej", "crdnr4p", "crdorsl", "crdqwas", "crdst9c", "crdszra", "crdt46u", "crdto92", "crdtyln", "crdusvh" ], "score": [ 54, 2368, 16, 138, 3, 97, 3, 7, 8, 5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "White noises are easily explained by your brain and can be run as a background process. Random noises demand an immediate explanation.", "White noise, if you're using the technical definition, is a consistent noise that comes out evenly across all hearable frequencies. Say you're a musician. To play a middle C note, you play something that's about 261.6 hertz, the unit of frequency. White noise is just an equal amount at every frequency, from low to high, that a human being can hear. To keep the music analogy going, it's a gigantic band all playing a slightly different note. (Machines pushed to the limit, like fans, are especially good at hitting these notes.)\nWhen a noise wakes you up in the night, it's not the noise itself that wakes you up, per se, but the sudden change or inconsistencies in noise that jar you. White noise creates a masking effect, blocking out those sudden changes that frustrate light sleepers, or people trying to fall asleep.\n\nCredits to: Popular Science ", "Like acheron and ftumpsh point out, white noise is predictable in a way.\n\nI would also like to point out that white noise is what you hear as a fetus. It is why humans like to be held and wrapped in blankets. Sometimes a nice, gentle shaking can help you fall asleep too (try sleeping on the back of the bus sometime)", "White noise is a steady, constant noise. Once it starts, our brain becomes accustomed to hearing it and realizes quickly that there is no danger caused by the the white noise. Random noises are unexpected, and our brain automatically wakes up because unexplained noises mean danger. ", "Simple answer: Because white noise prevents you from hearing those random noises that annoy you while you're trying to sleep.", "Think of white noise like your clothing. Your brain has learned, over time, to ignore the constant stimuli that your clothing has on the surface of your skin.\n\nNow imagine that \"random noise\", as a water balloon. Once it hits your clothing, you instantly feel the weight, texture, etc. of whatever you're wearing.\n\nAll of your senses work this way, sort of. [Your eyes, for example](_URL_0_) (focus on the black dot for a few seconds). Most famously, your sense of smell does it pretty rapidly, able to ignore odors after only a couple minutes.\n\nTL;DR - The abruptness of the change (compared to the white noise) is what annoys you, not the noise itself.", "True white noise comprises all frequencies of sound equally, though non-perfect white noise also works to varying degrees. True white noise actually doesn't exist for the same reason that there is no limit to numbers, though it's not necessary because our ears can only detect certain frequencies. Anyways.\n\nIt's a property of sound that when you have 2 sources of the same frequency of sound which are a [half wave-length out of phase of each other,](_URL_1_) the sounds cancel each other out. In practice, since white-noise is pretty much random, there are bound to be wavelenths in white noise which will cancel out (to some degree) other sudden or unique ambient sounds which might distract you and cause your brain to attempt to decipher them. \n\nA second reason that white noise aids in working to help you sleep is due to [persistent sensation adaptation](_URL_0_). All of our senses are largely based on detecting changes. Any constant stimuli will eventually be ignored by your brain and fade into the background so you don't really notice. This is why you don't really feel the cloths on your body unless you're actually thinking about it, or why you can't really smell if you're house stinks unless you leave for a couple hours then it hits you when you walk back through the front door.\n\nSo when you're hearing a constant backdrop of white noise, it's both canceling out sudden sounds as well as fading into the background of your active awareness, which amounts to a great reduction in audio distractions when trying to sleep (or read a book on the train, in my case).", "Well, I'm sure all of these explanations are correct, but why is it that white noise, such as a fan keeps me up, while I can sleep right through garbage trucks, sirens, car horns and radios, people talking or walking or whatever in other apartments, etc?!?\n\nI grew up in NYC.", "I was told by my wife's obgyn that white noise is very similar to the blood rushing through the mothers veins that you hear when you are in the womb. This is just one explanation I am sure there are more technical ones.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHere is what it sounds like in the womb.", "While some really nice answers are in here, they may be more appropriate if this question was posed in /r/askscience\n\nHere is a simple answer: a fan or other \"white noise\" machine is a low hum that makes good background Noise, mainly because it it's a constant sound that doesn't, for practical purposes, fluctuate. It Also helps to mute other internment sounds which would be more instrusive to relaxation or sleep.", "Wouldn't this fall into the ASMR category as well?", "I like how everyone approaches this from different perspectives, I'll give you the behaviourist psychology perspective.\n\n\nThe noise helps drown out other stimulation (those crippling fears lurking at the back of your mind), you can only focus on so many things in your episodic and short term memory, I haven't got the research on hand to back this up though so take it with a grain of salt.\n\n\nBut your question is why does the spacing of the noises make a difference? We have a system where a stimulus (noise) is extinguished (we ignore it) if we sense it too many times, this is known as conditioning, naturally it's used to conserve energy, as an example if i clap you might look over at me, but if i slap my desk every 30 seconds for an hour eventually you'd just get used to it, nothing changes, you don't need to spend energy making adrenaline or being alert. But what i slap objects closer or further away from you, or louder and quieter? well the stimulus has changed and could be a threat, so your brain has to pay attention to it.\n\n\nTL:DR; Until your brain is conditioned to remain calm it'll keep you alert.", "White noise is consistent in its tone and rhythm where as random noise brakes the flow of the environment you're in. As an example you could turn on a sound meter with a graph display and a fan, while looking at the display you'll see a pretty consistent graph but if you snap your fingers a spike will occur which will upset the flow of sound. Another way to look at it is a stream of water coming out of a faucet, its consistent but if you stick your finger in the path of the water it splashes all over the place.\n", "By the way, if you suffer from ringing of the ears which is generally called tinnitus or you have ADD/ ADHD or a nervous disposition the addition of a fan on low speed will help you fall asleep as it gives your mind a focus point. I've had a multitone tinnitus for years and have to sleep with a fan on due to how loud it is. Despite its pitch I have above average hearing even at the age of 45 and having worked in manufacturing and other industries with high volume sounds because I've always worn ear protection.", "I believe that white noise is so hypnotic to humans because of the fact that it's a naturally occurring phenomena. The sound of the world turning (figuratively) is white noise. So when you synthesize white noise, it's so natural for our brain, it immediately luls us to sleep. \n\nThere are actually super acoustically perfect rooms that are able to deaden SOO much ambient noise, that even what we perceive as a \"silent\" room, is actually just a \"fairly quiet\" room. These rooms absorb so much sound, that people who sit in them have reported an extremely uneasy, almost nerve racking \"nothingness\". A common reaction to just a few moments inside the room is, \"the silence was deafening\". \n\nI've heard people attempting to challenge their tolerance inside these rooms have even had panic attacks and were sure that extended periods could induce psychosis. ", "If you don't sleep with a box fan going, you're doing it wrong\n\nHowever, if you do, and the power goes out at night, everything fucking sucks.", "Continuous, non-changing sounds become habituated (your brain gets used to it). Once habituated, having the sound there feels natural and almost soothing. It would also cover other, more intrusive sounds, that are too soft to 'break though' the haze of noise.\n\nSudden noises, or random, but changing, noises, demand your brain's attention each time they change/appear, so you can't \"drift away\". However, with training such as hypnotherapy, sounds such as these can also aquire the function of soothing you and pushing you deeper into sleep.", "have you ever tried to sleep when your in complete silence on LSD? It's like someone is cranking the \"white noise\" to the max over and over again and the only way to make it stop is to focus. ", "Consistency is easy to ignore. Rare events are note.\nAs long as something catches your attention, it will annoy you or stop you from sleeping.", "Your brain doesn't try as hard to predict the patterns of repetitive noises. Your brain will have a harder time attempting to predict the patterns of random noises. ", "If someone is doing DIY next door late at night, I find that it too helps me fall asleep. As does music and podcasts/audiobooks etc. ", "Because we are animals, and a random noise should trigger something in your brain that you could get killed, and you'll have a better chance of survival if you're awake.", "The same reason a yogi has no problem sitting on a bed of nails - the consistency is much easier to take than jagged highs & lows/loud sounds & silence.\n\nHere's a visual example: would you rather lay across a consistent profile\n\n |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||\n\nor a jagged one?\n\n ◣ ▲ ▲ ◣ | ◣◣ ", "Our sensory neural pathways have inhibitor neurons that suppress the strength of a signal resulting from constant stimuli. It's the reason you don't constantly feel the clothes you are wearing right now. Our brains are set up to focus on what is new to our experience. So our brains will ignore the white noise in the room, this also means that any new noise would have to be noticeable above the white noise so it effectively screens out small noises that might otherwise interrupt your sleep. \n\nYou can see this inhibition visually with a variety of illusions:\n\n_URL_0_\n", "The human nervous system is designed to detect differences, and especially important differences. \n\nA patch of grass, dirt, or sand recedes into a homogenous and not-very-important \"substance\", in our awareness. A similarly-sized patch of berries, snakes, or money might attract quite a bit of attention, on the other hand. \n\nSounds such as \"white noise\" serve as kind of sonic \"fog\". They mask and conceal other noises, and recede into irrelevance in your awareness. Your lower-level \"lizard brain\" acclimates to the constant sound, determines that it's not a threat, and ignores it. \n\nLight sleepers often find that harmless and even pleasant sounds can wake them up and keep them up. This is because the brain is attuned to detect differences. \n\nYou can think of it like your conscious mind getting up to check every sound as though it were a knock on the front door. Steady-state noise like a fan \"masks\" every little leaf rustling, and makes it so you only hear the real \"knocking\". ", "The human brain is so hardwired to find patterns, that it often [invents patterns and meaning where none exist](_URL_0_). The human brain does this because our pre-human ancestors that couldn't detect an anomaly in the pattern (like a predatory animal hiding in the jungle) were eaten before they could reproduce. However, animals that could respond to any change in their environment, whether real or simply perceived, were more likely to reproduce.\n\nThis is why humans are much more likely to have experiences that return [false positives](_URL_2_) (they saw a tiger in the stars, but there really wasn't one there) than ones that return false negatives (while scanning the forest, Adam only saw forest. The tiger he didn't see ate him).\n\nYour brain is \"always working,\" even while asleep. In the absence of continuous stimulus, your brain responds to any and all variables (which are easier to detect because there's nothing to \"hide\" them) as a potential threat, because your brain is mostly comprised of portions that are millions of years old, and that dumb shit doesn't want to be eaten by a tiger, regardless of whether or not your living room regularly contains any [Panthera tigris] (_URL_1_).\n\nWhen you have a continuous, unbroken stimulus, not only will those sounds, images, scents, etcetera, help to mask any other \"sporadic stimuli,\" but your brain will also be continuously preoccupied with scanning the white noise for any alterations in its pattern that it'll ignore other stimulus.\n\nAnd lastly, your brain is best at noticing \"dramatic\" changes in a stimulus. The longer your brain is \"hypnotized\" by a continuous stimulus, the less likely it is to be able to recognize minor alternate stimuli.\n\nTL;DR: The majority of each one of our brains are easily distracted idiots that, no matter how often you try to comfort them, are obsessed with the notion that the second they let their guard down, they'll get eaten.", "Your ears are searching for things to hear even asleep. So giving them constant white noise helps you stay asleep. And if/when you develop tinnitus, you'll really appreciate white noise as it's much more pleasant to listen to then the crickets in your head. \n", "Basically white noise covers the entire audible spectrum, so if it's at a constant volume, your brain will get used to it and it won't bother you while it's partially covering up anything else that you might potentially hear. ", "I think because the sound of a fan is a more consistent noise with less change in sound. When other things like closing doors and cupboards are way more inconsistent and infuriating. ", " conversely, i sleep much better knowing I can hear what's going on around the house. The fact that my SO wants (needs) to drown it out drives me crazy. ", "It's like this: Music, or recognizable noises stimulate your brain. They make it hard to think. White noises aren't recognizable enough to have anything stand out, but enough to keep your mind from being able to think of other things. It basically shuts off your brain.", "Boo! I can't sleep with the fan on. I wait till my husband falls asleep and turn it off. It's too noisy.", "That's your brain keeping you alive. It's survival instinct from when we had to worry about wolves and bears and tigers eating us, or someone coming to harm you. Your brain is listening for something to change and alerts you when it does. Now a days it's usually just the cat or the wind blowing, but the instinct to be alerted is still there." ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.weirdoptics.com/entries/816622752_f59a44f1bf.jpg" ], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_adaptation", "http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/images/noise_cancellation-sines_cancel.gif" ], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaiLpUZ2DNY" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.grand-illusions.com/opticalillusions/disappearing_colours/" ], [], [ "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophenia", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "dx99ybt", "dx9afyf" ], "score": [ 2, 9 ], "text": [ "If a company is big enough to be operating in the EU, they will have servers dedicated for EU users wherein their data is stored. Such data is not allowed to leave the EU by law (lol), so it's easily enforceable to have them deleted.", "They can tell banks and payment processors to confiscate any cash in EU accounts and to stop doing business with their American accounts. This effectively makes it impossible for the companies to make money from EU citizens. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cteupo7", "ctevmf3", "ctex7wr", "ctezcqk" ], "score": [ 2, 9, 3, 3 ], "text": [ "Because structured starvation plans don't work very well. They do try diet plans before resorting to gastric bypass surgery.", "If they had enough impulse control to stick to any regimented diet, they wouldn't be so fat in the first place. \n\nAny reputable doctor is going to try diets and other methods long before resorting to gastric surgury.", "Some people are at such an extreme weight that a gastric bypass might be the only thing that can help lower their weight. Also a structured starvation plan would require discipline to implement. If it is forced onto a person then they are more likely to relapse. ", "For years my mother asked and pleaded with me to get gastric bypass or \"surgery\" as she called it. I didn't want it, not because I weighted 435 pounds, but because I didn't like the idea of having surgery to correct something that I myself had created. Call it pride if you will. I felt that if I didn't do it myself, having surgery would be no different, because I personally was not ready to embrace a healthy and active lifestyle.\n\nIn the long run, it took me about 15 years since I was about 12 years of age when I started to get overweight to finally take the initiative and start losing weight. Today I am 28 years old, and to date, I've lost about 100 pounds, and have about 100 more to go! I may only be halfway to my goal after 18 months, but I now possess the right mindset for the job, and it helps to make it much easier to accomplish, regardless if I had done the surgery or not.\n\nI do agree that for some gastric bypass and other forms of surgery are the only feasible options available to the person based on their current weight and mindset. You have to make the decision yourself to carry through, day after day, week and week, month after month, that you will continue the healthy and active lifestyle you've laid out. No one can do this for you. They can help show you the path and help you along the way, but you have to do the walking yourself.\n\nSorry to hijack your thread, I thought some 1st hand experience might help to explain why some people have surgery and others do not. All in all, we are all built differently and have different mindsets. Some people will make it, others will not. This is the harsh reality that we all live in." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c38ynur", "c38zoyk", "c38ynur", "c38zoyk" ], "score": [ 4, 2, 4, 2 ], "text": [ "Wikipedia says it very clearly:\n\n > > The United States Department of State (often referred to as the State Department or DoS), is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries.\n", "Represent the interests of American and American citizens abroad. ", "Wikipedia says it very clearly:\n\n > > The United States Department of State (often referred to as the State Department or DoS), is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries.\n", "Represent the interests of American and American citizens abroad. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d7cga5c" ], "score": [ 3 ], "text": [ "Liquids aid in digestion. That is the reason, and perhaps combined with other things like nutrient need and routine." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ebb7i3e" ], "score": [ 5 ], "text": [ "It's just a bunch of smaller cells. You know how a remote control seems to always take two AAs? It's like that but on a larger scale and with much more than 3 volts involved.\n\nThere's 3 ways to set up cells: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Series is where they're end-to-end, like the way that remote control is wired up. Each AA in there gives 1.5 volts, put two of them end to end and you get the voltage of both! So now you have 3 volts, and for simplicity let's say you can draw 1 amp this way.\n\nParallel is if they were truly wired \"side by side\" instead of end to end. If we wired those AAs in parallel, you wouldn't get double the voltage like in series, but you would get double the potential current, so twice as many amps. Only 1.5 volts, but now we have 2 amps.\n\nIn series-parallel, you combine the two. So let's put our first two AAs in series to get 3 volts out of them, but they can only put out 1 amp. Now let's get two more AAs and put those end-to-end also. Then wire the top and bottom of our two stacks side by side. So now we can get 3 volts, but can now draw 2 amps since we have two stacks.\n\nA Tesla battery likely does series-parallel, just with cells *much* more powerful than AAs." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dfvkaye", "dfvko15" ], "score": [ 5, 9 ], "text": [ "Most people get lessons from instructions. \n\nPlaces you can get instructions for this is called a Drop Zone. But to learn wingsuiting, you must first learn the basics of skydiving, and most places require you to have some amount of skydiving jumps before they will teach you wingsuiting.\n\nSkydiving/wingsuiting is an expensive sport. ", "Before learning to wingsuit all those people were already very experienced skydivers and BASE jumpers, so they already have a high level of skill in a sport that requires jumping off something and surviving with a parachute. They also have a trained awareness of how to fall. From what I understand, beginner skydivers have trouble not spinning, and if they start spinning, stopping or pulling your chute can become impossible. So again, before they try out the wingsuit, they are starting with a high level of proficiency at the needed skills. My presumption in regard to when they first try the wingsuit, is that they jump from a helicopter or slow plane from an very high altitude. Apparently, BASE jumpers are often viewed by skydivers similar to how rock climbers see free soloists; very similar looking sport, but totally different level of risk. When jumping from a plane, skydivers or a new wingsuit pilot have over a minute before they hit the ground. That is more than enough time to correct errors, or use a reserve parachute. My guess is that they learn to fly in that environment before testing themselves in those close flybys you see in videos." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d5n0bmk", "d5n0exe", "d5n1dvc" ], "score": [ 2, 5, 5 ], "text": [ "Because the US did a bunch of crazy shitty things in other countries. I.e. permitting drug to be brought into the US during the 80's \"war on drugs\", infecting thousands of people in south america with STDs to see how it affects a person. Research man. Its awful what they did in the past. ", "I am sure you want absolution of the country and not an answer but the answer is that the US was one of the two global superpowers that became the one global superpower and it has had a LOT of effect over the last 60 years. \n\nGo back before that and england played a similar role. Sailing around the world and making decisions for other people. ", "To use one example, Russia's attempt to annex Afghanistan failed in part due to US-backed Mujahadeen groups, which later became Al Qaeda. Much of the ISIS military leadership consists of former Iraqi military leaders, kicked out and banned from ever working for the Iraqi government by the US-backed Iraqi government, installed after the pointless US invasion of Iraq. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c6cmh32", "c6cmovu", "c6cmqnf", "c6cmrbg", "c6cnt39", "c6co54v", "c6co6f6", "c6cqal6", "c6cqiat", "c6crs0v" ], "score": [ 30, 9, 3, 5, 41, 4, 5, 4, 12, 4 ], "text": [ "As a non-American I believe it's to do with the way the nation was founded: thousands of immigrants moving from Europe to somewhere new in the hope of finding prosperity. That achievement has been ingrained in the American culture ever since. The people are proud that, despite the country's young age, it has become the worlds most successful nation. ", "Why do the French or British? Belgium is a bit of an odd country I think with regards to this question, because the country is ethnically divided. Are you more proud of or connected to your Flemish or Walloon ethnic heritage than your nation? America has no one ethnicity, so Americans identify themselves with their nation. This is pretty common around the world, I'm from Australia and there is plenty of national pride there as well. ", "Constant repetition of the virtue of patriots throughout our public education. Every year we learned about our history, every year we learned about the same few people (at least 1st-8th grade) and every year they were celebrated as heroes.\n\nNationalism/Patriotism is instilled in all Americans from a very young age.\n\nHonestly, i'm surprised it's not this way in most countries, i thought it was common to teach children that yours was the best country out of all possibilities.\n\n", "This is hardly just an American trait. Visit Korea (north or south), Japan, China, and many Western European countries. Honestly, it probably just seems more prominent because American media is blasted to the entire world.", "I think also there is a tendency in Europe to downplay nationalism a little bit because of WWII.", "In spite of how much we complain about our country and how we say its all going to shit many of us are very thankful for being born here. To be given the chance to get an education, to live without fear of persecution, to earn honest pay for honest work and live a simple life. Wave upon wave of immigrants came to our country seeking just that and even though we hardly spoke the same languages we worked together to build something great. Even today, people are risking their lives to try and enter our country and chase \"The American Dream.\" \n\nA famous American orator named Patrick Henry once said \"United we stand, divided we fall\" which captures this perfectly. We take pride that we are all Americans and we take pride in our country has given us the opportunities to live how we want. ", "As an American its really hard for me to answer this. Its a lot about how we were founded, a true underdog story, then coming back from a civil war and two world wars strong as ever.Sadly, since then the government has been doing everything in its power to use this National pride as a way to get people in to wars, which is why it is frowned upon by other countries. But National pride really isnt a thing to be frowned upon as every country should be proud of there heritage and way of life. We just take it to an extreme level here because in the last century we have done some pretty awesome things, and were proud of it. Were not perfect by any means, but when it comes down to it, were proud to live here, and care maybe a little to much on making it better in each of our on ways. \nedit:words", "ITT: People talking about every country except America.", "Americans don't have a common heritage as we are all immigrants, we don't have a very long history, as we are a relatively new country. Patriotism was a tool for bringing all the people from different countries and all walks of life together under a common ideology and the search for a better life. ", "Nationalism and Patriotism aren't necessarily the same thing. Nationalism is more akin to saying \"USA is the best and all others suck goat anus!\" Whereas Patriotism is having pride in your country and its workings, and making sure you do all you can to keep the country the way (you believe) it should be. Dissent is patriotic; nationalism relies on blind faith. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cgq7l1i", "cgq7twv", "cgq905t", "cgqagzs", "cgqb1l1", "cgqb3wd", "cgqhf0c", "cgqhnuu" ], "score": [ 6, 8, 5, 19, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "Luck? Coincidence? Fate? Whatever you're comfortable with believing, I guess.", "possibly when they stop trying to fight off whatever could be a cause of death? Such as someone who has to force every breath without medical equipment, just stops trying and they accept that their time has come. ", "Your mind and attitude is very power and effects your body greatly. It's well documented that people with no purpose ie retiring, depressed, giving up etc, die faster.", "With a lot of diseases, your body become so weak that breathing is difficult, and can at teams require a conscious effort. You even have minor attacks, were you have to breath as hard as you can for a while just to stay alive. At some point, you might choose to not make that effort anymore.\n\nAlso, you can make choices about the type of treatment you receive. Curative treatment is about fighting disease and extending life. Palliative care is about relieving suffering without attempting to cure. A patient holding on for some event might endure more pain with curative treatment, then switch to palliative care after.\n\nFinally, there is some selection bias here. People are less likely to tell the story of the family member who died two days before the grand final vacation.", "the dominating will to live", "I don't know how it works, but I really think there's something to this.\n\nI worked full time as a janitor at a nursing home when I was a senior in high school. One day an old lady arrived to live there. She was friendly, full of energy, talked to everyone, and insisted on walking laps around the building every day for exercise. After the first week, I stopped seeing her because she began to just sit in her room all day. Two weeks after that, she died.\n\nHers was the most extreme case I saw, but I was always amazed at how quickly people started to deteriorate the moment they set foot in that place. It seemed like they realized they'd basically been sent there to die, and so they just gave up.\n\nI'm never going to let my parents end up in one of those places.", "The lack of a will to live can certainly bring death faster and the will to live to can keep death at bay but I don't think we actually know enough about death and the mind to know how such occurrences work. The automated part of us does what it can to live (which it the cause of certain responses to pain, stress, and trauma) and \"you\" fight against some of these responses (trying to ignore pain, fighting sleep when your body wants rest, etc).\n\nWe're not sure how the mind can fight off natural processes from the rest of the body when they are seemingly controlled by the same thing (the brain).", "The human will to live is powerful. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "d1dgg9h", "d1dgum7" ], "score": [ 4, 20 ], "text": [ "Six movable wheels with individual motors give a better balance to the vehicle and make it easier to cross all types of terrain.", "It's a rocker-bogie differential configuration, designed to maximize the ruggedness of terrain that the vehicle can traverse without tipping upside-down. There's nobody to tip it right-side-up again if it does, so we really don't want it to happen. \n\nHere's a link explaining how this configuration works using lego models:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "http://www.alicesastroinfo.com/2012/07/mars-rover-rocker-bogie-differential/" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d68i1zt", "d68i73p", "d68itup", "d68j504", "d68jaic", "d68jv1e", "d697d1t" ], "score": [ 33, 13, 10, 4, 35, 5, 2 ], "text": [ "Why would a clamp be more efficient? It's like this whole other thing you have to bring along just so you don't have to learn to tie up the rope you already are using? ", "I'm retired Navy. I spent 20 years on submarines. Despite this I still had to know knots. They are extremely useful for a multitude of things. A person that can't tie a knot is not a sailor. ", "The tl,dr is that in many trades ropes are used to quickly tie, tow and hoist things.\n\nSometimes you need a rope to pull something without the knot slipping, sometimes you need to lift something like a tool than can be quickly untied and sometimes you need something that can be pulled and released on command. All that's where your knowledge of knots comes in handy.\n\nRope is simple, waterproof and non-mechanical. It's worked effectively for thousands of years. Clips, clamps and ratchets are all prone to snagging and wear.", "Clamps or other devices would require both the Clamps and a wrench or screw driver to fasten and loosen. A knot requires your hands and some knowledge. It is way more efficient to use your hands and knowledge. Ropes are fastened to different things and then unfastened so frequently that the idea of finding a clamp and a tool is not practical or worthwhile when the simpler method is available. Not to mention, adding additional components adds to the risk of something breaking or coming undone. ", "Sailor here! I've been a ship's officer for about 10 years and currently work on a fairly new 120k ton oil tanker. We use knots all the time. Sending out mooring lines to a far away point... tie a knot with a messenger line and pass it along. Rigging a lift... bunch 'o knots. Securing cargo or deck gear... knots, knots, and knots. Lowering/raising tools into a hold... grab a bag, line and tie up a few knots. Need to wash a tank with a portable hose and machine... Some line and a timber hitch are all you need. As a cadet we would even rig bosun's chairs and work planks to paint the hull... all knots.\n\nPut simply, knots are very versatile; there's pretty much a knot for every situation and they have various degrees of strength retention, and various types and lengths of line are ubiquitous on any modern vessel. This was especially true on sailing ships whose rigging was made up entirely of different knots. But even for modern-day mariners, it's much easier to just tie off a good knot and accomplish your task, than it would be to involve more equipment that you don't really need. \n\nThat said, there are many other types of specialized securing gear that is utilized on board. Ratchet straps, chains falls, shackles, turnbuckles and chain/wire, etc are routinely used when the situation calls for it. ", "Man, I need to secure this item to the deck and all I have is a length of rope. I could secure it with nothing but the rope I'm already holding, or I could go find the right clamp for this size line and the object at hand...\n\nRope is extremely versatile, clamps are not. ", "Dingy instructor here, a lot of the time a cleat simply won't do the job. If I need to loop a top through a eyelet and then back onto itself, that's one quick, easy knot that will not come undone. Or I could mess about with some sort of clamping arrangement that could come undone unexpectedly, is a bulky item that could end up damaging absurdly expensive sails and can get lost. If I have run a rope through a pulley and make to sure it does come out again I can tie a knot in the end without even thinking about it, or message about with some impractical lump of metal that will weigh it down, get in the way, can get lost and can fall off.\n\nTl;dr knots are quick easy and reliable. Clamps and cleats are lumpy items that will get lost if they aren't bolted down, can come lose and can get in the way." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "dlet2w3" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "Nanobots are tiny robots. Robots so small that they could do things microbes do. There are many things we could use tiny robots for: one famous idea is making tiny surgery robots that could swim like submarines inside your blood vessels so that doctors don't have to cut you open to fix your insides.\n\nSo far there aren't many robots actually that small (yet) because it's really hard to make things that small. But lots of smart people are working hard on it because they know that if their ideas work, it could be the next big thing since the internet." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "ciixce4" ], "score": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Simply: Exactly twice as much, no. About twice as much, yes. \r\r\rMore in depth: Your microwave is around 1000 Watts, or 1000 Joules of energy per second. Assuming 80% of this hits the water, the water is getting 800 W. If your short time is 30 seconds and the long one is one minute, the water will get 24,000 and 48,000 J. It tales about 4.2 J to heat 1 gram of water 1 Celsius. If you have 1000 grams of water (about a litre or 1/4 gallon), 30 seconds will heat it about 5.7 C and 60 seconds will heat it about 11.4 C. \r\r\rSo that is the about twice as much. Now the reason it's not exactly twice as much is i used \"about\" a lot. Firstly, i said 80% of the microwaves power heats the water. It really doesn't matter if that is right or not, what matters is that it likely isn't constant. Colder water or hotter water may absorb microwaves slightly better or worse, steam may start to absorb it in the air. Secondly, i said water takes 4.2 Joules (also known as a calorie) to heat water 1 C. The thing is though, that number isn't constant. The amount of energy to heat water changes depending on its temperature. Lastly, i kept the 1000 grams of water constant. Realistically, some will come off as steam. Not only will this change the amount of water you have, the formation of steam also takes a fair bit of energy, energy that can no longer go towards raising the temperature. There is likely so other factors too, perhaps involving the container of something. \r\r\rEdit: crap, messed up changing volume with changing time. Top answer still applies, it kinda does. Most of the reasons still apply. An important addition now, more water water will absorb the percent of microwaves differently. " ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "c3dp7ol", "c3dplqd", "c3drnwb", "c3drvcy", "c3dwbld" ], "score": [ 2, 6, 2, 4, 3 ], "text": [ "1. thats the directors/writers interpretation of the book.\n2. They have to cut a lot of stuff out so it can fit in a 120 minute movie\n3. time/budget restraints\n4. Make it more interesting/entertaining to those that haven't read the book.", "What works in movie does not work in books and vice versa. \n\nFor example, the Lord of the Rings books are more about the adventure aspect and the world itself while the movies were all about combat. The sieges in the books were like, \"Oh a bunch of orcs came to Helms Deep. A lot of them were killed by the trio. It was pretty touch and go there for a moment but don't worry, I ate some oranges and it was k.\" While the movies are entirely about slaying bad guys. Action is simply more entertaining to watch in a movie.\n\nAn example of where this caused problems was in \"No Country For Old Men.\" At the end of the book and movie (spoliers up ahead) the main character gets killed by the drug trafficker (spoilers end). In the book the author doesn't write this scene and you find out about it in the following chapters. This made sense for the book because it was a unique way to tell the story and let's be honest, writing interesting action scenes can be pretty difficult. They did the same thing in the movie which caused disappointment and confusion amongst certain movie goers. The movie was pretty action packed and suspenseful up to that point and not seeing the final showdown was silly because, what works in books, does not work in movies.\n\n", "I don't think the writers' and directors' goal is to simply present the book in a movie format. As artists they're going to want to make the piece their own by using their interpretations.", "It's less about accuracy not being interesting, more about the fact that cinema and literature are very different mediums.\n\nAction scenes are hard to write in a book. 15 minutes of dialog can make for a dull film, badly handled.\n\nTo take the Harry Potter movies as an example, in the later movies, a few sub plots and side details from the books were left out. As a big fan of the books, I was disappointed not to see certain parts brought to life on the screen, but I have to admit that leaving them in would have made the movies overly long and badly paced. You get the essence and feel of the plot, without getting bogged down in enjoyable but superfluous details.", "**In order to answer this question you have to look at the entire process of turning a book into a film.**\n\nSo a producer reads a book and says this would make a great movie. He decides to hire a writer to turn this book into a screenplay. \n\n Sometimes this book will be 1000 pages and have really long descriptive paragraphs and sometimes this book will have 100 pages and be almost entirely dialogue. \n\nThe writer is going to have to take either of these books and turn it into a screenplay this is roughly 110 pages. \n\nWhy 110 pages?\n\nBecause movies need to be a certain length (roughly 1.5 hours to 2.5 hours) in order to be profitable so screenwriters have to either shrink or expand the source material to fit into 110 page screenplay.\n\nAnother common aspect in almost every successful movie ever created is going to have certain \"beats\" happen at roughly the same time.\n\nSome common ones that [Blake Snyder](_URL_1_) refers to in his screenwriting book-\n\n* Theme Stated - by page 5 (roughly 5 minutes in) their should be some theme to the movie\n\n* Catalyst - by page 12 there needs to be some driving force that inspires the main character to do something\n\n* B Story - by page 30 there should be a secondary story introduced (normally the romance part of a movie)\n\n*To see a full example of a movie with an uncommon narrative and how closely it follows these beats see -\n_URL_0_\n\nIn a 1000 page book there might be a 150 page intro that sets some things up before the main character is ever introduced but in order to keep audiences following your movie you need to introduce them to your main character within the first 5 pages/minutes.\n\nThis leads to a lot of problems. If the novel being adapted doesn't have a love interest appear until the book is 70% complete the writer is now forced to either introduce that character by page 30 or to eliminate that story line altogether. If there is an intense court scene that spans 300 pages of dialogue the writer has to figure out figure out how to adapt that into a 10 page debate scene while conveying the same points.\n\n**TLDR: If a novel was word-for-word adapted into a screenplay it would either be too short or too long and suffer from a lack of structure that would most likely make the movie very slow in certain scenes.**" ] }

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[ [], [], [], [], [ "http://www.blakesnyder.com/2010/02/09/stc-beats-out-500-days-of-summer/*", "http://www.savethecat.com" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "cmnb283", "cmnb6wn", "cmnb7hk", "cmnbc4y" ], "score": [ 9, 2, 2, 2 ], "text": [ "People who oppose socialized healthcare generally worry that their taxes will go up (almost certainly true) or that their quality and/or timeliness of their own healthcare will go down (possible). Some of them have very little faith in government programs, possibly believing that they tend to be incompetent and wasteful.\n\nThose aren't arguments I agree with, but that's their perspective in a nutshell.\n\nYou can try to point out to them that socialized healthcare is *less* expensive, but in my experience they won't believe that.", "Neither are fundamental human rights in the sense that they must be provided to individuals by the community. This doesn't necessarily mean that they shouldn't be provided, but claiming such as a fundamental human right makes you sound like a spoiled self-entitled brat.\n\nAdditionally, education is run at the state level, not the federal. The US constitution was written that the states have much more authority over day-to-day things than the federal government. Those federal incentives that exist to coerce state policy on education is somewhat controversial as well.\n\nLikewise, state - level healthcare laws are not nearly as controversial as the ACA.", "[A lot of people think we should be privatizing K-12 education as well.](_URL_0_)", "There's some similarity between the treatment of public education in the USA, which is funded K-12 (sometimes starting pre-K) but not funded for adults (in college), and the treatment of health care, which has much more funding available for children (SCHIP, now called CHIP, above and beyond Medicaid) than it does for adults (just Medicaid).\n\nAlso, the health insurance lobby is strong, whereas the private education lobby is less strong. We do have some publicly funded private charter schools, but nothing like the dominance of private health insurance." ] }

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[ [], [], [ "http://www.schoolsmatter.info/2013/12/walmarts-walton-foundation-doubling.html" ], [] ]

{ "a_id": [ "d9mr45v" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "There are two types of images, raster graphics and vector graphics. \n\nVector graphics rely on mathematically produced 'paths' to draw the image. When rescaling the image, the computer simply recalculates the path and there is no quality loss.\n\nRaster graphics rely on pixels. When these are scaled, the computer uses an algorithm to sample the pixels around the existing pixels and fill in the computer's best 'guess'. The problem with this is if you scale too far down, non-adjacent pixels start getting used in the sample and if you scale too far up, sampled pixels start getting used." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cbh7h5m", "cbha5d8" ], "score": [ 2, 5 ], "text": [ "Reggae is the evolved form of ska and rocksteady. It's also used as a blanket term to describe all carribean (especially Jamaican) music. \n\nSka and rocksteady are big on live instruments, and there's an emphasis on horns in ska. Rocksteady is very similar but not as upbeat as most ska songs. Reggae is the stuff you hear on the radio now. Live instruments are always a good thing but not necessary. \n\nSka came first, then that became rocksteady, then modern reggae. I would say a good analogy is the difference between Motown, R & B, and Neo-Soul. First was Otis Redding, then came Luther Vandross, and now there's artists like John Legend. \n\nThe music is all very similar just originating from a different time. \n\nI hope that helped. I'm not from the islands at all but I used to listen to Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Hepcat, and dancehall a lot back in high school. I'm a fan of Damian Marley today too. ", "They're basically just different eras in the same musical continuum. Compare the examples from the Wailers/Bob Marley/Rita Marley, which cover all eras:\n\n**Ska: (original era ~1958 - ~1966)**\n\nFast tempo, usually with a swing beat and a very strong jazz element. The original ska musicians from the '60s were all jazz musicians, so in addition to vocal songs, they often recorded instrumentals structured around a melody or theme (often \"borrowed\" from a popular movie or TV show theme song), followed by a bunch of improvised jazz solos with the theme repeated at the end. \n\nThe original ska bands followed a [big band](_URL_1_) jazz format: 8+ musicians with horns as the lead instruments and piano, guitar, upright bass, and drums doing the support.\n\n_URL_3_\n\n_URL_6_\n\n**Rocksteady: (original era ~1966 - ~1969)**\n\nA transitional form between ska and reggae. Medium tempo, smaller bands centred around bass, guitar, and piano and less around horns (notice in the first example below how the horns are barely audible and are now in the support role). \n\nMany newer rocksteady musicians didn't have a jazz background, so the music is simpler and more groove-based, though jazz-trained ska musicians often recorded on these songs as well.\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_4_\n\n**Reggae: (original era ~1969 - ~early 80s)**\n\nSlow tempo and often minimalistic, emphasizing groove and space with fewer solos. Reggae groups usually follow a rock band format: guitar, bass, keys and drums, with the bass guitar carrying the signature line and very prominent in the mix. Many reggae songs don't have horns at all. Although most vocals are still sung, you start to see the emergence of [toasting](_URL_5_)--basically the Jamaican equivalent (and to some degree, a grandfather) of rapping. Also, as a precursor to sampling, some singers and toasters (aka \"deejays\") choose to record new vocals over old instrumental tracks (aka \"riddims\") instead of writing new music.\n\n_URL_7_\n\n_URL_9_\n\n**Dancehall: (original era ~early 80s - now)**\n\nA continuation of the reggae era, people will often just call dancehall music \"reggae\" and call old style reggae from the '70s \"roots reggae\" to distinguish it. Music is simpler still and more dance-oriented than earlier reggae. Paralleling hip-hop and r & b, a lot of live instrumentation is replaced with drum machines, synths, riddims (samples), and there's a lot more toasting (rapping) than before.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_8_\n\n\n**TL;DR: ska:reggae:dancehall::jazz:rock:hip-hop/r & b.** \n\nAnd rocksteady sounds like a cross between ska and reggae. Oversimplified, but that's the general idea.\n\n\n\n\n\n" ] }

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[ [], [ "www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x8jUJcR7do", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=21PUe4OLuQI", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHRQ7-GWvIE", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=eugQ3vfQOK8", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay_%28Jamaican%29", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybmPHD7FPcQ", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-5E6_qtXAw", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzP_NF06vpg", "www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j6uXOfgWz8" ] ]

{ "a_id": [ "ey4tlsb" ], "score": [ 2 ], "text": [ "One factor is availability of oxygen; the less in your system, the more intense the sensation. Hence autoerotic asphyxiation." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cuw1oem", "cuw1q3n", "cuw1yxj" ], "score": [ 37, 2, 7 ], "text": [ "Because \"18 hundred\" is shorter than \"1 thousand 8 hundred\". On the other hand, \"20 hundred\" is longer than \"2 thousand\". After 100 years however, you will hear people say \"21 hundred\" instead of \"2 thousand 1 hundred\"", "You could certainly say \"one-thousand eight-hundred\" if you wanted to. \"Eighteen-hundred\" is a bit more economical. Also the date doesnt end with hundreds yet so its a bit cumbersome to say \"The Twenty-Hundreds\" but id be willing to bet that \"The Twenty-one Hundreds\" will be more widely used than \"The Two-thousand One-Hundreds\" its mostly just a matter of what sounds right, its not a hard and fast rule.", "Ask yourself how you would pronounce the year 1015. One-thousand-fifteen? Ten-fifteen?\n\nNow compare that to 2015. Two-thousand-fifteen. Twenty-fifteen.\n\nBoth work and both describe the year accurately, but it's just the first century of each millennium that experiences this problem." ] }

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{ "a_id": [ "cysggw1", "cysgj9q" ], "score": [ 2, 5 ], "text": [ "NFL? So the NFL is split into the NFC and the AFC. They both have 16 teams of their own. Each of these conferences are split into 4 groups of 4 called divisions. So there are 4 divisions per conference: North, South, East and West. Teams play other teams in their division twice a year, while they will only play other teams at most once a year. Wins against another conference team matter more than wins against teams from outside the conference in the case of a tiebreaker situation. There are 16 games a season and so there are 6 within the division, 4 against all the teams of a specific NFC conference, 4 against a specific AFC conference and then 2 more games against other teams in your conference. At the end of the season the teams that have the most wins in their division(or win in the case of a tiebreaker but I'll get to that) go to the playoffs. So that's 8 teams already. Now on top of that 2 teams from each Conference also get in as Wild Cards. This goes to the two teams with the most wins in each conference that weren't the best in their division (again if they have the same win/loss record as another team it goes to a tiebreaker to see who gets in). So now there are a total of 12 teams that made it to the playoffs. Now the teams in each conference play each other until one is the NFC champion and one is the AFC champion, and those two teams play in the Super Bowl. Before the conference championship, the teams are seeded. Of the 4 teams that were best in their division, they get ranked from 1 to 4 based on number of wins. Then the wild cards get ranked 5th or 6th based on number of wins. The 1 and 2 seed get a bye round, so they don't play anyone in the first round. The 3rd seed plays the 6th seed and the 4th seed plays the 5th seed. I should mention the higher seeded team always plays at home. After this the losers are eliminated and then the winners go onto the next round. The worst team left plays the 1st seed and the second worst seeded team plays the 2nd seed. After this game the two teams left in the conference play against each other for the conference championship. In terms of the rules for a tiebreaker, they're fairly complicated so here is a link to understand them: _URL_0_", "There are 32 teams in the NFL. 16 each in two conferences, the AFC and NFC. That's broken down into 4-team divisions. Each season, each team plays the other 3 teams in its division twice, and the rest of the schedule is filled out with remaining teams, mostly from within the conference.\n\n6 teams from each conference make the playoffs--the 4 division winners, plus two wildcards. The wildcards are the teams with the best records that didn't win their division. The 6 teams are ranked--first the 4 division winners by record, then the wildcards by record. They play a standard elimination tournament, with the top two teams getting a first round bye. The winners of each conference play in the Super Bowl." ] }

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[ [ "http://www.nfl.com/standings/tiebreakingprocedures" ], [] ]