NothingMuch/GO-Terms huggingface dataset:
A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(XIII) chains; type XIII collagen triple helices span the plasma membrane.
collagen type XIII trimer
A heterodimeric protein complex that catalyzes the cleavage of complement components C3 and C5, and acts in the classical pathway of complement activation; consists of one monomer of C2a and one monomer of C4b; C2a is the catalytic subunit, but cannot catalyze cleavage alone.
classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase complex
A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.
interstitial matrix
A multisubunit protein complex which, in Drosophila, is a heterohexamer of three subunits, alpha, beta and gamma. The complex is thought to store amino acids for synthesis of adult proteins.
larval serum protein complex
Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation. The number of bud scars that accumulate on the surface of a cell is a useful determinant of replicative age.
cellular bud scar
The outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
dityrosine layer of spore wall
The second outermost layer of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
chitosan layer of spore wall
Either of the two innermost layers of the spore wall, as described in Saccharomyces.
inner layer of spore wall
Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes containing a high density of nuclear pores, thought to form from excess nuclear membrane components, that have been described in a number of different cells. Annulate lamellar membranes are continuous with and embedded within the ER.
annulate lamellae
A component of the transcription machinery of RNA Polymerase II. In humans, TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of an alpha (P35), beta (P19) and gamma subunits (P12).
transcription factor TFIIA complex
A transcription factor which in humans consists of a complex of two alpha and two beta chains. Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and helps activate both RNA polymerase II and TFIIH.
transcription factor TFIIE complex
A general transcription initiation factor which in humans consists of a heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the initiation complex and promotes translation elongation.
transcription factor TFIIF complex
A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription.
polytene chromosome puff
A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band.
polytene chromosome band
A stretch of less tightly packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, found between bands.
polytene chromosome interband
A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.
chiasma
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in leptotene or zygotene during meiosis I.
early recombination nodule
An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in pachytene during meiosis I.
late recombination nodule
A diffusely banded region of heterochromatin located between euchromatin and alpha-heterochromatin in the polytene chromosome chromocenter; normally replicated during polytenization.
beta-heterochromatin
A small, compact region of heterochromatin located in the middle of the polytene chromosome chromocenter, which undergoes little or no replication during polytenization.
alpha-heterochromatin
Any of the regions of heterochromatin that form a reproducible set of dense bands scattered along the euchromatic arms in polytene chromosomes.
intercalary heterochromatin
Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.
perichromatin fibrils
A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies.
2-micrometer circle DNA
Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria.
m-AAA complex
A DNA polymerase complex consisting of a large subunit, responsible for the catalytic activities, and a small accessory subunit. Functions in the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA.
gamma DNA polymerase complex
A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.
signal peptidase complex
A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand.
steroid hormone aporeceptor complex
A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma.
eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex
A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.
muscle myosin complex
A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments.
muscle thin filament tropomyosin
Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.
striated muscle myosin thick filament
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex.
actin capping protein of dynactin complex
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.
minus-end kinesin complex
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.
plus-end kinesin complex
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
nuclear microtubule
A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 protein complex
A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.
insulin receptor complex
A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.
oncostatin-M receptor complex
A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.
fascia adherens
A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.
6-phosphofructokinase complex
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine.
anthranilate synthase complex
A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.
CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.
DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex
An intracellular enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase.
magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a.
phosphorylase kinase complex
A protein complex that possesses protein farnesyltransferase activity.
protein farnesyltransferase complex
The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate.
glucose 1-phosphate phosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.
deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation
The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesize glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.
glycerophosphate shuttle
Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
deoxyguanosine salvage
Any process that generates deoxyinosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
deoxyinosine salvage
Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
uracil salvage
Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
cytidine salvage
Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.
deoxycytidine salvage
Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.
base-excision repair, gap-filling
The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.
base-excision repair, DNA ligation
The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.
nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.
nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling
Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure.
homing of group II introns
Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction.
movement of group I intron
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.
nucleosome disassembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.
steroid hormone receptor complex assembly
A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase.
dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway
The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane.
phospholipid transfer to membrane
The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.
AMP phosphorylation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.
bilirubin conjugation
The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane.
plasma membrane acetate transport
The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, across a plasma membrane.
plasma membrane pyruvate transport
The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.
carnitine shuttle
The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
eye pigment precursor transport
The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.
extracellular amino acid transport
The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.
substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling
An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid.
male-specific antibacterial humoral response
The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment.
intracellular accumulation of glycerol
Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.
post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.
vacuolar calcium ion homeostasis
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male.
male meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.
female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
The cell cycle process in which lamin is depolymerized.
lamin depolymerization
The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.
vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division.
mitotic nuclear pore complex reassembly
A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.
traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle
The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.
meiotic metaphase I
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I.
meiotic anaphase I
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
meiotic telophase I
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
meiotic prophase II
The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.
meiotic metaphase II
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.
meiotic anaphase II
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
meiotic telophase II
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.
JUN phosphorylation
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
pole cell fate determination
Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells.
pole cell formation
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
primary spermatocyte growth
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
sperm axoneme assembly
The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.
sperm individualization
Attachment of the nurse cell nucleus to the plasma membrane.
nurse cell nucleus anchoring
Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.
eggshell chorion gene amplification
The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters.
sperm displacement
The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
penetration of zona pellucida
The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.
pronuclear fusion
Specification of the anterior (head and thoracic segments) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of hunchback gene product.
anterior region determination
Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.
thorax and anterior abdomen determination
The regionalization process in which the posterior (abdominal) regions of the embryo are specified by the gap genes.
posterior abdomen determination
Specification of the terminal regions (the two non-segmented ends) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of huckebein and tailless gene products.
terminal region determination
Allocation of cells to parasegments in the embryo, through the action of overlapping series of pair rule gene activities.
periodic partitioning by pair rule gene
Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.
segment polarity determination
Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior.
posterior midgut invagination
Internalization of the anterior midgut into the interior of the embryo.
anterior midgut invagination
Formation of a partial necklace of inturning tissue on the lateral sides of the embryo, along the dorsal-ventral axis. This furrow demarcates head from thorax in the developing protostome.
cephalic furrow formation
Elongation of the germ band on the ventral side of the embryo, accompanied by a halving in width. The elongation process pushes the posterior midgut invagination closed and compresses the amnioserosa further.
germ-band extension
Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift.
amnioserosa formation
The specification of the characteristic structures of the labial segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, labial segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the antennal segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, antennal segment
The specification of the characteristic structures of the thoracic segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, thorax
The specification of the characteristic structures of the abdominal segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
specification of segmental identity, abdomen
The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo.
posterior compartment specification
The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination
The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis.
dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells
Dorsally-directed movement of a cell at the leading edge of the epithelium over the amnioserosa.
dorsal closure, spreading of leading edge cells
Closure of the dorsal hole. Filopodia extending from each leading edge interdigitate at the dorsal midline and appear to prime the formation of adherens junctions between the two rows of leading edge cells. Newly formed septate junctions are also used to seal the dorsal hole.
suture of dorsal opening
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
ganglion mother cell fate determination
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
glial cell fate determination
A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
neuroblast activation
The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.
axon target recognition