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+Instruction,Response
+What is A3 Method?,The A3 system is a means of describing a business process in a compact form. It was originally created by the Toyota Motor Corporation and was named for the paper size on which it was printed
+What is Abandonment?,"1) The decision of a carrier to give up or to discontinue service over a route. Railroads must seek ICC permission to abandon routes. 2) As in the phrase ""call abandonment"". This refers to people who, being placed on hold in an incoming call, elect to hang up (""abandon"") the call. Call centers monitor closely the ""abandonment rate"" as a measure of their inefficiency."
+What is ABB?,See Activity Based Budgeting
+What is ABC?,See Activity Based Costing
+What is ABC Classification?,"Classification of a group of items in decreasing order of annual dollar volume or other criteria. This array is then split into three classes called A, B, and C. The A group represents the largest group from a financial movement perspective with 10 to 20% by number of items, and 50 to 70% by projected dollar volume. The next grouping, B, represents about 20% of the items and about 20% of the dollar volume. The C-class contains 60 to 70% of the items, and represents about 10 to 30% of the dollar volume."
+What is ABC Costing?,See Activity Based Costing
+What is ABC Inventory Control?,"An inventory control approach based on the ABC volume or sales revenue classification of products (A items are highest volume or revenue, C-or perhaps D-are lowest-volume SKUs). In this approach the A items are counted most frequently, perhaps as often as weekly, with the C / D items counted less frequently, perhaps only once per year. In this way the items which contribute most to the flow of dollars through inventory are monitored more closely. And, since these items may well have larger unit volumes they tend to be more likely to become at variance with book to physical."
+What is ABC Model?,"In cost management, a representation of resource costs during a time period that are consumed through activities and traced to products, services, and customers or to any other object that creates a demand for the activity to be performed."
+What is ABC System?,"In cost management, a system that maintains financial and operating data on an organization's resources, activities, drivers, objects and measures. ABC models are created and maintained within this system."
+What is ABM?,See Activity Based Management
+What is Abnormal Demand?,Demand in any period that is outside the limits established by management policy. This demand may come from a new customer or from existing customers whose own demand is increasing or decreasing. Care must be taken in evaluating the nature of the demand
+What is ABP?,See Activity Based Planning
+What is Absorption Costing?,"In cost management, an approach to inventory valuation in which variable costs and a portion of fixed costs are assigned to or “absorbed” into each unit of production. The fixed costs are usually allocated to units of output on the basis of direct labor hours, machine hours, or material costs. Synonym"
+What is ACAT?,See Acquisition Categories
+What is Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)?,"In quality management, when a continuing series of lots is considered, AQL represents a quality level that, for the purposes of sampling inspection, is the limit of a satisfactory process average. Also see"
+What is Acceptable Sampling Plan?,"In quality management, a specific plan that indicates the sampling sizes and the associated acceptance or non-acceptance criteria to be used. Also see"
+What is Acceptance Number?,"In quality management, 1) A number used in acceptance sampling as a cutoff at which the lot will be accepted or rejected. For example, if x or more units are bad within the sample, the lot will be rejected. 2) The value of the test statistic that divides all possible values into acceptance and rejection regions. Also see"
+What is Acceptance Sampling?,1) The process of sampling a portion of goods for inspection rather than examining the entire lot. The entire lot may be accepted or rejected based on the sample even though the specific units in the lot are better or worse than the sample. There are two types
+What is Accessibility?,The ability of a carrier to provide service between an origin and a destination.
+What is Accessorial charges?,"A carrier's charge for accessorial services such as loading, unloading, pickup, and delivery. Also see"
+What is Accessory?,"A choice or feature added to the good or service offered to the customer for customizing the end product. An accessory enhances the capabilities of the product but is not necessary for the basic function of the product. In many companies, an accessory means that the choice does not have to be specified before shipment but can be added at a later date. In other companies, this choice must be made before shipment."
+What is Accountability?,"Being answerable for, but not necessarily personally charged with, doing specific work. Accountability cannot be delegated, but it can be shared. For example, managers and executives are accountable for business performance even though they may not actually perform the work."
+What is Accounts Payable (A/P)?,The value of goods and services acquired for which payment has not yet been made to the supplier.
+What is Accounts receivable (A/R)?,The value of goods shipped or services rendered to a customer on whom payment has not yet been received. Usually includes an allowance for bad debts.
+What is Accreditation?,"Certification by a recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service, operational group, or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed. For example, the Registrar Accreditation Board accredits those organizations that register companies to the ISO 9000 Series Standards."
+What is Accredited Standards Committee (ASC)?,A committee of the ANSI chartered in 1979 to develop uniform standards for the electronic interchange of business documents. The committee develops and maintains U.S. generic standards (X12) for Electronic Data Interchange.
+What is Accumulation bin?,"A place, usually a physical location, used to accumulate all components that go into an assembly before the assembly is sent out to the assembly floor. Synonym: Assembly bin"
+What is Accuracy?,"In quality management, the degree of freedom from error or the degree of conformity to a standard. Accuracy is different from precision. For example, four-significant-digit numbers are less precise than six-significant-digit numbers; however, a properly computed four-significant-digit number might be more accurate than an improperly computed six-significant-digit number."
+What is ACD?,See Automated Call Distribution
+What is ACE?,See Automated Commercial Environment
+What is ACH?,See Automated Clearinghouse
+What is Acknowledgment?,A communication by a supplier to advise a purchaser that a purchase order has been received. It usually implies acceptance of the order by the supplier.
+What is Acquisition Categories (ACAT)?,U.S. DoD ACAT 1 programs are Milestone Decision Authority Programs or programs designated ACAT 1 by the Milestone Decision Authority.
+What is Acquisition Cost?,"In cost accounting, the cost required to obtain one or more units of an item. It is order quantity times unit cost."
+What is Action Message?,"An output of a system that identifies the need for and the type of action to be taken to correct a current or potential problem. Examples of action messages in an MRP system include release order, reschedule in, reschedule out, and cancel. Synonym:  Exception Message Synonym: Action Report"
+What is Action Plan?,A specific method or process to achieve the results called for by one or more objectives. An action plan may be a simpler version of a project plan.
+What is Action Report?,See Action Message
+What is Activation?,"In constraint management, the use of non-constraint resources to make parts or products above the level needed to support the system constraint(s). The result is excessive work-in-process inventories or finished goods inventories, or both. In contrast, the term utilization is used to describe the situation in which non-constraint resource(s) usage is synchronized to support the needs of the constraint."
+What is Active Inventory?,"The raw materials, work in process, and finished goods that will be used or sold within a given period."
+What is Active Stock?,Goods in active pick locations and ready for order filling.
+What is Activity?,"Work performed by people, equipment, technologies or facilities. Activities are usually described by the action-verb-adjective-noun grammar convention. Activities may occur in a linked sequence and activity-to-activity assignments may exist. 1) In activity-based cost accounting, a task or activity, performed by or at a resource, required in producing the organization's output of goods and services. A resource may be a person, machine, or facility. Activities are grouped into pools by type of activity and allocated to products. 2) In project management, an element of work on a project. It usually has an anticipated duration, anticipated cost, and expected resource requirements. Sometimes ""major activity"" is used for larger bodies of work."
+What is Activity Analysis?,"The process of identifying and cataloging activities for detailed understanding and documentation of their characteristics. An activity analysis is accomplished by means of interviews, group sessions, questionnaires, observations, and reviews of physical records of work."
+What is Activity Based Budgeting (ABB)?,"An approach to budgeting where a company uses an understanding of its activities and driver relationships to quantitatively estimate workload and resource requirements as part of an ongoing business plan. Budgets show the types, number of and cost of resources that activities are expected to consume based on forecasted workloads. The budget is part of an organization's activity-based planning process and can be used in evaluating its success in setting and pursuing strategic goals."
+What is Activity Based Costing (ABC)?,"A methodology that measures the cost and performance of cost objects, activities and resources. Cost objects consume activities and activities consume resources. Resource costs are assigned to activities based on their use of those resources, and activity costs are reassigned to cost objects (outputs) based on the cost objects proportional use of those activities. Activity-based costing incorporates causal relationships between cost objects and activities and between activities and resources."
+What is Activity Based Costing Model?,"In activity-based cost accounting, a model, by time period, of resource costs created because of activities related to products or services or other items causing the activity to be carried out."
+What is Activity Based Costing System?,"A set of activity-based cost accounting models that collectively define data on an organization's resources, activities, drivers, objects, and measurements."
+What is Activity-Based Management (ABM)?,A discipline focusing on the management of activities within business processes as the route to continuously improve both the value received by customers and the profit earned in providing that value. ABM uses activity-based cost information and performance measurements to influence management action. See also: Activity-Based Costing
+What is Activity Based Planning (ABP)?,Activity-based planning (ABP) is an ongoing process to determine activity and resource requirements (both financial and operational) based on the ongoing demand of products or services by specific customer needs. Resource requirements are compared to resources available and capacity issues are identified and managed. Activity-based budgeting (ABB) is based on the outputs of activity-based planning.
+What is Activity Dictionary?,"A listing and description of activities that provides a common/standard definition of activities across the organization. An activity dictionary can include information about an activity and/or its relationships, such as activity description, business process, function source, whether value-added, inputs, outputs, supplier, customer, output measures, cost drivers, attributes, tasks, and other information as desired to describe the activity."
+What is Activity Driver?,The best single quantitative measure of the frequency and intensity of the demands placed on an activity by cost objects or other activities. It is used to assign activity costs to cost objects or to other activities.
+What is Activity Level?,"A description of types of activities dependent on the functional area. Product-related activity levels may include unit, batch, and product levels. Customer-related activity levels may include customer, market, channel, and project levels."
+What is Activity Network Diagram?,An arrow diagram used in planning and managing processes and projects.
+What is Activity Ratio?,"A financial ratio used to determine how an organization's resources perform relative to the revenue the resources produce. Activity ratios include inventory turnover, receivables conversion period, fixed-asset turnover, and return on assets."
+What is Actual Cost System?,A cost system that collects costs historically as they are applied to production and allocates indirect costs to products based on the specific costs and achieved volume of the products.
+What is Actual Costs?,"The labor, material, and associated overhead costs that are charged against a job as it moves through the production process."
+What is Actual Demand?,"Actual demand is composed of customer orders (and often allocations of items, ingredients, or raw materials to production or distribution). Actual demand nets against or ""consumes"" the forecast, depending upon the rules chosen over a time horizon. For example, actual demand will totally replace forecast inside the sold-out customer order backlog horizon (often called the demand time fence), but will net against the forecast outside this horizon based on the chosen forecast consumption rule."
+What is Actual to Theoretical Cycle Time?,The ratio of the measured time required to produce a given output divided by the sum of the time required to produce a given output based on the rated efficiency of the machinery and labor operations.
+What is Adaptive Control?,"1) The ability of a control system to change its own parameters in response to a measured change in operating conditions. 2) Machine control units in which feeds and/or speeds are not fixed. The control unit, working from feedback sensors, is able to optimize favorable situations by automatically increasing or decreasing the machining parameters. This process ensures optimum tool life or surface finish and/or machining costs or production rates."
+What is Adaptive Smoothing?,"In forecasting, a form of exponential smoothing in which the smoothing constant is automatically adjusted as a function of one or many items, for example, forecast error measurement, calendar characteristics (launch, replenishment, end of life), or demand volume."
+What is ADR?,See Alternate Dispatch Resolution
+What is Advance Material Request?,Ordering materials before the release of the formal product design. This early release is required because of long lead times.
+What is Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS)?,"Techniques that deal with analysis and planning of logistics and manufacturing over the short, intermediate, and long-term time periods. APS describes any computer program that uses advanced mathematical algorithms or logic to perform optimization or simulation on finite capacity scheduling, sourcing, capital planning, resource planning, forecasting, demand management, and others. These techniques simultaneously consider a range of constraints and business rules to provide real-time planning and scheduling, decision support, available-to-promise, and capable-to-promise capabilities. APS often generates and evaluates multiple scenarios. Management then selects one scenario to use as the ""official plan."" The five main components of APS systems are demand planning, production planning, production scheduling, distribution planning, and transportation planning."
+What is Advanced Shipping Notice (ASN)?,"Detailed shipment information transmitted to a customer or consignee in advance of delivery, designating the contents (individual products and quantities of each) and nature of the shipment. In EDI data standards this is referred to as an 856 transaction. May also include carrier and shipment specifics including time of shipment and expected time of arrival. See also:  Assumed Receipt"
+What is After-Sale Service?,"Services provided to the customer after products have been delivered. This can include repairs, maintenance and/or telephone support. Synonym: Field Service"
+What is Agency tariff?,A publication of a rate bureau that contains rates for many carriers.
+What is Agglomeration?,A net advantage gained by a common location with other companies.
+What is Aggregate Forecast?,"An estimate of sales, often time phased, for a grouping of products or product families produced by a facility or firm. Stated in terms of units, dollars, or both, the aggregate forecast is used for sales and production planning (or for sales and operations planning) purposes."
+What is Aggregate Inventory?,The inventory for any grouping of items or products involving multiple stock-keeping units.
+What is Aggregate Inventory Management?,Establishing the overall level (dollar value) of inventory desired and implementing controls to achieve this goal.
+What is Aggregate Plan?,"A plan that includes budgeted levels of finished goods, inventory, production backlogs, and changes in the workforce to support the production strategy. Aggregated information (e.g., product line, family) rather than product information is used, hence the name aggregate plan."