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<s>[INST][context]:Hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, is a relatively new method for extracting natural gas. Fracking may be linked to groundwater contamination and small earthquakes in non-seismic regions.[/INST] [question]:What is another term for hydraulic fracturing? [answer]:fracking</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Pancreatic Juice The pancreas produces over a liter of pancreatic juice each day. Unlike bile, it is clear and composed mostly of water along with some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several digestive enzymes. Sodium bicarbonate is responsible for the slight alkalinity of pancreatic juice (pH 7.1 to 8.2), which serves to buffer the acidic gastric juice in chyme, inactivate pepsin from the stomach, and create an optimal environment for the activity of pH-sensitive digestive enzymes in the small intestine. Pancreatic enzymes are active in the digestion of sugars, proteins, and fats. The pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes in their inactive forms. These enzymes are activated in the duodenum. If produced in an active form, they would digest the pancreas (which is exactly what occurs in the disease, pancreatitis). The intestinal brush border enzyme enteropeptidase stimulates the activation of trypsin from trypsinogen of the pancreas, which in turn changes the pancreatic enzymes procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into their active forms, carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin. The enzymes that digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and nucleic acids (nuclease) are secreted in their active forms, since they do not attack the pancreas as do the protein-digesting enzymes.[/INST] [question]:Unlike liver bile, 'juice' produced by what organ is clear and composed mostly of water along with some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes? [answer]:pancreas</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Resistance is opposition to the flow of electric charges that occurs when electric current travels through matter. The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (named for the scientist Georg Ohm, whom you can read about below). Resistance is caused by electrons in a current bumping into electrons and ions in the matter through which the current is flowing. Resistance is similar to the friction that resists the movement of one surface as it slides over another. Resistance reduces the amount of current that can travel through the material because some of the electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. For example, when electric current flows through the tungsten wire inside an incandescent light bulb, the tungsten resists the flow of electric charge, and some of the electrical energy is converted to light and thermal energy.[/INST] [question]:What term means opposition to the flow of electric charges that occurs when electric current travels through matter? [answer]:resistance</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:At a synapse, neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal. They bind with receptors on the other cell.[/INST] [question]:What type of terminal releases neurotransmitters at a synapse? [answer]:axon</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Puberty lasts from about ages 12 to 18 years and is controlled by hormones.[/INST] [question]:What chemical affects the onset of puberty and duration? [answer]:hormones</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant. Figure below shows the life cycle of moss. The familiar, green, photosynthetic moss plants are gametophytes . The sporophyte generation is very small and dependent on the gametophyte plant.[/INST] [question]:What are the only plants with a life cycle in which the gametophyte generation is dominant? [answer]:nonvascular</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Always properly dispose of hazardous waste. For example, let liquid waste evaporate before placing the container in the trash.[/INST] [question]:What should you let liquid waste do before placing the container in the trash? [answer]:evaporate</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The ion concentration of neutral, pure water gives water a pH of 7 and sets the standard for defining acids and bases. Acids have a pH lower than 7, and bases have a pH higher than 7.[/INST] [question]:What is the ph level of neutral, pure water? [answer]:seven</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:At some point, the variation probably came from a mutation. A mutation is a random change in an organism's genes. Mutations are natural. Some are harmful, but many are neutral. If the trait from the mutation is beneficial, that organism may have a better chance to survive. An organism that survives is likely to have offspring. If it does, it may pass the mutation on to its offspring. The offspring may be more likely to survive.[/INST] [question]:A mutation is a random change in an organism's what? [answer]:genes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:9.5 | Types of Body Movements By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Define the different types of body movements • Identify the joints that allow for these motions Synovial joints allow the body a tremendous range of movements. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. While the ball-and-socket joint gives the greatest range of movement at an individual joint, in other regions of the body, several joints may work together to produce a particular movement. Overall, each type of synovial joint is necessary to provide the body with its great flexibility and mobility. There are many types of movement that can occur at synovial joints (Table 9.1). Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward. Refer to Figure 9.12 as you go through this section.[/INST] [question]:Synovial and ball-and-socket are both types of what? [answer]:joints</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Only a tiny fraction of Earth’s freshwater is in the liquid state. Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of rock. Of freshwater on the surface, the majority occurs in lakes and soil. What percentage of freshwater on the surface is found in living things?.[/INST] [question]:Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of what? [answer]:rock</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Gain-of-function mutations result in the gene product or protein having a new and abnormal function and usually result in a dominant phenotype. Examples of gain of function mutations occur in the thyroid hormone receptor gene.[/INST] [question]:What phenotype do gain-of-function mutations usually result in? [answer]:dominant</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Mutations are the key to species evolving. Lets say an organism "mutates" due to a new allele for a gene that determines coat color. There are, theoretically, only three outcomes of that mutation:.[/INST] [question]:What are the key to species evolving? [answer]:mutations</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The suprahyoid muscles raise the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the larynx during deglutition. These include the digastric muscle, which has anterior and posterior bellies that work to elevate the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible. The stylohyoid muscle moves the hyoid bone posteriorly, elevating the larynx,.[/INST] [question]:Which muscles raise the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the larynx during deglutition? [answer]:suprahyoid</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Potential energy is the energy stored in an object because of its position or shape. It includes gravitational potential energy and elastic potential energy. Gravitational potential energy depends on an object’s weight and height above the ground.[/INST] [question]:What type of energy is stored in an object because of its position or shape? [answer]:potential</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Like plants, animals are multicellular eukaryotes. However, animals differ from plants in other important ways.[/INST] [question]:Like plants, animals are multicellular what? [answer]:eukaryotes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Most ocean mollusks have a gill or gills to absorb oxygen from the water.[/INST] [question]:What do ocean mollusks use to absorb oxygen from the water? [answer]:gills</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:A nonelectrolyte is a compound that does not conduct an electric current in either aqueous solution or in the molten state. Many molecular compounds, such as sugar or ethanol, are nonelectrolytes. When these compounds dissolve in water, they do not produce ions. The Figure below illustrates the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte.[/INST] [question]:What term is used to describe a compound that does not conduct an electric current in either aqueous solution or in the molten state? [answer]:nonelectrolyte</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Government policies and laws are needed to protect biodiversity. Such actions have been shown to work in the past. For example, peregrine falcons made an incredible recovery after laws were passed banning the use of DDT.[/INST] [question]:Peregrine falcons made an incredible recovery after laws were passed banning the use of what? [answer]:ddt</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The major wind belts push the water in the surface currents. The water moves in the direction of :.[/INST] [question]:In the tropics what are the prevailing winds called? [answer]:tradewinds</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Discussion As might have been expected, the player slides a shorter distance by sliding uphill. Note that the problem could also have been solved in terms of the forces directly and the work energy theorem, instead of using the potential energy. This method would have required combining the normal force and force of gravity vectors, which no longer cancel each other because they point in different directions, and friction, to find the net force. You could then use the net force and the net work to find the distance d that reduces the kinetic energy to zero. By applying conservation of energy and using the potential energy instead, we need only consider the gravitational potential energy.[/INST] [question]:What force increases a slide downhill and decreases a slide uphill? [answer]:gravity</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The amniotic egg is an important adaptation in fully terrestrial vertebrates. It first evolved in reptiles. The shells of reptile eggs are either hard or leathery.[/INST] [question]:What type of eggs do fully terrestrial vertebrates carry? [answer]:amniotic</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Vinegar is an acid that can be produced from the aerobic fermentation of wine. In fact, vinegar is most likely the oldest known acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (to give things an acidic or sour taste) and as a mild cleaning agent.[/INST] [question]:What is an acid that can be produced from the aerobic fermentation of wine? [answer]:vinegar</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Without weathering, we would not have any soil on Earth. People could not live on Earth without soil! Your life and the lives of most organisms depend on soil. Soil is only a very thin layer over solid rock. Yet, it is the place where reactions between solid rock, liquid water and air take place. We get wood, paper, cotton, medicines, and even pure water from soil. So soil is a very important resource. Our precious soil needs to be carefully managed and cared for. If we don’t take care of the soil we have, we may not be able to use it in the future.[/INST] [question]:Weathering is fundamental to the creation of what, which exists as a very thin layer over solid rock? [answer]:soil</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Chemical weathering is different than mechanical weathering. The minerals in the rock change. The rock changes composition and becomes a different type of rock. Most minerals form at high pressure or high temperatures deep within Earth. But at Earth's surface, temperatures and pressures are much lower. Minerals that were stable deeper in the crust are not stable at the surface. That’s why chemical weathering happens. Minerals that formed at higher temperature and pressure change into minerals that are stable at the surface. Chemical weathering is important. It starts the process of changing solid rock into soil. We need soil to grow food and create other materials we need. Chemical weathering works through chemical reactions that change the rock.[/INST] [question]:What type of weathering causes the minerals in a rock to change? [answer]:chemical</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Freezing is the process in which a liquid changes to a solid. It occurs when a liquid cools to a point at which its particles no longer have enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between them.[/INST] [question]:What is the process in which a liquid changes to a solid? [answer]:freezing</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:As pictured below ( Figure below ), some grazing animals, especially sheep and goats, eat grass right down to the roots. They may even pull the grass entirely out of the ground. Grazing animals can kill the grass. They may thin it out so much that it offers little protection to the soil. If animals are kept in the same place too long, the soil may become completely bare. The bare soil is easily eroded by wind and water.[/INST] [question]:By pulling out grass by its roots and over-grazing, livestock contribute to what negative process? [answer]:erosion</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts. Some bacteria also perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts. Their photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane within the cell itself.[/INST] [question]:The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called what? [answer]:chlorophyll</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:supersaturated : When the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility. Occurs when a solution is saturated and the temperature slowly drops.[/INST] [question]:What state occurs when the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility? [answer]:supersaturation</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Centrioles are a very important part of centrosomes, which are involved in organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm. Centrosomes are associated with the nuclear membrane during prophase of the mitosis. In mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down and the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the centrosome arranges microtubules such that they interact with the chromosomes to build the mitotic spindle.[/INST] [question]:Centrioles are a very important part of what? [answer]:centrosomes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Because the molecules of an ideal gas are assumed to have zero volume, the volume available to them for motion is always the same as the volume of the container. In contrast, the molecules of a real gas have small but measurable volumes. At low pressures, the gaseous molecules are relatively far apart, but as the pressure of the gas increases, the intermolecular distances become smaller and smaller (Figure 10.23 "The Effect of Nonzero Volume of Gas Particles on the Behavior of Gases at Low and High Pressures"). As a result, the volume occupied by the molecules becomes significant compared with the volume of the container. Consequently, the total volume occupied by the gas is greater than the volume predicted by the ideal gas law. Thus at very high pressures, the experimentally measured value of PV/nRT is greater than the value predicted by the ideal gas law. Figure 10.23 The Effect of Nonzero Volume of Gas Particles on the Behavior of Gases at Low and High Pressures.[/INST] [question]:What is the volume of the molecules of an ideal gas? [answer]:zero</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Eggs form in the ovaries. After puberty, an egg is released from an ovary each month in the process of ovulation. The egg passes through the fallopian tube where fertilization may take place.[/INST] [question]:What part of the body are eggs formed in? [answer]:ovaries</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The mouth is the first organ that food enters. But digestion may start even before you put the first bite of food into your mouth. Just seeing or smelling food can cause the release of saliva and digestive enzymes in your mouth.[/INST] [question]:What is the first digestive organ that food enters? [answer]:mouth</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Resistors in an AC Circuit Just as a reminder, consider Figure 23.47, which shows an AC voltage applied to a resistor and a graph of voltage and current versus time. The voltage and current are exactly in phase in a resistor. There is no frequency dependence to the behavior of plain resistance in a circuit:.[/INST] [question]:The voltage and current are exactly in phase in a what? [answer]:resistor</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:To determine the overall voltage of a particular voltaic cell, simply combine the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half reactions. Even if you need to take a multiple of a half reaction for the electrons to cancel, do not take the multiple of the E1/2. Use the values directly as is from - ball-ch14_s03_t01. Spontaneous redox reactions have positive overall voltages. If the voltage of the reaction as written is negative, it is not spontaneous in that direction. Rather, the reverse reaction is the spontaneous redox reaction.[/INST] [question]:Combining the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half reactions helps to determine what? [answer]:voltage</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Physics also tells us that, although energy can be captured or transformed, it inevitably degrades, becoming heat, a less useful form of energy. This is why organisms require a constant input of energy; the work they must do uses up the energy they take in. Energy, unlike materials, cannot be recycled. The story of life is a story of energy flow – its capture, transformation, use for work, and loss as heat.[/INST] [question]:When energy is captured or transformed, it inevitably degrades and becomes what less useful form of energy? [answer]:heat</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Vertebrates have an excretory system that includes a pair of kidneys. Kidneys are organs that filter wastes from blood so they can be excreted from the body.[/INST] [question]:What organs filter wastes from blood so they can be excreted from the body? [answer]:kidneys</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Animals often have gonads , organs that produce eggs or sperm. The male gonads are the testes , and the female gonads are the ovaries . Testes produce sperm; ovaries produce eggs. Sperm and egg, the two sex cells, are known as gametes , and can combine two different ways, both of which combine the genetic material from the two parents. Gametes have half the amount of the genetic material of a regular body cell; they are haploid cells. In humans, gametes have one set of 23 chromosomes. Gametes are produced through a special type of cell division known as meiosis . Normal human cells have 46 chromosomes. They are diploid cells, with two sets of 23 chromosomes (23 pairs).[/INST] [question]:What are female gonads normally called? [answer]:ovaries</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Of the four major macromolecular groups (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are processed by digestion, carbohydrates are considered the most common source of energy to fuel the body. They take the form of either complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides like starch and glycogen, or simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose and fructose. Sugar catabolism breaks polysaccharides down into their individual monosaccharides. Among the monosaccharides, glucose is the most common fuel for ATP production in cells, and as such, there are a number of endocrine control mechanisms to regulate glucose concentration in the bloodstream. Excess glucose is either stored as an energy reserve in the liver and skeletal muscles as the complex polymer glycogen, or it is converted into fat (triglyceride) in adipose cells (adipocytes). Among the lipids (fats), triglycerides are most often used for energy via a metabolic process called β-oxidation. About onehalf of excess fat is stored in adipocytes that accumulate in the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, whereas the rest is stored in adipocytes in other tissues and organs. Proteins, which are polymers, can be broken down into their monomers, individual amino acids. Amino acids can be used as building blocks of new proteins or broken down further for the production of ATP. When one is chronically starving, this use of amino acids for energy production can lead to a wasting away of the body, as more and more proteins are broken down. Nucleic acids are present in most of the foods you eat. During digestion, nucleic acids including DNA and various RNAs are broken down into their constituent nucleotides. These nucleotides are readily absorbed and transported throughout the body to be used by individual cells during nucleic acid metabolism.[/INST] [question]:Starch and glycogen, as well as simple sugars like glucose and fructose, can all be categorized broadly as what? [answer]:carbohydrates</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Lipids are biochemical compounds such as fats and oils. Organisms use lipids to store energy. In addition to carbon and hydrogen, lipids contain oxygen.[/INST] [question]:Lipids are biochemical compounds such as fats and? [answer]:oils</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Small molecules can pass through the plasma membrane through a process called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area where there is a higher concentration (larger amount) of the substance to an area where there is a lower concentration (lower amount) of the substance ( Figure below ). The amount of a substance in relation to the total volume is the concentration . During diffusion, molecules are said to flow down their concentration gradient , flowing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Molecules flowing down a concentration gradient is a natural process and does not require energy.[/INST] [question]:What is the process of small molecules passing through the plasma membrane called? [answer]:diffusion</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Solutes change the physical properties of solvents. They lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of solvents.[/INST] [question]:What change the physical properties of solvents? [answer]:solutes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage. When the diaphragm contracts, the chest volume gets larger, and the lungs take in air. When the diaphragm relaxes, the chest volume gets smaller, and air is pushed out of the lungs.[/INST] [question]:What is a sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage? [answer]:diaphragm</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:A mutation is a change in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. Environmental causes of mutations are called mutagens. The effects of a mutation depend on the type of mutation and whether it occurs in a gamete or body cell.[/INST] [question]:What is the term for environmental causes of mutations? [answer]:mutagens</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:In order to live on land and in water, frogs have three eyelid membranes: one is see-through to protect the eyes underwater, and the two other ones let them see on land. Frogs also have a tympanum , which acts like a simple ear. They are found on each side of the head. In some species, the tympanum is covered by skin.[/INST] [question]:How many eyelid membranes do frogs have? [answer]:three</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are also called alkanes. They may form straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic molecules. Compounds with the same number of atoms but different shapes are called isomers.[/INST] [question]:What is another word for saturated hydrocarbons? [answer]:alkanes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:nylon: Human-made fabric. Material is made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. It is found in a number of plastic utensils. Taking advantages of its strength and light weight, nylon is a component of ropes, fishing nets, tents, and parachutes.[/INST] [question]:What strong and lightweight manmade material is derived from hydrocarbons and used in ropes, tents and parachutes? [answer]:nylon</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Male reproductive structures include the penis, testes, and epididymis.[/INST] [question]:What is the third male reprodutive structure after the penis and testes? [answer]:epididymis</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Fats are solid lipids that animals use to store energy. Examples of fats include butter and the fat in meat.[/INST] [question]:What are considered solid lipids that animals use to store energy? [answer]:fats</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The two ovaries are small, egg-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus. They produce eggs and secrete estrogen. Each egg is located inside a structure called a follicle . Cells in the follicle protect the egg and help it mature.[/INST] [question]:The small, egg-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus are called? [answer]:ovaries</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. It may lead to one species going extinct or both becoming more specialized.[/INST] [question]:Which competition leads to one species going extinct or both becoming more specialized? [answer]:interspecific</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans cannot see. This radiation exists all around you. You just can’t see it! Every star, including our Sun, emits radiation of many wavelengths. Astronomers can learn a lot from studying the details of the spectrum of radiation from a star.[/INST] [question]:What does every star emit that humans cannot see? [answer]:radiation</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Digestion and Absorption Digestion is the mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments. It is important to break down macromolecules into smaller fragments that are of suitable size for absorption across the digestive epithelium. Large, complex molecules of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids must be reduced to simpler particles such as simple sugar before they can be absorbed by the digestive epithelial cells. Different organs play specific roles in the digestive process.[/INST] [question]:What process is used to chemically and mechanically break down the food you eat into smaller parts? [answer]:digestion</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that material substances undergo. Of all the scientific disciplines, it is perhaps the most extensively connected to other fields of study. Geologists who want to locate new mineral or oil deposits use chemical techniques to analyze and identify rock samples. Oceanographers use chemistry to track ocean currents, determine the flux of nutrients into the sea, and measure the rate of exchange of nutrients between ocean layers. Engineers consider the relationships between the structures and the properties of substances when they specify materials for various uses. Physicists take advantage of the properties of substances to detect new subatomic particles. Astronomers use chemical signatures to determine the age and distance of stars and thus answer questions about how stars form and how old the universe is. The entire subject of environmental science depends on chemistry to explain the origin and impacts of phenomena such as air pollution, ozone layer depletion, and global warming. The disciplines that focus on living organisms and their interactions with the physical world rely heavily on biochemistry, the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes. A living cell contains a large collection of complex molecules that carry out thousands of chemical reactions, including those that are necessary for.[/INST] [question]:What is the study of matter and the changes that material substances undergo. [answer]:chemistry</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Some children are born with genetic defects that are not carried by a single gene. Instead, an error in a larger part of the chromosome or even in an entire chromosome causes the disorder. Usually the error happens when the egg or sperm is forming. Having extra chromosomes or damaged chromosomes can cause disorders.[/INST] [question]:Having extra chromosomes or damaged chromosomes can cause what? [answer]:disorders</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Any two waves in the same medium undergo wave interference as they pass each other. At the location where the two waves collide, the result is essentially a summation of the two waves. In some places, a wave crest from one source will overlap a wave crest from the other source. Since both waves are lifting the medium, the combined wave crest will be twice as high as the original crests. Nearby, a wave trough will overlap another wave trough and the new trough will be twice as deep as the original. This is called constructive interference because the resultant wave is larger than the original waves. Within the interference pattern, the amplitude will be twice the original amplitude. Once the waves pass through each other and are alone again, their amplitudes return to their original values.[/INST] [question]:What is it called when two waves in the same medium pass one another? [answer]:interference</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Multicellular seaweeds called kelp may grow as large as trees. They are the food base of ecosystems called kelp forests (see Figure below ). Kelp forests are found throughout the ocean in temperate and arctic climates. They are highly productive ecosystems.[/INST] [question]:Which forests are found throughout the ocean in temperate and arctic climates? [answer]:kelp</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:type of cancer in which bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that cannot fight infections.[/INST] [question]:What is the type of cancer in which bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that cannot fight infections? [answer]:leukemia</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Kevin Walsh. Cows are able to digest grass with the help of the bacteria methanogens in their gut . CC BY 2.0.[/INST] [question]:A type of what in a cow's gut enables the animal to digest grass? [answer]:bacteria</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Cells may be small in size, but they are extremely important to life. Like all other living things, you are made of cells. Cells are the basis of life, and without cells, life as we know it would not exist. You will learn more about these amazing building blocks of life when you read this chapter.[/INST] [question]:What basic structures are called the building blocks of life and comprise all living things? [answer]:cells</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and how they interact, mainly at the level of atoms and molecules. Basic concepts in chemistry include chemicals, which are specific types of matter, and chemical reactions. In a chemical reaction, atoms or molecules of certain types of matter combine chemically to form other types of matter. All chemical reactions involve energy.[/INST] [question]:What is the study of the interaction between matter and energy called? [answer]:chemistry</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Work is defined differently in physics than in everyday language. In physics, work means the use of force to move an object. The teens who are playing basketball in the picture above are using force to move their bodies and the basketball, so they are doing work. The teen who is studying isn’t moving anything, so she isn’t doing work. Not all force that is used to move an object does work. For work to be done, the force must be applied in the same direction that the object moves. If a force is applied in a different direction than the object moves, no work is done. The Figure below illustrates this point.[/INST] [question]:In physics, work means the use of what to move an object? [answer]:force</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Types of radiation that cause cancer include ultraviolet (UV) radiation and radon. UV radiation is part of sunlight. It is the leading cause of skin cancer. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that escapes from underground rocks. It may seep into the basements of buildings. It can cause lung cancer.[/INST] [question]:Types of radiation that cause cancer include ultraviolet (uv) radiation and what? [answer]:radon</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:♦ Many industrial processes for preparing compounds use “continuous-flow reactors,” which are chemical reaction vessels in which the reactants are mixed and allowed to react as they flow along a tube. The products are removed at a certain distance from the starting point, when the reaction is nearly complete. The key operating parameters in a continuous-flow reactor are temperature, reactor volume, and reactant flow rate. As an industrial chemist, you think you have successfully modified a particular process to produce a higher product yield by substituting one reactant for another. The viscosity of the new reactant is, however, greater than that of the initial reactant.[/INST] [question]:Continuous-flow reactors are chemical reaction vessels in which the what are mixed and allowed to react as they flow along a tube? [answer]:reactants</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Rounding is done when one or more ending digits are dropped to get the correct number of significant figures. Simple rules state when to round up and when to round down.[/INST] [question]:What is it called when one or more ending digits are dropped to get the correct number of significant figures? [answer]:rounding</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. In fact, mammals are the only animals to have hair. Hair sticks out from the epidermis, but it grows from the dermis ( Figure below ). Hair grows from inside the hair follicle . New cells grow in the bottom part of the hair, called the bulb. Older cells get pushed up, and the hair grows longer. The cells that make up the hair strand are dead and filled with the rope-like protein keratin.[/INST] [question]:Hair sticks out from the epidermis, but it grows from the? [answer]:dermis</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral galaxy that contains about 400 billion stars. Like other spiral galaxies, it has a disk, a central bulge, and spiral arms. The disk is about 100,000 light-years across. It is about 3,000 light years thick. Most of the galaxy’s gas, dust, young stars, and open clusters are in the disk. Some astronomers think that there is a gigantic black hole at the center of the galaxy. Figure below shows what the Milky Way probably looks like from the outside.[/INST] [question]:The milky way galaxy is which shape type of galaxy? [answer]:spiral</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Atmospheric pressure is low in the eye of a hurricane. In a 1979 hurricane in the Pacific Ocean, a pressure of 0.859 atm was reported inside the eye. What is this pressure in torr?.[/INST] [question]:Atmospheric pressure is low in what anatomically named part of a hurricane? [answer]:eye</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Sodium and chloride ions have equal but opposite charges. Opposite electric charges attract each other, so sodium and chloride ions cling together in a strong ionic bond. You can see this in row 2 of the Figure above . (Brackets separate the ions in the diagram to show that the ions in the compound do not actually share electrons. ) When ionic bonds hold ions together, they form an ionic compound. The compound formed from sodium and chloride ions is named sodium chloride. It is commonly called table salt. You can see an animation of sodium chloride forming at this URL: http://www. visionlearning. com/library/module_viewer. php?mid=55.[/INST] [question]:Sodium and chloride ions have equal but what charges? [answer]:opposite</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Accuracy means making measurements that are close to the true value.[/INST] [question]:What is making measurements that are close to the true value known as? [answer]:accuracy</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Christopher Auyeung. Ions are created by the loss or gain of electrons . CC BY-NC 3.0.[/INST] [question]:What are created based upon the loss or gain of electrons? [answer]:ions</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Atomic Number In the 1910s, experiments with X rays led to this useful conclusion: the magnitude of the positive charge in the nucleus of every atom of a particular element is the same. In other words, all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. Furthermore,.[/INST] [question]:All atoms of the same element have the same number of what? [answer]:protons</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Subduction of oceanic crust beneath a continental or oceanic plate creates a chain of volcanoes.[/INST] [question]:What kind of chain is formed by subduction of oceanic crust beneath a continental or oceanic plate? [answer]:volcano</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Like the cells of all eukaryotes, animal cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Unlike the cells of eukaryotes in the Plant and Fungus Kingdoms, animal cells lack a cell wall. This gives animal cells flexibility. It lets them take on different shapes. This in turn allows them to become specialized for particular jobs.[/INST] [question]:Which kinds of cells have nuclei and other membrane bound organelles? [answer]:eukaryotes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Monotreme eggs have a leathery shell, like the eggs of reptiles. The eggs are retained inside the mother’s body for at least a couple of weeks. During that time, the mother provides the eggs with nutrients. Platypus females lay their eggs in a burrow. Echidna females have a pouch in which they store their eggs. Female monotremes have mammary glands but lack nipples. Instead, they “sweat” milk from a patch on their belly.[/INST] [question]:Females of what mammalian group have mammary glands but lack nipples? [answer]:monotreme</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Hyphae : These are thread-like strands which interconnect and bunch up into a mycelium ( Figure below ). Ever see mold on a damp wall or on old bread? The things that you are seeing are really mycelia. The hyphae and mycelia help the fungi absorb nutrients from other organisms. Most of the mycelium is hidden from view deep within the fungal food source, such as rotting matter in the soil, leaf litter, rotting wood, or dead animals. Fungi produce enzymes to digest cellulose and various other materials found in rotting matter, helping with the decaying process.[/INST] [question]:What helps fungus digest cellulose and other materials found in rotting matter? [answer]:enzymes</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Lipids Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are united by a common feature. Lipids are hydrophobic (“waterfearing”), or insoluble in water, because they are nonpolar molecules. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include only nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of lipids called fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals (Figure 2.17). For example, they help keep aquatic birds and mammals dry because of their water-repelling nature. Lipids are also the building blocks of many hormones and are an important constituent of the plasma membrane. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.[/INST] [question]:In what form of lipids cells store energy for long-term use? [answer]:fat</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small numbers that uses exponents. Numbers are written in the format a × 10 b .[/INST] [question]:When does a baby double in length and triple in weight? [answer]:infancy</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Variation and Adaptation Natural selection can only take place if there is variation, or differences, among individuals in a population. Importantly, these differences must have some genetic basis; otherwise, selection will not lead to change in the next generation. This is critical because variation among individuals can be caused by non-genetic reasons, such as an individual being taller because of better nutrition rather than different genes. Genetic diversity in a population comes from two main sources: mutation and sexual reproduction. Mutation, a change in DNA, is the ultimate source of new alleles or new genetic variation in any population. An individual that has a mutated gene might have a different trait than other individuals in the population. However, this is not always the case. A mutation can have one of three outcomes on the organisms’ appearance (or phenotype):.[/INST] [question]:Genetic diversity in a population comes from two main sources - sexual reproduction and what else? [answer]:mutation</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:A snowflake is made of ice, or water in the solid state. A solid is one of four well-known states of matter. The other three states are liquid, gas, and plasma. Compared with these other states of matter, solids have particles that are much more tightly packed together. The particles are held rigidly in place by all the other particles around them so they can’t slip past one another or move apart. This gives solids a fixed shape and a fixed volume.[/INST] [question]:What state of matter completes the list: solid, liquid, gas? [answer]:plasma</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.[/INST] [question]:The heart, blood vessels, and blood make up which system in the body? [answer]:cardiovascular</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Metalloids are elements that fall between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. Just seven elements are metalloids, so they are the smallest class of elements. In Figure above , they are color-coded orange. Examples of metalloids include boron (B), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge).[/INST] [question]:Which elements fall between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table? [answer]:metalloids</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The rates at which chemical reactions take place in organisms are very important. Chemical reactions in organisms are involved in processes ranging from the contraction of muscles to the digestion of food. For example, when you wave goodbye, it requires repeated contractions of muscles in your arm over a period of a couple of seconds. A huge number of reactions must take place in that time, so each reaction cannot take longer than a few milliseconds. If the reactions took much longer, you might not finish waving until sometime next year.[/INST] [question]:What kind of reactions are involved in processes ranging from the contraction of muscles to the digestion of food? [answer]:chemical</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Mycorrhizae: The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots A nutrient depletion zone can develop when there is rapid soil solution uptake, low nutrient concentration, low diffusion rate, or low soil moisture. These conditions are very common; therefore, most plants rely on fungi to facilitate the uptake of minerals from the soil. Fungi form symbiotic associations called mycorrhizae with plant roots, in which the fungi actually are integrated into the physical structure of the root. The fungi colonize the living root tissue during active plant growth. Through mycorrhization, the plant obtains mainly phosphate and other minerals, such as zinc and copper, from the soil. The fungus obtains nutrients, such as sugars, from the plant root (Figure 31.11). Mycorrhizae help increase the surface area of the plant root system because hyphae, which are narrow, can spread beyond the nutrient depletion zone. Hyphae can grow into small soil pores that allow access to phosphorus that would otherwise be unavailable to the plant. The beneficial effect on the plant is best observed in poor soils. The benefit to fungi is that they can obtain up to 20 percent of the total carbon accessed by plants. Mycorrhizae functions as a physical barrier to pathogens. It also provides an induction of generalized host defense mechanisms, and sometimes involves production of antibiotic compounds by the fungi.[/INST] [question]:Mycorrhizae functions as a physical barrier to what? [answer]:pathogens</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Skeletal Muscles. Skeletal muscles enable the body to move.[/INST] [question]:What do skeletal muscles enable the body to do? [answer]:move</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Water is an essential part of most metabolic processes within organisms. Metabolism is the sum total of all body reactions, including those that build up molecules ( anabolic reactions ) and those that break down molecules ( catabolic reactions ). In anabolic reactions, water is generally removed from small molecules in order to make larger molecules. In catabolic reactions, water is used to break bonds in larger molecules in order to make smaller molecules.[/INST] [question]:What is the sum total of all body reactions? [answer]:metabolism</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The properties that chemists use to describe matter fall into two general categories. Physical properties are characteristics that describe matter. They include characteristics such as size, shape, color, and mass. Chemical properties are characteristics that describe how matter changes its chemical structure or composition. An example of a chemical property is flammability—a material’s ability to burn—because burning (also known as combustion) changes the chemical composition of a material.[/INST] [question]:What type of properties are characteristics that describe matter? [answer]:physical</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Pressure is what results when gas particles rebound off the walls of their container. The basic unit of pressure is the newton per square meter (N/m2). This combined unit is redefined as a pascal (Pa). One pascal is not a very large amount of pressure. A more useful unit of pressure is the bar, which is 100,000 Pa (1 bar = 100,000 Pa). Other common units of pressure are the atmosphere (atm), which was originally defined as the average pressure of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level; and mmHg (millimeters of mercury), which is the pressure generated by a column of mercury 1 mm high. The unit millimeters of mercury is also called a torr, named after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the barometer in the mid1600s. A more precise definition of atmosphere, in terms of torr, is that there are exactly 760 torr in 1 atm. A bar equals 1.01325 atm. Given all the relationships between these pressure units, the ability to convert from one pressure unit to another is a useful skill.[/INST] [question]:What results when gas particles rebound off the walls of their container? [answer]:pressure</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Fish reproduce sexually. They lay eggs that can be fertilized either inside or outside of the body. In most fish, the eggs develop outside of the mother's body. In the majority of these species, fertilization also takes place outside the mother's body. The male and female fish release their gametes into the surrounding water, where fertilization occurs. Female fish release very high numbers of eggs to increase the chances of fertilization.[/INST] [question]:How do most fish reproduce with one another? [answer]:sexually</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Energy is the ability to cause changes in matter. For example, your body uses chemical energy when you lift your arm or take a step. In both cases, energy is used to move matter—you. Any matter that is moving has energy just because it’s moving. The energy of moving matter is called kinetic energy. Scientists think that the particles of all matter are in constant motion. In other words, the particles of matter have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter . You can learn more about the theory at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=Agk7_D4-deY .[/INST] [question]:What is the ability to cause changes in matter? [answer]:energy</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:A common way to keep track of valence electrons is with Lewis electron dot structures . In an electron dot structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol, and each valence electron is represented by a single dot. Note that only valence electrons are shown explicitly in these diagrams. For the main group elements, the number of valence electrons for a neutral atom can be determined by looking at which group the element belongs to. In the s block, Group 1 elements have one valence electron, while Group 2 elements have two valence electrons. In the p block, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus ten. Group 13 elements have three valence electrons, Group 14 elements have four, and so on. The noble gases in Group 18 have eight valence electrons, and the full outer s and p sublevels are what give these elements their special stability. Representative dot diagrams are shown in the Figure below :.[/INST] [question]:The group 18 gases that have 8 valence electrons are referred to as what type of gases? [answer]:noble</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Competition is a relationship between organisms that depend on the same resources. The resources might be food, water, or space. Competition can occur between organisms of the same species or between organisms of different species.[/INST] [question]:Competition is a relationship between organisms that depend on the same resources. the resources might be food, water, or what? [answer]:space</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:4. State how phagocytosis helps defend the body from pathogens.[/INST] [question]:What does phagocytosis defend the body from? [answer]:pathogens</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Weight measures the force of gravity pulling on an object. The SI unit for weight is the Newton (N).[/INST] [question]:What measures the force of gravity pulling on an object? [answer]:weight</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Coral reefs are found only in warm water. Coal swamps are also found in tropical and subtropical environments. Wegener discovered ancient coal seams and coral reef fossils in areas that are much too cold today. Wegener thought that the continents have moved since the time of Pangaea.[/INST] [question]:Are coral reefs found in warm or cold water? [answer]:warm</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:In humans, there are five primary tastes, and each taste has only one corresponding type of receptor. Thus, like olfaction, each receptor is specific to its stimulus (tastant). Transduction of the five tastes happens through different mechanisms that reflect the molecular composition of the tastant. A salty tastant (containing NaCl) provides the sodium ions (Na+) that enter the taste neurons and excite them directly. Sour tastants are acids and belong to the thermoreceptor protein family. Binding of an acid or other sour-tasting molecule triggers a change in the ion channel and these increase hydrogen ion (H+).[/INST] [question]:In humans, there are five primary tastes, and each taste has only one corresponding type of what? [answer]:receptor</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:The large positive free energy change leads to a value that is extremely small. Both lead to the conclusion that the reactants are highly favored and very few product molecules are present at equilibrium.[/INST] [question]:The large positive free energy change leads to a value that is extremely what? [answer]:small</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Most reptiles have sexual reproduction with internal fertilization. Reptiles have a body cavity called a cloaca that is involved in reproduction. Sperm or eggs are released into an adult reptile’s cloaca. Males have one or two penises that pass sperm from their cloaca to the eggs in the cloaca of a female, where fertilization takes place. In most reptile species, once fertilized the eggs leave the body through an opening in the cloaca. These reptiles are oviparous. Eggs develop and hatch outside the mother’s body.[/INST] [question]:What is the body cavity that reptiles have that is involved in reproduction? [answer]:cloaca</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:During asexual reproduction, fungi produce haploid spores by mitosis of a haploid parent cell. A haploid cell has just one of each pair of chromosomes. The haploid spores are genetically identical to the parent cell. Spores may be spread by moving water, wind, or other organisms. Wherever the spores land, they will develop into new hyphae only when conditions are suitable for growth.[/INST] [question]:During asexual reproduction, fungi produce haploid spores by what process involving a haploid parent cell? [answer]:mitosis</s> |
<s>[INST][context]:Figure 7.5 In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. In prokaryotes, this process takes place in the plasma membrane. (Credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal).[/INST] [question]:In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation takes place in what? [answer]:mitochondria</s> |