C018/Y01744.json

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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1744, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by MWS, Eleni Christofaki and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This\nfile was produced from images generously made available\nby The Internet Archive)\nTranscriber's note\nA list of the changes made can be found at the end of the book.\nFormatting and special characters are indicated as follows:\n  _italic_\n  =bold=\n  +gesperrt+\n                    THE SOLAR AND THE LUNAR YEARS,\n                The Cycle of 19 Years, commonly called\n                  And a Method of finding the Time of\n                _Easter_, as it is now observed in most\n                      Being Part of a LETTER from\n                         The Right Honourable\n                      GEORGE EARL OF MACCLESFIELD\n       _Martin Folkes_ Esq; _President_ of the _Royal Society_,\n                 and by him communicated to the same,\n               Printed for CHARLES DAVIS, Printer to the\nA TABLE, shewing, by means of the Golden Numbers, the several Days on\nwhich the Paschal Limits or Full Moons, according to the _Gregorian_\nAccount, have already happened, or will hereafter happen; from the\nReformation of the Calendar in the Year of our Lord 1582, to the Year\n4199 inclusive.\nTo find the Day on which the Paschal Limit or Full Moon falls in any\ngiven Year; Look, in the Column of Golden Numbers belonging to that\nPeriod of Time wherein the given Year is contained, for the Golden\nNumber of that Year; over-against which, in the same Line continued to\nthe Column intitled _Paschal Full Moons_, you will find the Day of the\nMonth, on which the Paschal Limit or Full Moon happens in that Year.\nAnd the _Sunday_ next after that Day is _Easter_ Day in that Year,\naccording to the _Gregorian_ Account.\n  |Golden Numbers from the Year 1583 to 1699, and so on to    |\n  |Golden Numbers from the Year 1583 to 1699,|   Paschal    |\n  |and so on to 4199, all inclusive.         | Full Moons.  |\n  _Remarks upon the_ Solar _and the_ Lunar _Years_, _the_ Cycle _of\n    19 Years_, _commonly called the_ Golden Number, _the_ Epact, _and\n    a Method of finding the Time of_ Easter, _as it is now observed\n    in most Parts of_ Europe. _Being Part of a Letter from the Right\n    Honourable_ George _Earl of_ Macclesfield _to_ Martin Folkes _Esq_;\n    President _of the_ Royal Society.\n_Of the_ Solar Year.\nTHE mean _Tropical Solar Year_, or that mean Space of Time wherein the\nSun, or Earth, after departing from any Point of the Ecliptic returns\nto the same again, consists, according to Dr. _Halley_'s Tables, of\n365d, 5h, 48\u00b4, 55\u00b4\u00b4: Which is less by 11\u00b4, 5\u00b4\u00b4, than the mean _Julian_\nYear, consisting of 365d, 6h, 0\u00b4, 0\u00b4\u00b4.\nHence the Equinoxes and Solstices anticipate, or come earlier than the\n_Julian_ Account supposes them to do by 11\u00b4, 5\u00b4\u00b4, in each mean _Julian_\nYear; or 44\u00b4, 20\u00b4\u00b4 in every four; or 3d, 1h, 53\u00b4, 20\u00b4\u00b4, in every four\nhundred _Julian_ Years.\nIn order to correct this Error in the _Julian_ Year, the Authors of\nthe _Gregorian_ Method of regulating the Year, when they reformed\nthe Calendar in the Beginning of _October 1582_, directed that three\nintercalary Days should be omitted or dropped in every four hundred\nYears; by reckoning all those Years, whose Date consists of a Number\nof entire Hundreds not divisible by 4, such as 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100,\n_&c._ to be only Common, and not Bissextile or Leap Years, as they\nwould otherwise have been; and consequently omitting the intercalary\nDays, which, according to the _Julian_ Account, should have been\ninserted in the Month of _February_ in those Years. But at the same\ntime they order'd that every fourth hundredth Year, consisting of a\nNumber of entire Hundreds, divisible by 4, such as 1600, 2000, 2400,\n2800, _&c._ should still be consider'd as Bissextile or Leap Years,\nand, of consequence, that one Day should be intercalated as usual in\nthose Years.\nThis Correction, however, did not entirely remove the Error: For the\nEquinoxes and Solstices still anticipate 1h, 53\u00b4, 20\u00b4\u00b4 in every four\nhundred _Gregorian_ Years.\nBut that Difference is so inconsiderable as not to amount to\ntwenty-four Hours, or to one whole Day, in less than 5082 _Gregorian_\nYears.\n_Of the_ Lunar Year, Cycle of 19 Years, _and the_ Epact.\nThe Space of Time betwixt one mean Conjunction of the Moon with the Sun\nand the next following, or a mean _Synodical Month_, is equal to 29d,\n12h, 44\u00b4, 3\u00b4\u00b4, 2\u00b4\u00b4\u00b4, 56{IV} according to Mr. _Pound_'s Tables of mean\nConjunctions.\nThe Common Lunar Year consists of 12 such Months.\nThe Intercalary or _Embolim\u00e6an_ Year consists of 13 such Months.\nIn each Cycle of 19 Lunar Years, there are 12 Common, and 7 Intercalary\nor _Embolim\u00e6an_ Years, making together 235 Synodical Months.\nIt was thought, at the time of the General Council of _Nice_, which was\nholden in the Year of our Lord 325, that 19 _Julian_ Solar Years were\nexactly equal to such a Cycle of 19 Lunar Years, or to 235 Synodical\nMonths; and therefore, that, at the End of 19 Years, the New Moons\nor Conjunctions would happen exactly at the same Times, as they did\n19 Years before: And upon this Supposition it was, that, some time\nafterwards, the several Numbers of that Cycle, commonly called the\nGolden Numbers, were prefixed to all those Days in the Calendar, on\nwhich the New Moons then happened in the respective Years corresponding\nto those Numbers; it being imagined, that whensoever any of those\nNumbers should for the future be the Golden Number of the Year, the New\nMoons would invariably happen on those Days in the several Months, to\nwhich that Number was prefixed.\nBut this was a Mistake:\n  For 19 _Julian_ Solar Years contain       6939, 18, 0, 0, 0\n  Whereas 235 Synodical Months\n  And are therefore less than 19\nThis Difference amounts to a whole Day very nearly in 310.7 Years, the\nNew Moons anticipating, or falling earlier, by 24 Hours in that Space\nof Time, than they did before: And therefore now in the Year 1750, the\nNew Moons happen above four Days and a half sooner, than the Times\npointed out by the Golden Numbers in the Calendar.\nIn order therefore to preserve a sort of regular Correspondence betwixt\nthe Solar and the Lunar Years, and to make the Golden Numbers, prefixed\nto the Days of the Month, useful for determining the Times of the New\nMoons, it would be necessary, when once those Golden Numbers should\nhave been prefixed to the proper Days, to make them anticipate a Day\nat the End of every 310.7 Years, as the Moons will actually have done;\nthat is to set them back one Day, by prefixing each of them to the Day\npreceding that, against which they before stood.\nBut as such a Rule would neither be so easily comprehended or retained\nin Memory, as if the Alteration was to be made at the End or at the\nBeginning of complete Centuries of Years; the Rule would be much more\nfit for Practice, and keep sufficiently near to the Truth, if those\nNumbers should be set back nine Days in the Space of 2800 Years; by\nsetting them back one Day, first at the End of 400 Years, and then at\nthe End of every 300 Years for eight times successively: whereby they\nwould be set back, in the whole, nine Days in 2800 Years. After which\nthey must again be set one Day back at the End of 400 Years, and so on,\nas in the preceding 2800 Years. By which means the Golden Numbers would\nalways point out the mean Times of the New Moons, within a Day of the\nTruth.\nIt is plain however that the Lunar Year will have lost one Day more\nthan ordinary, with respect to the Solar Year, whenever the New Moons\nshall have anticipated a whole Day; as they will have done at those\ntimes, when it is necessary that the Golden Numbers should, by the\nRule just now given, be set back one Day: and consequently the Epact,\nfor that and the succeeding Years, must exceed by an Unit the several\ncorresponding Epacts of the preceding 19 Years.\nFor the Epact is the Difference, in whole Days, betwixt the common\n_Julian_ Solar and the Lunar Year; the former being reckoned to consist\nof 365, and the latter of only 354 Days. If therefore the Solar and\nthe Lunar Year at any time should commence on the same Day, the Solar\nwould, at the End of the Year, have exceeded the Lunar by 11 Days;\nwhich Number 11 would be the Epact of the next Year: 22 would be\nthe Epact of the Year following, and 33 the Epact of the Year after\nthat, the Epacts increasing yearly by 11. But as often as this yearly\nAddition makes the Epact exceed 30, those 30 are rejected as making\nan intercalary Month, and only the Excess of the Epact above 30 is\naccounted the true Epact for that Year. Thus when the Epact would\namount to 31, 32, 33, 34, _&c._ the 30 is rejected, and the Epact\nSince therefore the Lunar Year will have lost a Day more than ordinary,\nin respect of the Solar Year, whenever it is necessary to set the\nGolden Numbers one Day back, as was before observed; it follows, that\nthe Epact must at the same time be increased by an Unit more than\nusual: the Difference betwixt the Solar and the Lunar Year having been\njust so much greater than usual. That is, 12 must be added, instead of\n11, to the Epact of the preceding, in order to form what will be the\nEpact of the then present Year. Which Addition of an Unit extraordinary\nto one Epact will occasion all the subsequent Epacts (which will follow\neach other in the usual manner, each exceeding the foregoing by 11) to\nbe greater by an Unit than their respectively corresponding Epacts of\nthe preceding 19 Years.\nIf therefore, instead of the Golden Numbers, the Epacts of the several\nYears were prefixed, in the manner the _Gregorians_ have done, to the\nDays of the Calendar, in order to denote the Days on which the New\nMoons fall in those Years whereof those Numbers are the Epacts; there\nwould never be Occasion to shift the Places of those Epacts in the\nCalendar; since the Augmentation by an Unit extraordinary of the Epacts\nthemselves would answer the Purpose, and keep all tolerably right.\nThus in a very easy Method may the Course of the New Moons be pointed\nout, either by the Golden Numbers, or by the Epacts, according to the\n_Julian_ Account or Manner of adjusting the Year, which goes on regular\nand uniform without any Variation.\nBut the regulating these things for those who use the _Gregorian_\nAccount, is an Affair of more Intricacy; and for them it will require\nmore Consideration to determine, when the Epacts are to be more than\nordinarily augmented, and at what Times they are to continue in\ntheir usual Course; nay, to know when they are not only not to be\nextraordinarily augmented, but also when they are to be diminished\nby an Unit, by increasing one of them by 10 only instead of 11 as\nusual: and this happens much oftener with the _Gregorians_, than the\nincreasing one of them by 12 instead of 11. For, in every _Gregorian_\nSolar Year, whose Date consists of any Number of entire Hundreds\nnot divisible by 4, it is supposed that the Equinox has anticipated\none whole Day; and therefore one Day, that which ought to be the\nintercalary one, is omitted; and consequently the preceding Solar Year,\nwhere one Day was lost, exceeded the Lunar Year by 10 Days only instead\nIn order therefore to adapt the before-mention'd Rule to the\n_Gregorian_ Account, and to know in what Years the Epacts should\neither be extraordinarily augmented or diminished, and the Golden\nNumbers should either be set backwards or forwards in the Calendar; the\nfollowing Rules and Directions must be observed.\nFirst. That in the Years 1800, 2100, 2700, 3000, _&c._ where the\nNumber of entire Hundreds is divisible by 3, but not by 4, the\n_Gregorian_ Solar, as well as the Lunar Year, will have lost a Day; and\nconsequently the Difference betwixt them will be the same as usual:\nTherefore in those Years there must be no Alteration, either in the\nEpacts or the Golden Numbers; but the former must go on in the same\nmanner, and the latter stand prefixed to the same Days in the Calendar,\nfor another, as they did for the last hundred Years.\n2dly. The like will happen in the Years 2000, 2800, 3200, _&c._ where\nthe Number of entire Hundreds is divisible by 4, but not by 3: For\nneither the _Gregorian_ Solar nor the Lunar Year is to be altered; and\ntherefore the Epacts must go on, and the Golden Numbers stand, as they\ndid before.\nBut, 3dly, In the Years 2400, and 3600, whose Number of entire Hundreds\nis divisible both by 3 and 4, the _Gregorian_ Solar Year goes on as\nusual, and the Lunar Year has lost a Day. The Difference therefore\nbetwixt them being 12, the Epact of the preceding Year must be\naugmented by that Number instead of 11, in order to form the Epact of\nthe then present Year; whereby a new Set of Epacts will be introduced,\nexceeding their precedent corresponding Epacts by an Unit: And the\nGolden Numbers must be set one Day back in the Calendar.\n4thly and lastly, In the Years 1900, 2200, 2300, 2500, _&c._ where the\nNumber of Hundreds is divisible neither by 3 nor 4; the _Gregorian_\nSolar Year having lost one Day, and the Lunar none, the Difference\nbetwixt them being only 10; that Number only, and not 11, is to be\nadded to the Epact of the preceding, in order to form the Epact\nof that, the then present Year; whereby a new Set of Epacts will\nbe introduced, all of them less by an Unit than their precedent\ncorresponding Epacts: And the Golden Numbers must be set a Day\nforwarder in the Calendar; that is, be prefixed to the Day following\nthat, against which they stood in the precedent hundred Years.\nThis Method would preserve a sort of Regularity betwixt the Solar\nand the Lunar Years; and, by means of the Rules and Directions\nbefore-mentioned, the Days of the New Moons might be pointed out,\neither by the Golden Numbers or by the Epacts, placed in the Calendar\nfor that Purpose; according to the _Julian_ Account for ever, and\naccording to the _Gregorian_ Account till the Year 4199 inclusive,\nafter which there must be some little Variation made in the four last\nPrecepts or Rules, but it would be to little Purpose now, to attempt\nthe framing of a new Set of Rules for so distant a Time.\nThe _Gregorians_ have chosen to make use of the Epacts to determine the\nDays of the New Moons, and follow pretty nearly the Rules prescribed\nabove; except that they order the Epacts to have an additional\nAugmentation of an Unit eight times in 2500 Years, beginning with the\nYear 1800, as at the End of 400 Years; to which 400 Years if there be\nadded three times seven hundred, or 2100 Years, the Period of 2500\nYears will be completed in the Year 3900. After which they do not make\ntheir extraordinary Augmentation of an Unit in the Epacts, till at the\nEnd of another Term of 400 Years; which defers that Augmentation from\nthe Year 4200 to the Year 4300. And this is the Reason that the Rules\nabove delivered will require a Variation in the Year 4200; whereas\nit is directed in this Paper that the Epacts should be augmented,\nor (which is the same thing) the Golden Numbers be set back in the\nCalendar nine times in 2800 Years. This arises from the _Gregorians_\nsupposing, that the Difference betwixt 19 Solar and as many Lunar\nYears would not amount to a whole Day in less than 312 Years and a\nhalf; whereas it has appeared above, that it would amount to a whole\nDay in 310.7 Years. But although the Rule prescribed in this Paper\ncomes much nearer to the Truth, yet the Error in either Case is very\ninconsiderable, being so small as not to amount to a whole Day in many\nthousand Years; and therefore is not worth regarding.\n_A Method of finding the Time of_ Easter, _as it is observed in most\nParts of_ Europe.\nFrom what has been already said, a Method may be obtained, for fixing,\nwith sufficient Exactness, the Time of the Celebration of the Feast\nof _Easter_, which is governed by the _Vernal Equinox_, and by the\nAge of the Moon nearest to it. The former whereof, when once rightly\nadjusted, may (by the Corrections mentioned in that Part of this Paper\nwhich relates to the Solar Year) be made to continue to fall at very\nnear the same time with, or at most not to differ a whole Day from the\ntrue _Equinox_: and the same Rules and Directions, which, as was before\nshewn, would, without any great Error, point out the Times of the first\nDay of the Moon, would with equal Certainty point out the fourteenth,\nfifteenth, or any other: And thus the Times of the Oppositions or\nthe Full Moons might be as well marked out thereby, as those of the\nConjunctions or the New Moons.\nI shall not at present take notice of the Canon of the Council of\n_Nice_, in the Year of our Lord 325, which directs the Time of\ncelebrating the Feast of _Easter_, or of the Reasons upon which that\nCanon was founded. Nor shall I endeavour to explain the Rule now in\nUse in the Church of _England_ for finding _Easter_: For, besides that\nsuch an Explanation would extend this Paper to an improper Length,\nthose Points have already been treated of by several much abler\nHands, and particularly by our Countryman the learned Dr. _Prideaux_.\nNor is it my Intention to enter far into the Methods used by the\n_Gregorians_, or those of the Church of _Rome_, or by any other Nations\nor Countries, for finding the Time of that Feast. As to our own, I\nshall only observe, that the Method now used in _England_, for finding\nthe fourteenth Day of the Moon, or the Ecclesiastical Full Moon, on\nwhich _Easter_ dependeth, is, by Process of Time, become considerably\nerroneous: as the Golden Numbers, which were placed in the Calendar, to\npoint out the Days on which the New Moons fall in those Years of which\nthey are respectively the Golden Numbers, do now stand several Days\nlater in the same than those New Moons do really happen. Which Error,\nas was before observed, arises from the Anticipation of the Moons since\nthe Time of the Council of _Nice_: And as the _Vernal Equinox_ has also\nanticipated eleven Days since that time; neither that Equinox, nor\nthe New Moons, do now happen on those Days upon which the Church of\n_England_ supposes them so to happen.\nWhen Pope _Gregory_ XIII. reformed the _Julian_ Solar Year, he likewise\nmade a Correction as to the Time of celebrating the Feast of _Easter_,\nby placing the Epacts (which he directed to be made use of for the\nfuture instead of the Golden Numbers) much nearer to the true Times of\nthe New Moons than the Golden Numbers then stood in the old Calendar:\nI say, _much nearer to the true Times_; because in fact the Epacts, as\nplaced by him, were not prefixed to the exact Days upon which the New\nMoons then truly fell. And this was done with Design, and for a Reason\nwhich it is not material to the Purpose of this Paper to mention.\nBut the Church of _England_, and that of _Rome_ or the _Gregorians_, do\nstill agree in this; that both of them mark (the former by the Golden\nNumbers, and the latter by the Epacts corresponding to them) the Days\non which their Ecclesiastical New Moons are supposed to happen: And\nthat fourteenth Day of the Moon inclusive, or that Full Moon, which\nfalls upon, or next after, the 21st Day of _March_, is the Paschal\nLimit or Full Moon to both: And the _Sunday_ next following that Limit\nor Full Moon, is by both Churches celebrated as _Easter_ Day. But the\n21st of _March_ being reckoned, according to the _Gregorian_ Account or\nthe New Style, eleven Days sooner than by the _Julian_ Account or the\nOld Style, which is still in Use amongst us; and their Ecclesiastical\nNew Moons being three Days earlier than those of the Church of\n_England_; it happens that although the Church of _England_ and that of\n_Rome_ often do, yet more frequently they do not, celebrate the Feast\nof _Easter_ upon the same natural Day.\nIt might however be easier for both, and could occasion no\nInconvenience, now that Almanacks, which tell the exact Times of the\nNew Moons, are in most Peoples Hands; if all the Golden Numbers and\nEpacts now prefixed to those Days of the Calendar, in our Book of\nCommon Prayer, and in the _Roman Breviary_, on which the respective\nEcclesiastical New Moons happen, were omitted in the Places where they\nnow stand; and were set only against those fourteenth Days of the Moon,\nor those Full Moons, which happen betwixt the 21st Day of _March_ and\nthe 18th of _April_, both inclusive. Since no fourteenth Day or Full\nMoon, which happens before the 21st of _March_, or after the 18th Day\nof _April_, can have any Share in fixing the Time of _Easter_. By which\nmeans the Trouble of counting to the fourteenth Day, and the Mistakes\nwhich sometimes arise therefrom, would be avoided.\nWe do as yet in _England_ follow the _Julian_ Account or the Old Style\nin the Civil Year; as also the Old Method of finding those Moons upon\nwhich _Easter_ depends: Both of which have been shewn to be very\nerroneous.\nIf therefore this Nation should ever judge it proper to correct the\nCivil Year, and to make it conformable to that of the _Gregorians_, it\nwould surely be adviseable to correct the Time of the Celebration of\nthe Feast of _Easter_ likewise, and to bring it to the same Day upon\nwhich it is kept and solemnized by the Inhabitants of the greatest Part\nof _Europe_, that is, by those who follow the _Gregorian_ Account. For\ntho' I am aware, that their Method of finding the Time of _Easter_ is\nnot quite exact, but is liable to some Errors; yet I apprehend, that\nall other practicable Methods of doing it would be so too: And if they\nwere more free from Error, they would probably be more intricate,\nand harder to be understood by Numbers of People, than the Method of\ndetermining that Feast either by a Cycle of Epacts, as is practiced by\nthe _Gregorians_, or by that of 19 Years or the Golden Numbers, in the\nmanner proposed in the following Part of this Paper: And it is of no\nsmall Importance, that a Matter of so general a Concern, as the Method\nof finding _Easter_ is, should be within the Reach of the Generality of\nMankind, at least as far as the Nature of the thing will admit.\nFor which Reason, in case the Legislature of this Country should before\nthe Year 1900, think fit to make our Civil Year correspond with that\nof the _Gregorians_, and also to celebrate all the future Feasts of\n_Easter_ upon the same Days upon which they celebrate them; this last\nParticular might be easily effected, without altering the Rule of the\nChurch of _England_ for the finding of that Feast: And this only by\nadvancing the Golden Numbers, prefixed to certain Days in the Calendar,\n8 Days forwarder for the New Moons, or 21 Days forwarder for the\nfourteenth Days or Full Moons, than they now stand in our Calendar.\nIn order to explain this, it must be observed, that the _Gregorian_\nAccount or the New Style is eleven Days forwarder than the _Julian_\nAccount or the Old Style, which we still make use of; that is, the last\nDay of any of our Months is the eleventh Day of their next succeeding\nMonth. If therefore their Ecclesiastical New Moons fell on the same\nDays with those of the Church of _England_, the Golden Number 14,\nwhich now stands against the last Day of _February_ in our that is the\n_Julian_ Calendar, should, when we should have adopted the _Gregorian_\nCalendar, be prefixed to the 11th Day of _March_. But since their\nEcclesiastical New Moons happen 3 Days earlier than our Ecclesiastical\nNew Moons at present do; so much should be deducted from those 11 Days,\nby which the Golden Numbers ought otherwise to be advanced; and the\nGolden Number 14 should not be placed against the 11th, but the 8th Day\nof _March_: Which being reckoned the first Day of the Moon, if we count\non to the fourteenth Day of the same inclusive, that would be found\nto fall on the a 21st Day of _March_; on which Day the _Gregorian_\nPaschal Limit or Full Moon will happen when the Golden Number is 14.\nAnd the like Course should be taken with the rest of the 19 Golden\nNumbers; which ought to be placed 8 Days forwarder than they now stand,\nif they are to point out the New Moon; or 21 Days forwarder than they\nare at present, if they are to mark the fourteenth Day of the Moon or\nthe Full Moon: The latter of which, as has been shewn, would be more\neligible, than to prefix those Numbers to the Days on which the New\nMoons happen.\nThus may the Rule and Method now used in the Church of _England_, be\nmost easily adapted to shew the Time of _Easter_, as it is observed by\nthe _Gregorians_, till the Year 1900; at which Time, and at the other\nproper succeeding Times, if the Golden Numbers in the Calendar shall\neither be advanced or set backward a Day, according the foregoing Rules\nand Directions for that Purpose, they will continue to shew us the New\nor the Full Moons, of the Church of _Rome_ or the _Gregorian_ Calendar\nwith great Exactness, till the Year 4199: when, as has been already\nmentioned, there must be a little Variation made in those Rules and\nDirections.\nThere is however one Exception to those General Rules and Directions,\nwhich will be taken notice of in the next Paragraph.\nUpon these Principles I framed the Table accompanying this Paper,\nand shewing, by means of the Golden Numbers, all the _Gregorian_\nPaschal Limits or Full Moons, from the Reformation of the Calendar,\n_&c._ by Pope _Gregory_ to the Year 4199 inclusive. Which Space of\nTime is therein divided into sixteen unequal Portions or Periods; at\nthe Beginning of each of which, all the Golden Numbers, when once\nthey shall have been properly placed in the Calendar, must either be\nadvanced or set back one Day, with respect to the Place where they\nstood in the preceding Period, agreeably to the foregoing Rules: Except\nthose Numbers which shall happen to stand against the 4th and 5th of\n_April_ to shew the Paschal New Moons, or against the 17th and 18th of\nthe same Month to mark out the Paschal Full Moons; both which Numbers\nat some Times, and only one of them at others, must keep the same Place\nfor that, which was allotted to them in the immediately preceding\nPeriod.\nIn order to determine at what Times, and on what Occasions, this\nException is to take Place; let it be observed, that, in the Months of\n_January_, _March_, _May_, and some others in our present Calendar,\nas well as in the Table above mentioned, some of the Golden Numbers\nstand double or in Pairs, and follow one the other immediately; whilst\nothers, on the contrary, generally stand single and by themselves.\nNow, when any of those Pairs, or two Numbers which usually accompany\neach other, happen, in pursuance of the foregoing Rules, to be prefixed\nthe one to the 4th and the other to the 5th of _April_ for the New\nMoons, or the one to the 17th and the other to the 18th of _April_\nfor the Paschal Limits or Full Moons: And when any of those Numbers,\nwhich generally stand single, are prefixed, according to the said\nRules, to the 5th of _April_ for the New Moons, or to the 18th for the\nFull Moons: In these Cases those Pairs or single Numbers that are so\nsituated; must not be set forward or advanced at the Beginning of the\nnext Period, but must keep their Places during another Period, if the\nforegoing Rules direct all the Golden Numbers to be advanced a Day;\nwhich must be complied with in respect to all the other Golden Numbers,\nexcept those so situated as above. Instances whereof may be seen in\nthe Table, under the respective Periods beginning with the Years 1900,\nBut if, in Conformity to the foregoing Rules, all the Golden Numbers\nare to be set one Day backward; those Pairs or single Numbers, tho'\nsituated as is above-mentioned, must not keep their Places, but must\nmove one Day backward like all the other Golden Numbers; as they may be\nseen to do in the Periods beginning with the Years 2400 and 3600.\nTo give a plain and intelligible Account of the Reason, on which the\nDirections now given with respect to this Exception are founded,\nwould extend this Paper, already too long, far beyond its due and\nproper Bounds. I shall therefore content myself with observing, that\nit depends chiefly upon the Nature of the _Menses Pleni_ and _Menses\nCavi_, into which the Lunar Year is usually divided: and that, in\norder to make use of the Golden Numbers for finding the Time of the\n_Gregorian Easter_, it will be necessary not only to conform to\nthe general Rules laid down in the former Part of this Paper; but\nalso to follow the Directions just now given, with respect to the\nabove-mentioned Exception to those general Rules.\nBut I should not do Justice to _Peter Davall_ of the _Middle Temple_,\nEsq; Secretary of the _Royal Society_, did I not here acknowledge,\nthat, before I had so fully considered these Matters as I have since\ndone, I had the first Hint of applying the Golden Numbers to find the\n_Gregorian_ Paschal Limit or full Moon, from him; who has since that\ntime composed and drawn up Tables, _&c._ which may possibly be of\nconsiderable and general Use in this Nation hereafter.\n_FINIS._\nTranscriber's Note\nVariable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation\ninconsistencies have been silently repaired.\nCorrections.\nThe first line indicates the original, the second the correction.\n  what Years the Epacts should either be extraordinariy\n  what Years the Epacts should either be extraordinarily", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Remarks upon the solar and the lunar years, the cycle of 19 years, commonly called the golden number, the epact, and a method of finding the time of Easter, as it is now observed in most parts of Europe\n"},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0101", "content": "Title: Verses from A Pocket Almanack, 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nThe 1741 issue of A Pocket Almanack had proved so successful that Franklin continued for some years to publish it. Only about two inches by four in size, it sometimes appeared in red and black ink and some copies had interleaved blank pages, to make them practical memorandum books. These pocket almanacs carried astronomical data, weather forecasts, dates of courts\u2019 sitting, fairs, Quaker meetings, and royal birthdays, but no introduction, verses, or aphorisms. An exception was the almanac of 1744, in which there were three stanzas, one or two of which were repeated in several subsequent issues.\nWar begets Poverty,\nPoverty Peace;\nPeace makes Riches flow,\n(Fate ne\u2019er doth cease.)\nRiches produce Pride,\nPride is War\u2019s Ground;\nWar begets Poverty, &c.\nThe World goes round.\n  Rules for computing Expence.\nCompute the Pence but of One Day\u2019s Expence;\nSo many Pounds, Angels, Groats and Pence,\nAre spent in one whole Year\u2019s Circumference. Or,\nOne Week\u2019s Expence in Farthings, makes appear\nThe Shill. & Pence expended in a Year.\nVirtue was reckon\u2019d the chief Thing of Old;\nNow lies all Merit in Silver and Gold:\nVirtue has lost its Regard in these Times,\nWhile Money, like Charity, covers all Crimes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0102", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from James Logan, 26 February 1744\nFrom: Logan, James\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nMy friend B. F.\nStenton, Feb. 26. 1744\nI have this day read over my version of Cicero\u2019s Cato Major in thy Print, with my Notes on it, and cannot but applaud thy care but wish thou hadst not begun in pa: 49 with Greek Letter, since thou hadst not enough of the same character to go on with it, for to this alone I must impute the failure. But without thy particular apology it may be suspected by some at least that I understood not the Language. Therefore pray take care to excuse it in the best manner. But in that very little thou hast given there is a mistake, for the word is \u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03f0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1 with a rho or r instead of an s at last. So in the bottom of page 60 and in the beginning of pa: 61 the word is Thurium, not Thetrium, and pa: 701.7 in the note it should be Actium, not Antium, instead of \u201cit\u2019s palling\u201d it should be \u201cin palling\u201d and pa: 94 in the first line of the notes Idea Mater should be in two words which I had forgot. Intemporate pa: 64 and \u201cimpetutous\u201d pa: 100 thou of thyself would correct, and perhaps Grentemesnil for Grantemosnil which with the rest ought to be noted. Add also to these, that I desire the last of the five lines in rhyme pa: 24 may be expunged, yet I am somewhat indifferent in this since I actually put it there, but I am not so in having the reader informed, that on reading it over in Print, I find there are some (but very few) mistakes in the Chronology, owing to the well known disputes about the age of Rome, and the \u00c6ra of the Birth of Christ, in both which the greatest authors differ 2 or 3 years, and some more: Yet I have differed I perceive only two years in two or three places, tho\u2019 I thought I had reduced the whole to an uniformity, but now I find myself mistaken.\nPray do not forget to mention that it was done ten years since in the 60th year of my Age, nearly the same that Cicero was in when he wrote the original, tho\u2019 probably he was a year or two older, that it was wrote only for my own diversion and for the entertainment of a friend less skilled in the Language or the History of Rome, and far from the thought of ever seeing it in print, for I well knew there were other English Versions of it, tho\u2019 I had then never seen one of them, having left England before I was five and twenty. But I expect to see thy Preface by the Bearer and therefore might have spared this. I am thy real friend\nJ. Logan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "02-29-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0103", "content": "Title: Preface to Logan\u2019s Cato Major, 29 February 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nFranklin\u2019s edition of James Logan\u2019s translation of Cicero\u2019s Cato Major is one of the best known issues of his press, and many have considered it also the handsomest. \u201cI translated that piece,\u201d Logan told a friend, \u201cin the Winter of 1732 for my own diversion for I was exceedingly pleased with it, and added the Notes for the Use of a Friend and Neighbour that was not so well acquainted with the Roman History as I was, without any expectation it would ever be printed.\u201d Apparently the translation circulated in manuscript among Logan\u2019s friends for several years. After Franklin had read a copy, he \u201cSent to me for leave to pass it through his Press.\u201d Logan gave assent, only making some revisions in the text and notes.\nThis translation was in fact the sixth or seventh that had been made into English, although Logan had seen none of his predecessors\u2019 works until after his own was completed. Because he thought one of these versions \u201cludicrous\u201d and another deficient for want of notes, Logan was \u201cwilling to venture mine abroad, and more especially on account of the Notes that illustrated it, besides that it is neatly printed, and I thought was not inferiour to the best of those that I had Seen.\u201d\nFranklin printed one thousand copies, advertising the book for sale in Philadelphia at 3s. 6d. on March 21. He sent 300 copies to Strahan, but the book met competition from other translations and sold slowly. Its worth was recognized, however, and it was reprinted in London in 1750, in Glasgow in 1751 and 1758, in Philadelphia in 1758, and in London again in 1778. Not all of these retained the printer\u2019s address to the reader which introduced the first edition.\nThe Printer to the Reader\nPhiladelphia, Febr. 29. 1743, 4\nThis Version of Cicero\u2019s Tract de Senectute, was made Ten Years since, by the Honourable and Learned Mr. Logan, of this City; undertaken partly for his own Amusement, (being then in his 60th Year, which is said to be nearly the Age of the Author when he wrote it) but principally for the Entertainment of a Neighbour then in his grand Climacteric; and the Notes were drawn up solely on that Neighbour\u2019s Account, who was not so well acquainted as himself with the Roman History and Language: Some other Friends, however, (among whom I had the Honour to be ranked) obtained Copies of it in M.S. And, as I believed it to be in itself equal at least, if not far preferable to any other Translation of the same Piece extant in our Language, besides the Advantage it has of so many valuable Notes, which at the same time they clear up the Text, are highly instructive and entertaining; I resolved to give it an Impression, being confident that the Publick would not unfavourably receive it.\nA certain Freed-man of Cicero\u2019s is reported to have said of a medicinal Well, discovered in his Time, wonderful for the Virtue of its Waters in restoring Sight to the Aged, That it was a Gift of the bountiful Gods to Men, to the end that all might now have the Pleasure of reading his Master\u2019s Works. As that Well, if still in being, is at too great a Distance for our Use, I have, Gentle Reader, as thou seest, printed this Piece of Cicero\u2019s in a large and fair Character, that those who begin to think on the Subject of Old-Age, (which seldom happens till their Sight is somewhat impair\u2019d by its Approaches) may not, in Reading, by the Pain small Letters give the Eyes, feel the Pleasure of the Mind in the least allayed.\nI shall add to these few Lines my hearty Wish, that this first Translation of a Classic in this Western World, may be followed with many others, performed with equal Judgment and Success; and be a happy Omen, that Philadelphia shall become the Seat of the American Muses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0104", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Cadwallader Colden, 5 April 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Colden, Cadwallader\nSir\nNew York, April 5. 1744\nHappening to be in this City about some particular Affairs, I have the Pleasure of receiving yours of the 28th past, here. And can now acquaint you, that the Society, as far as relates to Philadelphia, is actually formed, and has had several Meetings to mutual Satisfaction; assoon as I get home, I shall send you a short Account of what has been done and propos\u2019d at those Meetings. The Members are\nDr. Thomas Bond, as Physician\nMr. John Bartram as Botanist\nMr. Thomas Godfrey as Mathematician\nMr. Saml. Rhodes as Mechanician\nMr. Wm. Parsons as Geographer\nDr. Phineas Bond as General Nat. Philosopher\nMr. Thos. Hopkinson\nPresident\nMr. Wm. Coleman\nTreasurer\nBF.\nSecretary\nTo whom the following Members have since been added, viz. Mr. Alexander of New York. Mr. Morris (Ch. Justice of the Jerseys.) Mr. Home Secretary of Ditto. Mr. Jno. Coxe of Trenton and Mr. Martyn of the same Place. Mr. Nickolls tells me of several other Gentlemen of this City that incline to encourage the Thing. And there are a Number of others in Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, and the New England Colonies, who we expect to join us, assoon as they are acquainted that the Society has begun to form itself. I am, Sir, with much Respect Your most humble Servant\nB Franklin\n Addressed: To \u2002The Honbl. Cadwallader Colden Esqr \u2002at \u2002Coldengham\nEndorsed: B. Frankilin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0105", "content": "Title: Benjamin Franklin and Robert Grace to Elliott Benger: Bond, 25 April 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin,Grace, Robert\nTo: Benger, Elliott\nKnow all Men by these Presents, That We Benjamin Franklin Deputy-Postmaster of the City of Philada. in the Province of Pennsilvania, and Robert Grace of the same Place Merchant are Held and firmly Bound unto the Honourable Elliott Benger, Esqr; Sole Deputy-Postmaster General of all his Majesty\u2019s Dominions in America, in the full Sum of Five Hundred Pounds Sterling Money, to be paid to the said Eliott Benger, his Executors, Administrators or Assigns; To the which Payment well and truly to be made, we do bind our Selves, and each of Us, our and each of our Heirs, Executors and Administrators, joyntly and Severally, firmly by these Presents. Sealed with our Seals, dated this Twenty fifth Day of April in the seventeenth Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Second King of Great Britain, &c. and in the Year of our Lord One thousand Seven hundred and forty four.\nThe Condition of this Obligation is such, That if the above bounden Benjamin Franklin shall and do truly and faithfully execute and perform the Office and Duty of Deputy-Postmaster of Philadelphia, so that no Damage thro\u2019 his Neglect, Fraud, Malfeasance or Breach of Duty, do arise to the said Elliott Benger, then this present Obligation to be Void, otherwise to be and remain in full force and Vertue.\nB Franklin [Seal]Robt. Grace [Seal]\n  Signed Sealed and Delivered in\u2003\u2003 presence of Us\u2003\u2003\u2003 Sam: Holland\u2003\u2003\u2003 N. Holland\nOn the fourth Day of June 1744 Benjamin Franklin of the City of Philadelphia and Robert Grace within named both personally appeared before me the Subscriber One of the Justices of the Peace for the County of Philada. and Severally Acknowledged the within written Bond to be their Act and Deed and desired the same might be recorded. In Testimony whereof I have hereunto Set my Hand and Seal, the Day and date aforesaid.\nJona. Robeson [Seal]\n Docketed: Recorded the 6th Day of June 1744", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0107", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, 31 July 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Strahan, William\nSir\nThe above is a Copy of my last (via Corke). This encloses Bills for Twenty Pounds Thirteen Shillings Sterling, for which when receiv\u2019d please to give my Account Credit, and send me by the first Ship a Fount of about 300 lb. weight of good new English Letter, which I shall want to compleat a little Printing house for our common Friend Mr. Hall. I send you per this Ship a Box containing 300 Copies of a Piece I have lately printed here, and purpose to send you 200 more per next Ship. I desire you to take the properest Measures for getting them sold at such a Price as they will readily fetch, and I will take Books of you in Exchange for them. This kind of Commerce may be advantageous to us both, and to Mr. Hall; since if [we] have a reasonable Sale where we live for such Things as we print, what we do over and above, and can get dispos\u2019d of at a foreign Market, is almost so much clear Gain. I have only time to add, that I am, with sincere Regards Your obliged humble Servant\nB Franklin\n Addressed: To \u2002Mr William Strahan \u2002Printer in \u2002London \u2002Per Capt. Evans \u2002with a Box W S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0109", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Cadwallader Colden, 13 September 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Colden, Cadwallader\nSir\nPhilada. Sept. 13. 1744\nDr. Mitchel, a Gentleman from Virginia, came to Town this Morning with Mr. Bertram, and we have been together all Day, which has hindred my Writing to you as I intended. We are to go to Mr. Logan\u2019s tomorrow, when I shall have an Opportunity of knowing his Sentiments of your Piece on Fluxions. I am Sir Your most humble Servant\nB Franklin\n Addressed: To \u2002The Honbl Cadwalr Colden Esqr \u2002N York \u2002Free \u2002BF", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Benjamin Franklin from Cadwallader Colden, 17 September 1744\nFrom: Colden, Cadwallader\nTo: Franklin, Benjamin\nSir\nNew York 17th of Septr. 1744\nI have Yours of the 13th and am glad to find by it that you have an opportunity of conversing with a Gentleman who I believe is both willing and Capable of promoting your Philosophical Design. You\u2019l perceive by what you receive on these Sheets that I have open\u2019d to my self a large Prospect either into Nature or into Fairyland and I have in my Imaginations made some steps into the Country but as the whole of this way of thinking is entirely new I am desirous to lay it step by step before my Friends for their remarks that thereby I may be either incouraged to go on in an amusement of this kind or be prevented in throwing away time uselessly which may be better imploy\u2019d (in my time of life especially). What I now send is only design\u2019d for your Perusal and Mr. Logan\u2019s. I shall take it as the surest mark of Friendship if both or either of you will take the trouble to make your remarks [and] give your opinion on this way of thinking without reserve. I am to return home tomorrow. My humble Service to Mr. Logan and Mr. Bartram. I am\nTo Mr Benjn Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0113", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, 2 November 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Strahan, William\nSir\nPhilada. Nov. 2. 1744\nI have wrote to you by several Opportunities to acknowledge the Receipt of yours per Mr. Hall with the Things you sent me. I have also remitted you Bills for \u00a320.13.0. Sterl. of which you have the fourths enclos\u2019d. I desired you to send me a Fount of about 300 wt. English and the best Newspapers and Pamphlets constantly. I hope some of my Letters have come to hand, having no time now to copy. When the English comes I shall have a compleat little Printing House for our Friend Hall who is well, as is Mr. Read, and Your obliged humble Servant\nB Franklin\nP.S. I sent you a Box of Books per Evans.\n Addressed: To Mr Wm Strahan \u2002Printer \u2002London \u2003Per favour of \u2002Mr Shoemaker.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0114", "content": "Title: An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places, [15 November 1744]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \nAccording to his autobiography, Franklin invented the Pennsylvania fireplace in 1742, but the winter of 1739\u201340 is a more likely date. Writing of it in the summer or fall of 1744, he says that he and his family and friends have enjoyed its warmth \u201cfor these four Winters past.\u201d He had the plates for it cast by his friend Robert Grace at Warwick Furnace in Chester County. The new fireplaces were generally approved, orders multiplied, and Grace was soon manufacturing them in quantity. They sold for \u00a35 in Philadelphia. The Gazette first advertised them December 3, 1741: \u201cTo be sold at the Post Office Philadelphia, the New Invented Fire-Places; Where any Person may see some of them that are now in Use, and have the Nature and Advantages of them explain\u2019d.\u201d Six weeks later the paper announced that \u201ca fresh Parcel of Iron Fire-Places\u201d had just been received from Warwick Furnace.\nFranklin encouraged their sale with a descriptive account for which Lewis Evans made the illustrative diagrams, and a Boston craftsman, probably James Turner, made the engravings. It was announced as \u201cjust published\u201d November 15, 1744, though in fact it came from the press several weeks earlier. Grace paid the costs of what was a very successful promotion brochure. \u201cThis Pamphlet had a good Effect,\u201d Franklin recalled. \u201cGovernor Thomas was so pleas\u2019d with the Construction of this Stove, as describ\u2019d in it that he offer\u2019d to give me a Patent for the sole Vending of them for a Term of Years; but I declin\u2019d it from a Principle which has ever weigh\u2019d with me on such Occasions, viz. That as we enjoy great Advantages from the Inventions of others, we should be glad of an Opportunity to serve others by any Invention of ours, and this we should do freely and generously.\u201d Grace\u2019s agents for the fireplaces included John Franklin and Richard Clark in Boston, Peter Franklin in Newport, James Parker and James Burling in New York, Lewis Evans in Philadelphia, and James Mitchell in Yorktown, Virginia. Soon other ironmongers were manufacturing and selling them according to the design Franklin refused to patent.\nFranklin sent copies of the pamphlet to his friends. Cadwallader Colden forwarded one to Professor Johann F. Gronovius of Leyden with the pleasantly expressed hope that it would not only keep him warm at his studies but preserve his health at the same time. \u201cThat invention hath found a great applause in this part of the world,\u201d Gronovius replied, \u201cwhich is the reason that I could not hinder to let it be translated into Dutch, and no doubt soon into French.\u201d In 1757 Franklin had his fireplace made and installed in his lodgings in Craven Street, and soon \u201cmany Hundreds\u201d were \u201cset up in Imitation of it,\u201d in and about London. He sent one to Sir Alexander Dick, with instructions for installing it in his country house near Edinburgh, and recommended it to Lord Kames for his new house at Blair Drummond. His interest in the efficient heating of houses continued throughout his life. In England in 1771 and later in France he devised heating plants for use with coal as fuel which consumed most of their own smoke. Over many years he corresponded with various friends about problems of combustion and heating, and he wrote treatises on these subjects as late as 1785.\nHis first device, the Pennsylvania fireplace, was efficient for several reasons: it reduced to a minimum the dissipation of heat up the chimney flue; it transmitted heat by radiation and by direct conduction quite as effectively as a conventional fireplace or metal stove of the same capacity could do at that time; equally or more important, it also employed the principle of convection\u2014the creation of a current of air which was then heated and circulated into the room. This principle was not new; about thirty years earlier a Frenchman Nicolas Gauger had used it, as Franklin points out in his pamphlet, in designing a fireplace with a series of ducts built into the back, sides, and hearth, into which outside air, introduced at the bottom, rose as it was heated and from which it passed out into the room through a vent at the top. Franklin embodied the same idea, much simplified, in the \u201cair-box\u201d which he placed directly behind the fire and over which he caused the hot combustion gases and smoke to pass on their way to the chimney. Outside air was drawn in through a duct at the bottom of the stove, circulated through the air-box around a series of baffles, and passed into the room through openings on both sides of the stove near the top.\nLater manufacturers of the so-called \u201cFranklin stove\u201d have usually eliminated this air-box, thereby abandoning a centrally important feature of the original model as the inventor conceived it; most \u201cFranklin stoves\u201d made within the last hundred years or so, however convenient and pleasant they may be, are little more than metal fireplaces. No example of an original Pennsylvania fireplace is known by the editors to survive, although a modern replica is to be seen at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.\nThe Franklin stove was judged by its performance, but the pamphlet describing it was judged by quite another standard than the mere utilitarian purpose of its subject. The New York lawyer James Alexander thought it showed the author \u201cto be a man of Sense and of a good Stile.\u201d And Franklin\u2019s biographer Sydney George Fisher was \u201cinclined to lay down the principle that the test of literary genius is the ability to be fascinating about stoves.\u201d\nAdvertisement.\nThese Fire-Places are made in the best Manner, and sold by R. Grace in Philadelphia. They are sold also by J. Parker in New-York, and by J. Franklin in Boston.\nThe within-describ\u2019d is of the middle and most common Size: There are others to be had both larger and smaller.\nAn Account Of the New-Invented Fire-Places.\nIn these Northern Colonies the Inhabitants keep Fires to sit by, generally Seven Months in the Year; that is, from the Beginning of October to the End of April; and in some Winters near Eight Months, by taking in part of September and May.\nWood, our common Fewel, which within these 100 Years might be had at every Man\u2019s Door, must now be fetch\u2019d near 100 Miles to some Towns, and makes a very considerable Article in the Expence of Families.\nAs therefore so much of the Comfort and Conveniency of our Lives, for so great a Part of the Year, depends on the Article of Fire; since Fuel is become so expensive, and (as the Country is more clear\u2019d and settled) will of course grow scarcer and dearer; any new Proposal for Saving the Wood, and for lessening the Charge and augmenting the Benefit of Fire, by some particular Method of Making and Managing it, may at least be thought worth Consideration.\nThe New Fire-Places are a late Invention to that purpose (experienced now three Winters by a great Number of Families in Pennsylvania) of which this Paper is intended to give a particular Account.\nThat the Reader may the better judge whether this Method of Managing Fire has any Advantage over those heretofore in Use, it may be proper to consider both the old and new Methods separately and particularly, and afterwards make the Comparison.\nIN order to this, \u2019tis necessary to understand well some few of the Properties of Air and Fire, viz.\n1. Air is rarified by Heat, and condens\u2019d by Cold; i.e. the same Quantity of Air takes up more Space when warm than when cold. This may be shown by several very easy Experiments. Take any clear Glass Bottle (a Florence Flask stript of the Straw is best) place it before the Fire, and as the Air within is warm\u2019d and rarified, part of it will be driven out of the Bottle; turn it up, place its Mouth in a Vessel of Water, and remove it from the Fire; then, as the Air within cools and contracts, you will see the Water rise in the Neck of the Bottle, supplying the Place of just so much Air as was driven out. Hold a large hot Coal near the Side of the Bottle, and as the Air within feels the Heat, it will again distend and force out the Water. Or, Fill a Bladder half-full of Air, tie the Neck tight, and lay it before a Fire as near as may be without scorching the Bladder; as the Air within heats, you will perceive it to swell and fill the Bladder, till it becomes tight as if full-blown: Remove it to a cool Place, and you will see it fall gradually, till it become as lank as at first.\n2. Air rarified and distended by Heat, is specifically\n   *Body or Matter of any sort is said to be specifically heavier or lighter than other Matter, when it has more or less Substance or Weight in the same Dimensions.\n lighter than it was before, and will rise in other Air of greater Density. As Wood, Oil, or any other Matter specifically lighter than Water, if plac\u2019d at the Bottom of a Vessel of Water, will rise till it comes to the Top; so rarified Air will rise in common Air, till it either comes to Air of equal Weight, or is by Cold reduc\u2019d to its former Density.\nA Fire then being made in any Chimney, the Air over the Fire is rarified by the Heat, becomes lighter and therefore immediately rises in the Funnel and goes out; the other Air in the Room (flowing towards the Chimney) supplies its Place, is rarified in its turn, and rises likewise; the Place of the Air thus carried out of the Room is supplied by fresh Air coming in thro\u2019 Doors and Windows, or, if they be shut, thro\u2019 every Crevice with Violence, as may be seen by holding a Candle to a Keyhole: If the Room be so tight as that all the Crevices together will not supply so much Air as is continually carried off, then in a little time the Current up the Funnel must flag, and the Smoke being no longer driven up must come into the Room.\n1. Fire\n   \u2020i.e. Common Fire.\n throws out Light, Heat, and Smoke (or Fume). The two first move in right Lines and with great Swiftness; the latter is but just separated from the Fuel, and then moves only as it is carried by the Stream of rarified Air. And without a continual Accession and Recession of Air to carry off the Smoaky Fumes, they would remain crouded about the Fire, and stifle it.\n2. Heat may be separated from the Smoke as well as from the Light, by means of a Plate of Iron, which will suffer Heat to pass through it without the others.\n3. Fire sends out its Rays of Heat, as well as Rays of Light, equally every way: But the greatest sensible Heat is over the Fire, where there is, besides the Rays of Heat shot upwards, a continual rising Stream of hot Air, heated by the Rays shot round on every Side.\nThese Things being understood, we proceed to consider the Fire-places heretofore in Use, viz.\n1. The large open Fire-places used in the Days of our Fathers, and still generally in the Country, and in Kitchens.\n2. The newer-fashion\u2019d Fire-places, with low Breasts, and narrow Hearths.\n3. Fire-places with hollow Backs, Hearths and Jams of Iron, (described by Mons. Gauger\n   *In his Tract entitled, La Mechanique de Feu.\n) for warming the Air as it comes into the Room.\n4. The Holland Stoves, with Iron Doors opening into the Room.\n5. The German Stoves, which have no Opening in the Room where they are us\u2019d, but the Fire is put in from some other Room, or from without.\n6. Iron Pots, with open Charcoal Fires, plac\u2019d in the middle of a Room.\n1. The first of these Methods has generally the Conveniency of two warm Seats, one in each Corner; but they are sometimes too hot to abide in, and at other times incommoded with the Smoke; there is likewise good Room for the Cook to move, to hang on Pots, &c. Their Inconveniencies are, that they almost always smoke if the Door be not left open; that they require a large Funnel, and a large Funnel carries off a great Quantity of Air, which occasions what is called a strong Draft to the Chimney; without which strong Draft the Smoke would come out of some Part or other of so large an Opening, so that the Door can seldom be shut; and the cold Air so nips the Backs and Heels of those that sit before the Fire, that they have no Comfort, \u2019till either Screens or Settles are provided (at a considerable Expence) to keep it off, which both cumber the Room and darken the Fireside. A moderate Quantity of Wood on the Fire in so large a Hearth, seems but little; and, in so strong and cold a Draught, warms but little; so that People are continually laying on more. In short, \u2019tis next to impossible to warm a Room with such a Fire-place: And I suppose our Ancestors never thought of warming Rooms to sit in; all they purpos\u2019d was to have a Place to make a Fire in, by which they might warm themselves when acold.\n2. Most of these old-fashion\u2019d Chimneys in Towns and Cities, have been, of late Years, reduc\u2019d to the second Sort mention\u2019d, by building Jambs within them, narrowing the Hearth, and making a low Arch or Breast. \u2019Tis strange, methinks, that tho\u2019 Chimneys have been so long in Use, their Construction should be so little understood till lately, that no Workman pretended to make one which should always carry off all the Smoke, but a Chimney-cloth was look\u2019d upon as essential to a Chimney: This Improvement, however, by small Openings and low Breasts, has been made in our Days; and Success in the first Experiments has brought it into general Use in Cities, so that almost all new Chimneys are now made of that sort, and much fewer Bricks will make a Stack of Chimneys now than formerly. An Improvement so lately made, may give us Room to believe that still farther Improvements may be found, to remedy the Inconveniencies yet remaining. For these new Chimneys, tho\u2019 they keep Rooms generally free from Smoke, and, the Opening being contracted, will allow the Door to be shut, yet the Funnel still requiring a considerable Quantity of Air, it rushes in at every Crevice so strongly, as to make a continual Whistling or Howling; and \u2019tis very uncomfortable as well as dangerous to sit against any such Crevice. Many Colds are caught from this Cause only; it being safer to sit in the open Street; for then the Pores do all close together, and the Air does not strike so sharply against any particular Part. The Spaniards have a Proverbial Saying, If the Wind blows on you thro\u2019 a Hole, Make your Will, and take Care of your Soul. Women, particularly, from this Cause, (as they sit much in the House) get Colds in the Head, Rheums and Defluctions, which fall into their Jaws and Gums, and have destroy\u2019d early many a fine Set of Teeth in these Northern Colonies. Great and bright Fires do also very much contribute to damage the Eyes, dry and shrivel the Skin, and bring on early the Appearances of Old-Age. In short, many of the Diseases proceeding from Colds, as Fevers, Pleurisies, &c. fatal to very great Numbers of People, may be ascrib\u2019d to strong-drawing Chimneys, whereby, in severe Weather, a Man is scorch\u2019d before, while he\u2019s froze behind.\n   \u2020As the Writer is neither Physician nor Philosopher, the Reader may expect he should justify these his Opinions by the Authority of some that are so. M. Clare, F.R.S. in his Treatise of The Motion of Fluids, says, page 246, &c. \u201cAnd here it may be remarked, that \u2019tis more prejudicial to Health, to sit near a Window or Door, in a Room where there are many Candles and a Fire, than in a Room without: For the Consumption of Air thereby occasioned, will always be very considerable, and this must necessarily be replaced by cold Air from without. Down the Chimney can enter none, the Stream of warm Air, always rising therein, absolutely forbids it: The Supply must therefore come in wherever other Openings shall be found. If these happen to be small, Let those who sit near them beware: The smaller the Flood-gate, the smarter will be the Stream. Was a Man, even in a Sweat, to leap into a cold Bath, or jump from his warm Bed in the intensest Cold, even in a Frost, provided he do not continue over-long therein, and be in Health when he does this, we see by Experience that he gets no Harm. If he sits a little while against a Window, into which a successive Current of cold Air comes, his Pores are closed, and he gets a Fever. In the first Case, the Shock the Body endures is general, uniform, and therefore less fierce; in the other a single Part, a Neck or Ear perchance, is attacked, and that with the greater Violence probably, as it is done by a successive Stream of cold Air. And the Cannon of a Battery, pointed against a single Part of a Bastion, easier make a Breach, than were they directed to play singly upon the whole Face, and will admit the Enemy much sooner into the Town.\u201d\n   That warm Rooms, and keeping the Body warm in Winter, are Means of preventing such Diseases, take the Opinion of that learned Italian Physician, Antonio Portio, in the Preface to his Tract de Militis Sanitate tuenda, where, speaking of a particular wet and cold Winter, remarkable at Venice for its Sickliness, he says, \u201cPopularis autem pleuritis quae Venetiis saeviit mensibus Dec. Jan. Feb. ex coeli, a\u00ebrisque inclementia facta est, quod non habeant hypocausta [Stove-Rooms] et quod non soliciti sint Itali omnes de auribus, temporibus, collo, totoque corpore defendendis ab injuriis a\u00ebris; et tegmina domorum Veneti disponant parum inclinata, ut nives diutius permaneant super tegmina. E contra, Germani, qui experiuntur coeli inclementiam, perdidicere sese defendere ab aeris injuria. Tecta construunt multum inclinata, ut decidant nives. Germani abundant lignis, domusque hypocaustis; foris autem incedunt pannis, pellibus, gossipio, bene mehercule loricati atque muniti. In Bavaria interrogabam (curiositate motus videndi Germaniam) quot nam elapsis mensibus pleuritide vel peripneumonia fuissent absumti; dicebant vix unus aut alter illis temporibus pleuritide fuit correptus.\u201d\n   The great Dr. Boerhaave, whose Authority alone might be sufficient, in his Aphorisms mentions, as one antecedent Cause of Pleurisies, a cold Air driven violently through some narrow Passage upon the Body overheated by Labour or Fire.\n   The Eastern Physicians agree with the Europeans in this Point; witness the Chinese Treatise, entitled Tchang seng, i.e. The Art of procuring Health and long Life, as translated in Pere Du Halde\u2019s Account of China, which has this Passage. \u201cAs of all the Passions which ruffle us, Anger does the most Mischief; so of all the malignant Affections of the Air, a Wind that comes thro\u2019 any narrow Passage, which is cold and piercing, is most dangerous; and coming upon us unawares, insinuates itself into the Body, often causing grievous Diseases. It should therefore be avoided, according to the Advice of the ancient Proverb, as carefully as the Point of an Arrow.\u201d These Mischiefs are avoided by the Use of the new-invented Fire-places, as will be shewn hereafter.\n In the mean time very little is done by these Chimneys towards warming the Room; for the Air round the Fire-place which is warm\u2019d by the direct Rays from the Fire, does not continue in the Room, but is continually crouded and gather\u2019d into the Chimney by the Current of cold Air coming behind it, and so is presently carried off.\nIn both these Sorts of Fire-places, the greatest Part of the Heat from the Fire is lost: For as Fire naturally darts Heat every way, the Back, the two Jambs, and the Hearth, drink up almost all that\u2019s given them, very little being reflected from Bodies so dark, porous and unpolish\u2019d; and the upright Heat, which is by far the greatest, flies directly up the Chimney. Thus Five Sixths at least of the Heat (and consequently of the Fewel) is wasted, and contributes nothing towards warming the Room.\n3. To remedy this, the Sieur Gauger gives us, in his Book entitled La Mechanique de Feu, published 1709, seven different Constructions of the third Sort of Chimneys mentioned above, in which there are hollow Cavities made by Iron Plates in the Back, Jambs and Hearth, thro\u2019 which Plates the Heat passing, warms the Air in those Cavities, which is continually coming into the Room fresh and warm. The Invention was very ingenious, and had many Conveniencies: The Room was warm\u2019d in all Parts, by the Air flowing into it through the heated Cavities: Cold Air was prevented rushing thro\u2019 the Crevices, the Funnel being sufficiently supply\u2019d by those Cavities: Much less Fuel would serve, &c. But the first Expence, which was very great; the Intricacy of the Design, and the Difficulty of the Execution, especially in old Chimneys, discouraged the Propagation of the Invention; so that there are (I suppose) very few such Chimneys now in Use. [The upright Heat, too, was almost all lost in these, as in the common Chimneys.]\n4. The Holland Iron Stove, which has a Flue proceeding from the Top, and a small Iron Door opening into the Room, comes next to be considered. Its Conveniences are, that it makes a Room all over warm; for the Chimney being wholly closed, except the Flue of the Stove, very little Air is required to supply that, and therefore not much rushes in at Crevices, or at the Door when \u2019tis opened. Little Fewel serves, the Heat being almost all saved; for it rays out almost equally from the four Sides, the Bottom and the Top, into the Room, and presently warms the Air around it, which being rarified rises to the Cieling, and its Place is supplied by the lower Air of the Room, which flows gradually towards the Stove, and is there warm\u2019d and rises in its Turn, so that there is a continual Circulation till all the Air in the Room is warmed. The Air, too, is gradually changed by the Stove-Door\u2019s being in the Room, thro\u2019 which, part of it is continually passing, and that makes these Stoves wholesomer, or at least pleasanter, than the German Stoves next to be spoke of. But they have these Inconveniences. There is no Sight of the Fire, which is in itself a pleasant Thing. One cannot conveniently make any other Use of the Fire but that of warming the Room. When the Room is warm, People not seeing the Fire are apt to forget supplying it with Fuel \u2019til \u2019tis almost out, then, growing cold, a great deal of Wood is put in, which soon makes it too hot. The Change of Air is not carried on quite quick enough, so that if any Smoke or ill Smell happens in the Room, \u2019tis a long Time before \u2019tis discharg\u2019d. For these Reasons the Holland Stove has not obtain\u2019d much among the English (who love the Sight of the Fire) unless in some Workshops, where People are oblig\u2019d to sit near Windows for the Light, and in such Places they have been found of good Use.\n5. The German Stove is like a Box, one Side wanting. \u2019Tis compos\u2019d of Five Iron Plates scru\u2019d together; and fix\u2019d so as that you may put the Fuel into it from another Room, or from the Outside of the House. \u2019Tis a kind of Oven revers\u2019d, its Mouth being without, and Body within the Room that is to be warm\u2019d by it. This Invention certainly warms a Room very speedily and thoroughly with little Fuel: No Quantity of cold Air comes in at any Crevice, because there is no Discharge of Air which it might Supply, there being no Passage into the Stove from the Room. These are its Conveniencies. Its Inconveniences are, That People have not even so much Sight or Use of the Fire as in the Holland Stoves, and are moreover oblig\u2019d to breathe the same unchang\u2019d Air continually, mix\u2019d with the Breath and Perspiration from one anothers Bodies, which is very disagreeable to those who have not been accustomed to it.\n6. Charcoal Fires, in Pots, are us\u2019d chiefly in the Shops of Handicraftsmen. They warm a Room (that is kept close and has no Chimney to carry off the warm\u2019d Air) very speedily and uniformly: But there being no Draught to change the Air, the sulphurous Fumes from the Coals [be they ever so well kindled before they are brought in, there will be some] mix with it, render it disagreeable, hurtful to some Constitutions, and sometimes, when the Door is long kept shut, produce fatal Consequences.\nTo avoid the several Inconveniences, and at the same time retain all the Advantages of other Fire-places, was contrived the Pennsylvania Fire-place now to be described.\nThis Machine consists of\nA Bottom Plate, (i) [See the Cut.] [below, p. 445]\nA Back Plate, (ii)\nTwo Side Plates, (iii iii)\n  Two Middle Plates, (iv iv) which join\u2019d together form a tight \u2003 Box with winding Passages in it for warming the Air.\nA Front Plate, (v)\nA Top Plate, (vi)\nThese are all of cast Iron, with Mouldings or Ledges where the Plates come together, to hold them fast, and retain the Mortar us\u2019d for Pointing to make tight Joints. When the Plates are all in their Places, a Pair of slender Rods with Screws, are sufficient to bind the Whole very firmly together, as it appears in Fig. 2.\nThere are, moreover, two thin Plates of wrought Iron, viz. The Shutter, (vii) and the Register, (viii); besides the Screw-Rods O P, all which we shall explain in their Order.\n(i) The Bottom Plate, or Hearth-Piece, is round before, with a rising Moulding that serves as a Fender to keep Coals and Ashes from coming to the Floor, &c. It has two Ears, F G, perforated to receive the Screw-Rods O P; a long Air-hole, a a, thro\u2019 which the fresh outward Air passes up into the Air-Box; and three Smoke-Holes B C thro\u2019 which the Smoke descends and passes away; also a square Hole b for the Bellows; all represented by dark Squares. It has also double Ledges to receive between them the Bottom Edges of the Back-Plate, the two Side Plates, and the two middle Plates. These Ledges are about an Inch asunder, and half an Inch high; a Profile of two of them join\u2019d to a Fragment of Plate appears in Fig. 3.\n(ii) The Back Plate is without Holes, having only a Pair of Ledges on each Side, to receive the Back Edges of the two\n(iii iii) Side Plates: These have each a Pair of Ledges to receive the Side-Edges of the Front Plate, and a little Shoulder for it to rest on; also two Pair of Ledges to receive the Side-Edges of the two Middle Plates which form the Air-Box; and an oblong Airhole near the Top, thro\u2019 which is discharg\u2019d into the Room the Air warm\u2019d in the Air-Box. Each has also a Wing or Bracket, H and I, to keep in falling Brands, Coals, &c. and a small Hole Q and R, for the Axis of the Register to turn in.\n(iv iv) The Air-Box is compos\u2019d of the two Middle Plates D E and F G. The first has five thin Ledges or Partitions, cast on it, two Inches deep, the Edges of which are receiv\u2019d in so many Pair of Ledges cast in the other. The Tops of all the Cavities form\u2019d by these thin deep Ledges are also covered by a Ledge of the same Form and Depth, cast with them; so that when the Plates are put together, and the Joints luted, there is no Communication between the Air-Box and the Smoke. In the winding Passages of this Box, fresh Air is warm\u2019d as it passes into the Room.\n(v) The Front Plate is arch\u2019d on the under Side, and ornamented with Foliages, &c. It has no Ledges.\n(vi) The Top Plate has a Pair of Ears M N, answerable to those in the Bottom Plate, and perforated for the same Purpose: It has also a Pair of Ledges running round the under Side, to receive the Top-Edges of the Front, Back and Side Plates. The Air-Box does not reach up to the Top Plate by two Inches and half.\n(vii) The Shutter is of thin wrought Iron and light, of such a Length and Breadth as to close well the Opening of the Fire-Place. It is us\u2019d to blow up the Fire, and to shut up and secure it a Nights. It has two brass Knobs for Handles d d, and commonly slides up and down in a Groove, left, in putting up the Fire-place, between the foremost Ledge of the Side Plates, and the Face of the Front Plate; but some choose to set it aside when it is not in Use, and apply it on Occasion.\n(viii) The Register, is also of thin wrought Iron. It is plac\u2019d between the Back Plate and Air-Box, and can, by Means of the Key S be turn\u2019d on its Axis so as to lie in any Position between level and upright.\nThe Screw-Rods O P are of wrought Iron, about a third of an Inch thick, with a Button at Bottom, and a Screw and Nut at Top; and may be ornamented with two small Brasses screw\u2019d on above the Nuts.\n      To put this Machine to work,\n1. A false Back of four Inch- (or, in shallow small Chimneys, two Inch-) Brick-work is to be made in the Chimney, four Inches or more from the true Back: From the Top of this false Back, a Closing is to be made over to the Breast of the Chimney, that no Air may pass into the Chimney, but what goes under the false Back, and up behind it.\n2. Some Bricks of the Hearth are to be taken up, to form a Hollow under the Bottom Plate; across which Hollow runs a thin tight Partition to keep apart the Air entring the Hollow, and the Smoke; and is therefore plac\u2019d between the Air-hole and Smoke-holes.\n3. A Passage is made, communicating with the outward Air, to introduce that Air into the forepart of the Hollow under the Bottom Plate, whence it may rise thro\u2019 the Air-hole into the Air-box.\n4. A Passage is made from the back Part of the Hollow, communicating with the Flue behind the false Back: Through this Passage the Smoke is to pass.\nThe Fire-place is to be erected upon these Hollows, by putting all the Plates in their Places, and screwing them together.\nIts Operation may be conceiv\u2019d by observing the following\nProfile of the Chimney and Fire-Place\nThe Fire being made at A, the Flame and Smoke will ascend and strike the Top T, which will thereby receive a considerable Heat. The Smoke finding no Passage upwards, turns over the Top of the Air-box, and descends between it and the Back Plate to the Holes at B in the Bottom Plate, heating, as it passes, both Plates of the Air-box and the said Back Plate; the Front Plate, Bottom and Side Plates are also all heated at the same Time. The Smoke proceeds in the Passage that leads it under and behind the false Back, and so rises into the Chimney. The Air justof the Room, warm\u2019d behind the Back Plate, and by the Sides, Front and Top Plates, becoming specifically lighter than the other Air in the Room, is oblig\u2019d to rise; but the Closure over the Fire-place hindring it from going up the Chimney, it is forc\u2019d out into the Room, rises by the Mantle-piece to the Cieling and spreads all over the Top of the Room, whence being crouded down gradually by the Stream of newly warm\u2019d Air that follows and rises above it, the whole Room becomes in a short time equally warmed.\nAt the same Time the Air, warmed under the Bottom Plate and in the Air-Box, rises, and comes out of the Holes in the Side-Plates, very swiftly if the Door of the Room be shut, and joins its Current with the Stream before mentioned rising from the Side, Back and Top Plates.\nThe Air that enters the Room thro\u2019 the Air-box is fresh, tho\u2019 warm; and computing the Swiftness of its Motion with the Areas of the Holes, \u2019tis found that near 10 Barrels of fresh Air are hourly introduc\u2019d by the Air-Box; and by this Means the Air in the Room is continually changed, and kept at the same Time sweet and warm.\n\u2019Tis to be observed that the entring Air will not be warm at first Lighting the Fire, but heats gradually as the Fire encreases.\nA square Opening for a Trap-Door should be left in the Closing of the Chimney, for the Sweeper to go up: The Door may be made of Slate or Tin, and commonly kept close shut, but so plac\u2019d as that turning up against the Back of the Chimney when open, it closes the Vacancy behind the false Back, and shoots the Soot that falls in Sweeping, out upon the Hearth. This Trap-Door is a very convenient Thing.\nIn Rooms where much Smoking of Tobacco is used, \u2019tis also convenient to have a small Hole about five or six Inches square, cut near the Cieling through into the Funnel: This Hole must have a Shutter, by which it may be clos\u2019d or open\u2019d at Pleasure. When open, there will be a strong Draught of Air through it into the Chimney, which will presently carry off a Cloud of Smoke, and keep the Room clear: If the Room be too hot likewise, it will carry off as much of the warm Air as you please, and then you may stop it intirely, or in part, as you think fit. By this Means it is that the Tobacco-Smoke does not descend among the Heads of the Company near the Fire, as it must do before it can get into common Chimneys.\nThe Manner of Using this Fireplace.\nYour Cord-wood must be cut into three Lengths; or else a short Piece, fit for the Fire-place, cut off, and the longer left for the Kitchin or other Fires. Dry Hickery, or Ash, or any Woods that burn with a clear Flame, are rather to be chosen; because such are less apt to foul the Smoke-Passages with Soot; and Flame communicates, with its Light, as well as by Contact, greater Heat to the Plates and Room. But where more ordinary Wood is used, half a dry Faggot of Brush-wood burnt at the first making of Fire in the Morning, is very advantageous; as it immediately by its sudden Blaze heats the Plates and warms the Room (which with bad Wood slowly kindling would not be done so soon) and at the same time, by the Length of its Flame turning in the Passages, consumes and cleanses away the Soot that such bad smoaky Wood had produc\u2019d therein the preceding Day, and so keeps them always free and clean. When you have laid a little Back-log, and plac\u2019d your Billets on small Dogs, as in common Chimneys, and put some Fire to them; then slide down your Shutter as low as the Dogs, and the Opening being by that Means contracted, the Air rushes in briskly and presently blows up the Flames. When the Fire is sufficiently kindled, slide it up again. \n   *The Shutter is slid up and down in this Manner, only in those Fireplaces which are so made, as that the Distance between the Top of the arch\u2019d Opening and the Bottom-Plate, is the same as the Distance between it and the Top-Plate. Where the Arch is higher, as it is in the Draught annex\u2019d, (which is agreeable to the last Improvements) the Shutter is set by, and apply\u2019d occasionally: because if it were made deep enough to close the whole Opening when slid down, it would hide Part of it when up.\n In some of these Fire-places there is a little six-inch square Trap-door of thin wrought Iron or Brass, covering a Hole of like Dimensions near the Fore-part of the Bottom-Plate, which being by a Ring lifted up towards the Fire, about an Inch, where it will be retain\u2019d by two springing Sides fix\u2019d to it perpendicularly, [See the Plate, Fig. 4] the Air rushes in from the Hollow under the Bottom Plate, and blows the Fire. Where this is us\u2019d, the Shutter serves only to close the Fire a Nights. The more forward you can make your Fire on the Hearth-Plate, not to be incommoded by the Smoke, the sooner and more will the Room be warmed. At Night when you go to Bed, cover the Coals or Brands with Ashes as usual; then take away the Dogs and slide down the Shutter close to the Bottom-Plate, sweeping a little Ashes against it that no Air may pass under it; then turn the Register, so as very near to stop the Flue behind. If no Smoke then comes out at Crevices into the Room, \u2019tis right: If any Smoke is perceiv\u2019d to come out, move the Register so as to give a little Draught, and \u2019twill go the right way. Thus the Room will be kept warm all Night; for the Chimney being almost entirely stopt, very little, if any, cold Air will enter the Room at any Crevice. When you come to rekindle the Fire in the Morning, turn open the Register before you lift up the Slider, otherwise if there be any Smoke in the Fire-Place, it will come out into the Room. By the same Use of the Shutter and Register, a blazing Fire may be presently stifled, as well as secured, when you have Occasion to leave it for any Time; and at your Return, you will find the Brands warm and ready for a speedy Re-kindling. The Shutter alone will not stifle a Fire; for it cannot well be made to fit so exactly, but that Air will enter, and that in a violent Stream, so as to blow up and keep alive the Flames, and consume the Wood, if the Draught be not check\u2019d by turning the Register to shut the Flue behind. The Register has also two other Uses. If you observe the Draught of Air into your Fire-place, to be stronger than is necessary, (as in extream cold Weather it often is) so that the Wood is consum\u2019d faster than usual; in that Case, a quarter, half, or two thirds Turn of the Register, will check the Violence of the Draught, and let your Fire burn with the Moderation you desire: And at the same Time both the Fire-Place and the Room will be the warmer, because less cold Air will enter and pass through them. And if the Chimney should happen to take Fire (which indeed there is very little Danger of, if the preceding Direction be observ\u2019d in making Fires, and it be well swept once a Year; for, much less Wood being burnt, less Soot is proportionably made; and the Fuel being soon blown into Flame by the Shutter (or the Trap-door Bellows) there is consequently less Smoke from the Fuel to make Soot; then, tho\u2019 the Funnel should be foul, yet the Sparks have such a crooked up and down round-about Way to go, that they are out before they get at it) I say, if it should ever be on fire, a Turn of the Register shuts all close, and prevents any Air going into the Chimney, and so the Fire may be easily stifled and mastered.\nThe Advantages of this Fire-place.\nIts Advantages above the common Fire-Places are,\n1. That your whole Room is equally warmed; so that People need not croud so close round the Fire, but may sit near the Window and have the Benefit of the Light for Reading, Writing, Needle-work, &c. They may sit with Comfort in any Part of the Room; which is a very considerable Advantage in a large Family, where there must often be two Fires kept, because all cannot conveniently come at One.\n2. If you sit near the Fire, you have not that cold Draught of uncomfortable Air nipping your Back and Heels, as when before common Fires, by which many catch Cold, being scorcht before and as it were froze behind.\n3. If you sit against a Crevice, there is not that sharp Draught of cold Air playing on you, as in Rooms where there are Fires in the common way; by which many catch Cold, whence proceed Coughs, Catarrhs,\n   *My Lord Molesworth, in his Account of Denmark, says, That \u201cfew or none of the People there, are troubled with Coughs, Catarrhs, Consumptions, or such like diseases of the Lungs; so that in the Midst of Winter in the Churches, which are very much frequented, there is no Noise to interrupt the Attention due to the Preacher. I am persuaded (says he) their warm Stoves contribute to their Freedom from these kind of Maladies.\u201d Page 91.\n Tooth-Achs, Fevers, Pleurisies and many other Diseases.\n4. In Case of Sickness, they make most excellent Nursing-Rooms; as they constantly supply a Sufficiency of fresh Air, so warmed at the same time as to be no way inconvenient or dangerous. A small One does well in a Chamber; and, the Chimneys being fitted for it, it may be remov\u2019d from one Room to another as Occasion requires, and fix\u2019d in half an Hour. The equal Temper, too, and Warmth, of the Air of the Room, is thought to be particularly advantageous in some Distempers: For \u2019twas observ\u2019d in the Winters of 1730 and 1736, when the Small-Pox spread in Pennsylvania, that very few of the Children of the Germans died of that Distemper, in Proportion to those of the English; which was ascrib\u2019d by some to the Warmth and equal Temper of Air in their Stove-Rooms; which made the Disease as favourable as it commonly is in the West-Indies. But this Conjecture we submit to the Judgment of Physicians.\n5. In common Chimneys the strongest Heat from the Fire, which is upwards, goes directly up the Chimney, and is lost; and there is such a strong Draught into the Chimney, that not only the upright Heat, but also the back, sides and downward Heats, are carried up the Chimney by that Draught of Air; and the Warmth given before the Fire by the Rays that strike out towards the Room, is continually driven back, crouded into the Chimney, and carried up, by the same Draught of Air. But here the upright Heat, strikes and heats the Top Plate, which warms the Air above it, and that comes into the Room. The Heat likewise which the Fire communicates to the Sides, Back, Bottom and Air-Box, is all brought into the Room; for you will find a constant Current of warm Air coming out of the Chimney-Corner into the Room. Hold a Candle just under the Mantle-Piece or Breast of your Chimney, and you will see the Flame bent outwards: By laying a Piece of smoaking Paper on the Hearth, on either Side, you may see how the Current of Air moves, and where it tends, for it will turn and carry the Smoke with it.\n6. Thus as very little of the Heat is lost, when this Fire-Place is us\u2019d, much less Wood\n   *People who have us\u2019d these Fire-places, differ much in their Accounts of the Wood saved by them. Some say five sixths, others three fourths, and others much less. This is owing to the great Difference there was in their former Fires; some (according to the different Circumstances of their Rooms and Chimneys) having been us\u2019d to make very large, others middling, and others, of a more sparing Temper, very small Ones: While in these Fire-Places, (their Size and Draught being nearly the same) the Consumption is more equal. I suppose, taking a Number of Families together, that two thirds, or half the Wood at least, is saved. My common Room, I know, is made twice as warm as it used to be, with a quarter of the Wood I formerly consum\u2019d there.\n will serve you, which is a considerable Advantage where Wood is dear.\n7. When you burn Candles near this Fire-Place, you will find that the Flame burns quite upright, and does not blare and run the Tallow down, by drawing towards the Chimney, as against common Fires.\n8. This Fire-place cures most smoaky Chimneys, and thereby preserves both the Eyes and Furniture.\n9. It prevents the Fouling of Chimneys; much of the Lint and Dust that contributes to foul a Chimney, being by the low Arch oblig\u2019d to pass thro\u2019 the Flame, where \u2019tis consum\u2019d. Then, less Wood being burnt, there is less Smoke made. Again, the Shutter, or Trap-Bellows, soon blowing the Wood into a Flame, the same Wood does not yield so much Smoke as if burnt in a common Chimney: For as soon as Flame begins, Smoke, in proportion, ceases.\n10. And if a Chimney should be foul, \u2019tis much less likely to take Fire. If it should take Fire, \u2019tis easily stifled and extinguished.\n11. A Fire may be very speedily made in this Fire-Place, by the Help of the Shutter, or Trap-Bellows, as aforesaid.\n12. A Fire may be soon extinguished, by closing it with the Shutter before, and turning the Register behind, which will stifle it, and the Brands will remain ready to rekindle.\n13. The Room being once warm, the Warmth may be retain\u2019d in it all Night.\n14. And lastly, the Fire is so secur\u2019d at Night, that not one Spark can fly out into the Room to do Damage.\nWith all these Conveniencies, you do not lose the pleasant Sight nor Use of the Fire, as in the Dutch Stoves, but may boil the Tea-Kettle, warm the Flat-Irons, heat Heaters, keep warm a Dish of Victuals by setting it on the Top, &c. &c. &c.\nObjections answered.\nThere are some Objections commonly made by People that are unacquainted with these Fire-Places, which it may not be amiss to endeavour to remove, as they arise from Prejudices which might otherwise obstruct in some Degree the general Use of this beneficial Machine. We frequently hear it said, They are of the Nature of the Dutch Stoves; Stoves have an unpleasant Smell; Stoves are unwholesome; and, Warm Rooms make People tender ana apt to catch Cold. As to the first, that they are of the Nature of Dutch Stoves, the Description of those Stoves in the Beginning of this Paper, compar\u2019d with that of these Machines, shows that there is a most material Difference, and that these have vastly the Advantage, if it were only in the single Article of the Admission and Circulation of fresh Air. But it must be allowed there has been some Cause to complain of the offensive Smell of Iron Stoves. This Smell, however, never proceeded from the Iron itself, which in its Nature, whether hot or cold, is one of the sweetest of Metals, but from the general uncleanly Manner of using those Stoves. If they are kept clean, they are as sweet as an Ironing-Box, which, tho\u2019 ever so hot, never offends the Smell of the nicest Lady: But it is common, to let them be greased by setting Candlesticks on them, or otherwise; to rub greasy Hands on them, and, above all, to spit upon them to try how hot they are, which is an inconsiderate, filthy unmannerly Custom; for the slimy Matter of Spittle drying on, burns and fumes when the Stove is hot, as well as the Grease, and smells most nauseously; which makes such close Stove-Rooms, where there is no Draught to carry off those filthy Vapours, almost intolerable to those that are not from their Infancy accustomed to them. At the same time, nothing is more easy than to keep them clean; for when by any Accident they happen to be fouled, a Lee made of Ashes and Water, with a Brush, will scour them perfectly; as will also a little strong Soft-Soap and Water.\nThat hot Iron of itself gives no offensive Smell, those know very well, who have (as the Writer of this has) been present at a Furnace, when the Workmen were pouring out the flowing Metal to cast large Plates, and not the least Smell of it to be perceived. That hot Iron does not, like Lead, Brass, and some other Metals, give out unwholesome Vapours, is plain from the general Health and Strength of those who constantly work in Iron, as Furnace-men, Forge-Men, and Smiths; That it is in its Nature a Metal perfectly wholesome to the Body of Man, is known from the beneficial Use of Chalybeat or Iron-Mine Waters; from the Good done by taking Steel Filings in several Disorders; and that even the Smithy Water in which hot Irons are quench\u2019d, is found advantageous to the human Constitution. The ingenious and learned Dr. Desaguliers, to whose instructive Writings the Contriver of this Machine acknowledges himself much indebted, relates an Experiment he made, to try whether heated Iron would yield unwholesome Vapours; He took a Cube of Iron, and having given it a very great Heat, he fix\u2019d it so to a Receiver, exhausted by the Air Pump, that all the Air rushing in to fill the Receiver, should first pass thro\u2019 a Hole in the hot Iron. He then put a small Bird into the Receiver, who breath\u2019d that Air without any Inconvenience or suffering the least Disorder. But the same Experiment being made with a Cube of hot Brass, a Bird put into that Air dy\u2019d in a few Minutes. Brass indeed stinks even when cold, and much more when hot; Lead too, when hot, yields a very unwholesome Steam; but Iron is always sweet, and every way taken is wholesome and friendly to the human Body\u2014\u2014except in Weapons.\nThat warm Rooms make People tender and apt to catch Cold, is a Mistake as great as it is (among the English) general. We have seen in the preceding Pages how the common Rooms are apt to give Colds; but the Writer of this Paper may affirm, from his own Experience, and that of his Family and Friends who have used warm Rooms for these four Winters past, that by the Use of such Rooms, People are rendered less liable to take Cold, and indeed actually hardened. If sitting warm in a Room made One subject to take Cold on going out, lying warm in Bed should, by a Parity of Reason, produce the same Effect when we rise; Yet we find we can leap out of the warmest Bed naked in the coldest Morning, without any such Danger; and in the same Manner out of warm Clothes into a cold Bed. The Reason is, that in these Cases the Pores all close at once, the Cold is shut out, and the Heat within augmented, as we soon after feel by the glowing of the Flesh and Skin. Thus no one was ever known to catch Cold by the Use of the Cold Bath: And are not cold Baths allowed to harden the Bodies of those that use them? Are they not therefore frequently prescrib\u2019d to the tenderest Constitutions? Now every Time you go out of a warm Room into the cold freezing Air, you do as it were plunge into a Cold Bath, and the Effect is in proportion the same; for (tho\u2019 perhaps you may feel somewhat chilly at first) you find in a little Time your Bodies hardened and strengthened, your Blood is driven round with a brisker Circulation, and a comfortable steady uniform inward Warmth succeeds that equal outward Warmth you first received in the Room. Farther to confirm this Assertion, we instance the Swedes, the Danes, the Russians: These Nations are said to live in Rooms, compar\u2019d to ours, as hot as Ovens;\n   *Mr. Boyle, in his Experiments and Observations upon Cold, Page 684 of Shaw\u2019s Abridgment, says, \u201c\u2019Tis remarkable, that while the Cold has strange and tragical Effects at Moscow, and elsewhere, the Russians and Livonians should be exempt from them, who accustom themselves to pass immediately from a great Degree of Heat, to as great an one of Cold, without receiving any visible Prejudice thereby. I remember, being told by a Person of unquestionable Credit, that it was a common Practice among them, to go from a hot Stove into cold Water; the same was, also, affirmed to me, by another who resided at Moscow: This Tradition is likewise abundantly confirmed by Olearius. \u2018\u2019Tis a surprizing thing,\u2019 says he, \u2018to see how far the Russians can endure Heat; and how, when it makes them ready to faint, they can go out of their Stoves, stark naked, both Men and Women, and throw themselves into cold Water; and even in Winter wallow in the Snow.\u2019 \u201d\n yet where are the hardy Soldiers, tho\u2019 bred in their boasted cool Houses, that can, like these People, bear the Fatigues of a Winter Campaign in so severe a Climate, march whole Days to the Neck in Snow, and at Night entrench in Ice, as they do?\nThe Mentioning of those Northern Nations puts me in Mind of a considerable Publick Advantage that may arise from the general Use of these Fire-places. It is observable, that tho\u2019 those Countries have been well inhabited for many Ages, Wood is still their Fuel, and yet at no very great Price; which could not have been if they had not universally used Stoves, but consum\u2019d it as we do, in great Quantities by open Fires. By the Help of this saving Invention, our Wood may grow as fast as we consume it, and our Posterity may warm themselves at a moderate Rate, without being oblig\u2019d to fetch their Fuel over the Atlantick; as, if Pit-Coal should not be here discovered (which is an Uncertainty) they must necessarily do.\nWe leave it to the Political Arithmetician to compute, how much Money will be sav\u2019d to a Country, by its spending two thirds less of Fuel; how much Labour sav\u2019d in Cutting and Carriage of it; how much more Land may be clear\u2019d for Cultivation; how great the Profit by the additional Quantity of Work done, in those Trades particularly that do not exercise the Body so much, but that the Workfolks are oblig\u2019d to run frequently to the Fire to warm themselves: And to Physicians to say, how much healthier thick-built Towns and Cities will be, now half suffocated with sulphury Smoke, when so much less of that Smoke shall be made, and the Air breath\u2019d by the Inhabitants be consequently so much purer. These Things it will suffice just to have mentioned; let us proceed to give some necessary Directions to the Workman who is to fix or set up these Fire-Places.\nDirections to the Bricklayer.\nThe Chimney being first well swept and cleans\u2019d from Soot, &c. lay the Bottom Plate down on the Hearth in the Place where the Fire-Place is to stand, which may be as forward as the Hearth will allow. Chalk a Line from one of its back Corners round the Plate to the other Corner, that you may afterwards know its Place when you come to fix it; and from those Corners two parallel Lines to the Back of the Chimney: Make Marks also on each Side, that you may know where the Partition is to stand, which is to prevent any Communication between the Air and Smoke. Then removing the Plate, make a Hollow under it and beyond it, by taking up as many of the Bricks or Tiles as you can within your chalk\u2019d Lines, quite to the Chimney-Back. Dig out six or eight Inches deep of the Earth or Rubbish all the Breadth and Length of your Hollow; then make a Passage of four Inches square, (if the Place will allow so much) leading from the Hollow to some Place communicating with the outer Air; by outer Air we mean Air without the Room you intend to warm. This Passage may be made to enter your Hollow on either Side, or in the Fore-part, just as you find most convenient, the Circumstances of your Chimney considered. If the Fire-Place is to be put up in a Chamber, you may have this Communication of outer Air from the Staircase; or sometimes more easily from between the Chamber Floor and the Cieling of the lower Room, making only a small Hole in the Wall of the House entring the Space betwixt those two Joists with which your Air-Passage in the Hearth communicates. If this Air-Passage be so situated, as that Mice may enter it and nestle in the Hollow, a little Grate of Wire will keep them out. This Passage being made, and, if it runs under any Part of the Hearth, til\u2019d over securely; you may proceed to raise your false Back. This may be of four Inches or two Inches Thickness, as you have Room, but let it stand at least four Inches from the true Chimney-Back. In narrow Chimnies this false Back runs from Jamb to Jamb, but in large old-fashion\u2019d Chimnies you need not make it wider than the Back of the Fire-place. To begin it, you may form an Arch nearly flat of three Bricks End to End, over the Hollow, to leave a Passage the Breadth of the Iron Fire-Place, and five or six Inches deep, rounding at Bottom, for the Smoke to turn and pass under the false Back, and so behind it up the Chimney. The false Back is to rise till it is as high as the Breast of the Chimney, and then to close over to the Breast;\n   *See page 19 [433], where the Trap-door is describ\u2019d, that ought to be in this Closing.\n always observing, if there is a wooden Mantle-Tree, to close above it. If there is no Wood in the Breast, you may arch over and close even with the lower Part of the Breast. By this Closing the Chimney is made tight, that no Air or Smoke can pass up it, without going under the false Back. Then from Side to Side of your Hollow, against the Marks you made with Chalk, raise a tight Partition, Brick-on-Edge, to separate the Air from the Smoke, bevelling away to half an Inch the Brick that comes just under the Air-Hole, that the Air may have a free Passage up into the Air-Box: Lastly, close the Hearth over that Part of the Hollow that is between the false Back and the Place of the Bottom Plate, coming about half an Inch under the Plate, which Piece of hollow Hearth may be supported by a Bit or two of old Iron Hoop; then is your Chimney fitted to receive the Fire-Place.\nTo set it, Lay first a little Bed of Mortar all round the Edges of the Hollow and over the Top of the Partition: Then lay down your Bottom Plate in its Place (with the Rods in it) and tread it till it lies firm. Then put a little fine Mortar (made of Loam and Lime with a little Hair) into its Joints, and set in your back Plate, leaning it for the present against the false Back; Then set in your Air-Box, with a little Mortar in its Joints; Then put in the two Sides, closing them up against the Air-Box with Mortar in their Grooves, and fixing at the same time your Register; Then bring up your Back to its Place, with Mortar in its Grooves, and that will bind the Sides together. Then put in your Front-Plate, placing it as far back in the Groove as you can, to leave Room for the sliding Plate; Then lay on your Top-Plate, with Mortar in its Grooves also, screwing the whole firmly together by means of the Rods. The Capital Letters A B D E, &c. in the annex\u2019d Cut, show the corresponding Parts of the several Plates. Lastly the Joints being pointed all round on the Out-side, the Fire-Place is fit for Use.\nWhen you make your first Fire in it, perhaps, if the Chimney be thoroughly cold, it may not draw, the Work too being all cold and damp. In such Case put first a few Shovels of hot Coals in the Fire-Place, then lift up the Chimney-sweeper\u2019s Trap-Door, and putting in a Sheet or two of flaming Paper, shut it again, which will set the Chimney a Drawing immediately, and when once \u2019tis fill\u2019d with a Column of warm Air, it will draw strongly and continually.\nThe Drying of the Mortar and Work by the first Fire, may smell unpleasantly; but that will soon be over.\nIn some shallow Chimneys, to make more Room for the false Back and its Flue, four Inches or more of the Chimney-Back may be pick\u2019d away.\nLet the Room be made as tight as conveniently it may be, so will the outer Air that must come in to supply the Room and Draught of the Fire, be all obliged to enter thro\u2019 the Passage under the Bottom-Plate, and up thro\u2019 the Air-Box; by which Means it will not come cold to your Backs, but be warmed as it comes in, and mixed with the warm Air round the Fire-Place before it spreads in the Room.\nBut as a great Quantity of cold Air, in extream cold Weather especially, will presently enter a Room if the Door be carelessly left open, \u2019tis good to have some Contrivance to shut it, either by Means of Screw Hinges, a Spring, or a Pulley.\nWhen the Pointing in the Joints is all dry and hard, get some Powder of Black-Lead, (broken Bits of Black-Lead Crucibles from the Silver-smith\u2019s, pounded fine, will do) and mixing it with a little Rum and Water, lay it on, when the Plates are warm, with a hard Brush, over the Top and Front-Plates, part of the Side and Bottom Plates, and over all the Pointing; and as it dries rub it to a Gloss with the same Brush, so the Joints will not be discern\u2019d, but it will look all of a Piece, and shine like new Iron. And the false Back being plaister\u2019d and whitewash\u2019d, and the Hearth redden\u2019d, the whole will make a pretty Appearance. Before the Black Lead is laid on, it would not be amiss to wash the Plates with strong Lee and a Brush, or Soap and Water, to cleanse them from any Spots of Grease or Filth that may be on them. If any Grease should afterwards come on them, a little wet Ashes will get it out.\nIf it be well set up, and in a tolerable good Chimney, Smoke will draw in from as far as the Fore-Part of the Bottom Plate, as you may try by a Bit of burning Paper.\nPeople are at first apt to make their Rooms too warm, not imagining how little a Fire will be sufficient. When the Plates are no hotter than that one may just bear the Hand on them, the Room will generally be as warm as you desire it.\nThe End\nExplanation of the Plate,\nReferring to the Pages where the several Parts are describ\u2019d, or their Uses shewn.\nPage\ni The Bottom Plate\nii The Back Plate\niii iii The two Side Plates\niv iv The two Plates that make up the Air-box\nv The Front Plate\nvi The Top Plate\nvii The Shutter or Slider\nviii The Register\nFig. 2. The Fire-Place put together\n3. The Section of a Fragment of a Plate, shewing the quarter-round Regulets that make the Joints\n4. The Blower, (Bottom upwards)\nOP The two Screw Rods\n\u21a5\u21a5 With the prick\u2019d Lines, shew the Course of the Air thro\u2019 the Windings of the Air-Box.\nThe Capital Letters show the corresponding Parts of the several Plates.\nOn the Device of the New Fire-place,A Sun; with this Motto, alter idem.\ni.e. A second Self; or, Another, the same.\nBy a Friend.\nAnother Sun!\u2014\u2019tis true;\u2014but not The Same.\nAlike, I own, in Warmth and genial Flame:\nBut, more obliging than his elder Brother,\nThis will not scorch in Summer, like the other;\nNor, when sharp Boreas chills our shiv\u2019ring Limbs,\nWill this Sun leave us for more Southern Climes;\nOr, in long Winter Nights, forsake us here,\nTo chear new Friends in t\u2019other Hemisphere:\nBut, faithful still to us, this new Sun\u2019s Fire,\nWarms when we please, and just as we desire.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Benjamin Franklin to Edward and Jane Mecom, [1744\u201345]\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: Mecom, Edward,Mecom, Jane\nDear Brother and Sister,\nPhiladelphia, [1744\u20131745]\nIf you still continue your inclination to send Benny, you may do it by the first vessel to New York. Write a line by him, directed to Mr. James Parker, Printer, on Hunter\u2019s Key, New York. I am confident he will be kindly used there, and I shall hear from him every week. You will advise him to be very cheerful, and ready to do every thing he is bid, and endeavour to oblige every body, for that is the true way to get friends.\nDear Sister, I love you tenderly for your care of our father in his sickness.\nI am, in great haste, your loving brother,\nB. Franklin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1744", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Franklin/01-02-02-0117", "content": "Title: Extracts from the Gazette, 1744\nFrom: Franklin, Benjamin\nTo: \n\tWednesday last a Fire broke out in the Roof of a House in Second Street near the Church, but there being sufficient Help at hand, it was presently extinguished. Axes were observ\u2019d to be of great Use; for when Holes were made in the Shingling, the Water from Engines and Buckets readily enter\u2019d, and did ten times the Service it could otherwise have done. [January 11]\n\t[Advertisement] Proposed by a Society, If due Encouragement be given by Subscriptions, To publish The Impartial Reformer, Containing, Essays serious and entertaining, on Religious and Moral subjects, as well as the common Occurrences of Life, and the various Dispositions, Humours, and Manners of Mankind in these Times. Those who think proper to Encourage the same, are desired to send in their Names to the Printer hereof; and as soon as there is a sufficient Number of Subscribers to defray the Expence of Printing, one Sheet shall be immediately published, and continued once a Fortnight, of which Notice shall be given in the Publick News. Price to each Subscriber Six Shillings per Annum. [February 2]\n\t  [Advertisement] Shakespear\u2019s Plays in 8 Vol. neatly bound. Sold by the Printer hereof. [February 16]\nMay the fst 1744\nThan thar is to be a Ras in Taryfar Nak at mr John amerner between His Negor Sharp and a landtarpen townty yards backwards and fordes to Rune the three hetes forty pounds one half wat and half drie bet Camel John harmar and mastor sone William fune-Dik Hie Sharaof Nu Cas Conty Ase wch. Thomos Allfree, Jack See and Thomos bufit and prssiler Harod. [February 22]\n\t  Lately Publishedin Boston, And to be Sold by B. Franklin in Philadelphia, Price, is. each. The American Magazine, For the Months of November and December 1743. [March 1]\nJust Published, M. T. Cicero\u2019s Cato Major; Or his Discourse of Old Age. Translated from the Latin; with explanatory Notes, by the Hon. James Logan, Esqr.\nPrinted and sold by B. Franklin, Price stitch\u2019d in Marble Covers, 3s.6d. [March 21]\n[Advertisement] A Collection of choice and valuable Books, consisting of near 600 Volumes in most Faculties and Sciences, viz. Divinity, History, Law, Mathematicks, Philosophy, Physick, Poetry, &c. Will begin to be Sold by Benjamin Franklin, for ready Money only, on Wednesday the 11th of April 1744 at Nine o Clock in the Morning, at the Post-Office in Philadelphia; the lowest Price being for Dispatch marked in each Book: Catalogues may be had gratis, at the Place of Sale.\nNote. The said Franklin, gives ready Money for any Library or Parcel of Books. [March 29]\n\t  A Greater Number of Gentlemen having subscribed to Dr. Spencer\u2019s first Course of Experimental Philosophy, than can be conveniently accommodated at a Time: He begins his first Lecture of the second Course, on Thursday, the tenth Day of May, at five o\u2019Clock: Subscriptions are taken in at the Post-Office, where a Catalogue of the Experiments may be had gratis. [April 26]\n\t  [Advertisement] Books Sold by B. Franklin. Bibles of all sizes, Testaments, &c. young mans companion, horace in usum delphini, creech\u2019s ditto, dyche\u2019s and bailey\u2019s dictionaries, greek and latin testaments, sterling\u2019s ovid and rhetorick, buchanan\u2019s psalms, clark\u2019s erasmus and cordery, lilly\u2019s grammar, hoole\u2019s parsing ditto, spelling books of all sorts, ward\u2019s young mathematician\u2019s guide, pardie\u2019s Geometry, builders pocket companion, mariner\u2019s calendars and compass rectified, quarter waggoners, scales and compasses, love\u2019s surveying, protractors, gordon\u2019s geographical grammars; gazeteers, boerhave\u2019s institutions of physick, shaw\u2019s practice of ditto, quincey\u2019s dispensatory, edinburgh ditto, cheyne of health, ditto\u2019s english malady, becket\u2019s surgery, sharp\u2019s ditto, cramer of metals, telemachus, stanhope\u2019s epictetus, lilly\u2019s conveyancer, school of arts, brightland\u2019s english grammars, pen\u2019s no cross no crown, cruden\u2019s concordance, quarles\u2019s emblems, pomfret\u2019s poems, watt\u2019s lyrick poems, seneca\u2019s morals, pilgrim\u2019s progress in three parts, ditto large edition, bunyan\u2019s works two Vols. fol. With great variety of other books. Also slates, inkpowder, paper of all sorts, wax, account books, and all other sorts of stationary ware. [May 31]\n\t  We hear from Dover in Kent County, that Samuel Chew, Esq; Chief Justice of the Government of the Lower Counties, died there last Week; much regretted by all that had the Pleasure of his Acquaintance. [June 21]\n\t  We have the Pleasure to inform our Readers that the News brought hither by two (seeming) Gentlemen from Virginia, of Georgia\u2019s being taken (as mention\u2019d in our last) proves not true; a Vessel being arriv\u2019d at New-York in 11 Days from thence, and left all well there. \u2019Tis pity that any Persons who make the Appearance of Men of Credit, should, as they travel, think it a proper Diversion in such Times as these, to amuse their Countrymen with false Reports, which may prove in many Cases of very pernicious Consequence. [July 5]\n[Advertisement] Just arrived from London, And now shown for the Entertainment of the Curious, to six or more Persons, in a large commodious Room, at Mr. Vidal\u2019s in Second-street, Philadelphia, The Solar, or Camera Obscura Microscope, which magnifies Objects to a surprising Degree, and has given universal Satisfaction. Price 18d. each Person. Also, the Unparallelled Musical Clock, Most beautiful in its Structure, and delightfully playing the choicest Airs, &c. Price 18d. each Person.\nBills describing the Particulars, are given gratis at the Place aforesaid. [July 12]\n[Advertisement] A Course of Experimental Philosophy, begins at the Library-Room, next Monday at five o\u2019Clock in the Afternoon, which will be the last to be performed in this City by Dr. Spencer.\nN.B. Any of the Gentlemen who subscribed to the former Courses, may go through this, at half Price, and have as an Addition some Lectures on the Globes. [July 26]\n\t  \u2019Tis computed that there are and will be before Winter 113 Sail of Privateers at Sea, from the British American Colonies; most of them stout Vessels and abundantly well mann\u2019d. A Naval Force, equal (some say) to that of the Crown of Great-Britain in the Time of Queen Elizabeth. [August 30]\n\t  On Monday next will be published, and to be Sold by B. Franklin. The Votes, and Proceedings, of the General Assembly of this Province. Continued by Adjournments, from the seventh Day of May, to the eleventh Day of August, 1744. [September 20]\n\t  [Advertisement] Notice is hereby given, That during this Winter Season, between the Hours of Six and Nine, at Night, Gentlemen may be Instructed in Euclid\u2019s Elements, Algebra, Navigation, Astronomy, Surveying, Gauging, and all other Parts of the Mathematicks. Also in the Day time, Youth are Taught, Reading, Writing, Arithmetick, and Accounts, by Theophilus Grew, at his School in Norris\u2019s Alley. [September 20]\n\t  [Advertisement] Lost on the Road, betwixt here and Germantown, a light coloured broad cloth short Cloak. Whoever leaves it at the Printer\u2019s hereof, shall be handsomely Rewarded. [October 4]\n\t  [Advertisement] Lost between the Drawbridge and the Vineyard, a white Stone Seal, set in Gold. Whoever brings it to the Printer hereof, shall receive Twenty Shillings Reward. [October 11]\n\t  Last Week a Dutch Waggoner who had wilfully driven over a Chair, in which were two young Women, and a Boy that was unwell, whereby the Child\u2019s Scull was fractured, so that his Life is despaired of, was apprehended and committed to the Goal of this City. [October 18]\n[Advertisement] To be seen, at the Indian King, in Market Street, Price is. for Men and Women, and 6d. for Children.\nA Beautiful Creature, but surprizingly fierce, called a Leopard; his Extraction half a Lion and half a Pardeal; his native Place of Abode is in Africa, and Arabia. As he will not stay long in this Place, those who have a Mind to see him are desired to be speedy. [October 25]\n\t  The same Day [Monday last], Michael Milchdeberger, the Dutch Waggoner, who drove his Wagon over a Chair, by which a Boy was wounded so that he died, was burnt in the Hand, the Jury having brought in their Verdict Manslaughter. [November 8]\nA Caution to the Publick.\nLast Saturday several counterfeit One Shilling Bills of New-Jersey were uttered here. The Paper is pretty stiff and good, and some of the Bills have an Impression of a Sage Leaf, ill done, upon their Backs. If these Bills are compared with the True Ones, both being fair, many Variations may be observed both in the Signing and the Printing, as the Counterfeits are a very bad Imitation of the True. Those who have not both Sorts to look at together, may take notice, that the Figures that make the Ornament or Border at the Bottom of the False Bills, which have a Resemblance of a Flower de Luce at Top, and something more under, stand apart, which in the True Bills stand close; and that in the False Bills the first I in the Word Shilling, that ends the Bill, is shorter than the last I in that Word; that the second L in the same Word is shorter than the first, and that the G is longer than the other Capitals, and made very open. [November 15]\nJust Published, and to be sold by the Printer hereof, the following Books, viz.\nI. The Fourth Edition, of A Preservative from the Sins and Follies of Childhood and Youth, written by way of Question and Answer. To which are added, some Religious and Moral Instructions, in Verse. By I. Watts, D.D. Price 8d.\nII. An Account of the New-Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places: Wherein their Construction and Manner of Operation is particularly explained; their Advantages above every other Method of warming Rooms demonstrated; and all Objections that have been raised against the Use of them answered and obviated. With Directions for putting them up, and for using them to the best Advantage. And a Copper-Plate, in which the several Parts of the Machine are exactly laid down, from a Scale of equal Parts. Price 1s.\nIII. Poor Richard\u2019s Almanack, for the Year 1745.\nOf whom also may be had, to compleat Gentlemen\u2019s Setts, the American Magazine for April, 1744. [November 15]\n[Advertisement] Just Imported, And to be sold by Lewis Evans in Strawberry Alley. Price 1s. a Cake.\nFine Crown Soap, For the Washing of fine Linen, Muslins, Laces, Silks, Chinces, Calicoes, and for the Use of Barbers.\nIt cleanses fine Linnen, Muslins, Laces, Chinces, &c. with Ease and Expedition, which often suffers more from the long and hard rubbing of the Washer through the ill Qualities of the Soap they use, than the Wearing. It is excellent for the Washing of Scarlets, or any other bright and curious Colours, that are apt to Change by the Use of common Soap. The Sweetness of the Flavour renders it pleasant for the Use of Barbers. [November 15]\n\t  [Advertisement] Saturday next will be published and sold by B. Franklin, The Pocket Almanack, for the Year 1745. [December 6]\nWhereas the Nossels of most of the Pumps in Market Street, and several other Streets of this City, were taken out and carried away, on Saturday-night the 24th of this Instant, and at several Times before, by some evil-minded, dissolute Persons; which might have been of most pernicious Consequence, if Fire had happened to break out before they could have been renewed. The Union Fire-Company of Philadelphia, do hereby offer a Reward of FIVEPounds to him or her who shall discover (so that they may be convicted at the Mayor\u2019s Court) any of the Persons concern\u2019d in removing the said Nossels, or doing any other Damage to the Pumps in the Streets, whereby they may be render\u2019d incapable of discharging Water.\nBy Order of the Company, Rees Meredith, Clerk[December 14]\n\t  Last Saturday Night died here Mr. John Acworth, formerly an eminent Wine Merchant in the City of London. [December 18]\n\t  We hear that the old Dutch Woman, that prosecuted the young Fellow for a Rape, some time since, is lately married. [December 18]\nPhiladelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1744}
]