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11471875

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2017/046065, filed Dec. 22, 2017, claiming priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-012011, filed Jan. 26, 2017. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a processing method for a volatile liquid using an air-replacement piston-type pipette and to a liquid processing apparatus that performs the processing method. BACKGROUND ART Air-replacement piston-type pipettes are widely used to measure and dispense liquids in physicochemical experiments. A piston-type pipette has a structure that can move air into and out of the cylinder by moving the piston up and down in the cylinder, and by adjusting the distance to move the piston up and down, liquid can be measured accurately in a tip attached to the tip end of the cylinder, while being sucked out. Devices that operate piston-type pipettes electrically are also sold by various companies, and such devices are capable of continuous suction and continuous discharge. Examples of such automatic dispensing devices include Bravo available from Agilent, NIMBUS available from Affymetrix, epMotion available from Eppendorf, Microlab available from Hamilton, and Biomak available from Beckman Coulter. Since a piston-type pipette measures a liquid by taking in and out air, there is a problem that, while it is possible to accurately measure a liquid of a low volatility such as water, it is difficult to accurately measure a liquid of a high volatility such as acetonitrile (ACN) or acetone because liquid leakage from a suction/ejection port after suction. The reason for this is considered to be that when a highly volatile liquid is sucked through the suction/ejection port, vapor of the volatile liquid changes the internal pressure of the cylinder of the pipette or the heat of vaporization due to evaporation changes the temperature in the cylinder, and thus, air in the cylinder expands and pushes out the volatile liquid. This is also disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1. PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Non-Patent Documents Non-Patent Document 1: The Joint Symposium of the 82nd Meeting of the Association of Organic Micro-Analysts of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry and the 98th Meeting of the Association of Measurement of Mechanical Quantities of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (the 32nd, presentation material) Theme: Dispensing operation using a micropipette Non-Patent Document 2:https://ocw.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/faculty-of-agriculture-jp/51 29000/pdf/03.pdf Non-Patent Document 3:https://www.aandd.co.jp/adhome/pdf/tech_doc/analytical/pipette_guide.pdf SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention As described above, when handling a volatile liquid with a pipette or the like, the liquid is volatilized at the time of suction, whereby an air layer in the tip or the cylinder expands to increase the pressure, causing a phenomenon that the liquid is pushed out. This phenomenon is called liquid leak or liquid drip. This prevents accurate measurement of the liquid. As a method to reduce the influence of volatilization of the volatile liquid, saturating the air layer with volatilized liquid molecules by repeatedly sucking and ejecting the liquid several times before measuring the volatile liquid is also proposed (see Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3). However, when such a method is adopted, although it has been possible to reduce the liquid leakage rate from the suction/ejection port, it has not been possible to completely eliminate the liquid leakage. Further, since the above method intentionally volatilizes the liquid to be measured to saturate the air layer in the cylinder, a problem is that the amount of liquid to be measured is reduced by evaporation. For example, if the liquid to be measured is present by an amount of 500 μL, even if about 2 μL volatilizes and the amount becomes 498 μL, the reduction amount is about 4%, and the influence is small. However, if only a small amount of the liquid to be measured is present, for example, 5 μL, if about 2 μL of 5 μL volatilizes to make 3 μL, the amount of liquid is reduced by about 40%, and the influence is very critical. Therefore, the above-mentioned method cannot be adopted when handling a very small amount such as only a few μL of volatile liquid. Thus, an object of the present invention is to suppress liquid leakage from a pipette due to volatilization of volatile liquid. Solutions to the Problems A processing method according to the present invention is a processing method for a volatile liquid using a pipette including a cylinder, a piston that slides in the cylinder, and a tip attached to a tip end of the cylinder, the tip including a suction/ejection port, the pipette performing suction and ejection of a liquid through the suction/ejection port of the tip in accordance with movement of the piston. The processing method includes the following steps:a low-volatility liquid suction step of sucking a low-volatility liquid that is less volatile than the volatile liquid through the suction/ejection port;an air suction step of sucking air through the suction/ejection port after the low-volatility liquid suction step; anda volatile liquid suction step of sucking the volatile liquid through the suction/ejection port after the air suction step. A liquid processing apparatus according to the present invention is an apparatus configured to perform the processing method described above using a pipette, and includes a pipette including a vertically positioned cylinder, a piston that slides in a vertical direction in the cylinder, and a tip, the tip being attached to a lower end of the cylinder in such a way that an suction/ejection port provided at a tip end of the tip faces downward, the pipette performing suction and ejection of a liquid through the suction/ejection port of the tip in accordance with movement of the piston, a driving mechanism that causes the pipette to operate, a volatile liquid container accommodating a volatile liquid, a low-volatility liquid container accommodating a low-volatility liquid that is less volatile than the volatile liquid and a Control part that controls the driving mechanism. The Control part is configured to control the driving mechanism in such a way that a low-volatility liquid suction operation of sucking a preset amount of the low-volatility liquid from the low-volatility liquid container, an air suction operation of sucking a preset amount of air through the suction/ejection port after the low-volatility liquid suction operation, and a volatile liquid suction operation of sucking a predetermined amount of the volatile liquid from the volatile liquid container after the air suction operation are performed in a course of sucking the volatile liquid by the pipette. The low-volatility liquid in the present invention is a substance that has a boiling point of 95° C. or higher and is in a liquid state at normal temperature (20° C.±15° C.). Examples of such a low-volatility liquid include, for example, water, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, and phenol. The volatile liquid in the present invention is a substance that has a boiling point in the range of 50 to 95° C. and is in a liquid state at normal temperature (20° C.±15° C.), or a liquid that contains 10% or more of such substance. Examples of the substance that has a boiling point in the range of 50 to 95° C. and is in a liquid state at normal temperature (20° C.±15° C.) include acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, acetone, toluene, isopropanol, hexane, butanol, cyclohexane, ethylene glycol, benzene, chloroform, acetaldehyde, triethylamine, phenol, naphthalene, formaldehyde, tetrahydrofuran, and ethyl acetate. Effects of the Invention In the processing method for volatile liquid according to the present invention, since a volatile liquid is sucked after sucking a low-volatility liquid less volatile than the volatile liquid and air (hereinafter referred to as pre-suction), the volume of an air layer above the volatile liquid sucked into a pipette is smaller than in the case where the pre-suction is not performed. As a result, the volume expansion of the air layer expanding due to the volatilization of the volatile liquid is reduced, so that liquid leakage of the volatile liquid from the pipette is less likely to occur and thus, the measurement accuracy of the volatile liquid increases as compared with the case where the pre-suction is not performed. In the liquid processing apparatus according to the present invention, since the Control part that controls the driving mechanism that drives the pipette is configured to perform suction of the volatile liquid after performing the above-described pre-suction in the process of sucking the volatile liquid by the pipette, liquid leakage of the volatile liquid from the pipette is less likely to occur, and the measurement accuracy of the volatile liquid is improved.

11521810

The present invention relates to a key module according to the main claims. The key module may be used in a computer keyboard, for example. Most available key modules (which may also referred to as key module) are relatively high and hard to integrate into the flat keyboards or notebooks. In usual modules, also a “clicking” is variant is realized on the basis of the two-part tappet, in order to output an indication of an actuated key to a user of the key module. In flat key modules, the clicking sound is realized by means of an additional mechanism due to the lack of available space. Consequently, electric switching process is decoupled from the process of producing the clicking sound and thus does not take place synchronously with the production of the clicking sound. Also, LED illumination is designed from one side in most known key modules so that uniform illumination of a surface facing the user of the key module is not possible with one LED (in particular keys with two or three symbols). Furthermore, most key modules are designed to be relatively untight for cost reasons so that damage to the keyboards quickly occurs when water or watery liquids are spilt, for example. The weak spots in the key module with respect to damage caused by liquids especially are the electric switching mechanism and guidance of the tappet. Moreover, on the part of the user, there is often a need for different key modules, for example with a linear force path upon actuation, with a pressure point for actuation, with a clicking sound upon actuation and with various force-displacement characteristics. However, such variety necessitates an enormous variety of variants of key modules, which mostly are to be produced in different modes of production and thus at high cost, to be kept available by the key manufacturers. Also, the guidance of the tappet in low modules upon actuation of such a key module is shortened, which increases the likelihood of canting of the key. In a so-called “silent” design of a key module, an expensive two-component tappet is used, which significantly increases the overall module cost. Also, reduced constructional height makes electronic devices (especially when using SMD-based components) hard or impossible to mount the upper side of a circuit board, in particular in connection with frame assembly. Moreover, assembly on the bottom side of the key modules also is problematic because certain components should be directly attached to the modules. Significant difficulties result therefrom in a subsequent module soldering process (especially when using a solder wave), because all components need to be covered. In addition, there is the risk of destruction of the electronic devices due to electrostatic discharge (of up to 8 KV). Against this background, the present invention provides an improved key module according to the main claims. Preferred embodiments are obvious from the dependent claims and the subsequent description. The approach presented here provides a key module comprising:a cover element,a tappet comprising a cam nose, wherein the tappet is supported to be movable along a movement axis by the cover element, wherein the tappet comprises a cylindrical keycap supporting portion in a passage area in which it projects through the cover element and comprises at least one rib on a guiding portion adjacent to the an keycap supporting portion on an outside;a contactor unit formed and arranged to be taken along by the cam nose;a contact piece formed and arranged for establishing electric contact with the contact nose; anda housing element for accommodating the contact piece, the contactor unit and the tappet, wherein the housing element comprises, for accommodating the guiding portion of the tappet, at least one accommodating bowl with at least one recess for accommodating the at least one rib of the tappet. The cam nose may be seen as a protrusion of the tappet, for example, which engages behind another element and takes it along in the case of movement in the direction of the actuation axis. An actuation axis may be an axis along which the tappet is moved or movable with respect to the cover element and/or to the housing element. A contact piece may be seen as an element at least partially consisting of electrically conductive material and fixed at a predetermined position housing element, for example. A contactor unit may be seen as one element. The contact piece may serve as a counter-piece with respect to the contactor unit, for example, in order to close an electric contact in the form of a switch. A keycap supporting portion may be a portion of the tappet, for example, under which a keycap may be plugged, which keycap bears a symbol, for example, to indicate the user which key to press when it is desired to input a certain symbol. A guiding portion may be seen as a portion of the tappet pressed into the housing element when the tappet is being depressed. A real may be a protruding wall or wing protruding laterally from the guiding portion and guided in a recess or slotted opening of an accommodating bowl of the housing element, when the guiding portion is inserted into the accommodating bowl of the housing element when the tappet is being depressed. The approach proposed here is based on the finding that a very undisturbed actuation of the tappet along the actuation axis without getting jammed can be enabled by the cylindrical keycap supporting portion, which advantageously is guided a circular opening of the cover element, as well as the design of the guiding portion with the rib or the ribs, which is guided in a corresponding recess or one recess each accommodating bowl of the housing element. It can be ensured that both an upper region of the tappet is guided securely and reliably by the keycap supporting portion and a lower region of the tappet is guided securely and reliably by the mentioned design of the guiding portion. Furthermore, the special designs may also be produced by technically simple means. What is advantageously is an embodiment of the approach proposed here in which the tappet comprises at least a plurality of ribs on its outside, which are arranged in particular in a cruciform manner, wherein the accommodating bowl of the housing element comprises a plurality of recesses, which are each formed to accommodate one of the ribs of the tappet. Such of the approach proposed here offers the advantage of an especially beneficial lock against a rotation by the use of a plurality of ribs extending from the outside of the tappet into a corresponding recesses of the accommodating bowl and supported on the sidewalls of these recesses. What is particularly beneficial is an embodiment of the approach described here in which the tappet comprises an at least partially hollow-cylindrical portion in the region of the guiding portion, in particular wherein the at least one rib is formed on an outside of the hollow-cylindrical portion. Such an embodiment of the approach proposed here offers the possibility of keeping the height of the at least one rib small so that bending or breaking of the rib can be prevented. In addition, such a hollow-cylindrical portion offers advantages with regard to the stability of the guiding portion of the tappet. So as to further reduce canting of the tappet upon depression along the actuation axis, a guiding piston of the housing element may engage the hollow-cylindrical portion of the guiding portion of the tappet, according to a further embodiment of the approach proposed here. The thinner the wall thickness of the at least one rib, the narrower may be the recess in the accommodating bowl, so that the tappet hereby can be guided very well and free from canting when being depressed along the actuation axis. For this reason, another embodiment of the approach proposed here is very advantageous, wherein the rib of the tappet has a wall thickness which at most is half of a diameter of the keycap supporting portion, in particular at most one third of the diameter of the keycap supporting portion. According to a further embodiment of the approach proposed here, the contactor unit may comprise a contact nose movable in the direction of the actuation axis and transverse with respect to the direction of the actuation axis, wherein the housing element comprises a guiding wall oriented obliquely with respect to the direction of the actuation axis and formed to deflect the contact nose from a rest position adjacent to the contact piece in the direction along and/or transverse to the actuation axis, when the contact nose is taken along by the cam nose when the tappet is being depressed. The contactor unit may comprise a contact nose movable in various directions, wherein the contact nose may be seen as a region of the contactor unit in which electric contact to a corresponding counterpart may be closed. A guiding wall may be seen as a strut or surface, for example, formed to deflect the contact nose in a direction along and/or transverse to the actuation axis, when the contact nose is taken along by the cam nose and deflected on the guiding wall when the tappet is moving along the actuation axis. Such an embodiment of the approach proposed here is based on the finding that, by using the cam nose or the tappet in a movement of the tappet along the movement axis, i.e. when depressing the tappet, the contact nose, as the region of the contactor unit designed so as to be the most movable one, is taken along and guided along the guiding wall until the contact nose is laterally deflected by sliding on the guiding wall so far that it slides laterally past the cam nose and hereby is released so as to snap back into its original position, i.e. the rest position. Hereby, on the one hand a clicking noise can be generated, which is very close in time to electrically contacting the contact nose with the contact piece, so that the clicking sound may also be perceived as very promptly as confirmation of the electric contact between two electric contacts by a user of the key module. The approach presented here offers the advantage that constructive effort of equipping the key module with a unit for producing the clicking sound can be avoided by deflecting and snapping back of the contact nose of the contactor unit as a part of an electric contact switch. In this way, a key module which is inexpensive and simple to manufacture, yet still has the advantages mostly highly valued by users can be provided. According to a special embodiment of the approach presented here, the housing element may be formed to guide the contact nose around the cam nose when the tappet is being depressed. Such guiding around may mean that the contact nose has the greatest distance to the movement axis at the time of this guiding around, for example. In this manner, the contact nose may be released very easily and at a defined distance, in order to both produce the clicking sound after snapping back and ensure the electric connection in a reversibly repeatable way after depressing the tappet by a certain distance. What is also advantageous is an embodiment of the approach presented here wherein the contactor unit is formed to hit the contact nose on the cover element after a deflection on the guiding wall. Such an embodiment offers the advantage of forming a defined strike surface on the cover element, which may be both reinforced correspondingly and structured correspondingly for producing a certain sound and connected to further regions of the cover element. What is also advantageous is an embodiment of the approach presented here in which the contactor unit at least partially comprises a U-shaped portion, in particular wherein the contact nose is arranged on one end of the U-shaped portion of the contactor unit, and/or wherein a U-shape of the contactor unit is formed in a plane oriented substantially perpendicularly with respect to the movement axis. Such an embodiment of the approach proposed here offers the advantage of a contactor unit being very easy to realize technically, yet having the contact nose with corresponding desired mobility various directions of. For example, the contactor unit may be formed as a correspondingly shaped bent metal strip. What is also conceivable is an embodiment of the approach presented here in which the contactor unit has (mechanical) stiffness greater with respect to movement of the contact nose in the direction of the movement axis then in the direction transverse to the movement axis. Such an embodiment of the approach proposed here offers the advantage that the contact nose moves significantly more quickly in the direction of the movement axis than transverse to the movement axis when moving back after being guided around over the cam nose. In this way, it is ensured that the clicking sound is caused substantially by movement in the direction of the movement axis, which is designed clearly reproducibly and offers sufficient snapping path for the contact nose so as to generate the clicking sound in a clearly perceptible manner for the user. According to another embodiment of the approach proposed here, the contactor unit may have, in the region of the contact nose, a surface portion the surface of which is oriented obliquely with respect to the direction of the movement axis, in particular the surface of which at most is oriented at an acute angle with respect to the guiding wall, in particular the surface of which is aligned in parallel with the guiding wall. This surface portion may be formed and arranged to slide along on the guiding wall. Such an embodiment of the approach presented here offers the advantage of particularly low-friction sliding of the surface portion on the guiding wall. In this way, it is achieved that the key module can be actuated with as little force as possible and reliably. What is particularly reliable and long-life is an embodiment of the approach proposed here in which the contactor unit comprises, in the region of the contact nose, a strike portion formed to strike on the cover element. In particular, the strike portion may comprise a surface aligned substantially in parallel with the cover element or part of the cover element, and/or wherein the strike portion is formed by an angled part of the contactor unit or the contact nose, and/or wherein the strike portion has a length of a surface oriented toward the cover element greater than a thickness. So as to ensure quick and repeated actuation of the key module, the return movement of the tappet along the movement axis should take place as unhindered as possible or only with little hindrance. What is particularly advantageously is an embodiment of the approach proposed here in which the cam nose of the tappet comprises at least one reset surface portion, which comprises a surface oriented obliquely with respect to the direction of the movement axis, in particular wherein the reset surface portion is formed to guide the contact nose around the cam nose upon a reset of the tappet. In this way, it can be ensured that the contact nose or the contact tip can be guided around the cam nose easily and without increased effort when the tappet moves back to the rest position. In addition, there is the possibility of producing a clicking sound also in the reset of the tappet, in this case for example when the contact nose is lifted from the contact piece and is guided back onto the contact piece after being guided around the cam nose. What is particularly advantageously is an embodiment of the approach proposed here in which the cover element has a cover slope with a surface oblique with respect to the direction of the movement axis in the region of an opening through which the tappet is guided, and/or wherein the tappet has a tappet slope with a surface oblique with respect to the direction of the movement axis in a passage area surrounded by the cover element. In particular, the cover slope may be arranged circumferentially around the opening in the cover element. Alternatively or additionally, the tappet slope may also be arranged circumferentially around the tappet in the passage area. Such an embodiment offers the advantage of a particularly tight lock between the cover element and the tappet, in particular for avoiding entry of the liquids into the key module. What is particularly well protected against entry of liquids is a key module according to an embodiment of the approach presented here in which a sealing element arranged between the cover element and the housing element is provided, in particular wherein the sealing element is arranged or press-fit in a groove of the cover element and/or a groove of the housing element. In such an embodiment, in particular, capillary action can be utilized to prevent the liquid from entering the key module. In an embodiment of the approach proposed here which offers particularly great protection against liquids entering the key module, the sealing element may close the region of the tappet, of the contactor unit and of the contact piece in a fluid-tight manner, in particular wherein the sealing element is formed in the shape of a labyrinth seal or as a labyrinth seal. Hereby, a hermetic seal of the components most important for the function of the key module can be achieved with little cost of materials. According to another embodiment of the approach proposed here, the cover element may comprise at least one light guiding element, in particular wherein the light guiding element is formed at least partially annularly around a region in which the tappet is guided through the cover element. Such an embodiment offers the advantage of a particularly good possibility of eliminating a keycap to be put on the key module, so that the user can recognize the meaning of the symbols on the keycap quickly, unequivocally and reliably. So as to ensure maximum protection against canting of the tappet when being depressed, according to a further embodiment, the tappet may comprise ribs or wings protruding on at least a subsection of its outer surface, which are formed crosswise, in particular, and the cover element and/or the housing element may comprise recesses for accommodating the ribs or wings of the tappet. A key module according to a further embodiment can be made particularly low-noise by providing a shock absorber element arranged between the tappet and the housing element, in particular wherein the shock absorber element is formed to be cylindrical or annular. Such an embodiment of the approach proposed here offers the advantage of using standardized conventional components, such as rubber stoppers, whereby an inexpensive variant of the low-noise key module can be produced.

11300136

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to aircraft engines, and more specifically to aircraft engines incorporating a fan. In a turbofan engine air is pressurized in a compressor and mixed with fuel in a combustor for generating hot combustion gases. A high pressure turbine (HPT) extracts energy from the combustion gases to power the compressor. A low pressure turbine (LPT) extracts additional energy from the combustion gases to power the fan disposed upstream from the compressor. The primary design objective of aircraft turbofan engines is to maximize efficiency thereof for propelling an aircraft in flight, and correspondingly reduce fuel consumption. Accordingly, the various cold and hot section rotor and stator components which define the internal flow passages for the pressurized air and combustion gases, and which extract energy from those gases, are specifically designed for maximizing the efficiency thereof while correspondingly obtaining a long useful life. The turbofan itself includes a row of large fan rotor blades extending radially outwardly from the perimeter of a supporting rotor disk. The fan is powered by the LPT for pressurizing the incident air for producing a majority of propulsion thrust discharged from the fan outlet. Some of the fan air is channeled into the compressor wherein it is pressurized and mixed with fuel for generating the hot combustion gases from which energy is extracted in the various turbine stages, and then discharged through a separate core engine outlet. Turbofan engines are continually being developed and improved for maximizing their thrust capability with the greatest aerodynamic efficiency possible. Since the fan produces a substantial amount of thrust during operation, noise is also generated therefrom and should be reduced as much as possible consistent with the various competing design objectives. For example, fan blades are typically designed for maximizing the aerodynamic loading thereof to correspondingly maximize the amount of propulsion thrust generated during operation. However, fan loading is limited by stall, flutter, or other instability parameters of the air being pressurized. Accordingly, modern turbofan engines are designed with a suitable value of stability and stall margin over their operating cycle from takeoff to cruise to landing of the aircraft to ensure acceptable operation and performance of the engine without overloading the capability of the turbofan. Furthermore, modern turbofan engines have relatively large diameter turbofans which rotate at sufficient rotary velocity to create supersonic velocity of the blade tips relative to the incident air stream. The blade tips are therefore subject to the generation of shock waves as the air is channeled and pressurized in the corresponding flow passages defined between adjacent fan blades. Accordingly, each fan blade is specifically tailored and designed from its radially inner platform to its radially outer tip and along its circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides which extend in chord axially between the opposite leading and trailing edges thereof. The pressure side of one airfoil defines with the suction side of an adjacent airfoil the corresponding flow passage from root to tip of the blades through which the air is channeled during operation. Each airfoil is typically twisted with a corresponding angle of stagger from root to tip, with airfoil tips being aligned obliquely between the axial and circumferential directions of the fan. During operation, the incoming ambient air flows at different relative velocities through the inter-blade flow passages from root to tip of the blades including subsonic airflow at the blade roots and radially outwardly thereof up to the supersonic velocity of the air at the blade tips in various portions of the operating range. Fan stall margin is a fundamental design requirement for the turbofan and is affected by the aerodynamic fan loading, the fan solidity, and the fan blade aspect ratio. These are conventional parameters, with the fan loading being the rise in specific enthalpy across the fan blades divided by the square of the tip speed. Blade solidity is the ratio of the blade chord, represented by its length, over the blade pitch, which is the circumferential spacing of the blades at a given radius or diameter from the axial centerline axis. In other words, blade pitch is the circumferential length at a given diameter divided by the number of blades in the full fan blade row. And, the fan blade aspect ratio is the radial height or span of the airfoil portion of the blade divided by its maximum chord. Conventional experience or teachings in the art indicate that when inlet Mach numbers are sufficiently high that passage shock can separate the suction surface boundary layer of the air in the inter-blade flow passages, good efficiency requires that the solidity should be high to allow the flow to reattach. Conventional design practice for turbofan efficiency and adequate fan stall margin typically require the relatively high tip solidity which is generally equal to the fan tip relative Mach number at the design point, such as cruise operation. In other words, the tip Mach number is suitably greater than one (1.0) for supersonic flow, and the fan tip solidity is correspondingly greater than one and generally equal to the tip relative Mach number for good designs. The design considerations disclosed above are merely some of the many competing design parameters in designing a modern turbofan primarily for good aerodynamic performance and efficiency, as well as for good mechanical strength for ensuring a long useful life thereof. Each fan blade twists from root to tip, and the opposite pressure and suction sides thereof also vary in configuration to specifically tailor the flow passages from root to tip for maximizing fan efficiency with suitable stall margin and mechanical strength. The resulting turbofan design is a highly complex design with three dimensional variation of the pressure and suction sides of the individual airfoils across their axial chord and over their radial span. And, the individual fan blades cooperate with each other in the full row of blades to define the inter-blade flow passages and to effect the resulting aerodynamic performance and stall margin of the entire fan. Accordingly, it is desired to further improve the efficiency of the modern turbofan while maintaining adequate stability and stall margin notwithstanding the various competing design objectives addressed in part above. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the technology described herein, a fan for powering an aircraft in flight includes: an annular casing; a disk disposed inside the casing and mounted for rotation about an axial centerline, the disk including a row of fan blades extending radially outwardly therefrom; each of the fan blades including an airfoil having circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides extending radially in span from a root to a tip, and extending axially in chord between spaced-apart leading and trailing edges, with the airfoils defining corresponding flow passages therebetween for pressurizing air; the row including no more than 21 and no less than 13 of the fan blades; and wherein each of the fan blades has a solidity defined by a ratio of the airfoil chord over a circumferential pitch of the fan blades, measured at 60% of a radial distance from the axial centerline to the tip, of less than about 1.6. According to another aspect of the technology described herein, a method is provided of operating a fan of the type including a disposed inside an annular casing, the disk rotatable about an axial centerline and carrying a row of fan blades, wherein each of the fan blades includes an airfoil having spaced-apart pressure and suction sides extending radially in span from a root to a tip, and extending axially in chord between spaced-apart leading and trailing edges, the row including no more than 21 and no less than 13 of the fan blades, wherein each of the fan blades has a solidity defined by a ratio of the airfoil chord to a circumferential pitch of the fan blades, measured at 90% of a distance from the axial centerline to the tip, of no greater than about 1.2 and no less than about 1.0. The method includes: powering the fan in a turbofan engine to propel an aircraft in flight, such that a relative Mach number at the tips of the fan blades is greater than 1.0, and such that a ratio of the solidity measured at 90% of the distance from the axial centerline to the tips to the relative Mach number at the same radial location, is less than about 0.90. According to another aspect of the technology described herein, a method is provided of designing a fan of the type including a disposed inside an annular casing, the disk rotatable about an axial centerline and carrying a row of fan blades, wherein each of the fan blades includes an airfoil having spaced-apart pressure and suction sides extending radially in span from a root to a tip, and extending axially in chord between spaced-apart leading and trailing edges, the row including no more than 21 and no less than 13 of the fan blades, wherein each of the fan blades has a solidity defined by the ratio of the airfoil chord to a circumferential pitch of the fan blades. The method includes: establishing a predetermined relative Mach number at the tips of the fan blades which is no less than about 1.0; selecting a chord of the fan blades, given the predetermined relative Mach number, such that a ratio of the solidity, measured at 90% of the distance from the axial centerline to the tips to the relative Mach number at the same radial location, is less than about 0.90. According to another aspect of the technology described herein, an aircraft engine for powering an aircraft in flight includes: a fan, including: an annular casing; a disk disposed inside the casing and mounted for rotation about an axial centerline, the disk including a row of fan blades extending radially outwardly therefrom; each of the fan blades including an airfoil having circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides extending radially in span from a root to a tip, and extending axially in chord between spaced-apart leading and trailing edges, with the airfoils defining corresponding flow passages therebetween for pressurizing air; the row including no more than 21 and no less than 13 of the fan blades; and wherein each of the fan blades has a solidity defined by a ratio of the airfoil chord over a circumferential pitch of the fan blades, measured at 60% of a radial distance from the axial centerline to the tip, of less than about 1.6; and a prime mover coupled to the fan and operable to drive the fan in flight.

11342484

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2020901513, filed on May 11, 2020 and entitled “Metal Oxide Semiconductor Based Light Emitting Device”; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The following publications are referred to in the present application and their contents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:U.S. Pat. No. 9,412,911 titled “OPTICAL TUNING OF LIGHT EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS”, issued 9 Aug. 2016, and assigned to the applicant of the present application;U.S. Pat. No. 9,691,938 titled “ADVANCED ELECTRONIC DEVICE STRUCTURES USING SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURES AND SUPERLATTICES”, issued 27 Jun. 2017, and assigned to the applicant of the present application;U.S. Pat. No. 10,475,956 titled “OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE”, issued 12 Nov. 2019, and assigned to the applicant of the present application; and The contents of each of the above publications are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND Ultraviolet light emitting devices (UVLEDs) have many applications in medicine, medical diagnostics, water purification, food processing, sterilization, aseptic packaging and deep submicron lithographic processing. Emerging applications in bio-sensing, communications, pharmaceutical process industry and materials manufacturing are also enabled by delivering extremely short wavelength optical sources in a compact and lightweight package having high electrical conversion efficiency such as a UVLED. Electro-optical conversion of electrical energy into discrete optical wavelengths with extremely high efficiency has generally been achieved using a tailor-made semiconductor having the required properties to achieve the spatial recombination of charge carriers of electrons and holes to emit light of the required wavelength. In the case where UV light is required, UVLEDs have been developed using almost exclusively Gallium-Indium-Aluminum-Nitride (GaInAlN) compositions forming wurtzite-type crystal structures. Group-III-Nitrides have been used in semiconductor based UVLEDs that generate light in the UVC wavelength band (i.e., wavelength between approximately 200 nm to 280 nm) fundamentally based on heterojunction p-i-n diodes. Unfortunately, the efficiency and output optical power in the UVC region appears to be limited by the inherent low crystallographic structure quality of the AlInGaN epitaxially deposited layers fundamentally due to the lack of native substrates, such as AlN. Sapphire (corundum Al2O3) has been suggested as a compromise starting surface crystal to heterogeneously seed two very different materials systems. However, there is a large structural mismatch between the sapphire crystal and the Group-III-Nitrides. The crystal lattice and symmetry mismatch creates a very large density of disadvantageous crystalline defects which detracts severely from the ultimate efficiency of Group-III-Nitride based UVLEDs. Even if this defect density could be reduced by several orders in magnitude, the highest bandgap material AlN limits UVC operation to approximately 215 nm, with a dramatic decline in output optical power as the wavelength is reduced below 280 nm. SUMMARY In some embodiments, an optoelectronic semiconductor light emitting device includes a substrate and a plurality of epitaxial semiconductor layers disposed on the substrate. Each of the epitaxial semiconductor layers comprises a metal oxide. The optoelectronic semiconductor light emitting device is configured to emit light having a wavelength in a range from 150 nm to 425 nm. In some embodiments, an optoelectronic semiconductor device for generating light of a predetermined wavelength includes a substrate and an optical emission region. The optical emission region has an optical emission region band structure configured for generating light of the predetermined wavelength. The optical emission region has an epitaxial metal oxide layer supported by the substrate, where the epitaxial metal oxide layer has an optical emission region band gap energy capable of generating light of the predetermined wavelength.

11272344

BACKGROUND The described embodiments relate generally to determining service provider or courier behavior, and more particularly to using short-range transmissions between wireless devices associated with a courier or service provider. Couriers retrieve and deliver items from a source to a destination. As large courier management systems allow a much greater number of orders and on-demand courier services, often from novice couriers, courier management systems may need to determine and verify when a courier for an order has reached the source of the item to complete pick up of the item. Couriers at the source point may report the pickup to the courier management system, but this can be unreliable. SUMMARY A network system (e.g., a courier or delivery management system) coordinates the delivery of requested items from a source location to a delivery location. A requesting user of the courier management system, such as a customer placing an order for a product or merchandise to be delivered, may submit an order request by providing input on a requesting device. The requesting user selects one or more items to request of a plurality of items presented by the courier management system and may optionally input a delivery location. The courier management system is configured to receive order requests from a requesting device. The request includes an identifier associated with an item provider of the requested item(s), a list of identifiers/tags associated with the requested item(s), and/or a delivery location for the requested items. The courier management system creates an order entry by selecting a source location that can provide the requested items (e.g., based on the identifier associated with the item provider) and selecting a service provider (e.g., a courier, a driver) that can retrieve the requested items from the source location and deliver the requested items to the delivery location. The order entry includes identifiers (IDs) corresponding to devices, individuals, or entities associated with the selected source location and/or the selected courier. An example of a courier management system is a food delivery system that coordinates drivers to deliver food from third party restaurants to requesting users. In this example system, a requesting user, Bob, might order a pizza from Joe's Pizza Palace using his smartphone, the requesting device. In this example, the food delivery system would transmit data to a source device associated with and located at Joe's Pizza Palace to notify Joe's Pizza Palace to begin preparing the requested pizza. The food delivery system can select a driver that is located in the vicinity of Joe's Pizza Palace (e.g., having a current location within a predetermined distance of the location of Joe's Pizza Palace) to pick up the pizza ordered by Bob from Joe's Pizza Palace. The food delivery system provides the location of the requesting user to the driver so that the pizza can be delivered to Bob. According to some examples, a service provider device (e.g., courier device) receives order information from the courier management system including at least a source identifier and an order identifier for the order. The courier device can enter into a beacon detection mode to detect a short range radio frequency beacon broadcasted by the source device. The source beacon includes the source identifier of the source and the order identifier corresponding to the order entry. Upon detecting the source beacon, the courier device compares the source identifier and/or the order identifier from the detected beacon to the source identifier and/or order identifier included in the order information received from the courier management system. If the source identifiers and/or the order identifiers match, the courier device reports to the courier management system that it is in proximity to the source device. In some embodiments, the courier device may begin broadcasting its own beacon signal including a courier identifier and the order identifier (e.g., in a beacon broadcasting mode). The source device may then detect the courier beacon and match the courier identifier to a courier identifier from the order information received from the courier management system. If a match is detected, the source device sends data (e.g., data corresponding to a report) confirming the presence of the courier device in proximity to the source device to the courier management system. The courier management system may utilize the presence verification and timing of the received data to improved estimated completion or delivery times for requesting users, compensate couriers for waiting times, and/or improve pick up efficiency at source locations by obviating manual confirmation of a pick up by the courier.

11349197

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 201811138125.5, filed with the State Intellectual Property Office of P. R. China on Sep. 27, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure generally relates to the field of consumer electronics technology and, more particularly, relates to an antenna structure and an electronic device. BACKGROUND As consumer's taste for appearance and aesthetics of electronic devices becomes more discriminative, the electronic devices with a strong hi-technology design style are becoming more and more attractive. This is a growing trend in electronic device designs. In some electronic device designs, the conventional antenna designs lack the hi-technology design style desirable for the electronic devices. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure provides an antenna structure and an electronic device to at least partially solve the technical problem in the existing technology. One aspect of the present disclosure provides an antenna. The antenna includes: a cavity structure configured to contain an electrolyte solution; and a plurality of antenna feed points disposed on the cavity structure. The cavity structure containing the electrolyte solution acts as an antenna radiator of the antenna. The plurality of antenna feed points is configured to receive and transmit radio frequency signals. In some embodiments, a light transmittance of the cavity structure is greater than a first value and/or the light transmittance of the electrolyte solution contained inside the cavity structure is greater than a second value. In some embodiments, the cavity structure is transparent or semi-transparent and the electrolyte solution contained inside the cavity structure is transparent or semi-transparent. In some embodiments, the cavity structure is made of a flexible material or a non-flexible material. In some embodiments, a conductivity value of the electrolyte solution contained inside the cavity structure is greater than a selected conductivity value. In some embodiments, a volume of the electrolyte solution contained inside the cavity structure matches a volume of the cavity structure. In some embodiments, a contact resistance between an antenna feed line and the electrolyte solution contained inside the cavity structure is smaller than a pre-set resistance value. Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an electronic device. The electronic device includes: an antenna; a receiver configured to receive a radio frequency signal from the antenna; and a transmitter configured to transmit the radio frequency signal to the antenna. The antenna includes: a cavity structure configured to contain an electrolyte solution; and a plurality of antenna feed points disposed on the cavity structure. The cavity structure containing the electrolyte solution acts as an antenna radiator of the antenna and the plurality of antenna feed points is configured to receive and transmit radio frequency signals. In some embodiments, a portion of the antenna or the entire antenna is transparent and is exposed to the outside of the electronic device. In some embodiments, the electronic device further includes a partially transparent or completely transparent housing structure. The transparent portion of the antenna or the entire antenna is configured at a location covered by the transparent portion of the housing structure; or the transparent portion of the antenna structure or the entire antenna structure is a part of the transparent portion of the housing structure.

11500915

BACKGROUND The disclosure relates generally to providing assistance to a field user performing certain tasks in an industrial environment via a training system. More particularly, embodiments of the present disclosure are related to systems and methods for generating, modifying, and optimizing content to be presented to the field user by the training system. This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present techniques and are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be noted that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. A training system may be used to assist a field user to perform a desired task. For instance, the training system may present content to the field user, including visual elements, which may be seen by the field user, and/or audio elements, which may be heard by the field user. The visual and audio elements may guide the field user to perform the desired task. In some embodiments, the content presented by the training system may include real-world content and computer-generated or virtual content that may provide interactive content to better enable the field user to perform the desired task. However, before the video and/or audio elements can be used to guide the field user, these elements are created for each individual task that a field user may perform. With this in mind, it may be useful to provide improved systems and methods for creating content that is presented by the training system and that effectively guides the field user in performing these various tasks. BRIEF DESCRIPTION A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be noted that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. In one embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, may cause the at least one processor to retrieve a first training profile of a plurality of training profiles from a database, identify a plurality of index keywords in a respective training content of the first training profile, in which the respective training content includes audio data, video data, or both, and divide the first training profile into a plurality of sections based on the plurality of index keywords. Each of the plurality of sections is selectable for playback. In another embodiment, a method includes receiving, via a processor, an inquiry from a user, in which the inquiry comprises a request for assistance to perform a first operation of one or more operations for one or more industrial automation components, and retrieving, via the processor, a selected training profile from a database based on the inquiry, in which the selected training profile is associated with the first operation of the one or more operations for the one or more industrial automation components, and the selected training profile includes a plurality of sections based on a plurality of index keywords, in which each of the plurality of sections is selectable for playback. The method further includes presenting, via the processor, the selected training profile to the user, and receiving, via the processor, feedback data from the user, in which the feedback data comprises a first index keyword of the plurality of index keywords, identifying, via the processor, a selected section of the plurality of sections associated with the first index keyword in response to receiving the feedback data from the user, and presenting, via the processor, the selected section of the selected training profile to the user. In another embodiment, a system, includes a database configured to store a plurality of index keywords and includes a virtual expert system communicatively coupled to the database. The virtual expert system is configured to receive feedback data from a remote expert system, in which the feedback data comprises a subset of index keywords of the plurality of index keywords, and generate a training profile based on the feedback data, in which the training profile is associated with an operation for one or more industrial automation components, in which the training profile comprises a plurality of sections, and in which each section of the plurality of sections is associated with an index keyword of the subset of index keywords. The virtual expert system may store the training profile on the database.

11251786

BACKGROUND There is a recent trend towards combining separate electrical circuits into a single integrated circuit in order to reduce costs and increase optimization. Such a System-on-Chip (SoC) has circuits in close proximity, which may result in unwanted coupling that degrades system performance. One of the most dangerous couplings is supply interaction. A strategy to reduce supply interaction is to split a common supply domain into local supply domains, each of which is dedicated to one more circuits. However, this involves routing an analog reference voltage at the SoC level to each of the local supply domains via a bus of analog channels, with a risk of coupling between the channels and nearby circuit structures.

11304037

TECHNICAL FIELD Aspects pertain to radio access networks (RAN s). Some aspects relate to vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications in various radio access technologies (RATs), including cellular local rea networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs), including Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) networks and LTE advanced (LTE-A) networks, as well as 4th generation (4G) networks and 5th generation (5G) networks. Some aspects relate to multi-RAT, multi-link V2X communications. Some aspects relate to V2X multi-radio convergence. BACKGROUND The use of 3GPP LTE systems (including both LTE and LTE-A systems) has increased due to both an increase in the types of devices such as user equipment (UEs) using network resources as well as the amount of data and bandwidth being used by various applications, such as video streaming operating on these UEs. For example, the growth of network use by Internet of Things (IoT) UEs, which include machine type communication (MTC) devices such as sensors and may use machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, as well as the burgeoning V2X communications, has severely strained network resources and increased communication complexity. V2X communications of a variety of different applications from a user equipment (UE) are to coordinate with various technologies, as well as among potentially rapidly moving vehicles. Connected cars are becoming an important part of connected life of the users. With autonomous driving and IoT on the horizon, V2X through the connectivity in the car, among vehicles, between vehicles and the infrastructure as well as sensors and the “things” surrounding the cars becomes more desirable. At the same time, meeting the stringent requirements of autonomous driving and seamless connectivity on the go for V2X applications as well as within the car and IoT applications remains challenging. Currently, various wireless technologies, including IEEE 802.11p, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), Wireless Access Vehicular Environment (WAVE), Cellular, etc., attempt to address the V2X network requirement s.

11307969

FIELD This technology generally relates to web application testing and, more particularly, to methods and devices for improved testing, using remote headless browsers, of web applications requiring user input. BACKGROUND Headless browsers are web browsers that can load a web page without using a graphical user interface (GUI). Headless browsers are often used for web site or web application testing purposes because their activity can be easily automated using application programming interface (API) called drivers. Headless browsers can be particularly useful when deployed remotely (e.g., on a cloud network) so both tests and test results can be shared across team members instead of being accessible only to a single team member running the tests on a local device. One significant limitation of using an API driven headless browser is an inability to provide particular types of data or to securely fill input fields. In particular, passing sensitive data, such as passwords, credit card data, social security numbers (SSNs), or other personally identifiable information, over networks through an API call can be risky from a security perspective. Additionally, dynamically requested data, such as completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPTCHA) data, two way authentication data, files to be uploaded (e.g., a driving license photo), currently cannot be supplied to headless browsers, which negatively impacts the ability to use headless browsers to test certain web applications. SUMMARY A method for web application testing is disclosed that is implemented by one or more runner servers and includes executing a test of a web application with a headless browser activated in response to a request to schedule the web application test received from a dashboard server. The web application test includes a plurality of test actions. An input request that includes at least a hint and a session identifier is sent to the dashboard server in response to a user input trigger associated with one of the test actions during the execution of the web application test by the headless browser. The associated one of the test actions is then executed with the headless browser using input data received from the dashboard server in response to the input request. During the execution of the web application test, web page(s) associated with the web application and analysis results are recorded. The recorded web page(s) and analysis results are then output to the dashboard server when the web application test is complete. A runner server is disclosed that includes memory including programmed instructions stored thereon and one or more processors configured to execute the stored programmed instructions to execute a test of a web application with a headless browser activated in response to a request to schedule the web application test received from a dashboard server. The web application test includes a plurality of test actions. An input request that includes at least a hint and a session identifier is sent to the dashboard server in response to a user input trigger associated with one of the test actions during the execution of the web application test by the headless browser. The associated one of the test actions is then executed with the headless browser using input data received from the dashboard server in response to the input request. During the execution of the web application test, web page(s) associated with the web application and analysis results are recorded. The recorded web page(s) and analysis results are then output to the dashboard server when the web application test is complete. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon instructions for web application testing is disclosed that includes executable code that, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to execute a test of a web application with a headless browser activated in response to a request to schedule the web application test received from a dashboard server. The web application test includes a plurality of test actions. An input request that includes at least a hint and a session identifier is sent to the dashboard server in response to a user input trigger associated with one of the test actions during the execution of the web application test by the headless browser. The associated one of the test actions is then executed with the headless browser using input data received from the dashboard server in response to the input request. During the execution of the web application test, web page(s) associated with the web application and analysis results are recorded. The recorded web page(s) and analysis results are then output to the dashboard server when the web application test is complete. This technology provides a number of advantages including methods, non-transitory computer readable media, and dashboard servers that facilitate more effective and efficient testing of web applications using remote headless browsers. With this technology, remote headless browsers can be used to more securely test web applications that require users to enter sensitive and other types of data, as well as complete complex input tasks. Additionally, this technology advantageously utilizes group chat functionality to allow headless browsers executed in remote locations to more effectively reach users available to facilitate web application tests.

11326272

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of priority to Taiwan Patent Application No. 107147818, filed on Dec. 28, 2018. The entire content of the above identified application is incorporated herein by reference. Some references, which may include patents, patent applications and various publications, may be cited and discussed in the description of this disclosure. The citation and/or discussion of such references is provided merely to clarify the description of the present disclosure and is not an admission that any such reference is “prior art” to the disclosure described herein. All references cited and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to a crystal growth apparatus, and more particularly to a mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE A conventional silicon growth apparatus is configured to melt a solid raw material through heating and to solidify and crystallize the melted raw material to form a crystal rod. In addition, because the Czochralski Method (i.e., CZ method) is the primary method used in a conventional process to manufacture a crystal rod, conventional mono-crystalline silicon growth methods are also limited thereto. As a result, development in this field has been limited, and still has room for improvement. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In response to the above-referenced technical inadequacies, the present disclosure provides a mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus to improve on issues associated with obstacles against development in this field. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus including a furnace, a support base, a crucible, and a heat adjusting module. The support base is disposed in the furnace. The crucible is disposed on the support base, and the support base and the crucible do not rotate relative to the heating module. The heat adjusting module is disposed in the furnace and above the crucible, and the heat adjusting module includes a diversion tube, a plurality of heat preservation sheets, and a hard shaft. The diversion tube includes a tube body and a carrying body. One end of the tube body is disposed on the furnace and another end of the tube body is connected to the carrying body, and the carrying body surrounds the tube body. A projection area formed by orthogonally projecting the tube body along an axial direction of the tube body onto the crucible falls on an inner bottom surface of the crucible. The heat preservation sheets are annular and are sleeved around the tube body. The heat preservation sheets are stacked and disposed on the carrying body. The hard shaft passes through the tube body. The hard shaft does not rotate relative to the furnace. A water flow channel is disposed in the hard shaft, the hard shaft includes a clamping portion and at least a part of the clamping portion is disposed in the crucible to be configured to clamp a seed crystal. Therefore, the mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus of the present disclosure includes the effects as follows. The mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus includes the hard shaft which does not rotate relative to the furnace and is disposed in the furnace. The flowing water injected into the water flow channel of the hard shaft can take away the heat near the clamping portion so as to control the heat in the crucible and stabilize a heat convection in the crucible. Therefore, a crystal growth process of the seed crystal along the clamping portion can be improved, and a directional solidification and the crystallization process of the seed crystal can be effectively controlled. Therefore, by using the mono-crystalline silicon growth apparatus, a usage rate of the crystal rod and a production yield are increased.

11527899

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to the field of electric aircraft. In particular, the present invention is directed to systems and methods for a battery management system integrated in a battery pack configured for use in electric aircraft. BACKGROUND The burgeoning of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft technologies promises an unprecedented forward leap in energy efficiency, cost savings, and the potential of future autonomous and unmanned aircraft. However, the technology of eVTOL aircraft is still lacking in crucial areas of high energy density power solutions. This is particularly problematic as it compounds the already daunting challenges to designers and manufacturers developing the aircraft for manned and/or unmanned flight in the real world. A power source needs to pack the maximum amount of energy in the lightest possible configuration. The future of electric aircraft and specifically, eVTOL aircraft, is linked to an increase in energy density in electric power sources. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In an aspect a battery management system integrated in a battery pack configured for use in electric aircraft, the system comprising a first battery management component disposed on a first end of the battery pack, the first battery management component comprising a first sensor suite configured to measure a first plurality of battery pack data wherein the first sensor suite comprises a moisture sensor. The battery management system comprising a second battery management component disposed on a second end of the battery pack, the second battery management component comprising a second sensor suite configured to measure a second plurality of battery pack data wherein the second sensor suite comprises a moisture sensor. The battery management system comprising a data storage system configured to store the first plurality of battery pack data and the second plurality of battery pack data. These and other aspects and features of non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific non-limiting embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

11472377

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/831,186, filed Aug. 20, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto. FIELD The present application relates generally to vacuum cleaner systems incorporated on motor vehicles and, more particularly, to a central vacuum cleaner system having a vacuum nozzle handle that integrates into the interior trim of the vehicle in a recessed and stowed position. BACKGROUND Vacuum cleaner systems have been provided on automotive motor vehicles to offer a convenient way to clean the interior of the vehicle. Such systems have included the vacuum motor assembly on-board the vehicle. Vacuum systems are particularly popular in the mini-van or sport utility vehicle market segment where three rows of seats are offered and children are the typical rear occupants. With an on-board vacuum system, a user need not be required to transport or move a stand-alone vacuum to a location near or into the vehicle to vacuum the vehicle interior. While the on-board systems available today provide convenience, they can still be difficult to operate and are generally unsightly in the vehicle. For example, manipulation of the vacuum nozzle and intake hose can be difficult within the vehicle given the tight surroundings. Moreover, some vacuum configurations incorporate the vacuum nozzle in a rear cargo area making it difficult to vacuum interior space in front of a third row of seats. Thus, while vacuum cleaner systems work for their intended purpose, there remains a need for improvement in the relevant art. SUMMARY In one exemplary aspect of the invention, a vehicle having an on-board vacuum is provided. The vehicle includes a first, second, and third row of seats, an interior trim quarter side panel assembly disposed adjacent the third row of seats, and an on-board central vacuum system integrated into the interior trim quarter panel assembly. The interior trim quarter side panel assembly includes an outermost surface, an armrest portion positioned between an inboard sidewall and an outboard sidewall of the interior trim quarter panel assembly, and generally sloping toward an interior floor of the vehicle, and a handle pocket defining an opening in the armrest portion and a cavity below the outermost surface. The on-board central vacuum system includes a vacuum hose coupled to a vacuum motor assembly, and a vacuum nozzle handle coupled to the vacuum hose and nestingly received within the handle pocket such that in a stowed position within the handle pocket cavity, the vacuum nozzle handle is located at or below the outermost surface of the interior trim quarter panel assembly. The vacuum hose slidably advances through the handle pocket from behind the interior trim quarter panel assembly when the vacuum nozzle handle moves from the stowed position within the handle pocket to a use position outside of the handle pocket. In addition to the foregoing, the described vehicle may include one or more of the following features: wherein the opening of the handle pocket extends longitudinally between a first width portion and a second width portion, the first width portion being wider than the second width portion and sized and shaped to accommodate a grasping hand around the nozzle handle; wherein the second width portion is sized and shaped relative to the nozzle handle such that it does not accommodate the grasping hand around the nozzle handle; wherein the handle pocket cavity includes a low power lamp and a power button, and wherein in the stowed position, the vacuum nozzle handle covers and conceals the low power lamp and the power button; and wherein the low power lamp is electrically connected to a vehicle electronic control unit and is configured to illuminate if the vehicle electronic control unit determines that insufficient power is available to run the vacuum motor assembly. In addition to the foregoing, the described vehicle may include one or more of the following features: wherein a plurality of standoffs are positioned in the handle pocket and extend into the cavity, the standoffs configured to space the stowed vacuum nozzle handle from an inner wall at least partially defining the cavity; wherein a tang is positioned in the handle pocket and extends into the cavity, the tang configured to engage and secure to a detent formed in the vacuum nozzle handle to thereby secure the vacuum nozzle handle in the stowed position; and wherein the opening of the handle pocket includes an absence of a door to cover the opening, and the vacuum nozzle handle is substantially flush with the outermost surface of the interior trim quarter panel assembly when in the stowed position. In addition to the foregoing, the described vehicle may include one or more of the following features: a storage cavity adjacent to the handle pocket, the storage cavity housing vacuum accessories therein; wherein the vacuum motor assembly includes a housing, a motor, and a debris bag located beneath the outermost surface of the interior trim quarter panel assembly; wherein the handle pocket defines a hose passage, wherein the vacuum hose slidably advances through the hose passage when the vacuum nozzle handle moves from the stowed position to the use position; a storage cavity defined in the armrest portion below the outermost surface and having a bin portion to store vacuum accessories such that in a stowed position within the storage cavity, the vacuum accessories do not protrude into an interior space of the vehicle; a door covering the storage cavity and a track associated with the storage cavity, wherein the door slides along the track between a closed position and an open position; and wherein the door comprises a corrugated door. Further areas of applicability of the teachings of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, claims and the drawings provided hereinafter, wherein like reference numerals refer to like features throughout the several views of the drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description, including disclosed embodiments and drawings referenced therein, are merely exemplary in nature intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, its application or uses. Thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the present disclosure are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

11215844

The invention relates to a modular production line for the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, in particular contact lenses such as soft contact lenses. The manufacture of ophthalmic lenses, in particular contact lenses such as soft contact lenses, is typically carried out in fully automated manufacturing lines where the contact lenses are produced in high numbers. In particular, contact lenses which are worn only once and which are disposed of after being worn need to be produced in very high numbers. Such contact lenses are produced, for example, in a closed-loop process with the aid of reusable lens molds made of glass which are used many times to produce the high number of contact lenses. As regards the manufacture of the contact lenses, each mold typically comprises male and female mold halves which, upon being mated and closed, together form a mold cavity between them defining the geometry of the contact lens to be formed. Initially, a lens forming material is dispensed into one of the mold halves, for example into the female mold half, prior to the mold halves being mated. For the sake of simplicity, in the following it will only be referred to male molds and female molds rather than to male mold halves and female mold halves. After dispensing of the lens forming material into the female mold, the male and female molds are mated and closed, and the lens forming material enclosed in the mold cavity is polymerized and/or crosslinked to form the contact lens. Thereafter, the mold is opened again by separating the male and female molds, the contact lens is removed from either the male mold or the female mold, and the contact lens is then advanced for being further processed. For example, in case the contact lens is a silicone hydrogel contact lens, solvents contained in the lens forming material which are also contained in the contact lens formed therefrom as well as any non-polymerized and/or non-crosslinked lens forming material need to be extracted from the contact lens. Also, a coating can be applied to the contact lens in order to improve lubricity of the contact lens to increase the comfort when the contact lens is worn on the eye. For these purposes, the contact lenses may be transported through different baths (extraction baths, water baths, coating baths) before the extracted and coated contact lens is further advanced for getting inspected. Inspection of the contact lens is then performed and may comprise an inspection for defects of the contact lens such as bubbles, inclusions, edge defects, other cosmetic defects, etc., but may in addition also comprise measurement of the optical characteristics and the central thickness of the contact lens. Once the contact lens has successfully passed inspection it is advanced to the primary packaging station where it is placed into a packaging shell. Packaging liquid is then dispensed into the packaging shell, and a foil is placed onto the shell and is heat-sealed thereto. As regards the molds used in the manufacture of the contact lens, once the contact lens has been removed the male and female molds are cleaned, rinsed and dried and are then re-used to manufacture the next contact lens in the manner described above. In the manufacture of contact lenses, typically a number of lots of contact lenses are produced on the production line at the same time with the aid of a plurality of lens mold carriers which are transported through the manufacturing stations of the production line. Each lens mold carrier comprises a frame having a predetermined number of mounting sites arranged at predetermined locations along the frame (for example fourteen mounting sites), and these predetermined number and locations of the mounting sites are identical for each lens mold carrier. Each lens mold carrier further comprises a predetermined number of mold units (for example fourteen mold units), which are removably mounted to the lens mold carrier, and each mold unit comprises either a reusable male mold or a reusable female mold. However, all molds of one lens mold carrier are of the same type, i.e. either all of them are male molds or all of them are female molds. Two lens mold carriers (one male lens mold carrier and one female lens mold carrier) of the plurality of lens mold carriers are assigned to each other to form pairs of lens mold carriers. Accordingly, at the mounting sites of one of the lens mold carriers of a pair of lens mold carriers male molds are arranged while at the mounting sites of the other lens mold carrier of a pair of lens mold carriers female molds are arranged, so that upon mating the lens mold carriers of the pairs the respective male and female molds are mated in order to form mold cavities defining the shape of the contact lenses to be manufactured. By way of example, one lens mold carrier may be equipped with seven pairs of molds (fourteen molds in total), with the two molds of one pair being identical and being mounted to the frame at adjacently arranged mounting sites (i.e. the first pair of molds is arranged at mounting sites number one and two, the second pair of molds is arranged at mounting sites number three and four, and so on), so that with one carrier it is possible to manufacture seven pairs of contact lenses with different geometries, i.e. seven different lots at the same time (each of the seven pairs of molds forming a different lot). Each individual lens mold carrier of the plurality of lens mold carriers on the production line is equipped with the same molds in the same sequence, that is to say each individual lens mold carrier of the plurality of lens mold carriers on the production line is equipped with the same molds at the same mounting sites of the respective carrier. As a result, for example, contact lenses manufactured with the molds of the first pair (i.e. the mold halves at mounting site number one and mounting site number two of each of the lens mold carriers) always have the same geometries. This also holds for the other pairs (lots). Before starting manufacturing, configuration of each of the individual lens mold carriers is performed off-line (each of the lens molds carriers is equipped at the individual mounting sites with the same molds in the same sequence). The lens mold carriers are then placed on the production line. Thereafter, manufacturing of the seven lots of contact lenses is performed for many hours. Accordingly, once the lens mold carriers are placed on the production line it is only possible to manufacture the same seven lots of contact lenses during these many hours. In case each individual mounting site on the lens mold carrier represents an individual lot, then it is possible to manufacture fourteen different lots at the same time, this being the maximum number of lots that can be manufactured during these many hours. This is an efficient manner to produce high numbers of contact lenses having a base curve radius selected from a certain range of base curve radii and having an optical power that is selected from a certain range of optical powers. After the above-described manufacture of contact lenses has been performed for many hours, operation of the production line is interrupted and a line clearance is performed, i.e. the lens mold carriers are removed from the production line. New lens mold carriers which may have been configured off-line and which may be equipped with mold halves different from those that have been used before are then placed on the production line. Operation of the production line is then resumed. Due to the fact that all individual lens mold carriers present on the production line are identically configured, always the same type of contact lenses is produced by the molds arranged at the same mounting sites on the lens mold carriers. Therefore, once the lens mold carriers are placed on the production line it is undoubtedly clear what type of contact lens is produced by the molds arranged at the respective mounting sites, since all lens mold carriers present on the production line are identically configured. Therefore, once the configuration of the lens mold carriers is determined and has been stored in the control unit of the production line, no check must be performed anymore as to what type of contact lens is actually produced by the molds arranged at the respective mounting sites on the lens mold carriers, and consequently no such check is actually performed. During inspection of the contact lenses produced on the production line it is therefore typically only determined whether the contact lenses have any defects such as flaws, tears, bubbles, inclusions, etc., and if a contact lens has successfully passed inspection it is placed into a packaging shell waiting at the packaging unit since it is clear what type of contact lens the inspected contact lens must be, since the type of contact lens is defined by the respective mounting site on the lens mold carrier. However, if for any reason a contact lens of a different type shows up in the production line at a location where it normally must not show up (for example due to an error occurring in the production line), and such contact lens successfully passes the inspection it will be placed in the packaging shell, and information may be printed on the foil which may not correspond to the type of contact lens actually contained in the packaging shell. Also, when new lots (contact lenses with other geometries) are to be produced, all lens mold carriers have to be removed from the production line (line clearance). Thereafter, new lens mold carriers which have been configured off-line with molds suitable to produce the new lots (i.e. the contact lenses with the other geometries) are placed on the production line. Thereafter, a number of sample contact lenses must be produced, and only after these sample contact lenses have been produced and inspected and have been found to have the required specifications, production can be resumed. This is a laborious and time-consuming process with very considerably downtime of the production line during which no contact lenses can be produced. It is therefore an object of the present invention to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art and to make sure that a foil sealed to a packaging shell is always printed with information that corresponds to the contact lens actually contained in the packaging shell and to avoid or greatly reduce the downtime in case new lots (i.e. contact lenses with different geometries) are to be produced. In accordance with the invention, these and other objects are achieved by a production line for the production of ophthalmic lenses, in particular contact lenses such as soft contact lenses. The production line comprisesa manufacturing module in which the ophthalmic lenses are manufactured,an inspection module in which the ophthalmic lenses manufactured are inspected, anda packaging module in which the ophthalmic lenses which have been identified by the inspection module as being acceptable are packed into primary packages. The manufacturing module comprises a plurality of manufacturing stations for manufacturing the ophthalmic lenses. At least one of these manufacturing stations is configured to apply a lens identification code to the respective ophthalmic lens. The lens identification code includes information indicative of the type of the respective ophthalmic lens manufactured. Either the inspection module or the packaging module includes a lens detection station configured to read the lens identification code applied to the respective ophthalmic lens and to detect the type of the ophthalmic lens from the lens identification code read from the respective ophthalmic lens in order to determine whether the type of ophthalmic lens detected actually is the type of ophthalmic lens which is expected to be detected by the lens detection station at that time. According to one aspect of the production line according to the invention, the lens detection station is arranged in the inspection module. According to a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the inspection module comprises a cosmetic inspection station for inspecting the ophthalmic lens for cosmetic defects, and the cosmetic inspection station is configured to include the lens detection station. According to a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the lens detection station is arranged in the packaging module. In accordance with still a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the lens detection station is arranged in the packaging module at a location downstream of a lens placement station for placing the ophthalmic lens into a primary package and upstream of a liquid dosing station for dosing a packaging liquid into the primary package, or is arranged downstream of the liquid dosing station. In accordance with yet a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the packaging module comprises a shell providing station for providing a packaging shell, the lens placement station for placing the ophthalmic lens into the packaging shell, the lens detection station, the liquid dosing station, a foil placement station for placing a foil onto the packaging shell, a sealing station for sealing the foil to the packaging shell, and a printing station for printing on the foil information about the ophthalmic lens contained in the sealed packaging shell. In accordance with a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the packaging module further comprises a configuration station for intermediately storing a plurality of ophthalmic lenses, and for placing an ophthalmic lens intermediately stored in the configuration station into a said packaging shell lens shell in case it has been detected in the lens detection station that no ophthalmic lens has been placed into the packaging shell in the lens placement station. According to a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the manufacturing module is configured to apply to each ophthalmic lens a unique lens identification code which is representative of the type of lens for a predetermined period of time. According to still a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the manufacturing module comprises molds for the manufacture of the ophthalmic lenses and a printing station, wherein the printing station is configured to print the unique lens identification code to at least one of the molds used to manufacture the respective ophthalmic lens. According to yet a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the printing station is an inkjet printing station. In accordance with a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the manufacturing module comprises molds for the manufacture of the ophthalmic lenses, the molds carrying the unique lens identification code as (permanent) elevations formed on a molding surface of at least one of the molds used to manufacture the respective ophthalmic lens. According to another aspect of the production line according to the invention, the manufacturing stations of the manufacturing module are arranged in a closed loop, and the manufacturing module further comprises a plurality of lens mold carriers which are transported through the manufacturing stations arranged in the closed loop. Each lens mold carrier comprises a frame having a predetermined number of mounting sites arranged at predetermined locations along the frame. The predetermined number and locations of the mounting sites are identical for each lens mold carrier of the plurality of lens mold carriers. Each lens mold carrier further comprises a predetermined number of molds corresponding to the predetermined number of mounting sites of the frame. The molds are removably mounted to the frame at the mounting sites. All molds of a said lens mold carrier either are reusable male molds, or all molds of the said lens mold carrier are reusable female molds. Two lens mold carriers, respectively, of the plurality of lens mold carriers are assigned to each other to form a pair of lens mold carriers in a manner such that for each pair of lens mold carriers, at the mounting sites of one lens mold carrier reusable male molds are arranged, while at the mounting sites of the other lens mold carrier of the said pair reusable female molds are arranged. Upon mating the two lens mold carriers of the said pair the respective reusable male and female molds are mated to form mold cavities defining the shape of the lenses to be manufactured. The manufacturing stations comprise a mold changing station. The mold changing station is configured to be capable of removing a said mold from its mounting site on the frame of a said lens mold carrier and mounting a different mold to the frame at the said mounting site, or the said mold changing station is configured to change the rotational position of a said mold mounted to the frame of a said lens mold carrier, or both. In accordance with a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the mold changing station comprises a male mold exchange station for removing a said male mold from its mounting site on the frame of a said lens mold carrier, and for mounting a different male mold to the said mounting site. In accordance with still a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the mold changing station comprises a female mold exchange station for removing a said female mold from its mounting site on the frame of a said lens mold carrier, and for mounting a different female mold to the said mounting site. In accordance with yet a further aspect of the production line according to the invention, the mold changing station comprises a toric axis setting station for changing and setting the rotational position of a said male or female mold mounted to the lens mold carrier. Still in accordance with another aspect of the production line according to the invention, the production line further comprises an extraction and treatment module for the extraction and chemical treatment of the ophthalmic lenses manufactured in the manufacturing module. The production line according to the invention allows for the identification of the type of lens actually inspected by reading the lens identification code that has been applied to the ophthalmic lens during manufacture. The lens identification code contains the information about the type of ophthalmic lens. The lens identification code may comprise one or more code portions which may be arranged at one or more predefined locations of the ophthalmic lens. In the following, for the sake of simplicity contact lenses (in particular soft contact lenses) will be discussed only as representing one important example of an ophthalmic lens that can be manufactured using the production line according to the invention. The lens identification code or lens identification code portions are typically arranged in a non-optical (peripheral) portion of the contact lens at predetermined locations. By way of example, the lens identification code may comprise a first lens identification code portion indicative of the lens design (and may contain, for example, information on the base curve and on the spherical corrective power of the contact lens), a second lens identification code portion comprising a mark indicating the desired rotational orientation of the contact lens on the eye which is important for toric contact lenses, and in case of toric contact lenses the lens identification code may further comprise a third lens identification code portion comprising marks oppositely arranged relative to the center of the contact lens indicating both the orientation of the major cylinder axis (the minor cylinder axis is perpendicular to the major cylinder axis) as well as the amount of cylindrical add power that adds to the spherical power of the contact lens. Alternatively, the lens identification code may consist of a single code portion containing the lot number only. In this case, the lot number contains all information about the respective type of contact lens so that the information about the type of lens can be obtained from a look-up table in which the lot numbers and the associated information about the type of contact lens are stored. The lens identification code may be unique and is representative of the type of contact lens during this predetermined period of time. By way of example, the duration of such predetermined period of time may be from one week to three months. This means that during this predetermined period of time the same lens identification code cannot be used for a different type of contact lens, however, after that predetermined period of time is over, the same lens identification code can be used again, even for a different type of contact lens. If the same lens identification code is used again, it is again unique and representative for this different type of contact lens for the next predetermined period of time. Alternatively, the lens identification code may be unique and is representative for the type of contact lens not only for a predetermined period of time, but may be representative for this type of contact lens independent of time. This means that each unique lens identification code is representative of one type of contact lens only. Accordingly, a different type of contact lens then mandatorily must have a different unique lens identification code. Once the lens identification code is read and the type of contact lens is detected, it is determined whether the type of contact lens detected actually is the type of contact lens that is expected to be detected by the lens detection station at that time. In case a type of contact lens is detected in the lens detection station which is not expected to be detected at that time (a wrongly detected contact lens), corrective action is taken. For example, the wrongly detected contact lens is disposed of. In case the type of contact lens is detected in the detection station which is expected to be detected at that time (a correctly detected contact lens), this contact lens is further processed. The lens detection station may be included in the inspection module of the production line according to the invention. In case a correctly detected contact lens has successfully passed all inspection steps, such contact lens may subsequently be transferred to and placed into a packaging shell provided in the packaging module. In such case it must be made sure that the contact lens is securely transferred and placed into the packaging shell, since in this case no additional detection of the type of contact lens is performed in the packaging module anymore. Such secure transfer of the contact lens can be reliably performed, for example, with a suitable gripper known in the art. A gripper suitable for this purpose is described, for example, in WO 2011/026868. It goes without saying that a correctly detected contact lens that has not successfully passed all inspection steps performed in the inspection module is disposed of. For example, in case the inspection module comprises a cosmetic inspection station inspecting the ophthalmic lens for cosmetic defects such as flaws, tears, inclusions or bubbles, the cosmetic inspection station may be configured to include the lens detection station. By way of example, a suitable camera known in the art can be used for this purpose. The lens detection station may also be included in the packaging module of the production line according to the invention. In this case the correctly detected contact lens having successfully passed all inspection steps is transferred to and placed into a packaging shell provided in the packaging module. Typically, the packaging module comprises a lens placement station where the contact lens is placed into the packaging shell. Further downstream in the packaging module a liquid dosing station may be arranged for dosing a packaging liquid into the primary package containing the contact lens. Preferably, the lens detection station is arranged downstream of the lens placement station but upstream of the liquid dosing station, or it is arranged downstream of the liquid dosing station. A camera suitable to read the lens identification code can be used in the lens detection station, such cameras being known in the art. The packaging module of the production line according to the invention may in particular comprise a shell providing station for providing the packaging shell, the lens placement station, the lens detection station, the liquid dosing station, a foil placement station for placing a foil on the packaging shell, a sealing station for sealing the foil to the shell, and a printing station for printing on the foil information about the lens contained in the sealed packaging shell. This information printed on the foil corresponds to the type of lens actually contained in the packaging shell. The packaging module may further comprise a configuration station for intermediately storing a plurality of contact lenses. In case in the lens detection station it is detected that a type of contact lens is contained in the packaging shell which should not be contained in the said packaging shell, or in case it is detected that no contact lens is contained in the said packaging shell, then a contact lens of the type that should be contained is taken from the configuration station. In the first case (wrong type of contact lens contained in the packaging shell), the contact lens of the type that should not be contained in the packaging shell is removed and replaced with the contact lens taken from the configuration station before the packaging shell is moved on to the liquid dosing station. In the second case (no contact lens contained in the packaging shell), the contact lens taken from the configuration station is added before the packaging shell is moved on to the liquid dosing station. Accordingly, in any event the contact lens contained in the packaging shell that is moved on to the liquid dosing station is that type of contact lens that should be contained in the packaging shell. As has been mentioned already, a lens identification code is assigned to each contact lens, during manufacturing of the lens a lens identification code is applied to the lens which includes information indicative of the type of contact lens manufactured. This lens identification code may be a unique lens identification code which is representative of the specific type of contact lens. Or to say it in other words, the unique lens identification code is always the same for the same type of contact lens. The manufacturing module may be configured to assign to each lens a said unique lens identification code. One option to apply such unique lens identification code to the contact lens is a printing station, in particular an inkjet printing station. For example, the manufacturing module may comprise molds for molding the contact lenses and a printing station, in particular an inkjet printing station, which may apply the unique lens identification code to one or both of the (male and female) molds used to manufacture the respective contact lens. The lens-forming material is then dispensed in the molds and the inkjet code printed to the mold or the molds is then transferred to the respective contact lens formed. Inks suitable for that purpose are known in the art. After transfer of the inkjet code from the mold to the lens, the molds are cleaned and dried and a new lens identification code is printed on the mold in the next production cycle. Alternatively, the manufacturing module comprises molds permanently carrying the unique lens identification code as elevations formed on a molding surface of one or both of the molds used to form the respective contact lens. For example, one portion of the unique lens identification code may be formed on a molding surface of the male mold while another portion of the unique lens identification code may be formed on a molding surface of the female mold. In accordance with an important aspect of the production line according to the invention, the manufacturing stations of the manufacturing module comprise a mold changing station. This mold changing station of the manufacturing module allows for a mold exchange, i.e. it allows for a removal of a mold from its mounting site on the frame of a lens mold carrier and for mounting of a different mold to the frame of the lens mold carrier at the said mounting site, and the said exchange can be performed while the lens mold carrier remains on the production line. A different mold in this regard is to be understood such that the different mold which is mounted to the frame of the lens mold carrier at the said mounting site is different in at least one geometrical property (for example the base curve radius or the front curve radius, depending on whether it is a male mold or a female mold) from the mold removed from the frame of the lens mold carrier at the said mounting site. A line clearance, i.e. a complete interruption of the production line, removal of all lens mold carriers from the production line in order to be able to subsequently place new lens mold carriers on the production line carrying different molds, is no longer required to perform the change. Since the mold exchange station is one of the stations of the manufacturing module which are arranged in the closed loop, it is possible to perform the exchange of the mold while production keeps on running. It is thus possible to start production of a new lot of contact lenses without the need to interrupt production (“lot change on the fly”), thus leading to a high increase in flexibility and production efficiency. Only by way of example, let us assume that the lens mold carriers described further above are used each comprising the frame having the fourteen mounting sites, and that for each of the lens mold carriers transported through the manufacturing stations of the manufacturing module at the same mounting site the same type of mold (i.e. male or female) is mounted to the frame. If a lot change is to be performed, in the mold changing station the mold mounted to the frame of the respective lens mold carrier at let us say mounting site number one is removed from the frame of the respective lens mold carrier and a new mold is mounted to the frame at the said mounting site number one instead. Once the next lens mold carrier enters the mold changing station, the same exchange operation is performed at mounting site number one of the next lens mold carrier, and so on, until the molds at mounting site number one of all lens mold carriers transported through the manufacturing module have been exchanged (although for lots smaller than the total number of lens mold carriers transported through the manufacturing module even that is not necessary). The lot change is then completed. Production of the new lot of lenses already starts once the first lens mold carrier having the new mold mounted to the carrier at mounting site number one reaches a dosing station arranged downstream of the mold changing station where a lens forming material is dosed into the mold. Since all subsequent lens mold carriers reaching the dispensing station have the same new mold arranged at mounting site number one, too, production of the new lot of lenses is continued until the next mold exchange is performed at mounting site number one. It goes without saying that the mold exchange described above at mounting site number one of a lens mold carrier has been described by way of example only. It is of course also possible to change the molds at any other mounting site of the lens mold carrier. Also, it is possible to exchange the molds at different mounting sites of a lens mold carrier at the same time, for example it is possible to exchange the molds at mounting sites number one and three at the same time. In the extreme, it is even possible to exchange the molds at each of the fourteen mounting locations at the same time, meaning that production of fourteen new lots of lenses is started at the same time. Alternatively, instead of performing a lot change on the fly in the mold changing station by exchanging a mold (i.e. by removing a mold from the frame at a particular mounting site and mounting a new mold at the said particular mounting site), it is also possible to perform a lot change on the fly by changing the rotational position of the mold (in case the mold is not rotationally symmetrical as this is the case e.g. in the production of toric lenses). Change of the rotational position of the mold means, that the mold is not removed from its mounting site on the frame of the lens mold carrier but that the mold is only rotated while it remains mounted to the frame of the lens mold carrier. And although the mold is not exchanged, due to the mold not being rotationally symmetrical a new lot of lenses is produced after rotation of the mold. This can be easily understood when glancing at toric lenses. For toric lenses, the two main axes of the toric lenses are typically arranged perpendicular relative to each other. If this arrangement of the two main axes is angularly rotated (by rotating the mold) a different toric lens is produced as the arrangement of the two main axes is different after rotation (new toric axis setting). Also, it is again possible to change the toric axis setting of two or more molds at different mounting sites at the same time, similar to what is discussed above with reference to the mold exchange. Of course, combinations of mold exchange and changes in rotational position (toric axis setting) can be performed, i.e. a new mold may be mounted to the frame at a particular mounting site with the toric axis setting being different from the toric axis setting of the mold that has been exchanged. Also, this can be performed at different mounting sites of the lens mold carrier at the same time. As is evident, a lot change on the fly can be performed either by exchanging a male mold in a male mold exchange station, or by exchanging a female mold in a female mold exchange station, or both. Toric axis setting (i.e. rotation of the male or female mold) can be performed in a toric axis setting station. In each case in which a new lot of contact lenses is started, a lens identification code which is indicative of the respective new type of contact lens manufactured is applied to the respective contact lenses, be it in form of a code that is printed onto the molds such as an inkjet code or be it in form of a permanent code which is present on the molds. The respective code is then read from the contact lens manufactured in order to detect the type of contact lens as described above. For example, in case a lot change on the fly has been performed the production line knows when the first contact lens of the new lot is expected to arrive at the lens detection station. In case the lens detection station then actually detects the contact lens to be of the type of the new lot of contact lenses, the lot change on the fly has been successfully performed. This is particularly advantageous for the production of smaller lots of contact lenses, since downtime of the production line can thus be completely avoided. In principle, this allows for a maximum number of lots concurrently manufactured by the production line which corresponds to the number of lens mold carriers times the number of mounting sites per lens mold carrier. In case the contact lenses manufactured are made of a material which must be extracted and/or coated before the contact lenses can be worn on the eye (e.g. soft contact lenses made from a silicone hydrogel material), the production line may comprise an extraction and treatment module for the extraction and treatment of the contact lenses manufactured in the manufacturing module. For example, solvents and non-polymerized and/or non-crosslinked lens forming material as well as other unwanted substances can be extracted from the manufactured contact lenses in one or more extraction baths of the extraction and treatment module, whereupon a coating can be applied to the extracted contact lenses in one or more coating baths of the extraction and treatment module in order to increase the lubricity of the contact lenses (or contact lens surfaces).

11291142

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure relates to a computer server rack and more particularly, a computer server rack system that can be used to efficiently direct air flow to electric equipment such as servers and other network devices for dissipation of heat. BACKGROUND Existing rack-mount server systems include a server rack and a plurality of server units received in the server rack. Typically each of the server units is mounted to the server rack with a pair of mounting brackets or rails respectively fixed to the inside surface of opposite sidewalls of a server rack. There have been numerous efforts to direct air and other fluids to electronic equipment to aid in heat dissipation. SUMMARY The server rack according to the invention includes a frame that includes hollow tubular support posts on the front sides and rear sides of the device. Between the front and rear posts are forward side panels and rearward side panels. The panels receive a complement of cartridges that have valve members to control the flow of air from a rear cavity though passages in the cartridges, through the rail and into servers. A plurality of side rails for receiving servers are attached to the front and rear posts. The rails have passages through the sidewalls that correspond with passages provided on the sidewalls of the servers. In a preferred embodiment, air conditioned air is introduced to forward side panels through passages provided on the upper and lower surfaces. Next, air travels from the forward panel, though one or more passages that is provided through a cartridge member, and then, into a front section of a server through a passage that is provided on the lateral sidewall of the server. Air travels through the server from the front section of the server to a rear section and then exits through a passage in the lateral sidewall to a cartridge that is provided in a rear panel. Next the air is returned to the air conditioner unit for recirculation. In an embodiment the sever rack is approximately 6 feet tall and designed to accommodate forty-two server units in 4.445 cm (1.75 inch) increments. Rail members are provided at each unit segment on the side panels and support a server. In embodiments further discussed below, passages through the cartridges have at least one valve member that can be individually electromechanically or manually controlled. When no server is provided in a specific rack unit, or when the temperature is otherwise adequately controlled in a particular server unit, the aperture may be closed. In embodiments, a controller automatically opens or closes valve members provide in cartridges in response to a signal from a thermometer. As such, it should be appreciated that the valves or passages can be opened and closed variably for each server depending on the cooling needs for the server. Further, as discussed herein, the degree of air flow through the aperture can be controlled using a damper or weir arrangement. Therefore, in embodiments, a local controller is provided and can receive input information from thermometers reading the temperatures of the servers and can adjust the opening and closing valve apertures accordingly. Alternatively the dampers may be manually adjusted. In yet further embodiments a central controller receives signals from a plurality of server racks. Each of the openings on the post is provided with a releasable seal to block flow depending on the particular configuration of servers. In embodiments, flexible manifolds extend from the posts to direct the fluid to and from access areas provided on the servers. While the preferred embodiment contemplates the use of air flow, in embodiments the frame is configured to receive a liquid and the posts and manifold direct fluid to heat exchange elements that engaged the respective servers. In yet further embodiments the rack is configured to allow both liquid flow and air flow. These aspects of the invention are not meant to be exclusive. Furthermore, some features may apply to certain versions of the invention, but not others. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art when read in conjunction with the following description, and accompanying drawings.

11333141

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 or § 120 to Austrian application Serial. No. GM 50122/2016 filed Jul. 6, 2016, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a cylinder head cover for a coolant compressor comprising an electric drive unit, a cylinder housing with a cylinder head arrangement, a crankshaft drivable by the electric drive unit, and a piston driven by the crankshaft, guided in the cylinder housing and compressing the coolant, wherein the cylinder head cover is attachable to the cylinder head arrangement in order to form a hollow space for receiving a coolant compressed by the piston, wherein the cylinder head arrangement comprises a valve plate attached to the cylinder housing and having an outlet opening and an outlet valve, which closes the outlet opening in cycles and consists of a valve spring and a stop plate for delimiting an opening movement of the valve spring, and a coolant compressor and a compressor family with coolant compressors with a different cooling capacity. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Coolant compressors, particularly hermetically encapsulated coolant compressors, have been known for a long time and are predominantly used in refrigerators and refrigerated shelves. The coolant process as such has also been known for a long time. A coolant is heated and subsequently overheated in an evaporator through energy absorption from the space to be cooled, and by means of the coolant compressor, also called refrigerant compressor, it is translationally pumped by a piston, moving in a cylinder housing, to a higher pressure level, where the coolant gives off heat via a condenser, and via a throttle, in which a pressure reduction and a cooling of the coolant takes place, it is transported back into the evaporator. The movement of the piston is realized via a crankshaft driven by the electric drive unit. Depending on the requirements, such coolant compressors are provided with different cooling capacities. The cooling capacity of a coolant compressor is determined by the electric drive unit to be used, for example, the power of an electric motor. However, the displacement of the cylinder housing, the size of the piston, and the stroke itself are also essential for determining the cooling capacity because the quantity of the coolant condensable in one compression stroke is determined via the geometric relationships. In order to close the compression space of the cylinder housing, i.e. the cylinder itself, a cylinder head arrangement is attached to the cylinder housing, wherein the cylinder head arrangement comprises a valve plate, having an outlet opening and a suction opening, and a cylinder head cover which forms a hollow space with the valve plate for receiving the compressed coolant. During the suction stroke, the outlet opening in the valve plate is closed by a valve spring which is arranged on the side of the valve plate facing the cylinder head cover. During the compression stroke, the dynamic pressure on the valve spring increases until it opens in a defined crank angle range in order to allow for the transfer of the compressed coolant into the hollow space in the cylinder head cover or into the pressure section. The dynamic pressures acting on the valve spring, which vary depending on the design of the coolant compressor, accelerate the valve spring during the opening process. In order to delimit the opening movement of the valve spring, thus preventing an overloading of the valve spring, the cylinder head arrangement comprises a stop plate which predetermines the position of the valve spring in an open position by its shape and positioning. In other words, in the opening position, the valve spring bears against the stop plate, and so a further opening movement of the valve spring is prevented by the stop plate. By determining the open position of the valve spring by means of the stop plate, it can further be prevented that the valve spring opens too far, resulting in a return flow, the so-called backflow, of the coolant from the hollow space into the cylinder housing during the closing movement of the valve spring. Usually, the stop plate is supported by the inner side of the cylinder head cover in order to absorb the force applied by the valve spring. The stop plate and the valve spring form an outlet valve, wherein the dimensioning of the outlet valve depends on the displacement of the coolant compressor and the mass flow transferring into the hollow space during the exhaust stroke. For example, EP 0 437 314 A1 discloses a cylinder head for a coolant compressor, wherein the outlet valve comprises a diaphragm valve and an auxiliary diaphragm valve. The diaphragm valve and the auxiliary diaphragm valve have different elastic modules. The cylinder head cover comprises a stop element with a stop surface for the diaphragm valves, said stop element extending in the direction of the diaphragm valves, and so the diaphragm valves bear against the stop surface during an open position. WO 2007/037239 A1 shows a cylinder head with a valve plate, wherein a stop element having recesses is formed by the cylinder head cover, and so the valve spring has different spring rigidities, which depend on the stop element recess that the valve spring bears against. However, the prior art has the disadvantage that for different coolant compressors of a compressor family, which essentially have the same structure but differ with regard to cooling capacity and/or displacement, each cylinder head arrangement has an outlet valve adjusted specifically to the cooling capacity, the displacement, and the mass flow of the cooling compressor. The different outlet valves each comprise differently designed stop plates which delimit the opening movement of the valve spring in different positions. As a result, a cylinder head cover adjusted to the corresponding stop plate must be installed on the cylinder head arrangement in order to be able to correctly adjust the opening position of the valve spring for operation, or to adjust the opening movement of the valve spring to the requirements of the cooling compressor and to determine the position of the stop plate of the outlet valve. Therefore, in an assembly line, a specifically designed outlet valve with a corresponding stop plate and a cylinder head cover also designed specifically for each compressor type must be provided, which requires high manufacturing costs for the production of the different components and increases the installation costs because different movements for manipulation are required. PROBLEM ADDRESSED BY THE INVENTION Therefore, the problem addressed by the invention is that of overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art and proposing a cylinder head cover of a coolant compressor which can be produced and installed more cost-efficiently but ensures a secure support of the stop plate. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This problem is solved in a cylinder head cover according to the invention for a coolant compressor comprising an electric drive unit, a cylinder housing with a cylinder head arrangement, a crankshaft drivable by the electric drive unit, and a piston driven by the crankshaft, guided in the cylinder housing and compressing the coolant, wherein the cylinder head cover is attachable to the cylinder head arrangement in order to form a hollow space for receiving a coolant compressed by the piston, wherein the cylinder head arrangement comprises a valve plate attached to the cylinder housing with an outlet opening and an outlet valve, which closes the outlet opening in cycles and consists of a valve spring and a stop plate for delimiting an opening movement of the valve spring, characterized in that the cylinder head cover comprises at least two contact surfaces for supporting the stop plates of different outlet valves in order to allow for different opening positions of the valve springs of the different outlet valves. The design of the cylinder head cover according to the invention makes it possible to use one single cylinder head cover for a multiplicity of different coolant compressors because each of the different contact surfaces of the cylinder head cover is provided for one specific stop plate. As a result, the opening movement of the valve spring can be delimited in a defined position by means of a stop plate of an outlet valve which bears against one of the contact surfaces. Since at least two contact surfaces are provided, the opening movement of valve springs of different outlet valves can be delimited differently and thus be adjusted to different cooling capacities of the coolant compressor. Each of the contact surfaces is provided for one stop plate, and so different opening positions for the valve springs of the different outlet valves are adjustable by the stop plate contacting the corresponding contact surface provided for that purpose. For example, if four contact surfaces are provided, the cylinder head cover can be used for at least four different coolant compressors or coolant compressor types, wherein each of the coolant compressors has a different outlet valve. The contact surfaces are adjusted to the corresponding dimensions of the stop plates of the different outlet valves, and so four different opening positions of the valve spring of the different outlet valves are adjustable with only one cylinder head cover. However, at least two contact surfaces are required in order to be able to use the cylinder head cover for more than one cooling capacity or for more than one coolant compressor type. Due to the contact surfaces, which predetermine the position of the correspondingly assigned stop plates, the opening movement of the valve spring can thus be adjusted to the piston displacement of the piston or the resulting mass flow. It goes without saying that each cylinder head arrangement has only one outlet valve, and thus never more than only one stop plate bearing against a contact surface is arranged in a coolant compressor. An embodiment of the invention provides that the cylinder head cover has a support element which forms the contact surfaces, and two adjacent contact surfaces are formed by one, preferably stepped, recess of the support element. The support element, for example, can, in a one-piece design, be a bulge of the cylinder head cover, and in a multi-piece design, it can be an element, such as a pin, fastened in the cylinder head cover in a form-locking and/or force-locking manner. By means of the support element, the distance between a sealing surface of the cylinder head cover and the contact surfaces can be reduced, or the stop plate can be supported by the contact surface of the support element which is closer to the sealing surface. The arrangement of all contact surfaces on a common support element allows for the simple production of the contact surfaces because they can be manufactured in a single process; for example, the steps can be milled. Due to the step shape, the contact surfaces can furthermore be adjusted in a simple manner to the provided opening position of the stop plate. A further embodiment of the invention provides that the cylinder head cover comprises a continuous sealing surface for sealing the hollow space delimited by the valve plate, and that the contact surfaces are arranged at a varying standard distance from the sealing surface. As a rule, the sealing surface is designed to be flat, and in the operating state, it bears against the valve plate, wherein a sealing element, for example, a flat seal made of plastic or paper, is usually arranged between the sealing surface and the valve plate. In a preferred embodiment, the sealing surface can have a, preferably continuous, bulge in order to secure the sealing element and prevent that the sealing element is pushed out during operation. When the sealing element has a small thickness, for example, smaller than 0.25 mm, particularly smaller than 0.10 mm, the distance between the sealing surface and the contact surfaces is essentially equal to the distance between the contact surfaces and the valve plate in the operating state. However, when the thickness of the sealing means is not negligible, for example, is greater than 0.25 mm, lies particularly between 0.5 mm and 1 mm, for example, at 0.76 mm, the thickness of the sealing means must be taken into account for the dimensioning of the contact surfaces. For example, the opening height of the valve spring can be increased or reduced with the selection of a sealing means with corresponding thickness. Due to the different distances of the contact surfaces from the sealing surface, different positions for different stop plates can be determined in a particularly simple manner. The geometry of the stop plate can also be simplified because the opening positions of the valve spring are predetermined to the greatest extent due to the exact definition of the contact surface in combination with the geometry of the stop plate. As a rule, the standard distance is measured parallel to the normal vector of the sealing surface. The standard distance lies between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, preferably between 3 mm and 7 mm, particularly preferably between 4 mm and 6 mm, particularly 5 mm +/−0.5 mm. In other words, the standard distances of the contact surfaces are selected such that in the opening position of the valve spring, which is defined by the corresponding contact surface, the opening height, measured along a longitudinal axis of the outlet opening between the valve plate and the valve spring, lies between 0.8 mm and 3.0 mm, preferably between 1.0 mm and 2.8 mm, particularly preferably between 1.2 mm and 2.6 mm, particularly between 1.6 mm and 1.8 mm. In case of two contact surfaces, a combination, for example, of 0.8 mm and 2.4 mm or 0.9 mm and 2.2 mm or 1.0 mm and 1.8 mm opening height is conceivable, to mention but a few possibilities. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the height difference between the contact surface arranged closest to the sealing surface and the contact surface arranged furthest from the sealing surface lies in a range between 0.2 mm and 2.6 mm, preferably between 0.4 mm and 2.0 mm, particularly preferably between 0.6 mm and 1.6 mm, particularly between 0.8 mm and 1.2 mm. Therefore, values, such as 1 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.8 mm, 2.2 mm, or 2.4 mm are conceivable. With the two maximum values, the largest opening position of the valve spring and the smallest opening position of the valve spring are determined, which, among others, correspond to the largest and the smallest displacement of a coolant compressor of the compressor family or the speed of the coolant compressor of the compressor family. The height difference is also measured as the standard distance. Unless the contact surfaces are arranged parallel to the sealing surface, the measurements refer to the edge of the step. It has become apparent that with a height difference in the range between 0.2 mm and 2.6 mm, different outlet valves for coolant compressors with displacements between 15 cm3and 21 cm3with a structurally identical cylinder head cover can be supported. In order to allow for a particularly fine balancing of the contact surfaces, a further embodiment of the invention provides that the height difference between two adjacent contact surfaces lies between 0.2 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.4 mm and 1.6 mm, particularly between 0.6 mm and 1 mm. Therefore, values, such as 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, or 1.8 mm are conceivable. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the contact surfaces are designed to be curved and preferably adjusted to the shape of the stop plates of different outlet valves. As a result, the supporting effect of the contact surfaces on the stop plates can be increased because, as a rule, the stop plates are curved, when in the operating state. Due to the curved design of the contact surfaces, the deformation of the stop plate by the contact surface is reduced, while the surface, on which the stop plate bears against the contact surface, is simultaneously enlarged according to amount. However, the production of the contact surfaces is particularly simple and economical, when they are aligned parallel. The production can be further simplified, when the contact surfaces are designed to be flat and are also aligned parallel to the sealing surface. According to a further preferred embodiment, it is thus provided that the contact surfaces are aligned parallel to one another, and preferably parallel to the sealing surface. Due to the parallel arrangement of the contact surfaces, the effective standard distance is impervious to the positioning accuracy of the stop plate. A particularly preferred embodiment provides that the support element comprises a first and a second contact surface, wherein the first contact surface is designed to support the stop plate of a first cutlet valve in order to adjust a first opening position of the valve spring of the first outlet valve, and wherein the second contact surface is designed to support the stop plate of an alternative outlet valve in order to adjust an alternative opening position of the valve spring of the alternative outlet valve. With a thus designed cylinder had cover, two different outlet valves for at least two different coolant compressors can be secured in a simple manner. The invention also relates to a coolant compressor having an electric drive unit, a cylinder housing, a crankshaft drivable by the electric drive unit, and a piston driven by the crankshaft, guided in the cylinder housing and compressing the coolant, wherein a cylinder head arrangement with a valve plate, which comprises an outlet opening, and an outlet valve is fastened to the cylinder housing, wherein the outlet valve comprises a valve spring, which closes the outlet opening in cycles, and a stop plate arranged on the valve plate for delimiting the opening movement of the valve spring, and a cylinder head cover, which supports the stop plate, is fastened to the cylinder head arrangement. The design of the cylinder head cover according to the invention allows for a flexible use of structurally identical cylinder head covers in a plurality of different coolant compressors or coolant compressor types with different outlet valves. Since the contact surfaces are adjusted to the different outlet valves, the stop plate of the outlet valve installed in the coolant compressor is supported by precisely one contact surface, namely the one provided for that purpose, while the remaining contact surfaces are not assigned. The engaged contact surface differs, depending on the coolant compressor or type of coolant compressor that the cylinder head cover is attached to. During installation, no verification is required: If the correct outlet valve is preinstalled on the valve plate, it automatically engages with the matching contact surface. In a further embodiment of the coolant compressor according to the invention, it is provided that the stop plate comprises a fastening section attached to the valve plate and a, preferably curved, free section for delimiting the opening movement of the valve spring, wherein an end portion of the free section bears against one of the contact surfaces. Usually, the fastening section is riveted to the valve plate while the free section is designed to be curved in order to form the bending line of the valve spring, and so, in the opening position in the area of the projection of the outlet opening, it can bear against the free section with its entire surface. A further embodiment provides that the stop plate is pre-stressed between the corresponding contact surface and the valve plate. When the cylinder head cover is attached to the cylinder housing, the stop plate is pushed in the direction of the valve plate and is thus pre-stressed, when in the operating state. As a result, the production tolerances of the stop plate are compensated, and the stability of the stop plate attached in the cylinder head is increased during operation. According to a further embodiment of the coolant compressor according to the invention, it is provided that the contact surface with the shortest distance from the longitudinal axis of the outlet opening in radial direction is arranged at a first standard distance from the valve plate, and the standard distances of the remaining contact surfaces are reduced from contact surface to contact surface, the further away they are from the longitudinal axis. In order to adjust the opening position of the different valve springs, it is particularly advantageous, when the contact surfaces have different standard distances to the valve plate. As a result, the geometry of the stop plate can be kept particularly simple. In terms of the outlet opening, which is closed and released by the valve spring in cycles, the fastening section of the stop plate, which also corresponds to the fastening section of the valve spring, is arranged on one side of the outlet opening, and the contact surfaces are arranged on the opposite of the outlet opening. With increasing distance of the contact surfaces from the longitudinal axis of the outlet opening (and thus from the fastening section), the standard distance between the respective contact surface and the valve plate decreases, and so the first contact surface arranged in radial direction closest to the longitudinal axis has the greatest standard distance. As a result, an opening position of the valve spring can be adjusted to a great opening height via the first contact surface by means of the stop plate, while the subsequent contact surfaces, each allow for, preferably stepped, smaller opening heights. Correspondingly, the contact surface furthest away from the longitudinal axis has the smallest standard distance and thus allows for the smallest opening height of the valve spring. In other words, due to the contact surfaces arranged at different standard distances, only the length of the stop plates of the different outlet valves has to be changed in order to achieve that the end portion of the free section of the stop plate bears against the correct contact surface. A preferred embodiment of the coolant compressor according to the invention provides that the contact surfaces are arranged relative to the valve plate, preferably at different standard distances, such that an opening height of the valve spring in the opening position defined by the corresponding contact surface lies between 0.8 mm and 3.0 mm, preferably between 1.0 mm and 2.8 mm, particularly preferably between 1.2 mm and 2.6 mm, particularly between 1.6 mm and 1.8 mm, wherein the opening height of the valve spring is defined as the maximum distance between the valve plate and the valve spring, measured along a longitudinal axis of the outlet opening. The opening height of the valve springs is a relevant frame size and dimensioning size in the field of coolant compressors. However, depending on the design of the cylinder head cover, the standard distances can vary greatly. However, the opening height is the relevant variable predetermined for the proper operation of the coolant compressor. With the appropriate spacing of the respective contact surfaces from the valve plate, it is thus possible to define an opening height of a valve spring which lies in the range between 0.8 mm and 3 mm. If two contact surfaces are provided on the cylinder head cover, a first contact surface is arranged such, for example, that the opening height of the valve spring is 1.0 mm in the opening position, and a second contact surface is arranged such that the opening position of the valve spring is 1.8 mm. Correspondingly, for example, combinations of 1.0 mm and 2.8 mm, of 1.2 mm and 2.6 mm, of 1.6 mm and 2.4 mm, or any other combination are possible. The initial problem addressed is also solved by a compressor family with coolant compressors according to the invention, having a different cooling capacity due to different displacements, wherein, depending on the displacement of the piston, a different outlet valve is attached to the valve plate, wherein a cylinder head cover according to the invention supports the stop plate of the outlet valve on one of the contact surfaces, and so structurally identical cylinder head covers can be used for the entire compressor family. As initially described, the coolant compressors of a compressor family differ, for example, with regard to differently strong drive units or displacements, wherein the cylinder head arrangements generally only differ with regard to different outlet valves, wherein, however, the fastening section for the cylinder head cover is designed analogously. Due to the use of a cylinder head cover according to the invention, coolant compressors of the compressor family with cylinder head arrangements comprising different outlet valves can now be closed and sealed by means of structurally identical cylinder head covers. The installation is particularly simple because the contact surfaces of the cylinder head cover are adjusted to the stop plates of the different outlet valves. For example, one of the contact surfaces is designed for the stop plate of a first outlet valve, which determines a first opening position of the valve spring; a further contact surface is designed for a stop plate of a second outlet valve, which determines a second opening position of the valve spring which differs from the first opening position. The number of different contact surfaces depends on the different properties of the coolant compressors of the compressor family, depending on how many compressor types require a different opening position of the valve spring, and on the installation space available in the cylinder head cover because each contact surface must have a predetermined minimum size in order to be able to fulfill the support function and, if applicable, the clamping function. A further embodiment of the invention provides that the lengths of the free sections of the stop plates of the different outlet valves differ from one another. A different curvature of the stop plates, preferably adjusted to the opening position of the valve spring, i.e. following the bending line of the valve spring, can also be provided. In particular, when the contact surfaces are arranged at different distances to the longitudinal axis of the outlet opening, and the individual contact surfaces are arranged at different standard distances from the valve plate, the opening position of the valve spring can be adjusted solely by means of the length of the free section of the stop plate if they are adjusted to the different positions of the contact surfaces. The stop plates protrude in an oblique or curved manner from the valve plate and with their end portion contact the contact surface assigned to the outlet valve. When the cylinder head cover is installed on the cylinder housing, the cylinder head cover advantageously pushes the free section of the stop plate in the direction of the valve plate and puts the stop plate under prestress, wherein the stop plate is thus moved to its end position. The individual elements, i.e. cylinder head cover with contact surfaces and stop plates, are easily produced and installed particularly easily and cost efficiently.

11498930

The present application is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/CN2019/074685 filed on Feb. 3, 2019, which claims the priority of Chinese Patent Application CN201810144135.3 filed on Feb. 13, 2018 and the priority of Chinese Patent Application CN201810692211.4 filed on Jun. 29, 2018. The entire disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure discloses a pyrimidine-fused compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a prodrug thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a solvate thereof or an isotope-labeled compound thereof. The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing the compound and an intermediate compound thereof, a composition comprising the compound, and a use of the compound in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease or condition associated with abnormal activity of SHP2. BACKGROUND ART Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is composed of two N-terminal Src homology 2 domains (N—SH2 and C—SH2) and a protein tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domain (PTP). In the basic state, N—SH2 can bind to PTP to form a ring structure, thereby hindering the binding of PTP to the substrate, so that the catalytic activity of the enzyme is inhibited. When the tyrosine of the upstream receptor protein is phosphorylated, N—SH2 binds to it and the PTP catalytic domain is released to exert phosphatase activity. At the cellular level, SHP2 participates in diverse tumor cell signaling pathways, e.g., RTK/Ras/MAPK, JAK/STAT, and PI3K/Akt, through its functional role in the cytoplasmic downstream of many receptor tyrosine kinases. Through the regulation of these kinases and signaling pathways, SHP2 is closely related to many important cell life activities, e.g., cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, death, cytokine regulation, and tumorigenesis. In addition, SHP2 is also involved in the immune system suppression mediated by programmed death receptor 1 (PD1). After PD-1 binds to PD-L1 of T cells, a large amount of SHP2 can be recruited in the cells. SHP2 can dephosphorylate antigen receptor pathway proteins in T cells, thereby inhibiting T cell activation. Therefore, the inhibition of the SHP2 activity can reverse immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. SHP2 is an important member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family and is associated with various human diseases, e.g., Noonan syndrome, Leopard syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, head cancer, neuroblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, gastric cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and glioblastoma. A series of patents have been published recently, e.g., WO2018/013597A1, WO2017/210134A1, WO2017/211303A1, WO2017/216706A1, WO2016/203406A1, WO2016/203405A1, WO2016/203404A1, WO2015/107495A1, WO2015/107494A1, and WO2015/107493A1, indicating that SHP2 as a novel druggable target has attracted more and more attention. There are two main strategies in the development of SHP2 inhibitors, one of which aims at developing inhibitors for the PTP catalytic domain of SHP2 and the other aims at developing allosteric inhibitors for the non-catalytic domain of SHP2. Due to poor selectivity and druggability of PTP catalytic region inhibitors, more research currently focuses on the development of allosteric inhibitors. All of the above patents relate to allosteric inhibitors, but most of which have low inhibitory activity on tumor cells, e.g., the compound SHP099 (6-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-amine) disclosed in WO2015/107493A1. There is a need to further develop a SHP2 inhibitor with novel structure, good biological activity and high druggability. Content of the Disclosure The pyrimidine-fused compound of the present disclosure is a novel class of SHP2 inhibitor, which exhibits good inhibitory activity on tumor cells and good druggability, and has broad prospects in drug development. Moreover, the preparation method of such compound is simple, which is beneficial to industrial production. In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, a prodrug thereof, a stereoisomer thereof or a solvate thereof, wherein, Z1and Z2are both CH; or, one of Z1and Z2is N, and the other is CH; X is independently S or absent; Y is independently C or N; n is independently 0, 1 or 2; R1is independently phenyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, naphthyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteronaphthyl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, benzoheterocyclyl unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)mand substituted by zero to four R1a, C1-8alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, or C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c; wherein m is 0, 1 or 2; R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; when Y is N, then R4is independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; and R5is absent; when Y is C, then R4and R5are independently hydrogen, aryl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, —O—C1-4alkyl, amino, amino substituted by C1-4alkyl or amino substituted by —O—C1-4alkyl, or R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro ring substituted by zero to three R4a, wherein the ring optionally contains one to three heteroatoms or groups independently selected from N, C(═O) and/or O; or, R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4aor 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a; in the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, the heteroatom is selected from one or more of N, O and S, and the number of the heteroatom is 1-3; or, any two adjacent groups of R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5, together with the carbon atom and Y to which they are attached, form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a; in the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, the heteroatom is selected from one or more of N, O and S, and the number of the heteroatom is 1-3; R1ais independently halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, trifluoromethyl, —C(═O)OR1a2, —NR1a2R1a3, —NHC(═O)R1a4, or C3-8cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1al; R1bis independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R1cis independently hydrogen, —C(═O)OR1a2, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R4ais independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, hydroxyl, amino or C1-4alkylamino; R1a1is independently halogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a2and R1a3are independently hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a4is independently C1-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, —NHC(═O)H substituted by one or two R1a1, —C(═O)NH2substituted by one or two R1a1, amide, C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl, or, substituted C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl; the substituent in the substituted C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl is independently one or more substituents selected from R1a1, —OH and ═O; when there are multiple substituents, then the substituents are the same or different. In the present disclosure, some substituents in the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) can be defined as follows, and the definitions of unmentioned substituents are as defined in any of the embodiments. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) according to the present disclosure, Z1and Z2are both C, or one of them is N; X is independently S or absent; Y is independently C or N; n is independently 0, 1 or 2; R1is independently phenyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, naphthyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteronaphthyl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, benzoheterocyclyl unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)metc., and substituted by zero to four R1a, C1-8alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, or C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c; wherein m is 0, 1 or 2; R1ais independently halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, trifluoromethyl, C(═O)OR1a2, NR1a2R1a3, NHC(═O)R1a4, or C3-8cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R1a1is independently halogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a2and R1a3are independently hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a4is independently C1-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, amide, or C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl; R1bis independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1. R1cis independently hydrogen, —C(═O)OR1a2, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; when Y is N, then R4is independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; and R5is absent; when Y is C, then R4and R5are independently hydrogen, aryl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, —O—C1-4alkyl, amino, amino substituted by C1-4alkyl or amino substituted by —O—C1-4alkyl, or R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro ring substituted by zero to three R4a, wherein the ring optionally contains one to three heteroatoms or groups independently selected from N, C(═O) and/or O; R4ais independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, hydroxyl, amino or C1-4alkylamino. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) according to the present disclosure, Z1is C, Z2is N; or, Z1is N, Z2is C; X is independently S or absent; Y is independently C or N; n is independently 0, 1 or 2; R1is independently phenyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, naphthyl substituted by zero to four R1a, heteronaphthyl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1a, benzoheterocyclyl unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1a, heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)mand substituted by zero to four R1a, C1-8alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, or C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c; wherein m is 0, 1 or 2; R1ais independently halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, trifluoromethyl, C(═O)OR1a2, NR1a2R1a3, NHC(═O)R1a4, or C3-8cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R1a1is independently halogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a2and R1a3are independently hydrogen or C1-4alkyl; R1a4is independently C1-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, amide, or C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl; R1bis independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R1cis independently hydrogen, —C(═O)OR1a2, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; when Y is N, then R4is independently hydrogen, or C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1; and R5is absent; when Y is C, then R4and R5are independently hydrogen, aryl, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, —O—C1-4alkyl, amino, amino substituted by C1-4alkyl or amino substituted by —O—C1-4alkyl; or R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro ring substituted by zero to three R4a, wherein the ring optionally contains one to three heteroatoms or groups independently selected from N, C(═O) and/or O; R4ais independently hydrogen, halogen, C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, hydroxyl, amino or C1-4alkylamino. In a preferable embodiment, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (II), In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, in the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) according to the present disclosure, Z1is C, Z2is N; or Z1is N, Z2is C. In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (III), In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (I-A), In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (II-A), In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (I-B), wherein R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (I-B), wherein R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form wherein p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In a preferable embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (II-B), wherein R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form In a preferable embodiment, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (I-C), In a preferable embodiment, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (III-C), In a preferable embodiment, the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is represent by formula (II-C), In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the phenyl substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the naphthyl substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a; the naphthyl is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a; is the heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms; the heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms is preferably pyridinyl pyrimidinyl pyrazinyl or pyridazinyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the heteronaphthyl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a; is heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms; the heteronaphthyl containing one to four nitrogen atoms is preferably quinolinyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the benzoheterocyclyl unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein G is independently selected from C, C(═O), N, S and O; o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1bare the same as R1a; is the benzoheterocyclyl; the benzoheterocyclyl is preferably 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl or indolinyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1ab0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a; is the fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms, wherein is heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms, and is heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)m; the fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms is preferably 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)mand substituted by zero to four R1ais wherein o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and the total number of R1aaand R1abis 0-4, the definitions of R1aaand R1abare the same as R1a; is heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)m; the heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NRb, O and S(O)mis preferably a heteroaryl containing one to three heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, O and S(O)m, more preferably imidazolyl thiazolyl oxazolyl thiadiazolyl or benzothiazolyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C1-8alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1cand C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, the C1-8alkyl in the C1-8alkyl and C1-8haloalkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl or octyl) can be independently C1-6alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, n-pentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, tert-amyl, n-hexyl or isohexyl), preferably ethyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, the halogen can be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c, the number of the halogen can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C1-4alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, the C1-4alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl; preferably methyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4and/or R5are aryl, then the aryl is C6-C10aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4and/or R5are C1-4alkyl, —O—C1-4alkyl, amino substituted by C1-4alkyl or amino substituted by —O—C1-4alkyl, then the C1-4alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4and/or R5are C1-4alkoxy, then the C1-4alkoxy can be methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy, n-butyloxy, isobutyloxy, sec-butyloxy or tert-butyloxy. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl) can be cyclobutyl cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl can be 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl; in the 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, the heteroatom is selected from one or more of N, O and S, and the number of the heteroatom is 1-2; preferably tetrahydrofuranyl or pyrrolidinyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when any two adjacent groups of R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5, together with the carbon atom and Y to which they are attached, form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl) can be cyclopentyl In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when one or more of R1a, R4aand R1a1is independently halogen, then the halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C1-4alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, the C1-4alkoxy can be methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy, n-butyloxy, isobutyloxy, sec-butyloxy or tert-butyloxy, preferably methyloxy. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C3-8cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1a1, the C3-8cycloalkyl can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, preferably cyclopropyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when one or more of R1a1, R1a2, R1a3and R1a4is independently C1-4alkyl, then the C1-4alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, preferably methyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when R4ais C1-4alkylamino, then the C1-4alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, the alkenyl can be C2-C10alkenyl, preferably C2-C6alkenyl; e.g., ethenyl, 1-propenyl, allyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, pent-1-enyl or pent-1,4-dienyl, preferably ethenyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the amide can be —C(═O)NH2or —NHC(═O)H. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl, the heteroatom is selected from one or more of N, O and S, and the number of the heteroatom is 1-4; preferably monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl, wherein the heteroatom is selected from one or more of N, O and S, and the number of the heteroatom is 1-2; In an embodiment of the present disclosure, in R4and R5, or, in R4a, the amino substituted by C1-4alkyl is NH(CH3). In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the —C(═O)OR1a2is —C(═O)OCH3. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the NR1a2R1a3is —NH2or N(CH3). In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the —C(═O)NH2substituted by two R1a1is —C(═O)N(CH3)2. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the substituted C3-12monocyclic or polycyclic heterocyclyl is In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the NHC(═O)R1a4is —NHC(═O)CH3or In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the phenyl substituted by zero to four R1ais In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and substituted by zero to four R1ais In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the fused heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms and unsubstituted or substituted by zero to four R1ais In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, NR1b, and S(O)mand substituted by zero to four R1ais In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the C1-8alkyl substituted by R1cis In an embodiment of the present disclosure, R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare independently hydrogen or methyl. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is N, then R4is independently hydrogen or methyl; and R5is absent; In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, amino, methylamino or ethylamino. In a preferable embodiment R1is selected from wherein, o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; ring A is heteroaryl containing one to four nitrogen atoms; ring B is heteroaryl containing one to four heteroatoms selected from N, S and O; G is independently selected from C, C(═O), N, S and O; R1aaand R1abare independently R1a; R1acis independently C1-8alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R or C1-8haloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by R1c. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, can be In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, and R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4ais In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, and R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4ais In a preferable embodiment, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein, p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; R4ais as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form In a preferable embodiment, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein, p and R4aare as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein, p and R4aare as defined above. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then R4and R5together with Y form wherein the is preferably In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is N, then can be or In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when any two adjacent groups of R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5, together with the carbon atom and Y to which they are attached, form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then the 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4is In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when any two adjacent groups of R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5, together with the carbon atom and Y to which they are attached, form 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, then can be In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, and R4and R5together with Y form 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4athen can be In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when Y is C, and R4and R5together with Y form 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by zero to three R4a, then can be In a preferred embodiment, the compound is selected from any of the following compounds: No.Compound structureCompound name11-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-amine21-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)piperidin-4-amine31-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-ethylpiperidin-4-amine4(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine58-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-5-(piperidin-1-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidine68-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-5-(3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1- yl)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine78-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine81-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine9(R)-1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)azepan-4-amine10(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)methanamine11(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine12(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanamine132-(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)ethan-1-amine14(R)-7-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-amine157-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-amine168-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-5-(1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan- 8-yl)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine17(7R)-2-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-2-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-7-amine18(R)-3-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-amine19(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine20(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine21(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4- amine22(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4- amine23(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine24(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine25(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-N-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine26(1R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-2-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine27(1R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine28(2R,4R)-4-amino-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-2-ol29(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine30(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4- amine318-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-1-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine32(R)-8-(8-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5- yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine33methyl (R)-3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)propionate34(R)-8-(8-(phenylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8- azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine35(R)-8-(8-((2-chlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine36(R)-8-(8-((3-chlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine37(R)-8-(8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine38(R)-8-(8-((2,4-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine39(R)-8-(8-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine40(R)-8-(8-((2,5-dichlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine41(R)-8-(8-((2-isopropylphenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine42(R)-8-(8-((2-methoxyphenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine43methyl (R)-2-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)benzoate44(R)-8-(8-((4-aminophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine45(R)-8-(8-((3-amino-2-chlorophenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine46(R)-N1-(3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-2-chlorophenyl)-N2,N2-di- methyloxalamide47(R)-N-(3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide48(R)-N-(3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy- 4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-3-carboxamide49(R)-N-(3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxy- 4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-3- carboxamide50(R)-8-(8-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine51(R)-N-(4-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)phenyl)acetamide52(R)-8-(8-(pyridin-2-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine53(R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine54(R)-8-(8-((3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine55(R)-8-(8-((3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine56(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-fluoropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine57(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methoxypyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine58(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyrimidin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine59(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine60(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-(dimethylamino)pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine61(R)-8-(8-((2-amino-5-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine62(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine63(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine64(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine65(R)-8-(8-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine66(R)-8-(8-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine67(R)-8-(8-((2-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine68(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine69(R)-8-(8-((2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine70(R)-8-(8-((3-chloropyridazin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine71(R)-8-(8-(pyridazin-3-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5- yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine72(R)-8-(8-(pyrazin-2-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine73(R)-8-(8-(benzo[d]thiazol-7-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine74(R)-8-(8-((1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-I)]pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine75(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine76(R)-8-(8-(naphthalen-1-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5- yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine77(R)-8-(8-(quinolin-4-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine78(R)-4-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)indoline-2,3-dione79(R)-5-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine80(R)-8-(8-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine81(R)-8-(8-(thiazol-2-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine82(R)-8-(8-(oxazol-2-ylthio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine834-((5-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-3-chloropyridin-2-amine84(1R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine85(1R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine86(1R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 1-amine87(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine88(S)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4- amine89(S)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine90(S)-8-(8-((6-amino-3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 4-amine91(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 4-amine92(3S,4S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine93(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2-amino-5-chloro-pyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine94(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine95(3S,4S)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decan-4-amine96(3S,4S)-8-(8-((6-amino-3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl) thio)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine97(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 1-amine98(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-difluoro-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-1-amine99(S)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decan-4-amine100(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo [1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decan-4-amine101(R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine102(S)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine103(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-3-chloro-2-methyl-pyridin-4-yl)thio) imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxa-8-azaspiro [4.5]decan-4-amine1048-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)imidazo[1,2- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-1-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine In another preferred embodiment, the compound is selected from any of the following compounds: No.Compound structureCompound name11-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-amine21-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)piperidin-4-amine3(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-4-phenylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine48-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-5-(3,5-dimethylpiperazin- 1-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine5(R)-1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)azepan-4-amine6(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)methanamine7(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methanamine82-(1-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)ethan-1-amine9(S)-7-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-7-azaspiro[3,5]nonan-1-amine107-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-amine118-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane12(4R)-2-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-4-amine13(R)-3-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-amine14(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine15(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine16(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine17(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-N-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine18(1R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-a- mine19(3R,4R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-4-amine20(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-4-amine218-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-4-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-a- mine221-(8-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin- 5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-amine23(R)-8-(8-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyri- midin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine24methyl (R)-3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)propionate25(R)-8-(8-(phenylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5- yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine26(R)-8-(8-((2-chlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine27(R)-8-(8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine28(R)-8-(8-((2,4-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine29(R)-8-(8-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine30(R)-8-(8-((2-isopropylphenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine31(R)-8-(8-((2-methoxyphenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine32methyl (R)-2-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)benzoate33(R)-8-(8-((4-aminophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine34(R)-8-(8-((3-amino-2-chlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine35(R)-N-(3-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-2-chlorophenyl)acryl- amide36(R)-N-(4-((5-(1-amino-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)phenyl)acetamide37(R)-8-(8-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimi- din-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine38(R)-8-(8-((3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine39(R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine40(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-a- mine41(R)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-(dimethylamino)pyridin-4-yl)thio)- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-1-amine42(R)-8-(8-((2-amino-5-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine43(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine44(R)-8-(8-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine45(R)-8-(8-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-a- mine46(R)-8-(8-(naphthalen-1-ylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyri- midin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine47(R)-8-(8-(quinolin-4-ylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimi- din-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine48(R)-8-(8-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazo- lo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine494-((5-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidin-8-yl)thio)-3-chloropyridin-2-amine50(1R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 1-amine51(1R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-1-amine52(1R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-1-amine53(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-a- mine54(S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 4-amine55(S)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-4-amine56(S)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 4-amine57(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tria- zolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5] decan-4-amine58(3S,4S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-4-amine59(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2-amino-5-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspi- ro[4.5]decan-4-amine60(3S,4S)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspi- ro[4.5]decan-4-amine61(3S,4S)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8- azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine62(3R,4S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-4-amine63(3R,4R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-4-amine641-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-amine651-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)azepan-4-amine663-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-3-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-amine67(S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-amine68(3R,4R)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-4-amine69(3R,4S)-8-(8-((2,3-dichlorophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidn-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]de- can-4-amine70(R)-8-(8-(phenylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5- yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine71(R)-8-(8-((4-aminophenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]py- rimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine72(R)-8-(8-((2-methoxyphenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine73(R)-8-(8-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo [1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine74(R)-8-(8-(pyridin-3-ylthio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimi- din-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine75(R)-8-(8-((2-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine76(R)-8-(8-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine77(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2-chloropyridin-3-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[1,5-c]pyrimdin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine78(R)-8-(8-((3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine79(R)-8-(8-((3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-a- mine80(R)-8-(8-((2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-amine81(R)-8-(8-((6-amino-2,3-dichloropyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1- amine82(S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4]tri- azolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan- 4-amine83(3S,4S)-8-(8-((3-chloro-2-methylpyridin-4-yl)thio)-[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)-3-methyl-2-oxa-8-aza- spiro[4.5]decan-4-amine In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof, or the solvate thereof. The atoms that can be labeled with isotopes in the compound represented by formula (I) include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine. They can be replaced by isotopes2H,3H,11C,13C,14C,15N,18F,31P,32P,35S,36Cl,125I and the like. The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) and an intermediate compound thereof, mainly including the following aspects. The present disclosure provides a preparation method of a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), which comprises any of the following schemes: scheme 1, which comprises a step of: conducting a coupling reaction of halogenated intermediate compound represented by formula A with compound F to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), and the reaction equation is shown below: wherein, when X is absent, then compound F is boronic acid, thiol or sodium thiolate of R1; when X is S, then compound F is thiol or sodium thiolate; W1is halogen; preferably, Br or I; X, Y, Z1, Z2, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3bb, R4and R5are as defined above; scheme 2, which comprises a step of: conducting a substitution reaction of an intermediate represented by formula B with an amine represented by formula C to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W2is halogen, preferably, Cl, Br or I; Z1, Z2, X, Y, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above; scheme 3 in the case the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-B), which comprises a step of removing the amino protecting group Pg from an intermediate represented by formula I-B1 to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-B) under acidic or basic condition, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, X, Z1, Z2, n, p, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5and R4aare as defined above; R4Pgand R5Pg, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form Pg is a protecting group selected from Boc, Ac and S(═O)tBu; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; scheme 4 in the case the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-C), which comprises a step of: conducting an amidation reaction of an intermediate represented by formula I-C1 to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-C), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, X, Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5, R1aand R1a4are as defined above; scheme 5 in the case the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-A), which comprises a step of: conducting a coupling reaction of sodium thiolate intermediate compound represented by formula D with a halogenated compound R1—W1to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I-A), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, Y, n, W1, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, when the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) is compound I-B, then the preparation method of compound I-B comprises a step of: removing the amino protecting group from an intermediate I-B1 under acidic or basic condition to obtain the compound I-B, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, X, Z1, Z2, n, p, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5and R4aare as defined above; Pg is a protecting group selected from Boc, Ac and S(═O)tBu; R4Pgand R5Pg, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form R4and R5together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form In a preferable embodiment, the preparation method of a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (III) comprises any of the following schemes: scheme 1, which comprises a step of: conducting a coupling reaction of a halogenated intermediate compound with F to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (III), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, F can be boronic acid, thiol or sodium thiolate; scheme 2, which comprises a step of: conducting an amidation reaction of an intermediate III-C1 to obtain a compound III-C, and the reaction equation is as shown below: In a preferable embodiment, the preparation method of a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (TI) comprises any of the following schemes: scheme 1, which comprises a step of: conducting a coupling reaction of a halogenated intermediate compound A-IT with F to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably, Br or I; X, Y, F, Z1, Z2, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above; scheme 2, which comprises a step of: conducting a substitution reaction of an intermediate B-II with an amine C to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W2is halogen, preferably, Cl, Br or I; X, Y, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above; scheme 3 in the case the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (II) is a pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (II-A), which comprises a step of: conducting a coupling reaction of the sodium thiolate intermediate compound D with a halogenated compound to obtain the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (II-A), and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, Y, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above; scheme 4, which comprises a step of: removing the amino protecting group form an intermediate II-B1 to obtain a compound II-B under acidic or basic condition, and the reaction equation is as shown wherein, Pg is a protecting group selected from Boc, Ac and S(═O)tBu; R4Pgand R5Pg, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form R4and R5, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form X, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5and R4aare as defined above; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; scheme 5, which comprises a step of: conducting an amidation reaction of an intermediate I-C1 to obtain a compound II-C, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, X, Y, n, R1, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5, R1aand R1a4are as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound A, wherein, W1is halogen, preferably, Br or I; R2, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4, R5, Y and n are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound A is represented by compound A-II, In a preferable embodiment, the compound A is represented by compound A-III, In a preferable embodiment, the compound A-II is selected from In a preferable embodiment, the compound A-III is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound represented by formula A, which comprises a step of: conducting a substitution reaction of a halogenated intermediate E with an intermediate amine C under basic condition to obtain the compound A, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably, Br or I; W2is halogen, preferably, Cl, Br or I; Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the preparation method of compound A-II comprises a step of: conducting a substitution reaction of a halogenated intermediate E-II with an intermediate amine C under basic condition to obtain the compound A-II, and the reaction equation is as shown below: In a preferable embodiment, the preparation method of compound A-III comprises a step of: conducting a substitution reaction of a halogenated intermediate E-III with an intermediate amine C under basic condition to obtain the compound A-III, and the reaction equation is as shown below: The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula C-1, wherein, U is independently C or O; q is 0, 1, or 2; Pg is a protective group selected from Boc, Ac and S(═O)tBu; n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, and R4aare as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound C-1 is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound C-1, which comprises the following steps: conducting a reductive amination reaction of a spirocyclic ketone compound C-1a to obtain an intermediate C-1b, and conducting selective deprotection on C-1b to obtain C-1, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, Pg1 is a protecting group selected from Boc, benzoyl and benzyl; Pg, U, q, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3band R4aare as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula C-2, wherein R6is independently C1-8alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl; U, q, Pg, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3band R4aare as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound C-2 is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound C-2, which comprises the following steps: conducting an addition reaction of spirocyclic ketone compound C-1a with a nucleophile substituted by R6to obtain a hydroxy compound C-2a; converting the compound C-2a into an amino compound C-2b via Ritter reaction; and selectively removing the protective group Pg1 to obtain the compound C-2, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, R6, U, q, Pg1, Pg, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3band R4aare as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula C-3, wherein, R6, Pg, n, R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound C-3 is The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound C-3, which comprises the following steps: substituting the ortho-position of the ester group of compound C-3a with an electrophile substituted by R6after dehydrogenating the ortho-position of the ester group to obtain a compound C-3b; hydrolyzing the ester group of the compound C-3b to obtain an acid C-3c; subjecting the acid C-3c to molecular rearrangement to obtain an amine C-3d; and then selectively removing the protective group Pg1 to obtain the compound C-3, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, R6, Pg1, Pg, n, R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula C-4, wherein, R6, Pg, n, R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound C-4 is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound C-4, which comprises the following steps: reducing a cyano compound C-4a and protecting the amino group to obtain an intermediate C-4b; and then selectively removing the protective group Pg1 to obtain the compound C-4, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, Pg1, Pg, R6, n, R2a, R2b, R3aand R3bare as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula E, wherein, W1is halogen, preferably, Br or I; W2is halogen, preferably, Cl, Br or I. In a preferable embodiment, the compound E is represented by formula E-II, In a preferable embodiment, the compound E is represented by formula E-III, In a preferable embodiment, the compound E-II is selected from In a preferable embodiment, the compound E-III is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound E-II, which comprises a step of halogenating a hydroxy intermediate B-3 to obtain a dihalogenated compound E-II, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably, Br or I; W2is halogen, preferably, Cl, Br or I. The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound E-III, which comprises the following steps: conducting a substitution reaction of 4-chloropyrimidine compound E-1-III with hydrazine to obtain an intermediate E-2-III; conducting a condensation cyclization reaction of the intermediate E-2-III to obtain the halogenated intermediate E-III, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1and W2are as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula F-1, and a compound represented by formula F-1c, wherein, V is independently C or N; R1ais as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound F-1 is selected from In a preferable embodiment, the compound F-1c is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound F-1, which comprises the following steps: coupling a halogenated compound F-1a with methyl mercaptopropionate under catalytic coupling condition to obtain an intermediate F-1b-1, obtaining a corresponding sodium thiolate compound F-1c under basic condition, and then obtaining F-1 under acidic condition; or conducting a substitution reaction of a halogenated compound F-1a with tert-butylthiolate (e.g., sodium tert-butylthiolate) to obtain intermediate F-1b-2, and then obtaining F-1 under acidic condition; wherein, W3is halogen, preferably Br or I; V and R1aare as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula B, wherein, W2is halogen, preferably Cl, Br or I; R1and X are as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula B-II, wherein, W2is halogen, preferably Cl, Br or I; R1and X are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound B-II is selected from The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound B-II, which comprises the following steps: conducting a substitution reaction of a dichloropyrimidine compound B-1-II with an amine to obtain an intermediate B-2-II; conducting a condensation cyclization reaction of the intermediate B-2-II under strong acid condition to obtain a halogenated intermediate B-3-II; coupling the halogenated intermediate B-3-II under catalytic coupling condition to obtain an intermediate B-4-II, and then converting the intermediate B-4-II into the intermediate B-II, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably Br or I; W2is halogen, preferably Cl, Br or I; R and X are as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula D, wherein, Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. The present disclosure also provides a compound represented by formula wherein, Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the compound D is The present disclosure also provides a preparation method of a compound represented by formula D, which comprises the following steps: coupling an intermediate compound A with methyl mercaptopropionate under catalytic coupling condition to obtain an intermediate D-1, and then obtaining the corresponding sodium thiolate compound D under basic condition, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably Br or I; Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. In a preferable embodiment, the preparation method of the compound represented by formula D-II comprises the following steps: coupling an intermediate compound A-II with methyl mercaptopropionate under catalytic coupling condition to obtain an intermediate D-1-II, and then obtaining the corresponding sodium thiolate compound D-II under basic condition, and the reaction equation is as shown below: wherein, W1is halogen, preferably Br or I; Y, n, R2a, R2b, R3a, R3b, R4and R5are as defined above. The solvent used in the present disclosure is preferably an inert solvent, e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, dioxane, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, NMP, THF, or a mixture thereof. The base used in the present disclosure includes organic base and inorganic base. The organic base used in the present disclosure is preferably TEA, DIPEA or a mixture thereof. The inorganic base used in the present disclosure is preferably sodium hydride, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, LiHMDS, LDA, butyl lithium, or a mixture thereof. The isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I) as defined in the present disclosure can be prepared by a similar synthesis method as that of the unlabeled compound, except that the unlabeled starting materials and/or reagents are replaced by the isotope-labeled starting materials and/or reagents. The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition, which comprises the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, or, an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is selected from diluent, absorbent, wetting agent, binder, disintegrant and lubricant. The present disclosure also provides a use of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, or an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition associated with abnormal activity of SHP2. Preferably, the disease or condition includes, but is not limited to, Noonan syndrome, Leopard syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, head cancer, neuroblastoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and glioblastoma. The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical preparation, which comprises the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, or an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof. It can be administered in a suitable manner, e.g., tablets, capsules (e.g., sustained-release or time-release capsules), pills, powders, granules (e.g., small granules), elixirs, tinctures, suspensions (e.g., nanosuspensions, microsuspensions) and spray-dried dispersions and other forms of suspensions, syrups, emulsions, solutions and other forms, and can be administered via oral administration, sublingual administration, injection including subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intrasternal injection, infusion and the like, nasal administration (e.g., nasal inhalation), local topical administration (e.g., cream and ointment), rectal administration (e.g., suppositories) and other manners. The compound disclosed in the present disclosure can be administered alone or in combination with an appropriate pharmaceutical carrier. The present disclosure also provides the pharmaceutical preparation which can be formulated with an appropriate dosage to facilitate the control of the drug dose. The dosage regimen of the compound as defined in the present disclosure differs according to specific factors, e.g., the pharmacodynamics and the administration method, the subjects, and the subjects' sex, age, health status, weight, disease characteristics, other concurrent medication status, administration frequency, liver and kidney function, desired effect and the like. The compound as defined in the present disclosure can be administered in single daily dose or in multiple daily doses (e.g., two to four times per day). The present disclosure also provides a combination product of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, or an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof with another medicament, wherein the another medicament is selected from anticancer medicaments, tumor immune medicaments, antiallergic medicaments, antiemetic medicaments, analgesics, cell protection medicaments and the like, wherein the combination results in better efficacy. The present disclosure also provides a method of using the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof, or an isotope-labeled compound of the pyrimidine-fused compound represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the hydrate thereof, the prodrug thereof, the stereoisomer thereof or the solvate thereof in combination with another medicament, wherein the another medicament is selected from anticancer medicaments, tumor immune medicaments, antiallergic medicaments, antiemetic medicaments, analgesics, cell protection medicaments and the like, wherein the combination results in better efficacy. It should be understood, within the scope of the present disclosure, the above technical features of the present disclosure and the technical features specifically described in the following (e.g., examples) can be combined with each other, thereby obtaining new or preferred technical solutions. Because of the limitation of length, here is no more tautology. The present disclosure has the following advantages: 1. The pyrimidine-fused compound disclosed in the present disclosure is a novel type of allosteric inhibitor, which can inhibit the activity of SHP2 by binding to the non-catalytic domain of SHP2 and “locking” the basic state of SHP2 with weak activity. The pyrimidine-fused compound disclosed in the present disclosure overcomes the drawbacks of PTP catalytic domain inhibitors e.g., general poor selectivity and druggability, exhibits good biological activity and druggability, and has good drug development prospects. 2. In the evaluation system of SHP2 enzyme activity inhibition assay, phosphorylated protein kinase (p-ERK) cell assay and MOLM-13 cell proliferation assay under the same conditions, the compound of the present disclosure exhibits superior activity compared with the compound SHP099 (6-(4-amino-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrazine-2-amine) disclosed in WO 2015/107493 A1 and literature (Nature 2016, 535, 148-152). Terminology Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertain. As used herein, when referring to specifically recited values, the term “about” means that the value can vary from the recited value by no more than 1%. For example, as used herein, the expression “about 100” includes all values between 99 and 101 (e.g., 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, etc.). As used herein, the terms “contain” or “include (comprise)” can be open, semi-closed, and closed. In other words, the term also includes “essentially consist of” or “consist of”. Definitions of Groups Definitions of standard chemical terms can be found in references (including Carey and Sundberg “ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4TH ED.” Vols. A (2000) and B (2001), Plenum Press, New York). Unless otherwise specified, conventional methods within the technical scope of the art, e.g., mass spectrometry, NMR, IR, and UV/VIS spectroscopy, and pharmacological methods are used. Unless specific definitions are provided, the terms used in the description of analytical chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and drugs and medicinal chemistry are known in the art. Standard techniques can be used in chemical synthesis, chemical analysis, drug preparation, formulation and delivery, and treatment of patients. For example, the reaction and purification can be carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions for the kit, or in a manner known in the art or according to the present disclosure. In general, the above-mentioned techniques and methods can be implemented according to conventional methods well known in the art according to the descriptions in a number of summary and more specific documents cited and discussed in this specification. In this specification, groups and their substituents can be selected by those skilled in the art to provide stable moieties and compounds. When a substituent is described by a general chemical formula written from left to right, this substituent also includes chemically equivalent substituents obtained when the structural formula is written from right to left. For example, —CH2O— is equivalent to OCH2—. The section headings used herein are for the purpose of organizing the article and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the subject. All documents or document parts cited in this application, including but not limited to patents, patent applications, articles, books, operation manuals and papers, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Some chemical groups defined herein are preceded by simplified symbols to indicate the total number of carbon atoms present in the group. For example, C1-6alkyl refers to an alkyl group having a total of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms as defined below. The total number of carbon atoms in the simplified symbol does not include carbons that may be present in the substituents of the group. As used herein, the numerical ranges as defined in the substituents, e.g., 0-4, 1-4, 1-3, 1-6 and the like, indicate integers within the range, e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. In addition to the foregoing, when used in the specification and claims of this application, unless otherwise specified, the following terms have the meanings below. Those skilled in the art can understand that, according to the conventions used in the art, the “” used in the structural formula of the group described in this application means that the corresponding group is connected to other fragments and groups in the compound through this site. In this application, the term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. “Hydroxy” refers to the —OH group. “Alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group as defined below substituted by hydroxyl (—OH). “Carbonyl” refers to the —C(═O)— group. “Cyano” refers to —CN. “Amino” refers to —NH2. “Substituted amino” refers to an amino group substituted by one or two groups selected from alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl groups as defined below, e.g., monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylacylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroarylalkylamino. “Carboxyl” refers to —COOH. “Amide” refers to —C(═O)NH2or —NHC(═O)H. In this application, as a group or a part of other groups (e.g., used in an alkyl substituted by halogen and the like), the term “alkyl” refers to a fully saturated linear or branched chain hydrocarbon group consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, has for example 1-12 (preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-6) carbon atoms, and is connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl and the like. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “alkyl” refers to an alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In this application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “alkenyl” refers to a linear or branched chain hydrocarbon group consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, contains at least one double bond, has for example 2-14 (preferably 2-10, more preferably 2-6) carbon atoms, and is connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., including but not limited to vinyl, propenyl, allyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, pent-1-enyl, pent-1,4-dienyl and the like. In the present application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “cyclic hydrocarbon group” means a stable non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon group consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and can include fused ring system, bridged ring system or spiro ring system, has 3-15 carbon atoms, preferably 3-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3-8 carbon atoms, and it is saturated or unsaturated and can be connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through any suitable carbon atom. Unless otherwise specified in the specification, the carbon atom in the cyclic hydrocarbon group can be optionally oxidized. Examples of the cyclic hydrocarbon group include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1H-indenyl, 2,3-dihydroindenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthyl, 8,9-dihydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-6-yl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptenyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-benzocyclooctenyl, fluorenyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octenyl, adamantyl, octahydro-4,7-methylene-1H-indenyl, octahydro-2,5-methylene-pentalenyl and the like. In this application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon group consisting of only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, and it can include bridged ring system or spiro ring system, and has 3-15 carbon atoms, preferably 3-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3-7 carbon atoms. It can be connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through any suitable carbon atom, which can include connection to form a fused ring or a spiro ring. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, and the like. In the present application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “heterocyclyl” refers to a stable 3- to 20-membered non-aromatic cyclic group consisting of 2-14 carbon atoms and 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified in the specification, the heterocyclyl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or above-tricyclic system, which can include a fused ring system, a bridged ring system or a spiro ring system. The nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atom in the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom can be optionally quaternized. The heterocyclyl can be partially or fully saturated. The heterocyclyl can be connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through a carbon atom or a heteroatom. In a heterocyclyl containing a fused ring, one or more rings can be an aryl group or a heteroaryl group as defined below, provided that the site connected to the rest of the molecule is a non-aromatic ring atom. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the heterocyclyl is preferably a stable 4- to 11-membered non-aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged cyclic or spiro cyclic group containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, more preferably a stable 4- to 8-membered non-aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged cyclic or spiro cyclic group containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to: pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-6-yl, 2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-yl, azetidinyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiopyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxazinyl, dioxolanyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, quinolizinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, indolinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, phthalimido and the like. In this application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a stable 3- to 20-membered saturated cyclic group consisting of 2-14 carbon atoms and 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified in this specification, heterocycloalkyl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or above-tricyclic system, which can include a bridged ring system or a spiro ring system. The nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atom in the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atoms can be optionally quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl can be connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through a carbon atom or a heteroatom, which can include connection to form a fused ring or a spiro ring. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the heterocycloalkyl is preferably a stable 4- to 11-membered saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged cyclic or spiro cyclic group containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, more preferably a stable 4- to 7-membered saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, bridged cyclic or spiro cyclic group containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane-6-yl, 2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-yl, azetidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolanyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, pyrazolidinyl and the like. In the present application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “aryl” refers to a conjugated cyclic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms (preferably having 6 to 10 carbon atoms). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the aryl group can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or above-tricyclic system, or can be fused to a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group as defined above, provided that the aryl is connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through the atom on the aromatic ring. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindolyl, 2-benzoxazolinone, 2H-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one-7-yl and the like. In the present application, the term “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined above substituted by an aryl as defined above. In this application, as a group or part of other groups, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 16-membered conjugated cyclic group having 1-15 carbon atoms (preferably having 1-10 carbon atoms) and 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur arranged on the ring. Unless otherwise specified in this specification, the heteroaryl can be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or above-tricyclic ring system, and can also be fused to a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl as defined above, provided that the heteroaryl is connected to the rest of the molecule by a single bond through the atom on the aromatic ring. The nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atom of the heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom can be optionally quaternized. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the heteroaryl is preferably a stable 5- to 12-membered aromatic group containing 1-5 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and more preferably a stable 5- to 10-membered aromatic group containing 1-4 heteroatoms from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur or 5- to 6-membered aromatic group containing 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzpyrazolyl, indolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, isoindazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, diazanaphthyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, oxtriazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, phenylthio, indolizinyl, o-phenanthrolinyl, isoxazolyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thienyl, naphthopyridyl, triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine, triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine and the like. In the present application, the term “heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl as defined above substituted by a heteroaryl as defined above. In this application, “optionally” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or condition can or cannot occur, and the description includes both the occurrence and non-occurrence of the event or condition. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that the aryl is substituted or unsubstituted, and the description includes both substituted aryl and unsubstituted aryl. As used herein, the terms “moiety”, “structural moiety”, “chemical moiety”, “group”, “chemical group” refer to a specific segment or functional group in a molecule. The chemical moiety is usually considered to be a chemical entity embedded or attached to the molecule. When the compound of the present disclosure contains an olefinic double bond, unless otherwise specified, the compound of the present disclosure is intended to include E- and Z-geometric isomers. “Tautomer” refers to an isomer formed by the transfer of proton from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. All tautomeric forms of the compounds of the disclosure will also be included within the scope of the disclosure. The compounds of the present disclosure or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can contain one or more chiral carbon atoms, and thus can produce enantiomers, diastereomers and other stereoisomeric forms. Each chiral carbon atom can be defined as (R)- or (S)-based on stereochemistry. The present disclosure is intended to include all the potential isomers, as well as their racemates and optically pure forms. For the preparation of the compounds of the present disclosure, racemates, diastereomers or enantiomers can be selected as starting materials or intermediates. Optically active isomers can be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques, e.g., crystallization and chiral chromatography. Conventional techniques for preparing/resolving some isomers include chiral synthesis from suitable optically pure precursors, or resolution of racemates (or salts or derivative racemates) using, e.g., chiral high performance liquid chromatography), e.g., referring to Gerald Gubitz and Martin G. Schmid (Eds.), Chiral Separations, Methods and Protocols,Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 243, 2004; A. M. Stalcup, Chiral Separations,Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem.3:341-63, 2010; Fumiss et al. (eds.), VOGEL'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 5.sup.TH ED., Longman Scientific and Technical Ltd., Essex, 1991, 809-816; Heller, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 128. In this application, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts. “Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to a salt formed with an inorganic acid or an organic acid that can retain the biological activity of the free base without other side effects. Inorganic acid salts include, but are not limited to hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and the like; organic acid salts include, but are not limited to formate, acetate, 2,2-dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, caproate, caprylate, caprate, undecylenate, glycolate, gluconate, lactate, sebacate, adipate, glutarate, malonate, oxalate, maleate, succinate, fumarate, tartrate, citrate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, cinnamate, laurate, malate, glutamate, pyroglutamate, aspartate, benzoate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, alginate, ascorbate, salicylate, 4-aminosalicylate, naphthalene disulfonate and the like. These salts can be prepared by methods known in the art. “Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to a salt formed with an inorganic base or an organic base that can retain the biological activity of the free acid without other side effects. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, sodium salts, potassium salts, lithium salts, ammonium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, iron salts, zinc salts, copper salts, manganese salts, aluminum salts, and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are ammonium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts and magnesium salt. Salts derived from organic bases include but are not limited to primary amines, secondary amines and tertiary amines, substituted amines, including natural substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, e.g., ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucosamine, theobromine, purine, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resin and the like. Preferred organic bases include isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, and caffeine. These salts can be prepared by methods known in the art. In the present application, “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of a compound of the present disclosure and a medium generally accepted in the art for delivering a biologically active compound to a mammal (e.g., a human). The medium includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The purpose of the pharmaceutical composition is to promote the administration to organisms, which facilitates the absorption of active ingredients to exert biological activity. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein refers to a substance (e.g., a carrier or diluent) that does not affect the biological activity or properties of the compound of the present disclosure, and is relatively non-toxic, that is, the substance can be administered to an individual without causing harmful biological reactions or interacting with any components contained in the composition in an undesirable manner. In this application, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipients” include, but are not limited to, any of adjuvants, carriers, excipients, glidants, sweeteners, diluents, preservatives, dyes/colorants, flavoring agents, surfactants, wetting agents, dispersants, suspending agents, stabilizers, isotonic agents, solvents or emulsifiers, which are approved by the relevant government regulatory agency as acceptable for human or domestic animal use. The “tumor” in the present disclosure includes but is not limited to brain tumors including neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma and astrocytoma, sarcoma, melanoma, articular chondroma, cholangiocarcinoma, leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, histiocytic lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, skin cancer, epithelial cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, intestinal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, esophageal cancer, melanoma, kidney cancer, oral cancer, multiple myeloma, mesothelioma, malignant rhabdoid tumor, endometrial cancer, head and neck cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid tumor, uterine tumor and soft tissue sarcoma and other diseases. As used herein, the terms “preventive”, “prevention” and “preventing” include reducing the likelihood of the occurrence or worsening of a disease or condition in a patient. As used herein, the term “treatment” and other similar synonyms include the following meanings: preventing the occurrence of the disease or condition in mammals, especially when such mammals are susceptible to the disease or condition but have not been diagnosed with the disease or condition; inhibiting the disease or condition, that is, curbing its development; alleviating the disease or condition, that is, causing the state of the disease or condition to subside; or relieving the symptoms caused by the disease or condition. As used herein, the term “effective amount”, “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” refers to the amount of at least one medicament or compound that is sufficient to alleviate one or more symptoms of the disease or condition being treated to some extent after administration. The result can be the reduction and/or remission of signs, symptoms or causes, or any other desired change in the biological system. For example, an “effective amount” for treatment is the amount of a composition containing a compound disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant disease relief effect. Techniques e.g., dose escalation tests can be used to determine the effective amount suitable for any individual case. As used herein, the terms “administer”, “administration” and the like refer to a method capable of delivering a compound or composition to a desired site for biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to, oral administration, transduodenal administration, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial injection or infusion), topical administration, and transrectal administration. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the application techniques that can be used for the compounds and methods described herein, e.g., those discussed in Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, current ed.; Pergamon; and Remington's, Pharmaceutical Sciences (current edition), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds and compositions discussed herein are administered orally. As used herein, the terms “pharmaceutical combination”, “drug combination”, “combination drug”, “administration of other treatments”, “administration of other therapeutic agents” and the like refer to medical treatments obtained by mixing or combining more than one active ingredient, which includes fixed and unfixed combinations of active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” refers to the simultaneous administration of at least one compound described herein and at least one synergistic agent to a patient in the form of a single entity or a single dosage. The term “unfixed combination” refers to simultaneous administration, co-administration, or sequential administration of at least one compound described herein and at least one synergistic preparation to a patient in the form of separate entities. These also apply to cocktail therapy, for example the administration of three or more active ingredients. Those skilled in the art should also understand that in the method described below, the functional group of the intermediate compound may need to be protected by an appropriate protecting group. Such functional groups include hydroxyl, amino, mercapto and carboxyl. Suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (e.g., tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl and the like. Suitable amino, amidino and guanidino protecting groups include tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and the like. Suitable thiol protecting groups include —C(O)—R″ (where R″ is alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like. Suitable carboxyl protecting groups include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters. Protecting groups can be introduced and removed according to standard techniques known to those skilled in the art and as described herein. The use of protecting groups is detailed in Greene, TW and PG Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, (1999), 4th Ed., Wiley. The protective group can also be a polymer resin.

11392520

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The instant disclosure relates to data bus communications. More specifically, portions of this disclosure relate to calibrating timing on a shared data bus interconnecting a host to several client devices. BACKGROUND If multiple devices on a shared data bus transmit data at the same time, the data may be lost due to conflicts between signals on the shared bus. For example, two devices may transmit two different electrical signals onto a conductor wire that is part of the shared data bus. In this example, the signals will collide, resulting in both signals becoming unintelligible to other devices on the shared data bus. The number of devices communicating on a shared data bus is increasing in consumer devices recently because the number of features desired in consumer devices is increasing. Additional features may involve the addition of more devices communicating with each other to coordinate functionality for a user of the consumer devices. An alternative to sharing a data bus is to have separate busses between each of the devices. However, as the number of devices increases, the number of busses rapidly increases. Each data bus requires additional circuit board space that negatively affects the form factor of the consumer device by increasing the complexity of making smaller form factors. Shortcomings mentioned here are only representative and are included to highlight problems that the inventors have identified with respect to existing information handling systems and sought to improve upon. Aspects of the information handling systems described below may address some or all of the shortcomings as well as others known in the art. Aspects of the improved information handling systems described below may present other benefits than, and be used in other applications than, those described above. SUMMARY Calibrating devices communicating on the shared bus can assist in reducing conflicts on the bus and the resulting loss of data. For example, the timing of transmission of data from one device to another device on the shared bus may be adjusted to compensate for delays on the shared bus. For example, the transmitting device may adjust transmission to an earlier time than the programmed time by an amount proportional to a known delay, such that the signal arrives at a receiving device at the programmed time. When the adjustment is not able to obtain a desired alignment or would cause conflicts on the shared data bus, the timing may be adjusted to delay the transmission, rather than advance the transmission, such that the adjusted transmission time results in the receipt of the signal at the receiving device in an unused time window on the shared data bus after the programmed time. The re-use of the unused time window on the shared data bus in this manner allows for the shared data bus to accommodate a larger range of clock rates at longer channel distances. Re-using the unused time window allows the shared data bus to accommodate longer channel distances with limited or no loss of bandwidth. According to one embodiment, an apparatus may include a data bus interface configured to communicate with a plurality of devices over a data bus by time division multiplexing of the data bus into a plurality of unit-intervals, each unit-interval assigned to either one device of the plurality of devices or as a turnaround unit-interval between communications with different devices of the plurality of devices. The data bus interface may be coupled to transceiver circuitry for generating electrical signals on the data bus that convey data, which may be any of commands, control bits, and/or user data such as audio content. In some embodiments, the data bus interface is configured to receive data from a differential pair of conductors. The transceiver may include logic circuitry and/or memory for storing configurations, such as a setting for an adjustment to a transmission time for signals transmitted by the transceiver. The transceiver may be configured to adjust transmissions by performing steps including determining a delay between transmission of a first signal over a shared data bus from a first device and reception of the first signal at a second device; adjusting a transmission time for a second signal for transmission over the shared data bus from the first device based, at least in part, on the delay, wherein the adjusting is by an amount to align the second signal to a certain receiving time at the second device, wherein the certain receiving time is later than a programmed receiving time; and/or transmitting the second signal to the second device on the shared data bus based on the adjusting of the transmission time. In certain embodiments, the programmed receiving time is an assigned unit-interval on the shared data bus for the first device, wherein the assigned unit-interval is bounded by single unused unit-intervals separating the assigned unit-interval from unit-intervals for other devices coupled to the shared data bus. The adjusting of the transmission time may include adjusting by an amount to align the second signal with an unused unit-interval after the assigned unit-interval. In some example embodiments, adjusting of the transmission time may include adjusting by an amount to align the second signal with an immediately next unit-interval after the assigned unit-interval. Logic circuitry within the transceiver may be configured to perform the adjustment determination by first determining an adjustment based on the delay would create a conflict on the shared data bus; and subsequently, when the adjustment based on the delay would create a conflict on the shared data bus, adjusting the transmission time by aligning the second signal with an unused unit-interval after the assigned unit-interval. According to another embodiment, an apparatus may include a host device coupled to a shared data bus and configured to transmit and receive to a plurality of devices coupled to the shared data bus. The apparatus may be, for example, a mobile device or another computing device. The host device and devices coupled to the shared data bus may be configured to operate according to various methods and techniques described herein. The methods described herein may be embedded in a computer-readable medium as computer program code comprising instructions that cause a processor or other logic circuitry to perform the steps of the method. In some embodiments, the processor may be part of an information handling system including a first network adaptor configured to transmit data over a first network connection of a plurality of network connections; and a processor coupled to the first network adaptor, and the memory. In some embodiments, the network connection may couple the information handling system to an external component, such as a wired or wireless docking station. As used herein, the term “coupled” means connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically; two items that are “coupled” may be unitary with each other. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless this disclosure explicitly requires otherwise. The term “substantially” is defined as largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified (and includes what is specified; e.g., substantially parallel includes parallel), as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. The phrase “and/or” means “and” or “or”. To illustrate, A, B, and/or C includes: A alone, B alone, C alone, a combination of A and B, a combination of A and C, a combination of B and C, or a combination of A, B, and C. In other words, “and/or” operates as an inclusive or. Further, a device or system that is configured in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but it can also be configured in other ways than those specifically described. The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), and “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, an apparatus or system that “comprises,” “has,” or “includes” one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those elements. Likewise, a method that “comprises,” “has,” or “includes,” one or more steps possesses those one or more steps, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly certain features and technical advantages of embodiments of the present invention in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same or similar purposes. It should also be realized by those having ordinary skill in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Additional features will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended to limit the present invention.

11458620

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of modular robot control, and more particularly to a correction method and system for constructing a modular robot thereof. BACKGROUND Robots have been widely used in life and industry, e.g., used for training students' creative thinking skills in teaching and used for welding, spraying, assembling, carrying and other operations in automated production. Although as an execution system, a robot has great flexibility to complete different work tasks, an existing robot often has only one main function for specific use purposes and occasions due to fixed freedom degree and configuration and lack of functional scalability and re-configurability. In addition, it is very expensive to develop a specific robot for each field and each application, which severely restricts the popularization and application of robots. Therefore, a reconfigurable robot comes into being. The reconfigurable robots are usually obtained by combining the main module and multiple basic modules. The appearance and structure of multiple basic modules are the same, and they are all equipped with connecting surfaces to realize the combination. However, the user cannot verify if the combination of modular robots is correct or wrong, which brings a lot of repeat assembly works to the user and results a very poor user experience. SUMMARY In view of the above problems, the present disclosure provides a correction method and system for constructing a modular robot thereof. A technical solution of the present disclosure for solving the technical problems is to provide a correction method for constructing a modular robot, the modular robot having at least two module units, each module unit comprising at least two sub-modules that are movable relative to each other and each sub-module comprising at least one butting portion by which the module units are mutually connected, wherein the correction method for constructing the modular robot comprises the following steps: S1: acquiring configuration information of a target modular robot, wherein the configuration information of the target modular robot comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the target modular robot; S2: acquiring configuration information of a currently constructed entity model, wherein the configuration information of the constructed entity model comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of one or more of the module units in the constructed entity model; S3: determining whether the constructed entity model matches the target modular robot according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot; and S4: performing correction according to a matching result. Preferably, step S4specifically comprises the following sub-steps: S41: providing different prompts according to different matching results; and S42: performing correction according to the different prompts. Preferably, a location error is that a butting portion on a supervisor-level single cell body or a main cell body is selected wrongly when a single cell body to be assembled is connected to the supervisor-level single cell body or the main cell body; a virtual connecting face is defined at a connection between the two sub-modules of each module unit, two virtual connecting faces of two of the connected module units of the target modular robot are either in parallel or intersected in direction, and a direction error refers to an error present in the directions of the two virtual connecting faces of the two of the connected module units; and the matching results comprise one or more of a location information error, a module type error and a module quantity error, and the location information error comprises a location error and/or a direction error in type. Preferably, the prompts are displayed on an overall external form of the module units or on the butting portion where one module unit is connected to another module unit. Preferably, each butting portion has unique interface identification information; the plurality of module units of the constructed entity model is capable of comprising a plurality of identical or different module units; and acquiring the location information of the plurality of module units of the constructed entity model specifically has recognizing, by a module unit, the interface identification information of the butting portion of an adjacent module unit connected to the module unit, and acquiring the location information of the module unit according to the interface identification information of the butting portion of the adjacent module unit and the interface identification information of the butting portion of the module unit per se for connecting the adjacent module unit. Preferably, when the plurality of module units comprises a plurality of different module units, the plurality of module units comprises a main cell body and at least one single cell body; the single cell body directly connected to the main cell body is defined as a first-level single cell body; and acquiring the location information of the plurality of module units in the constructed entity model has the following sub-steps: S21: transmitting a signal by the main cell body to the first-level single cell body connected thereto via the butting portion; and S22: receiving the signal and then performing face recognition by the first-level single cell body to obtain the interface identification information of the butting portion where the main cell body transmits the signal, and transmitting the interface identification information of the butting portion where the main cell body transmits the signal together with the interface identification information of the butting information where the first-level single cell body per se receives the signal to the main cell body by the first-level single cell body, so as to obtain the location information of the first-level single cell body. Preferably, the single cell body connected to the first-level single cell body is defined as a second-level single cell body, and the single cell body connected to an Mth-level single cell body is defined as a (M+1)th-level single cell body, M being an integer greater than or equal to 1; and acquiring the location information of the plurality of module units in the constructed entity model further comprises the following sub-steps: S23: sending a signal to the (M+1)th-level single cell body by the Mth-level single cell body; and S24: receiving the signal and then performing face recognition by the (M+1)th-level single cell body to obtain the interface identification information of the butting portion where the Mth-level single cell body transmits the signal, and transmitting the interface identification information of the butting portion where the Mth-level single cell body transmits the signal together with the interface identification information of the butting information where the (M+1)th-level single cell body per se receives the signal to the main cell body by the (M+1)th-level single cell body. Preferably, when the main cell body or the single cell body sends different electrical signals simultaneously to a plurality of subordinate-level single cell bodies, the plurality of subordinate-level single cell bodies responds to the main cell body with the location information of the subordinate-level single cell bodies in a time-sharing sequence according to the interface identification information of the butting portion where the main cell body or the supervisor-level single cell body sends the different electrical signals; or, when the main cell body or the single cell body sends identical or different electrical signals to a plurality of subordinate-level single cell bodies in a time-sharing sequence, the plurality of subordinate-level single cell bodies responds to the main cell body with the location information of the subordinate-level single cell bodies successively according to a time sequence in which the electrical signals are received. Preferably, the configuration information of the constructed entity model is acquired immediately after each module unit is assembled, the matching is performed according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot, and the correction is performed according to the matching result; or, the configuration information of the constructed entity model is acquired in one step after assembling is completed, the matching is performed according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot, and the correction is performed according to the matching result. Preferably, under the premise of no location error, four butting portions on the same sub-module are capable of being adjusted by a servo when connecting an adjacent module unit, so as to achieve the configuration information consistent with the target modular robot. Another technical solution of the present disclosure for solving the technical problems is to provide a correction system for constructing a modular robot, wherein the correction system has: a modular robot comprising at least two module units, wherein each of the module units comprises two sub-modules that are movable relative to each other, and each of the sub-modules comprises at least one butting portion by which the module units are mutually connected; a storage module configured to store configuration information of a target modular robot and configuration information of a constructed entity model, wherein the configuration information of the target modular robot comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the target modular robot; and the configuration information of the constructed entity model comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the constructed entity model; a matching module configured to determine whether the constructed entity model matches the target modular robot according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot; and a correction module configured to perform correction according to a matching result. Preferably, the correction system has a modular robot comprising at least two module units, wherein each of the module units comprises two sub-modules that are movable relative to each other, and each of the sub-modules comprises at least one butting portion by which the module units are mutually connected; and a memory and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory, the memory communicates with the module units, and the one or more programs are configured to execute the following step instructions: S1: acquiring configuration information of a target modular robot, wherein the configuration information of the target modular robot comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the target modular robot; S2: acquiring configuration information of a currently constructed entity model, wherein the configuration information of the constructed entity model comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the constructed entity model; S3: determining whether the constructed entity model matches the target modular robot according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot; and S4: performing correction according to a matching result. Preferably, the plurality of module units comprises a main cell body and at least one single cell body; each of the butting portions has unique interface identification information; the single cell body directly connected to the main cell body is defined as a first-level single cell body; and acquiring the location information of the plurality of module units in the constructed entity model comprises the following sub-steps: S21: transmitting a signal by the main cell body to the first-level single cell body connected thereto via the butting portion; and S22: receiving the signal and then performing face recognition by the first-level single cell body to obtain the interface identification information of the butting portion where the main cell body transmits the electrical signal, and transmitting the interface identification information of the butting portion where the main cell body transmits the electrical signal together with the interface identification information of the butting information where the first-level single cell body per se receives the electrical signal to the main cell body by the first-level single cell body, so as to obtain the location information of the first-level single cell body. When a correction method and system for constructing a modular robot of the present disclosure is compared with the prior art, the modular robot includes at least two module units, each module unit including at least two docking parts. The module units are connected by the respective docking parts. Each docking part has unique interface identification information. The correction method for constructing a modular robot includes the following steps: S1: acquiring configuration information of a target modular robot, wherein the configuration information of the target modular robot comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of a plurality of module units in the target modular robot; S2: acquiring configuration information of a currently constructed entity model, wherein the configuration information of the constructed entity model comprises one or more of location information, module type information and module quantity information of one or more of the module units in the constructed entity model; S3: determining whether the constructed entity model matches the target modular robot according to the configuration information of the constructed entity model and the configuration information of the target modular robot; and S4: performing correction according to a matching result. In addition, different prompts are given according to different error types, which is convenient for users to correct different assembly errors according to different prompts, which further avoids users' repeated assembly work and brings users a better user experience. In addition, the position of each module unit can be accurately obtained through face recognition in this method, which is simple, and has low hardware requirements. The acquisition of the position ensures that it is possible to correct user operations in real time. The correction system for constructing a modular robot has the above described advantages.

11347397

BACKGROUND The management of storage infrastructure components begins with defining products and services followed by defining service levels for these products and services. The service level defines the scope of the service, the associated security definitions, level of criticality to the business, and severity or priority levels. It also defines the response time associated with each level, hours of normal operation, promises of quality, and speed of service. These service levels are defined with metrics that can be monitored and measured. Establishing management processes and implementing appropriate tools is the key to meeting service levels proactively. The management process establishes procedures for efficient handling of incidents, problems, and change requests to the storage infrastructure environment. The tools help in monitoring and executing management activities on the infrastructure. It is important to manage not just the individual components, but the storage infrastructure end-to-end due to the components' interdependency. SUMMARY One or more aspects of the present disclosure relate to traffic class management of NVMe (non-volatile memory express) traffic. One or more input/output (I/O) operations are received at a device interface coupled to one or more storage devices of a storage array. A service level (SL) corresponding to each of the one or more I/O operations is determined. Each of the one or more I/O operations is transmitted to the one or more storage devices over a virtual channel of a set of virtual channels based on the determined SL corresponding to each of the one or more I/O operations. In embodiments, each of the one or more I/O operations can be encapsulated with a traffic class header based on one or more of: a host device associated with each subject I/O operation and an application associated with each subject I/O operation. Each of the one or more I/O operations can be encapsulated with the traffic class header at a host adapter of the storage array. In embodiments, the SL corresponding to each of the one or more I/O operations can be determined by performing a look-up within a data structure configured to associate traffic classes with SLs. In embodiments, the device interface can be coupled to the one or more storage devices via a physical link. A number of virtual channels associated with the physical link can be provided based on a number of SLs, wherein each virtual channel corresponds to a distinct SL. Each I/O operation to one of the virtual channels can be assigned based on a SL match of each I/O operation and each virtual channel. In embodiments, transmission of I/O operations over each virtual channel can be prioritized based on the SL assigned to each virtual channel with respect to all other virtual channels associated with the physical link. In embodiments, the prioritization for each virtual channel can include a weight based on historical I/O traffic patterns. The weight can indicate a number of I/O operations to transmit during a given time interval from each virtual channel.

11427900

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a steel sheet suitable for automotive parts. BACKGROUND ART In order to suppress the emission of carbon dioxide gas from an automobile, a reduction in weight of an automotive vehicle body using a high-strength steel sheet has been in progress. Further, in order also to secure the safety of a passenger, the high-strength steel sheet has come to be often used for the vehicle body. In order to promote a further reduction in weight of the vehicle body, a further improvement in strength is important. On the other hand, some parts of the vehicle body are required to have excellent formability. For example, a high-strength steel sheet for framework system parts is required to have excellent elongation and hole expandability. However, it is difficult to achieve both the improvement in strength and the improvement in formability. There have been proposed techniques aiming at the achievement of both the improvement in strength and the improvement in formability (Patent Literatures 1 to 3), but even these fail to obtain sufficient properties. CITATION LIST Patent Literature Patent Literature 1: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 7-11383 Patent Literature 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 6-57375 Patent Literature 3: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 7-207413 SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem An object of the present invention is to provide a steel sheet having a high strength and capable of obtaining excellent elongation and hole expandability. Solution to Problem The present inventors conducted earnest examinations in order to solve the above-described problems. As a result, they found out that it is important to contain, in area fraction, 5% or more of granular bainite in a metal structure in addition to ferrite and tempered martensite and to set the total of area fractions of upper bainite, lower bainite, fresh martensite, retained austenite, and pearlite to 5% or less. The upper bainite and the lower bainite are mainly composed of bainitic ferrite whose dislocation density is high and hard cementite, and thus are inferior in elongation. On the other hand, the granular bainite is mainly composed of bainitic ferrite whose dislocation density is low and hardly contains hard cementite, and thus is harder than ferrite and softer than upper bainite and lower bainite. Thus, the granular bainite exhibits more excellent elongation than the upper bainite and the lower bainite. The granular bainite is harder than ferrite and softer than tempered martensite, to thus suppress that voids occur from an interface between ferrite and tempered martensite at the time of hole expanding. The inventor of the present application further conducted earnest examinations repeatedly based on such findings, and then conceived the following various aspects of the invention consequently. (1) A steel sheet includes: a chemical composition represented by, in mass %, C: 0.05% to 0.1%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.01% or less, N: 0.01% or less, O: 0.006% or less, Si and Al: 0.20% to 2.50% in total, Mn and Cr: 1.0% to 3.0% in total, Mo: 0.00% to 1.00%, Ni: 0.00% to 1.00%, Cu: 0.00% to 1.00%, Nb: 0.000% to 0.30%, Ti: 0.000% to 0.30%, V: 0.000% to 0.50%, B: 0.0000% to 0.01%, Ca: 0.0000% to 0.04%, Mg: 0.0000% to 0.04%, REM: 0.0000% to 0.04%, and the balance: Fe and impurities; and a metal structure represented by, in area fraction, ferrite: 50% to 95%, granular bainite: 5% to 48%, tempered martensite: 2% to 30%, upper bainite, lower bainite, fresh martensite, retained austenite, and pearlite: 5% or less in total, and the product of the area fraction of the tempered martensite and a Vickers hardness of the tempered martensite: 800 to 10500. (2) The steel sheet according to (1), in which in the chemical composition, Mo: 0.01% to 1.00%, Ni: 0.05% to 1.00%, or Cu: 0.05% to 1.00%, or an arbitrary combination of the above is established. (3) The steel sheet according to (1) or (2), in which in the chemical composition, Nb: 0.005% to 0.30%, Ti: 0.005% to 0.30%, or V: 0.005% to 0.50%, or an arbitrary combination of the above is established. (4) The steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (3), in which in the chemical composition, B: 0.0001% to 0.01% is established. (5) The steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (4), in which in the chemical composition, Ca: 0.0005% to 0.04%, Mg: 0.0005% to 0.04%, or REM: 0.0005% to 0.04%, or an arbitrary combination of the above is established. (6) The steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (5), further includes: a hot-dip galvanizing layer on a surface thereof. (7) The steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (5), further includes: an alloyed hot-dip galvanizing layer on a surface thereof. Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present invention, granular bainite, and the like are contained in a metal structure with appropriate area fractions, so that it is possible to obtain a high strength and excellent elongation and hole expandability.

11516071

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/056183, filed Mar. 12, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of communication networks; and more specifically, to mechanisms for enabling a root cause analysis across multiple network systems. BACKGROUND Root cause analysis (RCA) is a systematic process for identifying root causes of faults or problems and developing an approach for responding to them. RCA is used in management of a telecommunication network for determining events that are initiating causes of a condition or a causal chain (the root cause) leading to faults or problems in the communication network. RCA is further used for finding a way to prevent these problems and faults in the communication network. In communication networks, RCA is typically performed in a single network in isolation from other networks. For example, RCA can be used to take remedial action to a problem in a network based on data observed or analyzed on similar issues in the same network. As communication networks grow more complex, such as 5thgeneration (5G) networks (e.g., 5G hybrid networks), the number of potential events that will impact network performance and customer experience is also growing. In addition, since new communication technologies, such as 5G, are typically deployed progressively across the globe and across multiple operators, with varying architectures and services delivered on top of them, there is a need to perform root cause analysis across multiple networks. Until recently, sharing of data such as RCA information between network operators has not been possible, as communication networks are traditionally designed to work in an isolated manner, separate from one another. Many network operators may not explicitly want to share data about network operation. For example, network operators are not willing to disclose to competitors methods leading to root cause identification. In addition, even if operators are willing to share data with other operators, regulations may prohibit sharing this data across geographical borders by enforcing what is known as geofencing. For example, current regulations may not allow operators from different countries (e.g., European countries and south-east Asian countries) to use of a same root cause decision mechanism of radio site alarms. Further, there are no current mechanisms or technologies that allow the disclosure and sharing of RCA information between different network providers. For example, a key issue of current 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) service capability exposure being that it is limited to exposing information between network nodes of a same network. Therefore, while functionalities in new communication network technologies call for more collaboration and sharing of resources between network operators, there are no current technologies or mechanisms for enabling these operators to share root cause analysis information while also maintaining a needed degree of confidentiality or regulatory conformance. This creates silos of local optima, where insight gained from root cause analysis in a network operated by one network operator does not help in root cause analysis in another network operated by a different network operator, consequently leading to a number of sub-optimal root cause analysis processes as a whole. SUMMARY According to one aspect, a method performed by a network node for enabling root cause analysis in across a plurality of network systems is described. The method includes receiving update information of a first local root cause analysis mechanism of a first network operator from a plurality of network operators; generating, based on the update information, a new node to be added to a global root cause decision tree, wherein the global root cause decision tree is to be shared by at least two of the plurality of network operators; and requesting storage of the new node in a distributed ledger that is shared by the plurality of network operators. The method further includes participating in a verification operation of the new node; and responsive to determining that the verification operation is successful, adding an entry including the new node to the distributed ledger as part of the global root cause decision tree. According to one aspect, a computer program product is described. The computer program product having stored thereon a computer program comprising instructions which, when executed on processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to carry out operations of a method. The method includes receiving update information of a first local root cause analysis mechanism of a first network operator from a plurality of network operators; generating, based on the update information, a new node to be added to a global root cause decision tree, wherein the global root cause decision tree is to be shared by at least two of the plurality of network operators; and requesting storage of the new node in a distributed ledger that is shared by the plurality of network operators. The method further includes participating in a verification operation of the new node; and responsive to determining that the verification operation is successful, adding an entry including the new node to the distributed ledger as part of the global root cause decision tree. According to one aspect, a computer program is described. The computer program comprising instructions which, when executed on processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to carry out a method. The method includes receiving update information of a first local root cause analysis mechanism of a first network operator from a plurality of network operators; generating, based on the update information, a new node to be added to a global root cause decision tree, wherein the global root cause decision tree is to be shared by at least two of the plurality of network operators; and requesting storage of the new node in a distributed ledger that is shared by the plurality of network operators. The method further includes participating in a verification operation of the new node; and responsive to determining that the verification operation is successful, adding an entry including the new node to the distributed ledger as part of the global root cause decision tree. According to another aspect, a network node for enabling root cause analysis in across a plurality of network systems is described. The network node comprises processing circuitry; and a computer memory storing a set of computer readable instructions that when executed by the processing circuitry cause the network node to: receive update information of a first local root cause analysis mechanism of a first network operator from a plurality of network operators, generate, based on the update information, a new node to be added to a global root cause decision tree, wherein the global root cause decision tree is to be shared by at least two of the plurality of network operators, request storage of the new node in a distributed ledger that is shared by the plurality of network operators, participate in a verification operation of the new node, and responsive to determining that the verification operation is successful, add an entry including the new node to the distributed ledger as part of the global root cause decision tree.

11347754

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure generally relates to the ranking and display of applications on a computing device. BACKGROUND The use of computing devices has greatly increased in recent years. Computing devices such as tablet computers, smart phones, cellular phones, and netbook computers, are now commonplace throughout society. Computing devices also exist with other devices, such as, for example, cars, planes, household appliances, and thermostats. With this increase in the number of computing devices, the number of applications has also greatly increased. Software developers have created new applications to meet the varying needs and requirements of users. For example, map applications allow users to navigate from one location to another, game application allow users to play video games on their computing device, social networking applications allow users to connect to a social network to post/share content, a calorie tracking application may allow users to track the amount of calories are in the food the users eat, etc. On a computing device (e.g., a tablet, a smart phone, a laptop computer a PDA, etc.) applications can be represented by a visual icon that is displayed by the computing device. Selecting the icon (e.g., by tapping or double tapping the icon) can launch the application for use by the user. A user may often have so many applications installed on a computing device that the icons representing the applications do not fit on a single page of the display of the computing device. Although users have a multitude of applications, most users do not spend a lot of time or effort organizing the icons that represent their applications. As a user installs different applications onto a computing device, the computing device may automatically arrange icons for the applications in the order in which they were downloaded and/or installed. Because users may not organize their applications, it may be hard for users to access applications easily and/or quickly when they need to. This may be frustrating to users, who often open different applications tens, or hundreds, of times per day. In addition, switching between different applications tens, or hundreds, of times per day, and going through the process of locating an application, launching the application, closing the application, locating another application, launching the other application, etc. may be irritating to a user, especially when the user may interact with an application for only a few seconds before moving on to another application. SUMMARY In general, this disclosure pertains to systems and methods of ranking applications on a computing device such as a smartphone, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a tablet computer, a touchscreen device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), etc. The application ranking system may analyze which applications the user opens in various different contexts (e.g., various times of the day, various locations, various activities, etc.), and may allow the user to more easily access these applications via a user interface (for example via the lock screen of the computing device). As the user continues to use the computing device, the app ranking system may analyze the applications that are accessed (e.g., used) by the user and the context in which the user uses the applications (e.g., the time of day, the location, etc.). The app ranking system may continually identify applications that a user is likely to access during different contexts and may present these applications to the user for easier and faster access. According to one general aspect, a method of managing a display of applications on a computing device can include identifying a plurality of contexts in which the computing device is used, each context being associated with (i) one or more signals and (ii) a plurality of applications. The method can also include detecting at least a subset of the signals during usage of the computing device and determining, based on the detected signals, that the computing devices is being used within a first context. The method can further include ranking, based on usage of the computing device, the applications associated with the first context and displaying, based on the ranking, representations of a first subset of the applications associated with the first context on a display of the computing device. Implementations can include one or more of the following features. For instance, the method can include determining, based on the detected signals, that that the computing device is being used within a second context. The method can include ranking, based on usage of the computing device, the applications associated with the second context, where the ranking is based at least on the correlation between the use of the application within the second context. The method can include displaying, based on the ranking, representations of a second subset of the applications associated with the second context on the display of the computing device. The plurality of signals can include a determined location of the computing device. The plurality of signals can include a time at which the computing device is used. The plurality of signals can include an indication of another device to which the computing device is functionally connected. The method can include correlating usage of applications on the computing device with individual signals. Identifying the plurality of contexts can be based at least the correlation. Identifying the plurality of contexts can include identifying a number of contexts and wherein the number of contexts is determined based at least in part on input from a user about the number of contexts to identify. The method can include ranking an application that has not been used previously on the computing device. The ranking can be based on a relevance, when the computing device is being used within the first context, of the application that has not been used previously on the computing device. Based on the ranking, the application can be associated with the first context. The display of the representations of the first subset of the applications can include a representation of the application that has not been used previously. The method can include changing the rankings of the applications based on how long the computing device has been used within the first context. The ranking of the applications can remain fixed while the computing device is used within the first context. Displaying the representations of the first subset of the applications can include displaying, in association with a representation of one of the displayed applications, a notification of a number of new events associated with the application. The method can include determining a threshold for new events to be associated with the application, wherein the determination of the threshold is based on the determination that the computing device is being used the first context. The method can include, based on the determination that the computing device is being used within the first context, selecting a contact of a user of the computing device for association with a displayed representation of an application. The method can include displaying a representation of the contact in association with the representation of the application. The method can include, based on the determination that the computing device is being used within the first context, pre-populating an input to the application whose representation is displayed in association with the representation of the contact. The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

11393912

BACKGROUND Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. Semiconductor devices are typically fabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers, conductive layers, and semiconductor layers of material over a semiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layers using lithography and etching processes to form circuit components and elements thereon. Although existing semiconductor manufacturing processes have generally been adequate for their intended purposes, as device scaling-down continues, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects.

11398953

BACKGROUND Cloud computing environments, including data centers, server farms and the like, have become increasingly common to provide vast amounts of computational and storage resources. For example, cloud computing environments have been utilized to store and retrieve vast amounts of data for various service applications (e.g., web applications, email services, search engine services, etc.). These networked systems typically include a large number of nodes distributed throughout one or more data centers, in which each node provides a physical machine or a virtual machine running on a physical host. Due partly to the complexity and large number of the nodes that may be included within such cloud computing environments, resolving incidents and deploying software updates can be a time-consuming and costly process. Data control policies imposed on cloud computing environments also contribute to the challenges of monitoring, incident management, and deployment. In particular, many cloud computing environments are subject to data control policies that limit access to certain data and to the control plane, which allows for implementing changes to the production environment (i.e., the physical and logical environment where cloud service infrastructure components providing services to customers are hosted). These data control policies may be driven by a variety of factors, such as, for instance, customer-driven requirements, laws, or industry best practices. Such data control policies may restrict a given cloud computing environment to certain service-providing entities or personnel authorized to access certain data or the production environment, geographical boundaries, or certain logical or physical components within a given production environment. The data control policies dictate that certain restricted data must reside within a particular cloud computing environment and not cross into other connected cloud computing environments or otherwise leave that particular cloud computing environment. By way of example to illustrate, customers in highly regulated industries such as healthcare may require restriction of their computing environment to certain screened personnel. As another example, some customers may be subject to regulations that restrict the geographical boundaries in which cloud services are provided or where restricted data is stored, processed, or both. Such regulations may include the personnel authorized to have access to restricted data and to the control plane of the production environment. Complying with these data control policies poses challenges in how the cloud services are deployed and managed to maintain the control over the restricted data. SUMMARY This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Aspects of the technology described herein generally relate to management of a cloud computing environment remotely by an execution services in a manner that ensures compliance with data control policies by maintaining control of restricted data in the cloud computing environment. The execution service can implement workflows that manage different aspects of the cloud computing environments, including monitoring, incident management, deployment, and/or buildout. To comply with data control policies, the execution service does not have access to restricted data in the cloud computing environment, including access control data, such that the execution service cannot directly interact with network devices in the cloud computing environment. To perform management operations for network devices in the cloud computing environment, the execution service issues requests to a device access service in the cloud computing environment. In response to the requests, the device access service obtains access control data to access the network devices and perform management operations. In this manner, restricted data is maintained within the cloud computing environment, but management workflows can be implemented remotely from the cloud computing environment.

11482963

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/KR2019/009874 filed on Aug. 7, 2019, which claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0143678, filed on Nov. 20, 2018, filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of each hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD The present disclosure relates to an inverter control device. BACKGROUND In general, an inverter refers to a power conversion device that converts an input commercial AC (alternating current) power to a DC (direct current) power and then converts the DC power to an AC power suitable for a motor and supplies the same to the motor. In this connection, the inverter is widely used in a system that is required for a variable speed operation in which a magnitude and a frequency of the AC power to be supplied to the motor may be controlled. The inverter is based on a power semiconductor, and has various topologies according to applications thereof. Depending on the topologies, a magnitude, and the number of levels of an output voltage and a voltage synthesis scheme may vary. 3-phases half-bridge inverters are mainly used as industrial inverters. The 3-phases half-bridge inverter has a structure in which three single-phase half-bridge inverters are connected to each other in a parallel manner, and each half bridge is a basic circuit that constitutes an inverter referred to as a pole, an arm or a leg. An induction motor which is widely used in the industry may control a frequency in a voltage/frequency (V/f) operation, and thus is mainly used in fields such as fans, pumps, and blowers that do not require fast dynamics in an operation region below a rated speed. However, since a slip frequency may occur according to an application in which a load is variable, a constant speed operation is impossible. In particular, in a field where a constant speed operation is required as in a conveyor, the slip frequency must be properly compensated for so that an actual operation speed is equal to a command speed. In other words, inverter control is required to remove a speed error due to the slip frequency in the voltage/frequency operation to enable the constant speed operation regardless of the load. FIG. 1is a control block diagram showing an inverter control device according to a prior art. Referring toFIG. 1, the inverter control device may include a motor10, an inverter20and an inverter controller30. The inverter controller30may include a command voltage generating unit40and a slip frequency determining unit50. The command voltage generating unit40may output 3-phases PWM voltage Vabc_PWMto the inverter20. In this connection, the inverter20may operate using the 3-phases PWM voltage Vabc_PWMto provide 3-phases output voltage Vabcnto the motor10. In this connection, the command voltage generating unit40may receive a command frequency wrefand generate a command voltage of the inverter20corresponding to the command frequency wrefbased on the voltage/frequency (V/f) operation. In this connection, the command voltage generating unit40may generate the 3-phases PWM voltage Vabc_PWMas the command voltage such that a ratio of an output voltage VV/fand an operation frequency wV/fis constant. The slip frequency determining unit50may generate a slip frequency wslip_compcorresponding to a speed error. In this connection, the inverter controller30may reduce the speed error by adding the slip frequency wslip_compto the command frequency wref. FIG. 2is a block diagram showing in detail the command voltage generating unit shown inFIG. 1. Referring toFIG. 2, the command voltage generating unit40may include a voltage determining unit41, an integrator42, a trigonometric function application unit43, a multiplier44, and a PWM output unit45. The voltage determining unit41may determine a magnitude of the output voltage VV/ffrom the operation frequency wV/f. Further, the integrator42may integrate the operation frequency wV/fand outputs a phase θV/f. The trigonometric function application unit43may output a phase value obtained by applying the phase θV/fto a set trigonometric function. Thereafter, the multiplier44may output command voltages Vas_ref, Vbs_ref, and Vcs_ref, as 3-phases AC sine waves, based on the phase value. The PWM output unit45may synthesize as the 3-phases PWM voltage Vabc_PWMcorresponding to the command voltages Vas_ref, Vbs_ref, and Vcs_ref. FIG. 3is an example diagram to illustrate a frequency-voltage relationship. FIG. 3shows that the output voltage VV/fincreases in proportion to the operation frequency wV/f. According to the relationship between the operation frequency wV/fand the output voltage VV/fshown inFIG. 3, the voltage determining unit41may determine a magnitude of the output voltage VV/ffrom the operation frequency wV/f. At an initial start-up of the inverter20, the operation frequency wV/fof the inverter20starts from 0, and thus a small voltage may be output. As the frequency increases, a voltage having a magnitude proportional thereto may be output. Thereafter, when the operation frequency wV/fof the inverter20reaches a target frequency wref, the operation frequency wV/fis no longer increased such that a constant speed operation is performed. FIG. 4is a circuit diagram showing the inverter shown inFIG. 1. Referring toFIG. 4, the inverter20may include a DC voltage providing unit22and an inverter unit24. The DC voltage providing unit22may supply charged DC voltage to the inverter unit24. The inverter unit24may convert the DC voltage supplied from the DC voltage providing unit22into 3-phases AC output voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcn. Then, the inverter unit24may supply the 3-phases AC output voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcnto the motor10. The three-phases AC output voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcnmay be determined according to ON/OFF states of 3-phases switches of the inverter unit24. Two switches are connected to each other in series in a leg of each phase. The 3 phases operates independently of each other, thereby generating the output voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcn. The output voltages Van, Vbn, and Vcnof the 3 phases are controlled to have a phase difference of 120 degrees therebetween. The DC voltage providing unit22may include a capacitor or a battery, and may maintain a constant voltage. The switches of the inverter unit24may convert the DC voltage into the AC voltage. The inverter controller30may output, to the inverter unit24, the 3-phases PWM voltage Vabc_PWMwhich determines a switching state of the inverter unit24so that the motor10rotates at a speed corresponding to the command frequency. FIG. 5is a detailed block diagram of the slip frequency determining unit shown inFIG. 1. Referring toFIG. 5, the slip frequency determining unit50may include a first coordinate converting unit51, a second coordinate converting unit52, a multiplier53, an output power determining unit54, a determining unit55, a slip frequency calculating unit56and a filter57. First, the first coordinate converting unit51may convert 3-phases abc-axis currents Ias, Ibs, and Icsinto a stationary coordinate system dq-axis currents Idssand Iqss. Further, the second coordinate converting unit52may convert the stationary coordinate system dq-axis currents Idssand Iqssinto rotation coordinate system currents Idseand Iqse. The stationary coordinate system dq-axis currents Idss, and Iqss, and the rotation coordinate system currents Idse, and Iqsemay be obtained using a following [Equation 1]. Id⁢s⁢s=2⁢Ias-Ib⁢s-Ic⁢s3,Iq⁢s⁢s=Ib⁢s-Ic⁢s3,⁢Id⁢s⁢e=Id⁢s⁢s⁢cos⁡(θv/f)+Id⁢s⁢s⁢sin⁡(θv/f),⁢Iq⁢s⁢e=-Id⁢s⁢s⁢sin⁡(θv/f)+Iq⁢s⁢s⁢cos⁡(∂v/f)[Equation⁢⁢1] The multiplier53may multiply a magnitude of the output voltage VV/fand an active current Iqsewith each other. The output power determining unit54may determine an output power Ploadbased on the number of poles and the result from the multiplier53. The determining unit55may determine an output torque Tloadby dividing the output power Ploadby the operation frequency wV/f. The slip frequency calculating unit56may apply a ratio of a rated slip frequency wslip_ratedand a rated torque Tratedto the output torque Tload. The filter327may determine the slip frequency wslip_compvia low-band filtering. In this connection, a phase angle used to determine the active current Iqsemay be a command phase angle θV/frelative to the operation frequency wV/f. The voltage/frequency control as described above is a motor operation scheme that is widely used in the industry, and enables speed control and is easily implemented. However, a speed accuracy is lowered because the motor rotates at a speed different from a speed input by the user due to an increase in the slip frequency under an operation condition having a high load. In order to compensate for the lowered speed accuracy, the inverter controller30may appropriately compensate for the slip frequency to increase the operation frequency of the inverter20. As described above, the slip frequency compensation scheme in the prior art calculates the output power and the torque of the inverter, and estimates the slip frequency based on the ratio of the slip frequency and the torque. However, in calculation of the output torque, the torque is calculated by approximating the operation frequency of the inverter20and the rotation frequency of the actual motor10to each other. In a low speed operation region, an error between the operation frequency of inverter20and the rotation frequency of motor10is relatively large and a loss effect of the motor10is large. Thus, it is difficult to accurately calculate the output power, the torque and the slip frequency. SUMMARY A purpose of the present disclosure is to provide an inverter control device of estimating a magnetic flux of a rotor, and calculating and compensating for a slip frequency using a torque-based current and a magnetic flux-based current to control a speed of a motor. Purposes of the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned purpose. Other purposes and advantages of the present disclosure as not mentioned above may be understood from following descriptions and more clearly understood from embodiments of the present disclosure. Further, it will be readily appreciated that the purposes and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized by features and combinations thereof as disclosed in the claims. An inverter control device according to the present disclosure may include a command voltage generating unit configured to receive a command frequency and output 3-phases PWM voltage to an inverter, based on voltage/frequency operation; and a slip frequency determining unit configured to determine a slip frequency based on phase current and phase voltage of a motor driven by the inverter, wherein the slip frequency determining unit may include: a coordinate converting unit configured to: convert the phase current and the phase voltage of the motor to dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages of a stationary coordinate system; and apply a command phase angle to the dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages to convert the dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages to dq-axis currents and voltages of a rotation coordinate system; a rotor magnetic flux estimating unit configured to: apply an inverter operation frequency to the dq-axis currents and voltages to estimate dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes of a synchronous coordinate system; and apply a command phase angle to the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to convert the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes of the stationary coordinate system; an estimating unit configured to: estimate a phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux from the dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes; and apply the phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux to the dq-axis phase currents to convert the dq-axis phase currents to a torque-based current and a magnetic flux-based current of the rotation coordinate system; and a frequency estimating unit configured to output an estimated slip frequency based on the torque-based current, the magnetic flux-based current and a rotor time constant. The coordinate converting unit may include: a first converting unit configured to convert the phase current and the phase voltage of the motor into the dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages; and a second converting unit configured to apply a value obtained by applying a trigonometric function to the command phase angle to the dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages to convert the dq-axis phase currents and phase voltages to the dq-axis currents and voltages. The rotor magnetic flux estimating unit may include: a magnetic flux estimating unit configured to apply the inverter operation frequency to the dq-axis currents and voltages to estimate the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes; and a magnetic flux converting unit configured to apply the command phase angle to the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to convert the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to the dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes. The magnetic flux estimating unit may be configured to estimate the rotor estimated magnetic fluxes based on a following [Equation]: λdqre=λdqse−σLsidqse, where λdqreis the rotor estimated magnetic flux, λdqseis a stator magnetic flux, and σLsis a stator leakage inductance. The magnetic flux converting unit may be configured to applying a value obtained by applying a trigonometric function to the command phase angle to the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to convert the dq-axis rotor estimated magnetic fluxes to the dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes. The estimating unit may include: a phase angle estimating unit configured to estimate the phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux from the dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes; and a current estimating unit configured to applying a value obtained by applying a trigonometric function to the phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux to the dq-axis phase currents to convert the dq-axis phase currents to the torque-based current and the magnetic flux-based current. The phase angle estimating unit may include: a magnetic flux converting unit configured to convert the dq-axis rotor magnetic fluxes into rotation coordinate system rotor magnetic fluxes; a proportional integral controller configured to adjust a q-axis component of the rotation coordinate system rotor magnetic fluxes to 0 to output a frequency of the rotor magnetic flux; and an integrator configured to integrate the frequency of the rotor magnetic flux to output the phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux. The phase angle estimating unit further may include a low-pass filter configured to pass the estimated slip frequency therethrough to output a compensated slip frequency. The frequency estimating unit may be configured to output the estimated slip frequency based on a following [Equation]: ωslip⁢⁢_⁢⁢est=1Tr·ItorqueIFlux, wherein wslip_estis the estimated slip frequency, Tris a rotor time constant, Itorqueis a torque-based current, and Ifluxis a magnetic flux-based current. The inverter control device according to the present disclosure estimates the rotor magnetic flux, and the phase angle, and compensates for the slip frequency using the estimated phase angle of the rotor magnetic flux, such that the inverter may operate at a constant speed regardless of a load. Further, the inverter control device according to the present disclosure may be applicable to both a low speed operation region and a high speed operation region and thus may easily control the inverter. In addition to the above-described effects, specific effects of the present disclosure will be described together while describing specific details for carrying out the disclosure.

11245978

FIELD OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to an acoustoelectric field, and more particularly to a loudspeaker. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART Loudspeaker is a transducer that converts electrical signals into acoustic signals. It is widely used in various audio devices and mobile terminal devices, and mobile phones are undoubtedly the most common mobile terminal devices. At present, mobile phones have various functions, one of which is to play high-quality music, and one of the prerequisites for this is the loudspeaker. Loudspeaker generally includes a magnetic circuit system, a vibration system, and a frame. The vibration system has a membrane, and the membrane pushes and presses air to generate sound when vibrating. However, when the membrane of the existing loudspeaker vibrates downwards, the airflow below the membrane may be blocked by the magnetic circuit system and the frame, which results in a poor air flow, thus generating noise and affecting the hearing sense. SUMMARY An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a loudspeaker, aiming at avoiding a bad hearing sense caused by an unsmooth airflow under the membrane when the vibration system of the loudspeaker vibrates. In order to realize the above objective, the present disclosure provides a loudspeaker, which includes a frame, and a vibration system and a magnetic circuit system both mounted to the frame, the vibration system includes a membrane fixed on the frame and a voice coil supported on a side of the membrane, the magnetic circuit system includes a yoke fixed on a side of the frame away from the membrane, and a main magnet assembly and a side magnet assembly both fixed on the yoke, the side magnet assembly is located at opposite sides of the main magnet assembly and is spaced apart from the main magnet assembly to form a magnetic gap, and an end of the voice coil away from the membrane is suspended in the magnetic gap, the side magnet assembly includes a side magnet fixed to the yoke, and a pole plate stacked on a side of the side magnet away from the yoke, the pole plate is spaced apart from the membrane to form a spacing communicated with the magnetic gap, the loudspeaker further includes a leakage channel extended from the pole plate to the frame and to an outside of the frame, one end of the leakage channel is communicated with the spacing, and the other end of the leakage channel is communicated with the outside of the loudspeaker. As an improvement, the leakage channel includes a through hole formed in the pole plate and a through groove formed in the frame, the through hole is communicated with the slot, and the through groove is configured to communicate the through hole with the outside of the loudspeaker. As an improvement, the pole plate includes two opposite first side plates respectively corresponding to the side magnet and two second side plates respectively connected between two ends of the first side plates; the frame includes an annular body and a support part extended from an end of the annular body away from the membrane to the voice coil and configured for supporting the pole plate; the through hole is defined in a side of the second side plate away from the voice coil; and the through groove is defined in a portion of the annular body corresponding to the through hole. As an improvement, the through hole penetrates through the second side plate along a vibration direction of the voice coil, and the through groove penetrates through the annular body along a direction perpendicular to the vibration direction of the voice coil. As an improvement, the first side plate includes a lug, the support part includes a notch corresponding to the lug, and a shape of the notch is matched with that of the lug. As an improvement, each second side plate defines three through holes arranged at intervals. As an improvement, the vibration system further includes a support member fixed on a side of the voice coil away from the membrane, one end of the support member is connected with the voice coil, and the other end of the support member is fixed with the frame, and the support member and the side magnet are located on different sides of the frame. As an improvement, the yoke includes a main body for fixing the main magnet assembly and the side magnet, and a flange extended from the main body to the support member, and the support member includes a flexible circuit board fixed with the flange and a lower diaphragm sandwiched between the flexible circuit board and the frame; the lower diaphragm includes a first edge portion fixed with the voice coil, a second edge portion spaced from the first edge portion, and a suspension connected between the first edge portion and the second edge portion, the second edge portion is fixed with the frame, and the suspension has an arc-shaped structure extended away from the flexible circuit board. As an improvement, the pole plate and the frame are integrated as one piece by injection molding, and the pole plate defines an injection positioning hole. The present disclosure has the following advantage: the loudspeaker is provided with a leakage channel, one end of the leakage channel is communicated with the spacing, the other end of the leakage channel is communicated with the outside of the loudspeaker. Therefore, when the vibration system vibrates downwards, the air in the gap can be discharged through the leakage channel, keeping the air flowing, so that no noise is generated, and the hearing sense is improved.

11358167

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to dispensing systems, and more particularly, to reusable pump dispensers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cosmetic cooling devices can provide massaging, cooling, and other cosmetic treatment capabilities that can be performed using a single, cooling device but can require sequentially performing multiple treatment actions or cosmetic treatment steps. For example, a cosmetic device can apply product to a surface or to a user's skin in a first step and can require cooling the surface or user's skin in a second step. Further, cosmetic cooling devices can provide bulky or large, physical structures that can be limited to a single or one-time use. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present disclosure generally provide a reusable pump dispenser including a dispensing system arranged to simultaneously cool and deliver a predetermined amount of product to a user. The reusable pump dispenser may simultaneously cool and deliver the predetermined amount of product to the user, which may eliminate microbes from the predetermined amount of product. The dispensing system may control a viscosity of the predetermined amount of product during cooling and delivery of the predetermined amount of product to the user. The reusable pump dispenser may be sized and shaped to be held in a hand of the user. Further, the predetermined amount of product may be cooled from an ambient temperature to a product application temperature. The foregoing summary is only intended to provide a brief introduction to selected features that are described in greater detail below in the detailed description. Other technical features may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following drawings, descriptions and claims. As such, this summary is not intended to identify, represent, or highlight features believed to be key or essential to the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, this summary is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

11489673

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to the registration and authentication of mobile devices. 2. Description of the Related Art Two-factor authentication is commonly found in electronic computer authentication, where basic authentication is the process of a requesting entity presenting some evidence of its identity to a second entity. Two-factor authentication seeks to decrease the probability that the requestor is presenting false evidence of its identity. The number of factors is important as it implies a higher probability that the bearer of the identity evidence indeed holds that identity in another realm. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Systems and methods for device registration and authentication are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for authentication of a device may include (1) receiving, at a mobile device, a first credential; (2) transmitting, over a network, the first credential to a server; (3) receiving, from the server, a first key and a first value, the first value comprising a receipt for the first credential; (4) receiving, at the mobile device, a data entry for a second credential; (5) generating, by a processor, a second key from the data entry; (6) retrieving, by the mobile device, a third credential using the first key and the second key; (7) signing, by the mobile device, the first value with the third credential; and (8) transmitting, over the network, the signed third value to the server. In one embodiment, the first credential may include a biometric, and the biometric may be a voice biometric. The first credential may include a value, a device footprint, a geographic location for the device, etc. In one embodiment, the first key may be a symmetric key. In one embodiment, the second key may be generated by applying a cryptographic hash function to the data entry. In one embodiment, the second key may be an asymmetric key. In one embodiment, the third credential may be encrypted with the second key, and further encrypted with the first key. The third credential may be an asymmetric key. The second key may be stored on one of removable memory, a fob, a token, a USB device, etc. In one embodiment, the method may further include encrypting the first credential before transmitting the first credential to the server. In another embodiment, the method may further include generating, at the mobile device, a second value; signing the second value with a device key; and transmitting, to the server, the signed second value. According to another embodiment, a method for authentication may include (1) receiving, from a mobile device and over a network, a first credential; (2) verifying the first credential; (3) transmitting, over the network and to the mobile device, a first key and a first value, the first value comprising a receipt for the first credential; (4) receiving, from the mobile device, the first value signed with a device key; (5) validating the signed first value; and (6) authenticating the user and the mobile device. In one embodiment, the first credential comprises a biometric. In one embodiment, the first credential may include a biometric, and the biometric may be a voice biometric. The first credential may include a value, a device footprint, a geographic location for the device, etc. In one embodiment, verifying the first credential may include verifying a predetermined number of elements comprising the first credential. This may further include verifying all elements comprising the first credential. In one embodiment, the first credential may be signed using the device key. The method may further include transmitting a replacement device key to the mobile device. In one embodiment, the first value may further include a string to invalidate a transaction signature. In one embodiment, the step of validating the signed second value may include applying a server key corresponding to a key used to sign the second value to validate the second value. In another embodiment, a method of registering a mobile device may include (1) receiving, at a server, a request for a registration code to register a mobile device; (2) transmitting, to the authorized device, the registration code; (3) receiving, from the mobile device, the registration code and a mobile device identifier; and (4) authorizing the mobile device. In one embodiment, the registration code may be an optical, machine-readable code. In one embodiment, the registration code may be a QR code. In another embodiment, the registration code may be an alphanumeric code.

11536899

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to temperature measurement in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and more particularly to integrated bandgap temperature sensors and methods for their fabrication and use. BACKGROUND Integrated photonic devices, such as lasers, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), modulators, and filters, tend to be highly sensitive to operating temperature, especially when implemented in silicon-based (e.g., silicon/III-V heterogeneous) material platforms. Therefore, PICs often provide some form of thermal management for temperature-sensitive devices. For example, feedback-controlled integrated heaters or coolers may be employed to actively adjust the temperature of photonic devices. Alternatively, device settings and parameters (e.g., voltages to induce phase shifts) may be controlled or adjusted in a manner that compensates for temperature fluctuations. Either case relies on accurate knowledge of the temperature. Due to high variation in power density across the die, however, PICs are often subject to widely varying thermal gradients, rendering temperatures measured adjacent to the PIC or from the backside of the PIC substrate insufficiently accurate. This problem is exacerbated as the functional density of PICs grows, e.g., due to an increasing number of optical lanes per PIC, entailing higher power densities and larger thermal gradients. Accordingly, temperature measurements are preferably performed by integrated sensors in close proximity to the photonic devices to be monitored. Conventionally used types of integrated temperature sensors, such as resistive temperature devices (RTD) or thin-film thermistors, however, measure only relative temperature, unless individually calibrated at two temperatures. It is desirable for an integrated sensor to, instead, provide an absolute temperature measurement while avoiding the high-cost calibration of each individual part.

11219309

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Field of the Disclosure The disclosure is related to a liquor information providing technique, and more particularly, to a smart liquor cabinet and a management method for the liquor cabinet. Description of Related Art Many people regard wine tasting and collecting wine as their interest. Inevitably, these people may need a liquor cabinet to store liquor bottles. There are many kinds of wine, and most people need to know the amount of wine and their quantity by memory, which inevitably leads to mistakes. At this point, the user of the liquor cabinet needs to check the liquor cabinet themselves to know the situation of wine storage and the lack thereof. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In view of the above, the disclosure provides a smart liquor cabinet and a management method for the liquor cabinet providing a wine inventory service by means of voice interaction. A smart liquor cabinet of an embodiment of the disclosure includes, but is not limited to, a sound-receiving device, an output device, and a processor. The sound-receiving device is used for receiving a voice command. The output device is used for outputting an information. The processor is coupled to the sound-receiving device and the output device and determines an intent of the voice command. If the intent of the voice command is related to a remaining space of the liquor cabinet, then the processor determines the remaining space with no liquor in the liquor cabinet. If the intent of the voice command is related to an inventory situation of the liquor cabinet, then the processor determines the inventory situation of stored liquor in the liquor cabinet. The processor outputs a response of the intent via the output device. The response is related to the remaining space or the inventory situation of the smart liquor cabinet. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response includes an audio data and the output device includes a speaker. The speaker is coupled to the processor. The processor plays the audio data via the speaker. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the processor generates the audio data according to the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, a content of the audio data is related to reading out the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the smart liquor cabinet further includes a cabinet body, a cabinet door, and storage elements. The cabinet body has an internal space. The cabinet door is movably disposed at the cabinet body and is used for opening or closing the internal space. The storage elements are disposed at the internal space and are used for storing at least one liquor bottle. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response includes a image data and the output device includes a display. The display is coupled to the processor and is used for presenting the image data to the cabinet door. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the image data is related to prompting the storage elements corresponding to the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response includes a light data and the output device includes prompting illumination devices. The prompt illumination devices are coupled to the processor, disposed at the internal space, and respectively correspond to the storage elements. The processor shows a light data through turning on or off the prompting illumination devices. In an embodiment of the disclosure, a content of the light data is related to presenting the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the cabinet body is further provided with a horizontal partition for dividing the internal space for two wine types. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the cabinet body is further provided with a vertical partition for dividing the internal space for wine storage and decanting. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the smart liquor cabinet further includes a communication transceiver. The communication transceiver is coupled to the processor. The processor is connected to a remote liquor cabinet via the communication transceiver and is used for outputting a response of the intent via the output device and to respond to the remaining space or the inventory situation related to the remote liquor cabinet. Moreover, a management method for the liquor cabinet of an embodiment of the disclosure includes the following steps. A voice command is received and an intent of the voice command is determined. If the intent of the voice command is related to a remaining space of the liquor cabinet, then the remaining space with no liquor in the liquor cabinet is determined. If the intent of the voice command is related to an inventory situation of the liquor cabinet, then the inventory situation of stored liquor in the liquor cabinet is determined. A response of the intent is outputted. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response is related to the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the determination of the intent of the voice command includes the following steps. A verb command, a question word command, and a first noun command are obtained from the voice command. A preset question word, a preset first verb, a preset second verb, or a preset first noun is accessed. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after the verb command, the question word command, and the first noun command are obtained from the voice command, the following steps are further included. Whether the question word command matches the preset question word is determined. Whether the first noun command matches the preset first noun when the question word command matches the preset question word is determined. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after whether the first noun command matches the preset first noun, the following steps are further included. The intent is determined to be related to the remaining space when the first noun command matches the preset first noun. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after whether the first noun command matches the preset first noun, the following steps are further included. Whether the verb command matches the preset first verb is determined when the first noun command does not match the preset first noun. The intent is determined to be related to the inventory situation when the verb command matches the preset first verb. The intent is determined to be related to the remaining space when the verb command does not match the preset first verb. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after whether the first noun command matches the preset first noun, the following steps are further included. Whether the verb command matches the preset second verb is determined when the first noun command does not match the preset first noun. The intent is determined to be related to the remaining space when the verb command matches the preset second verb. The intent is determined to be related to the inventory situation when the verb command does not match the preset second verb. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after the verb command, the question word command, or the first noun command is obtained from the voice command, the following steps are further included. A second noun command is extracted from the voice command. This second noun command is different from the first noun command. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after the second noun command is extracted from the voice command, the following steps are further included. The remaining space available for a certain wine type is determined when the second noun command matches the wine type. All of the remaining space available for storage in the liquor cabinet is determined when the second noun command does not match the certain wine type. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after the second noun command is extracted from the voice command, the following steps are further included. The inventory situation of storage of the wine type is determined when the second noun command matches the certain wine type. The inventory situation of all wine types in the liquor cabinet is determined when the second noun command does not match the certain wine type. In an embodiment of the disclosure, after the verb command, the question word command, and the first noun command are obtained from the voice command, the following steps are further included. The inventory situation related to the intent is determined when the voice command only contains the question word command. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response includes an audio data. The output of the response of the intent includes the following steps. One of multiple preset audio data is selected as the audio data. The audio data is played. A content of the preset audio data is related to reading out the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the output of the response of the intent includes the following steps. An intent of a second voice command is determined when the second voice command is received. Another of the preset audio data is selected as the audio data if the intent of the second voice command is the same as the intent of the voice command. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the response includes a visual data. The output of the response of the intent includes the following steps. A storage location is shown on the liquor cabinet via the visual data according to the remaining space or the inventory situation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the determination of intent of the voice command includes the following steps. The voice command is converted into a text command. The text command is inputted to a preset machine learning model. The intent and a corresponding entity are determined via the preset machine learning model. Based on the above, in the smart liquor cabinet and the management method for the liquor cabinet of an embodiment of the disclosure, the intent of a user for liquor cabinet inventory is accepted via voice recognition, and the inventory result of the liquor cabinet is accordingly returned to the user via voice or visual means. In this way, the liquor and space in the liquor cabinet may be counted easily and quickly. In order to make the aforementioned features and advantages of the disclosure more comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.

11217492

BACKGROUND The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced exponential growth. Technological advances in IC materials and design have produced generations of ICs where each generation has smaller and more complex circuits than the previous generation. In the course of IC evolution, functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chip area) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallest component (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) has decreased. This scaling down process generally provides benefits by increasing production efficiency and lowering associated costs. Such scaling down has also increased the complexity of processing and manufacturing ICs and, for these advancements to be realized, similar developments in IC processing and manufacturing are needed. For example, when forming source/drain (S/D) contacts for small-scaled transistors, such as field effect transistors (FET) having fin-like channel (so-called “FinFETs”), it is sometimes desired to dope S/D features with additional dopants to increase the performance of the devices. Since n-type and p-type FETs may require different dopants, a doping mask is therefore created to mask either the p-type devices or the n-type devices for the doping process. However, patterning and removing this doping mask has become a challenge for the increasingly smaller devices. For example, when creating this doping mask for p-type devices, some over-etching may be required to ensure that there is no mask residue on the p-type S/D features. Such over-etching often leads to reduced mask area for the n-type devices. Consequently, doping the p-type S/D features may inadvertently introduce p-type dopants to the n-type devices. Some improvements in the S/D contact formation are desired.

11280228

TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to internal combustion engines (ICEs) and, more particularly, to variable camshaft timing (VCT) used with the ICEs. BACKGROUND Internal combustion engines (ICEs) use one or more camshafts to open and close intake and exhaust valves in response to cam lobes selectively actuating valve stems as the camshaft(s) rotate overcoming the force of valve springs that keep the valves seated and displacing the valves. The shape and angular position of the cam lobes can affect the operation of the ICE. In the past, the angular position of the camshaft relative to the angular position of the crankshaft was fixed. But it is possible to vary the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft using variable camshaft timing (VCT). VCT can be implemented using VCT devices (sometimes referred to as camshaft phasers) that change the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. These camshaft phasers can be hydraulically- or electrically-actuated and are typically directly attached to one end of the camshaft. The angular position of separate camshafts can each be varied relative to the crankshaft. One VCT device can be coupled with one of the camshafts to change the angular position of that camshaft relative to the crankshaft and another VCT device can be coupled with the other of the camshafts to change the angular position of the other camshaft relative to the crankshaft. However, the use of two VCT devices that each independently controls the angular position of a camshaft relative to the crankshaft can be complex. It would be helpful to decrease the cost and complexity of the VCT assembly. SUMMARY In one implementation, a variable camshaft timing (VCT) assembly includes an independent VCT device that can couple with a first camshaft and change an angular position of the first camshaft relative to the angular position of a crankshaft. The independent VCT device has a stator and an output fixedly coupled with the first camshaft. The VCT assembly also includes a dependent VCT device that angularly adjusts a second camshaft in response to angular adjustment of the first camshaft. The dependent VCT device has a camshaft link coupled with the output of the independent VCT device; the camshaft link has a slot or a planetary gear pin positioned radially outwardly along an axis of camshaft rotation. The independent VCT device also includes a planetary gear link having a geared surface configured to engage a geared surface coupled to the second camshaft, the other of the slot or the planetary gear pin received by the slot of the camshaft link, and a planetary gear pivot; angular movement of the output relative to the stator moves the planetary gear pin relative to the slot and the planetary gear link about the pivot thereby transmitting angular motion of the first camshaft to the second camshaft through the planetary gear link. In another implementation, a VCT assembly for controlling the angular position of camshafts includes an independent VCT device that is configured to couple with a first camshaft and change an angular position of the first camshaft relative to the angular position of a crankshaft. The independent VCT device has a rotor, having one or more vanes extending radially outwardly from a hub, fixedly coupled with the first camshaft and a stator that receives the rotor within a cavity permitting angular displacement of the rotor relative to the stator. The VCT assembly also includes a dependent VCT device that angularly adjusts a second camshaft in response to angular adjustment of the first camshaft; the dependent VCT device includes a camshaft link, coupled with the rotor of the independent VCT device, having a slot positioned radially, outwardly from an axis of camshaft rotation. The dependent VCT device also includes a planetary gear link having a geared surface configured to engage a geared surface coupled to the second camshaft, a planetary gear pin received by the slot of the camshaft link, and a planetary gear pivot that is received by the stator; angular movement of the rotor relative to the stator moves the planetary gear pin relative to the slot and the planetary gear link about the pivot thereby transmitting angular motion of the first camshaft to the second camshaft through the planetary gear link. In another implementation, a VCT assembly for controlling the angular position of camshafts includes an independent VCT device that is configured to couple with a first camshaft and change an angular position of the first camshaft relative to the angular position of a crankshaft; the independent VCT device includes: a stator and an output fixedly coupled with the first camshaft; a dependent VCT device that angularly adjusts a second camshaft in response to angular adjustment of the first camshaft includes: a camshaft link, coupled with the output of the independent VCT device, having a plurality of slots or a plurality of planetary gear pins positioned radially, outwardly from an axis of camshaft rotation; a plurality of planetary gear links including: a geared surface configured to engage a geared surface coupled to the second camshaft, the slots or the planetary gear pins, and a plurality of planetary gear pivots, wherein angular movement of the output relative to the stator moves the planetary gear pins relative to the slots and the planetary gear links about the pivots thereby transmitting angular motion of the first camshaft to the second camshaft through the planetary gear links.

11228246

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to apparatus and methods for deriving isolated DC power from a three-phase AC source while drawing a relatively low reactive current from the AC source (i.e. high power factor operation). BACKGROUND Power converters operating from three-phase sources may provide Power Factor Correction (“PFC”) and provide galvanic isolation between the source and the load for safety, to increase power transmission efficiency, and satisfy agency regulations. SUMMARY An exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for converting power from an AC source, having a source frequency and a source waveform, for delivery to a load. The apparatus includes an AC input for receiving power from the AC source. The apparatus further includes one or more power processors, each power processor having a processor input adapted to receive power via the processor input from the AC source, a first power conversion stage having a first stage input and first switching power conversion circuitry adapted to deliver power to a first stage output, and a second power conversion stage having a second stage input connected to receive power from the first stage output and second switching power conversion circuitry adapted to deliver power via a second stage output to a processor output. The first power conversion stage has an operating frequency that is at least one order of magnitude greater than the source frequency and is adapted to adjust an envelope of current drawn by the first stage input over a selected time interval to approximate the source waveform during said selected time interval. Additionally, the second power conversion stage has an operating frequency that is at least one order of magnitude greater than the source frequency, an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, and is adapted to provide galvanic isolation between the second stage input and the second stage output. Each processor output of the one or more power processors is connected to a common output to supply power to the load. The apparatus further includes an energy storage device connected to the common output. A second exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for converting power from an AC source, having a plurality of phases, a source frequency, and a source waveform, for delivery to a load. The apparatus includes an AC input for receiving power from each of the plurality of phases of the AC source. The apparatus further includes a plurality of power processors, each power processor having a processor input connected to receive power from a respective one of the plurality of phases, a first power conversion stage having a first stage input adapted to receive power from a respective phase of the AC source at a first stage input and a first stage output, galvanically isolated from the first stage input, and connected to supply power at the first stage output, wherein a ratio of a first stage output voltage to a first stage input voltage is essentially fixed, the first power conversion stage being adapted to supply power via the first stage output at a unipolar voltage characterized by a periodic ripple having a characteristic frequency and a characteristic period, and a second power conversion stage having a second stage input connected to receive power from the first stage output for delivery to a common output via a second stage output, the second power conversion stage comprising one or more power switches and a power factor correcting controller adapted to operate the one or more power switches in a series of converter operating cycles each having a duration that is 1% or less of the characteristic period, the second power conversion stage being adapted to adjust an envelope of current drawn by the second power conversion stage to perform power factor correction. The common output combining power is processed by the plurality of power processors from each of the plurality of phases. The apparatus further includes an energy storage device connected to the common output to receive power from each of the plurality of phases. The apparatus may further include an active transient switch controller. A third exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for converting power from an AC source, having a source frequency and a source waveform, for delivery to a load. The apparatus includes an AC input for receiving power from the AC source. The apparatus further includes a plurality of power processors, each power processor having a processor input adapted to receive power via the processor input from the AC source. A first power conversion stage may have a first stage input and first switching power conversion circuitry adapted to deliver power to a first stage output. A second power conversion stage may have a second stage input connected to receive power from the first stage output and second switching power conversion circuitry adapted to deliver power via a second stage output to a processor output. The first power conversion stage may have an operating frequency that is at least one order of magnitude greater than the source frequency, an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, and may be adapted to provide galvanic isolation between the first stage input and the first stage output. The second power conversion stage may have an operating frequency that is at least one order of magnitude greater than the source frequency and may be adapted to adjust an envelope of current drawn by the second stage input over a selected time interval to approximate the source waveform during said selected time interval. Each processor output of the plurality of power processors may be connected to a common output to supply power to the load. The apparatus further includes an energy storage device connected to the common output. A fourth exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for converting power from an AC source, having a source frequency and a source waveform, for delivery to a load. The apparatus includes a power processor having a processor input adapted to receive power via the processor input from the source. The power processor further may have a first power conversion stage having a first stage input and first switching power conversion circuitry adapted to convert power received from the first stage input at a first stage input voltage, V1in, for delivery to a first stage output at a first stage output voltage, V1out. The first power conversion stage may have an operating frequency that is at least one order of magnitude greater than the source frequency and may be adapted to provide galvanic isolation between the first stage input and the first stage output. The first switching power conversion circuitry may include a number, n, of input cells, each having a cell input for receiving power at a cell input voltage, Vc-in, the input cells being configured in series with each cell input connected in series with the other cell inputs across the first stage input to divide the first stage input voltage, V1in, among the input cells, such that Vc-in =V1-in/n and the number, n, of input cells being greater than 1. Each input cell may include a respective primary winding and a respective one or more primary switches configured to make or break a current path between the primary winding and its respective cell input, the one or more primary switches in each of the input cells including a number, x, of series-connected semiconductor devices, each having a respective control terminal and a maximum device voltage rating, Vdev max, and the number, x, being greater than 1. The apparatus further includes a switch controller including a drive transformer having a plurality of secondary windings, each secondary winding being connected to operate the control terminal of a respective series-connected semiconductor device. The switch controller may be configured to operate the input cells in a series of converter operating cycles, with an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio during which the primary switches turn ON and OFF at times when a current flowing through said primary switch is near a minimum and turn ON at times when a voltage across said primary switch is near a minimum. A voltage across the series-connected semiconductor devices within each primary switch are controlled to be substantially equal during the ON to OFF transitions. In some implementations, the product of n and x is greater than 4. A fifth exemplary embodiment is an apparatus for converting power from a source at a source voltage, Vsrc, for delivery to a load. The apparatus includes a power processor having a processor input adapted to receive power via the processor input from the source and a first power conversion stage having a first stage input. The power processor further includes first switching power conversion circuitry adapted to convert power received from the first stage input at a first stage input voltage, V1in, for delivery to a first stage output at a first stage output voltage, V1out. The first power conversion stage may be adapted to provide galvanic isolation between the first stage input and the first stage output. The first switching power conversion circuitry may include a number, n, of input cells, each having a cell input for receiving power at a cell input voltage, Vc-in, the input cells being configured in series with each cell input connected in series with the other cell inputs across the first stage input to divide the first stage input voltage, V1in, among the input cells, and the number, n, of input cells being greater than 1. Each input cell may include a respective primary winding and a respective one or more primary switches configured to make or break a current path between the primary winding and its respective cell input. The one or more primary switches in each of the input cells may include a number, x, of series-connected semiconductor devices, each having a respective control terminal and a maximum device voltage rating, Vdev max, and the number, x, being greater than 1. The apparatus further includes a switch controller including a drive transformer having a plurality of secondary windings. Each secondary winding may be connected to operate the control terminal of a respective series-connected semiconductor device. The switch controller may be configured to operate the input cells in a series of converter operating cycles, with an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio during which the primary switches turn ON and OFF at times when a current flowing through said primary switch is at or near a minimum and turn ON at times when a voltage across said primary switch is at or near a minimum. A voltage across the series-connected semiconductor devices within each primary switch may be controlled to be substantially equal during the ON to OFF transitions. The cell input voltage, Vc-in, may be less than or essentially equal to one half of the first stage input voltage, V1in. The series-connected semiconductor devices in an OFF state may be subjected to a voltage, Vdev, that may be less than one quarter of the input voltage, V1in.

11388147

BACKGROUND Systems may be configured to obtain information from multiple devices. Traditional approaches to configuring such systems require manual configuration and manual updating as devices from which the system is receiving information change. SUMMARY In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for managing data. The method includes obtaining, by an indirection logic service, a data request for data, wherein the data request specifies a ledger entry, identifying an indirection logic entry stored in the indirection logic service based on the ledger entry, obtaining a selection of trust data from a client, wherein the ledger entry comprises metadata of the trust data, and initiating communication between the client and a local trust manager based on the selection of trust data, wherein the trust data was generated by the local trust manager. In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a non-transitory computer readable medium that includes computer readable program code, which when executed by a computer processor enables the computer processor to perform a method. The method includes obtaining, by an indirection logic service, a data request for data, wherein the data request specifies a ledger entry, identifying an indirection logic entry stored in the indirection logic service based on the ledger entry, obtaining a selection of trust data from a client, wherein the ledger entry comprises metadata of the trust data, and initiating communication between the client and a local trust manager based on the selection of trust data, wherein the trust data was generated by the local trust manager. In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a system that includes a processor and memory that includes instructions, which when executed by the processor, perform a method to perform a method. The method includes obtaining, by an indirection logic service, a data request for data, wherein the data request specifies a ledger entry, identifying an indirection logic entry stored in the indirection logic service based on the ledger entry, obtaining a selection of trust data from a client, wherein the ledger entry comprises metadata of the trust data, and initiating communication between the client and a local trust manager based on the selection of trust data, wherein the trust data was generated by the local trust manager.

11484840

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a spiral wound membrane element for separating components dissolved in a liquid, and more particularly to a raw water channel spacer for the spiral wound membrane element. BACKGROUND ART In recent years, attempts have been made to filter ions, salts and the like contained in tap water or the like using a separation membrane such as a spiral wound membrane element to produce water more suitable for beverages. The spiral wound membrane element includes a water collecting pipe and a plurality of separation membranes wound around the water collecting pipe. Each of the separation membranes is formed in a bag shape by superimposing separation membranes on both surfaces of a sheet-like permeate spacer, sealing three sides by means of adhesion or the like in this state, and making the other side to be an open end. The spiral wound membrane element is configured such that the open end is connected to the water collecting pipe so that permeate flowing along the permeate spacer flows into the water collecting pipe. A mesh-like raw water channel spacer forming a channel of raw water such as tap water is sandwiched between the separation membranes formed in a bag shape. The raw water supplied to the spiral wound membrane element flows along the raw water channel spacer while part of the raw water permeates through the separation membrane to be permeate and is sent out to the outside through the water collecting pipe. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-305422 discloses a spiral wound membrane element including a raw water channel spacer in which warp yarns are arranged along a flow direction of raw water, weft yarns are arranged in a direction crossing with respect to the flow direction of the raw water, and the weft yarns are formed thinner than the warp yarns, so that pressure loss in a raw water channel can be reduced. PRIOR ART DOCUMENT Patent Document Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention Meanwhile, as the raw water permeates through the separation membrane, ions and salts which cannot permeate through the separation membrane remain in a region in the vicinity of the separation membrane on a raw water channel side. The remaining ions and salts are accumulated in the vicinity of the separation membrane, so that a layer having a higher concentration of ions and salts than other regions of the raw water channel (hereinafter, appropriately expressed as a concentration polarization layer) is formed. As a result, osmotic pressure in the vicinity of a membrane surface of the separation membrane increases, so that the amount of permeate that permeates through the separation membrane decreases, resulting in a problem that permeate cannot be efficiently obtained from the raw water. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a raw water channel spacer capable of suppressing the formation of a concentration polarization layer in a region in the vicinity of a separation membrane, and a spiral wound membrane element including the same. Means for Solving the Problems According to a first preferred aspect of the present invention, a raw water channel spacer is a raw water channel spacer having a two-layer structure that is sandwiched between a first separation membrane and a second separation membrane wound around a water collecting pipe of a spiral wound membrane element, and is formed of a first yarn row and a second yarn row inclined in opposite directions from each other with respect to a direction parallel to the water collecting pipe, the raw water channel spacer including alternately: a first mesh structure configured to be continuous in an extending direction of the second yarn row by the first yarn row and the second yarn row; and a second mesh structure configured to be continuous in the extending direction of the second yarn row by the first yarn row and the second yarn row, in which an interval of the second yarn row is smaller than an interval of the second yarn row forming the first mesh structure. According to a second preferred aspect, of the present invention, in the raw water channel spacer, inclination with respect to the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe of the first yarn row forming the second mesh structure may be configured to be larger than inclination with respect to the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe of the first yarn row forming the first mesh structure. According to a third preferred aspect of the present invention, in the raw water channel spacer, the first mesh structure may be configured by alternately arranging a first mesh and an intermediate mesh having a finer mesh than the first mesh, and the second mesh structure may be configured by alternately arranging the intermediate mesh and a second mesh having a finer mesh than the intermediate mesh. According to a fourth preferred aspect of the present invention, a spiral wound membrane element includes: a water collecting pipe through which permeate flows; a sheet-like permeate spacer; a first separation membrane and a second separation membrane that are each formed in a bag shape in which three sides are sealed in a state where the separation membranes are superimposed on both surfaces of the permeate spacer, and the other side is made to be an open end, the separation membranes wound around the water collecting pipe in a state where the open end is connected to the water collecting pipe; and the raw water channel spacer according to any of the aspects described above. Effects of the Invention According to the raw water channel spacer of the present invention, the first mesh structure and the second mesh structure are alternately arranged and extend in directions inclined with respect to the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe. Here, the second mesh structure is formed so that the interval of the second yarn row is smaller than that of the first mesh structure. Therefore, when the raw water flows along the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe, a flow rate of the raw water flowing from the second mesh structure into the first mesh structure adjacent thereto in a downstream side is larger than a flow rate of the raw water flowing from the first mesh structure into the second mesh structure adjacent thereto in a downstream side. As a result, the flow rate of the raw water flowing through the first mesh structure increases, and force of the raw water flow flowing to the downstream side while meandering toward the first separation membrane or the second separation membrane in the periphery of the mesh structure can be increased. On the other hand, since the second mesh structure has a smaller interval of the second yarn row than the first mesh structure, even if the flow rate of the raw water is small, the same level of water force as that of the first mesh structure can be maintained. As a result, it is possible to suppress the formation of the concentration polarization layer by sweeping away ions and salts remaining in the vicinity of both the separation membranes around the first mesh structure and the second mesh structure to the downstream side. According to the spiral wound membrane element of the present invention, in the raw water channel spacer, the second mesh structure is formed so that the interval of the second yarn row is smaller than that of the first mesh structure. The first mesh structure and the second mesh structure are alternately arranged and extend in directions inclined with respect to the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe. Therefore, when the raw water flows along the direction parallel to the water collecting pipe, a flow rate of the raw water flowing from the second mesh structure into the first mesh structure adjacent thereto in a downstream side is larger than a flow rate of the raw water flowing from the first mesh structure into the second mesh structure adjacent thereto in a downstream side. As a result, the flow rate of the raw water flowing through the first mesh structure increases, and the flow speed of the raw water flow flowing to the downstream side while meandering toward the first separation membrane or the second separation membrane in the periphery of the mesh structure can be made faster. On the other hand, since the second mesh structure has a small interval of the second yarn row, even if the flow rate of the raw water is small, the same level of water force as that the first mesh structure can be maintained. As a result, it is possible to suppress the formation of the concentration polarization layer by sweeping away ions and salts remaining in the vicinity of both the separation membranes around the first mesh structure and the second mesh structure to the downstream side.

11388529

TECHNICAL FIELD This application relates to hearing assistance systems, and more particularly, to hearing assistance systems with own voice detection. BACKGROUND Hearing assistance devices are electronic devices that amplify sounds above the audibility threshold to is hearing impaired user. Undesired sounds such as noise, feedback and the user's own voice may also be amplified, which can result in decreased sound quality and benefit for the user. It is undesirable for the user to hear his or her own voice amplified. Further, if the user is using an ear mold with little or no venting, he or she will experience an occlusion effect where his or her own voice sounds hollow (“talking in a barrel”). Thirdly, if the hearing aid has a noise reduction/environment classification algorithm, the user's own voice can be wrongly detected as desired speech. One proposal to detect voice adds a bone conductive microphone to the device. The bone conductive microphone can only be used to detect the user's own voice, has to make a good contact to the skull in order to pick up the own voice, and has a low signal-to-noise ratio. Another proposal to detect voice adds a directional microphone to the hearing aid, and orients the microphone toward the mouth of the user to detect the user's voice. However, the effectiveness of the directional microphone depends on the directivity of the microphone and the presence of other sound sources, particularly sound sources in the same direction as the mouth. Another proposal to detect voice provides a microphone in the ear-canal and only uses the microphone to record an occluded signal. Another proposal attempts to use a filter to distinguish the user's voice from other sound. However, the filter is unable to self correct to accommodate changes in the user's voice and for changes in the environment of the user. SUMMARY The present subject matter provides apparatus and methods to use a hearing assistance device to detect a voice of the wearer of the hearing assistance device. Embodiments use an adaptive filter to provide a self-correcting voice detector, capable of automatically adjusting to accommodate changes in the wearer's voice and environment. Examples are provided, such as an apparatus configured to be worn by a wearer who has an ear and an ear canal. The apparatus includes a first microphone adapted to be worn about the ear of the person, a second microphone adapted to be worn about the ear canal of the person and at a different location than the first microphone, a sound processor adapted to process signals from the first microphone to produce a processed sound signal, and a voice detector to detect the voice of the wearer. The voice detector includes an adaptive filter to receive signals from the first microphone and the second microphone. Another example of an apparatus includes a housing configured to be worn behind the ear or over the ear, a first microphone in the housing, and an ear piece configured to be positioned in the ear canal, wherein the ear piece includes a microphone that receives sound from the outside when positioned near the ear canal. Various voice detection systems employ an adaptive filter that receives signals from the first microphone and the second microphone and detects the voice of the wearer using a peak value for coefficients of the adaptive filter and an error signal from the adaptive filter. The present subject matter also provides methods for detecting a voice of a wearer of a hearing assistance device where the hearing assistance device includes a first microphone and a second microphone. An example of the method is provided and includes using a first electrical signal representative of sound detected by the first microphone and a second electrical signal representative of sound detected by the second microphone as inputs to a system including an adaptive filter, and using the adaptive filter to detect the voice of the wearer of the hearing assistance device. The present subject matter further provides apparatus and methods to use a pair of left and right hearing assistance devices to detect a voice of the wearer of the pair of left and right hearing assistance devices. Embodiments use outcome of detection of the voice of the wearer performed by the left hearing assistance device and the outcome of detection of the voice of the wearer performed the right hearing assistance device to determine whether to declare a detection of the voice of the wearer. This Summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details about the present subject matter are found in the detailed description. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

11407120

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2018/004432 filed on Feb. 8, 2018, which claims priority benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2017-089482 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Apr. 28, 2017. Each of the above-referenced applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a control device, and a control method. BACKGROUND ART In recent years, robots have increased the number of places active in public facilities, living spaces, or the like as well as in production sites or the like such as factories. Therefore, for example, development of various robots has been promoted such as a robot hand device enabled to grip various objects, and a legged walking robot capable of advancing unpaved irregular ground or the like. In controlling such a robot, not only a sensor for detecting a position of each part of the robot but also a sensor for detecting a sense of touch or a force sense (hereinafter collectively referred to as a force sensor) may be used as described in Patent Document 1 below. However, in the force sensor, its output may change due to aging. For example, in the force sensor, there is a possibility that abnormality occurs due to aging, such as: short abnormality in which a certain output is detected even in a case where there is no contact with an object, and it is determined as “contact”; or open abnormality in which an output is not detected in a case where there is contact with an object, and it is determined as “non-contact”. For example, Patent Document 1 below discloses that, in a sensor for detecting a sense of touch or a force sense included in a robot hand, to determine the open abnormality, an electrode for determining presence or absence of contact is further included in the robot hand. On the other hand, legs of the legged walking robot are usually in contact with the ground. Therefore, in a case where the above-described force sensor is used to control the legged walking robot, it is important to detect and correct the short abnormality in which a certain output is detected even in a case where there is no contact with an object, in the force sensor included in the leg of the legged walking robot. For example, in the legged walking robot, the legged walking robot is hung in the air by using a dedicated hanging tool, and the force sensor is caused to be not in contact with the ground, whereby correction (also referred to as initialization) is performed of the force sensor included in each leg of the legged walking robot to a state where there is no influence of the short abnormality. CITATION LIST Patent Document Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2014-18931 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention However, the legged walking robot can move freely. Thus, depending on the situation, in the legged walking robot, it is required to execute initialization of the force sensor even in a case where there is no dedicated hanging tool. In the present disclosure, a control device or control method is devised that is enabled more simply to execute initialization of the force sensor included in the legged walking robot. Solutions to Problems According to the present disclosure, a control device is provided including: a leg control unit that controls at least one or more legs of a legged walking robot including a plurality of legs, and stores a force sensor provided in each of the legs in a predetermined space in which the force sensor provided in each of the legs is in a non-contact state; and an initialization execution unit that performs initialization of the force sensor provided in each of the legs. Furthermore, according to the present disclosure, a control method is provided including, by an arithmetic processing device, controlling at least one or more legs of a legged walking robot including a plurality of legs, and storing a force sensor provided in each of the legs in a predetermined space in which the force sensor provided in each of the legs is in a non-contact state, and performing initialization of the force sensor provided in each of the legs. According to the present disclosure, initialization can be executed of a force sensor included in a legged walking robot by the legged walking robot alone without using a hanging tool or the like. Effects of the Invention As described above, according to the present disclosure, initialization can be more simply executed of the force sensor included in the legged walking robot. Note that, the above-described effect is not necessarily limited, and in addition to the above-described effect, or in place of the above-described effect, any of effects described in the present specification, or other effects that can be grasped from the present specification may be exhibited.

11507494

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. BACKGROUND The present invention relates to a method of, and apparatus for, testing computer hardware and software configurations. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of, and apparatus for, testing computer hardware and software configurations with improved usability, reliability, productivity and quality. Modern software products can be increasingly complex, as can the devices that run these products. Software applications are now run on modern devices such as smartphones, tablets, smart watches, portable computers as well as the traditional personal computer (PC). To justify the cost of development, and to meet consumer needs, it is often required to roll out a software application across a range of different devices and operating systems. A program developer often has to take into account different operating systems, communication protocols and system hardware when developing new software. In addition, software is also increasingly distributed. On, for example, smartphones and laptop computers, stand-alone software installed on a single computer is increasingly being replaced by applications (or “apps”) or other client components which communicate with several server components. In turn, these server components may communicate with other servers, increasing the complexity of design. As a result, it is often difficult to ensure that a software product is functional across a complete range of devices and operating systems, and that any errors, flaws, failures, or faults (otherwise known as ‘bugs’) in the software product are identified. Typically, these ‘bugs’ are only discovered when the software is run. The testing of a software product, pre-launch, is therefore important to a software developer. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Software testers and test engineers commonly test the functionality and behaviour of a program both pre and post launch. When performing testing, it is desirable to test out the software on a large number of devices and operating systems to ensure the product is ready for widespread sale for (and can be supported by) all types of computer system. A program which works well on one type of device may experience difficulties running on another type of device. The testing can therefore be a time consuming exercise. Accordingly, the test engineer may want to test multiple devices without having to physically interface with each System Under Test (SUT). Typically the same test will need to be executed a number of different times on the same operating system, testing out different configurations of the system and different use patterns. Furthermore, when having to perform the same test on a number of different devices, the test engineer would ideally want to run the same sequence of steps without actually having to input each and every step for every test. One of the most important times to test software is when new versions of the software are released. When such new versions are released, a development team typically creates a “candidate” version of the software. The software testers then test it to find bugs and send the candidate version back to the development team for improvement. The development team then creates a new “candidate”. The testers then re-test it to find further bugs and again send it back to development. This loop continues until the software works correctly and it is delivered to customers. At some further point in time, the development team will typically add some new features to the existing program. The testers then not only have to test the new features, but also that the old features have not ‘broken’ (i.e. ceased to operate as desired) with the introduction of and/or interaction with the changes. This is called “regression testing”. Therefore over the life of a software product, a single test case will be executed 10s, 100s, possibly 1000s of times. Test programs typically test a SUT by interacting with the SUT and validating the state of the SUT according to an input test description (also known in the art as a ‘test script’). A test description typically comprises two main elements—operations and verifications (sometimes called ‘validations’). Operations may be instructions to carry out certain functions or events on the SUT—for example, a mouse click in a particular region, text entered into a particular box, button or key presses or other interactions. Verifications may be observations to ensure that the SUT is in the expected state or that a particular operation has been carried out successfully. This may, for example, be in the form of checking that a value has been entered into a database or that a GUI image has appeared on the SUT screen as required. A test description may be a ‘manual test description’ which is used by a person to perform a test, or it may be an ‘automated test description’ which is input into a test program which then executes the test (typically without any human interaction). Test descriptions can take many forms including but not limited to text instructions, software in source code or binary form, work-flows in a diagrammatical form (such as a flow chart). Typically, test descriptions contain lines of text or other characters that when executed by the test program cause the SUT to perform a specific sequence of operations or executable functions. The sequence of operations (or executable functions) is defined entirely by the tester. However, a test description may cover multiple paths in dependence upon particular variables. For example, consider a test operable to schedule a money transfer in 5 days from the present time. The exact sequence of operations will be different if the current date is the 28thof the month compared with the 5thof the month since in the former case the test must handle the transfer being in the following month. As another example, a retail website may respond differently if a product is in stock or out of stock and the test description can be written to cover both these use scenarios. Once the test description is written, executing (or ‘running’) the test description through the test program allows the system under test to be tested automatically, without requiring a tester to provide input to the testing process, other than initiating it. However, in some cases, tester input may be utilised to input particular configurations (e.g. type of browser to be tested) or particular data (e.g. what username to login as). The specific sequence of operations and validations is defined deterministically by the tester. Therefore, when the test description is run on the SUT, the only variable in the automated test is the behaviour of the SUT (e.g. whether the operations are executed correctly or incorrectly). The SUT may also create allowable variations in the exact sequence of operations. For example, consider an application being tested on a smartphone. At any point during the test, the smartphone may display a “Low Battery” dialogue. Test descriptions are typically designed so if the device is not in an expected state, the test will check to see if the unexpected dialogue is something that is known and can be dealt with. So, for example, a test description so equipped may be able to execute operations to detect and clear the “low battery” dialogue and then resume the normal test. Some test programs that use automated test descriptions are known. One test program that helps software engineers automate the testing process is ‘eggPlant®’ by TestPlant®. The eggPlant® software tool allows a user to create and subsequently execute an automated test description to test a large number of SUTs. When designing a test description for a particular purpose (e.g. testing some new functionality of the software), a number of factors have to be considered. For example, a number of different operations (or functions) may need to be executed in many different combinations and arrangements to test the software thoroughly. This is to ensure that as many “pathways” through the various allowable functions of an application are tested in as possible. The extent to which the various permutations of sequential operations/functions in the application are tested is known as the testing “coverage”. Coverage is a particularly important aspect of testing. Consider, for example, a typical “login” screen which presents the user with three operations—enter a username, enter a password, and click on a “login” button. If each of these operations can be performed exactly once then there are six different “pathways” to be tested. However, if alternatives are added to include data variations (e.g. the user name to use) and each operation is allowed to be performed multiple times (e.g. a user enters their password and then changes the password), then there are potentially an infinite number of “pathways”. In addition, it is important that both logically valid and invalid pathways must be tested. For example, in the example above, clicking on the “login” button before a username and password have been entered should not successfully log the user in. Nevertheless, this pathway must still be tested to ensure that it does indeed not log the user in or result in any other undesirable application behaviour. However, a single test description only allows a single deterministic flow path (with some specifically allowed variation) through the operations/functions of an application to be tested. To enable adequate coverage of the various possible sequential permutations of operations/functions, a known approach is for a tester to develop scripts and re-use specific elements of the script in an ad hoc manner to generate different pathways through the application to be tested. However, this process is cumbersome and may require the tester to generate hundreds if not thousands of different scripts. Further, it is difficult to track whether all the necessary combinations and “pathways” through the functions have been explored to ensure the software has been tested to the required standard. This is particularly important when existing test cases are updated to test new functionality. Attempts have been made to fully “model” a system under test (or application under test) so that automated test descriptions (or automated test scripts) can be generated. However, these models are usually extremely complex and require a lot of effort to create and maintain. Further, given the complexity, these models often have errors which are difficult to detect. The complexity, high creation effort, and high maintenance effort, are a result of two typical attributes of such models. Firstly, since automated test descriptions are generated from the model, the model requires a very high base level of knowledge about the function and operation of the SUT in order to operate correctly. The model must include implementation details of the application-under-test, which may include, for example, identifiers for the relevant GUI elements on the application-under-test. Changes to the implementation details of the application-under-test therefore require changes to the model, and so the models become difficult to maintain. This “all or nothing” approach makes designing and maintaining such models a complex and lengthy process and this may not be suitable for all testing applications. Second, these models typically function by defining allowable pathways through the operations. For example, a model may define that the operation “enter username” should be followed by the operation “enter password”. But as described earlier, the number of potential pathways through the operations of an application-under-test which must be tested (both valid and invalid pathways) is huge. Such models quickly become very complex, require high levels of maintenance, and typically omit important pathways. As described above, it is exceptionally difficult to model every possible aspect of an application and its behaviour, the “model” may be deficient and incorrect in numerous aspects and not comprise a true representation of the application-under-test. Accordingly, there is a technical problem in the art that current methods for production of test descriptions are inefficient, overly complex and can lead to errors in the testing approach for a large number of testing cases. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for defining an automated test configured, when executed, to test a system under test comprising one or more computer programs being executed on one or more computer devices, the system under test comprising a plurality of operational states, at least one operational state having one or more executable actions associated therewith operable to execute predetermined operations and/or transition the system under test between operational states, the method comprising the steps of: a) defining an executable model of the system under test comprising a plurality of model states, wherein at least some of the model states are representative of operational states of the system under test; and b) defining one or more selectable model actions, each model action being representative of one or more executable actions on the system under test and configured such that one or more preconditions are assignable thereto, wherein each model action is configured to be available to be selected unless any preconditions assigned to the respective model action are not satisfied, wherein the model is configured such that, when executed, a test program is operable to select a sequence of available model actions to define an automated test. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of: c) assigning one or more preconditions to one or more model actions. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of: d) utilising a test program to select a sequence of available model actions to define an automated test. In one embodiment, step d) further comprises: e) selecting an available model action; f) updating any preconditions modified by the selection of the available model action; and g) repeating steps e) and f) to define a sequence of selected model actions. In one embodiment, prior to step e), the method comprises: h) defining an initial state of the model. In one embodiment, one or more model actions are operable, when selected, to cause the model to transition from one model state to another model state. In one embodiment, step c) further comprises: i) defining state preconditions for one or more model actions, wherein the state preconditions specify that a respective model action is only selectable when the model is in the one or more predefined model states. In one embodiment, one or more model actions comprise state preconditions specifying a single predefined model state such that the respective model actions are only available for selection if the predefined model state is the current model state. In one embodiment, if no state preconditions are defined for a respective model action, the model action is available to be selected in any model state. In one embodiment, step c) further comprises: j) defining, for one or more model actions, action preconditions which must be met in order for the respective model action to be available for selection. In one embodiment, the action preconditions comprise the previous selection of one or more model actions and/or values of one or more parameters. In one embodiment, one or more model actions comprise at least one data parameter, wherein the or each data parameter comprises a variable to be input to an executable action of the system under test. In one embodiment, a data parameter may comprise one or more of the following: one or more numerical value; a numerical range; a set; a character string; or a true/false variable. In one embodiment, one or more data parameters may comprise a plurality of different values. In one embodiment, a value of the data parameter is selected from a plurality of possible values when the respective model action is selected. In one embodiment, the value of the data parameter is selected based on one or more of: a random variable; a weighting; or a variable factor. In one embodiment, the variable factor for a given value is dependent upon the number of times the value has been previously selected. In one embodiment, one or more model actions are assigned a weight value, wherein the selection of an available model action from a plurality of available model actions is dependent upon the weight value. In one embodiment, one or more model actions are associated with one or more test description sections, wherein each test description section comprises one or more operation commands defining operations to be executed, in use, on the one or more executable actions of the system under test associated with the respective model action. In one embodiment, the test description sections comprise one or more validation commands operable, in use, to determine whether the one or more operation commands have been executed correctly. In one embodiment, the selection of an available model action from a plurality of available model actions is dependent upon the number of times that the model action has been selected in previous automated tests. In one embodiment, the preconditions for one or more model actions are predefined by a user. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of automated testing, the method comprising: k) defining a sequence of model actions in accordance with the method of the first aspect; l) based on the defined sequence of model actions, executing a sequence of operations to execute one or more executable actions of the system under test as part of an automated test. In one embodiment, step l) is carried out after each selection of a model action in step k) such that step l) comprises executing one or more operations associated with a selected model action on the system under test prior to selection of a subsequent action in step k). In one embodiment, step k) comprises executing the sequence of operations on the system under test after all model actions in the sequence have been selected. According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions configured when executed to perform the method of the first or second aspects. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a computer system comprising: a computer readable medium according to the third aspect; and a processor device configured to execute the instructions on the computer readable medium. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided computing apparatus for defining an automated test configured, when executed, to test a system under test comprising one or more computer programs being executed on one or more computer devices, the system under test comprising a plurality of operational states, at least one operational state having one or more executable actions associated therewith operable to execute predetermined operations and/or transition the system under test between operational states, the computing apparatus being configured to: a) define an executable model of the system under test comprising a plurality of model states, wherein at least some of the model states are representative of operational states of the system under test; and b) define one or more selectable model actions, each model action being representative of one or more executable actions on the system under test and configured such that one or more preconditions are assignable thereto, wherein each model action is configured to be available to be selected unless any preconditions assigned to the respective model action are not satisfied, wherein the model is configured such that, when executed, a test program is operable to select a sequence of available model actions to define an automated test. In one embodiment, the computing apparatus is further configured to execute the automated test on the system under test. In one embodiment, the computing apparatus is further configured to execute the automated test on the system under test using a test program. According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided computing apparatus operable to test a system under test comprising one or more computer programs being executed on one or more computer devices, the system under test comprising a plurality of operational states, at least one operational state having one or more executable actions associated therewith operable to execute predetermined operations and/or transition the system under test between operational states, the computing apparatus being configured to: a) utilise an executable model of the system under test comprising a plurality of model states, wherein at least some of the model states are representative of operational states of the system under test; and b) select a sequence of selectable model actions to define an automated test, each model action being representative of one or more executable actions on the system under test and configured such that one or more preconditions are assignable thereto, wherein each model action is configured to be available to be selected unless any preconditions assigned to the respective model action are not satisfied; and c) execute the automated test on the system under test.

11331809

BACKGROUND Utilizing a master control system in remote or de-operation applications poses various challenges. For instance, when a human operator remotely controls a slave system (e.g., as part of or comprising a non-humanoid robot, humanoid robot, hand robot, virtual avatar/robot, tele-operated robot, etc.) with a master control system (e.g., as part of or comprising an exoskeleton, virtual reality controls, manipulator, etc.), the slave system can experience various forces due to pushing a mass or bumping into an object, for instance. Under these circumstances, it is often desirable for the human operator to be able to perceive or “feel” these for various purposes, such as to increase the sense of telepresence, to be able to improve control of or more accurately control the slave system for a particular task. Thus, robotic systems can be configured to utilize what has been termed “force-reflection,” which is a type of force feedback where forces experienced by the slave are essentially “felt” by the user through the master control device. Prior solutions used to achieve force reflection involve incorporating pneumatic or hydraulic actuators into a master control device of a robotic system that are controlled to provide a force reflection value to the human operator via joints of the master control device, which in some cases, for instance, can comprise an upper robotic exoskeleton worn by the operator. However, such solutions have various drawbacks, such as cost, complexity, weight, poor controllability, etc.

11498502

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from prior Japanese patent application No. 2019-049156 filed on Mar. 15, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a vehicle pipe holder for holding two or more pipes in a vehicle. 2. Description of the Related Art Various fluids including fuel are introduced into a vehicle. Accordingly, various pipes serving as flow paths of these fluids are disposed in the vehicle. These pipes are held in the vehicle so as to be prevented from interfering with each other and interfering with other members. JP-A-2011-133003 discloses a pipe holder for holding a pipe on a vehicle body side member. The pipe holder holds the pipe on the vehicle body side member with: a holder body that is made of resin and that holds the pipe; and a mounting bracket that is made of metal, that is attached to the holder body, and that supports the pipe. In JP-A-2011-133003, two pipes P1 and P2 are held on the vehicle body side member BM by the pipe holder. According to the pipe holder of JP-A-2011-133003, the pipes P1 and P2 are held by the holder body made of resin, and the holder body is mounted to the vehicle body side member BM with the mounting bracket made of metal. According to the pipe holder of JP-A-2011-133003, the holder body, which directly holds the pipes P1 and P2, can be formed with a small dimensional error, and a weight of the pipes held by the holder body can be bore by the mounting bracket made of metal, which has high rigidity. Meanwhile, in recent years, a demand of size reduction of various devices and members mounted on a vehicle is increasing, and further size reduction of a vehicle pipe holder is demanded. SUMMARY The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to achieve size reduction of a vehicle pipe holder for holding two or more pipes in a vehicle. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a vehicle pipe holder configured to hold two or more pipes in a vehicle, the vehicle pipe holder including: a holding member that is made of resin and that includes a first holding portion configured to hold one of the pipes, a second holding portion configured to hold another one of the pipes, and a holding connection portion that couples the first holding portion and the second holding portion; and a mounting bracket that is made of metal, that is separate from the holding member, and that includes a vehicle mounting portion configured to be mounted to a vehicle and an insertion opening configured to be inserted with the holding connection portion, wherein the mounting bracket is configured to be disposed between the first holding portion and the second holding portion upon assembly of the holding member and the mounting bracket. The vehicle pipe holder of the present invention is small in size.

11377044

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to an input device that receives a user input by a physical operation, a vehicle including the same, and a method of controlling the input device. BACKGROUND In a vehicle, various controls related to vehicle functions, such as door control, window control, air conditioner control, and multimedia control, as well as driving-related controls are capable of being performed, and control commands may be input from a user to perform these controls. As described, since various controls may be performed in the vehicle, the user needs to select a desired control item among various control items, input a detailed control command with respect to the selected control item. SUMMARY An aspect of the disclosure provides an input device that provides an improved feeling of operation to a user and at the same time allows the user to more accurately recognize a situation in which a handle is being operated by providing haptic feedback by limiting a direction of movement of the handle of the input device provided in a vehicle according to a control item, applying a reaction force to the handle, or generating a vibration, a vehicle including the same, and a method of controlling the input device. Additional aspects of the disclosure will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosure. In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, an input device may include a handle configured to be movable in a first direction and a second direction; a motor configured to generate force related to a movement of the handle; a driver configured to operate the motor; and a controller configured to operate the driver to limit a moving direction of the handle to the first direction or the second direction based on a control item controlled by the movement of the handle. The input device may further include a first detector configured to detect a user's touch on the handle. The controller may be configured to activate the input device when the user's touch on the handle is detected. The motor may include a first servo motor configured to provide force for restraining the movement of the handle in the first direction; and a second servo motor configured to provide force for restraining the movement of the handle in the second direction. When the control item matches the movement in the first direction, the controller may be configured to operate the driver to enable the movement of the handle in the first direction and restrain the movement of the handle in the second direction. When the control item matches the movement in the second direction, the controller may be configured to operate the driver to enable the movement of the handle in the second direction and restrain the movement of the handle in the first direction. The controller may be configured to receive information regarding the control item from a vehicle. The input may further include a first rail configured to guide the movement of the handle in the first direction; and a second rail configured to guide the movement of the handle in the second direction. The handle may be configured to move in the first direction along the first rail and move in the second direction along the second rail. The controller may be configured to match and store a haptic pattern for each control item, and to operate the driver to output a haptic feedback to the handle based on the haptic pattern matched to the input control item when information regarding the control item is input from the outside. The haptic pattern may be defined by at least one of the moving direction of the handle, the number of graphical user interfaces displayed on a display, and an intensity of the haptic feedback. The controller may be configured to operate the driver to generate a force applied in a direction opposite to a direction in which the handle moves by the user, to output the haptic feedback to the handle. The graphical user interface displayed on the display may include a first graphical user interface and a second graphical user interface displayed adjacent to each other. When the handle moves from a position corresponding to the first graphical user interface to a position corresponding to the second graphical user interface, the controller may be configured to operate the driver to increase a magnitude of the force applied in the direction opposite to the direction in which the handle moves. When the handle moves to a position corresponding to the second graphical user interface, the controller may be configured to operate the driver to decrease the magnitude of the force applied in the opposite direction of the moving direction. The input device may further include a second detector configured to detect a force applied to the handle in a third direction; and a vibration generator configured to generate vibration and provide the vibration to the handle. The controller may be configured to operate the vibration generator to generate the vibration when the force applied to the handle in the third direction is detected. In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a vehicle may include an input device having a handle configured to be movable in a first direction and a second direction, a motor configured to generate force related to a movement of the handle, a driver configured to operate the motor, and a controller configured to operate the driver to limit a moving direction of the handle to the first direction or the second direction according to a control item controlled by the movement of the handle; a controller configured to transmit information regarding the control item to the input device; and a display configured to display a plurality of graphical user interfaces respectively corresponding to a plurality of sub-control items for the control item. The controller of the input device may be configured to match and store a haptic pattern for each control item, and to operate the driver to output a haptic feedback to the handle according to the haptic pattern matched to the input control item when information regarding the control item is input from the controller of the vehicle. The haptic pattern may be configured to be defined by at least one of the moving direction of the handle, the number of graphical user interfaces displayed on a display, and an intensity of the haptic feedback. The controller of the input device may be configured to operate the driver to generate a force applied in a direction opposite to a direction in which the handle moves by the user, to output the haptic feedback to the handle. The graphical user interface displayed on the display may include a first graphical user interface and a second graphical user interface displayed adjacent to each other. When the handle moves from a position corresponding to the first graphical user interface to a position corresponding to the second graphical user interface, the controller of the input device may be configured to operate the driver to increase a magnitude of the force applied in the direction opposite to the direction in which the handle moves. When the handle moves to a position corresponding to the second graphical user interface, the controller of the input device may be configured to operate the driver to decrease the magnitude of the force applied in the opposite direction of the moving direction. The display may be configured to highlight and display a graphic user interface corresponding to the position of the handle. In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a method of controlling an input device, the input device including a handle movable in a first direction and a second direction, a motor configured to generate force involved in a movement of the handle, a driver configured to drive the motor, the method may include receiving a control item selected by the user; when the control item matches the movement in the first direction, limiting the movement of the handle to the first direction; and when the control item matches the movement in the second direction, limiting the movement of the handle to the second direction. The method may further include detecting a user's touch on the handle; and activating the input device when the user's touch on the handle is detected. The method may further include operating the driver to output a haptic feedback to the handle according to a haptic pattern matched to the received control item. The operating of the driver may include operating the driver to generate a force applied in a direction opposite to a direction in which the handle moves by the user to output the haptic feedback to the handle. The operating of the driver may include adjusting a magnitude of the force applied in the opposite direction to the direction in which the handle moves according to the position of the handle. Additionally, the method may include detecting a force applied in a third direction perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction; and generating a vibration in the handle when the force applied in the third direction is detected.

11347245

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention The described embodiments relate generally to a batch process for producing a beverage, including measuring characteristics of the batch process in real time. BRIEF SUMMARY Aspects of the disclosure include a method for tracking the quality of a beverage produced according to a batch process. The batch process may include adding ingredients to water to form a batch. A first ingredient may be added, then the batch may be mixed until the first ingredient is fully mixed, then a second ingredient may be added, and the batch may be mixed until the second ingredient is fully mixed. Additionally, the method may include measuring the density of the batch in real time using an in-line density device, monitoring changes in density of the batch, detecting deviations from the batch process based on the changes in density, and correcting for any detected deviations from the batch process in real time. The method may also include comparing the density measurements to a standard beverage recipe and matching the density measurements to the standard beverage recipe. In other aspects of the disclosure, a method of detecting inhomogeneities in a batch process for producing a beverage may include mixing ingredients to form a batch, measuring drive gain of the batch in real time, monitoring changes in the drive gain, detecting inhomogeneity in the batch based on the changes in the drive gain, and correcting for any detected inhomogeneity from the batch process in real time. In other aspects of the disclosure, a method of tracking addition of ingredients for producing a beverage in a batch process may include sequentially adding ingredients to water according to a recipe to form a batch, measuring the density of the batch in real time using an in-line density device, monitoring changes in density of the batch after each ingredient is added to the batch, detecting deviations from the standard recipe, and correcting for any detected deviations from the batch process in real time. In other aspects of the disclosure, a method of producing a batch using a batch process may include adding a first ingredient to water to form a batch, mixing the batch, measuring a drive gain amplitude of the batch using an in-line density device, monitoring drive gain amplitude variation, comparing the drive gain amplitude variation to a predetermined threshold, providing an indication based on the variation in drive gain amplitude that the batch is homogeneously dispersed or fully dissolved, and mixing the batch until the indication is provided. In other aspects of the disclosure, a method for detecting homogeneities of a mixture may include adding an ingredient to water to form the mixture, measuring drive gain amplitude of the mixture using an in-line density device, monitoring variation in the drive gain amplitude, comparing the variation in the drive gain amplitude to a predetermined threshold, and determining, based on the comparing step, whether the mixture is fully dissolved or homogeneously dissolved. In other aspects of the disclosure, a method of determining the degree of mixing of a batch includes adding a first ingredient to water to form a batch, adding a second ingredient to the batch, mixing the batch, measuring the drive gain amplitude of the batch in real time using an in-line density device, monitoring variation in the drive gain amplitude, comparing the variation to a first standard reference corresponding to a homogeneously dissolved mixture and a second standard reference corresponding to a fully dissolved mixture, and providing an indication of the degree of mixing based on the comparing step.

11361689

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a control system for rotating display. The rotating display displays images using light-emitting elements arranged in a line on a plate that is driven to rotate. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Patent Document 1 (WO/2015/140578) discloses a technique of a rotating display that displays an image by light emitting elements. The elements are arranged in a line on a belt-shaped plate that is driven to rotate. This display is different from a general display having a frame. It does not display an image in a portion surrounded by the frame. When the light emitting elements arranged in a line is rotated, an image created by the afterimage is displayed. Since the image appears to float in the air. It is possible to display a moving image or a stereoscopic image as if it were a real object. PRIOR ART DOCUMENT Patent Document [Patent Document 1] WO/2015/140578 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problem to be Resolved by the Invention The prior art has the problems to be improved. Rotating displays are effective when installed in stores and used for advertising. It is desired to improve the structure to further enhance its effect. It is desired to construct a system for freely changing images to be displayed or displaying images at appropriate timing. In addition, rotating displays can cause the rotating parts to hurt a person. A structure with safety cover is desired. However, a cover reduces the visual effect. The object of this invention is to solve the problems. Means of Solving of the Problems The following configurations are structures for solving the above problems. <Configuration 1> Control system for controlling the rotating displays that display an image data by a rotating plate, on which light emitting elements arranged in a line, wherein; a server connects with plurality of rotating displays via a network; the server stores image data in a storage device and transmits the image data to the rotating displays; the storage device stores user data including a type of each rotating display held by the user and a time schedule for displaying the image data for the user; the server supplies to the terminal device an operation screen for user interface, that allows to select the image data that can be displayed according to the type of the rotating display held by the user, or allows the user to create displayable image data, or allows the user to input a time schedule for displaying the image data, and the server has a display controller that transmit to the rotating displays the image data, that selected or created by the user and transmit the data indicating the time schedule. <Configuration 2> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the server is connected to the terminal device held by the designer via the network, the designed image data transmitted from the terminal device held by the designer is stored in the storage device of the server, and a accounting control unit is provided that adds a reward to the designer when the user selected the designed image data. <Configuration 3> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, two rows of light emitting elements are arranged on the plate, and when viewed from a direction intersecting this row, the two light emitting elements rows are arranged so that the other element can be seen from between the one element. <Configuration 4> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, the plurality of rotating displays are arranged in a preset pattern, and the plurality of rotating displays are arranged so that some or all of the images displayed overlap on each rotating display. <Configuration 5> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, one or more plates are arranged parallel to the drive shaft of the driving device and each plate rotates around the drive shaft. <Configuration 6> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, one or more plates are arranged like an umbrella bone around a driving shaft of the driving device. <Configuration 7> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, the plate is transparent. <Configuration 8> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, a rotating shaft of the motor of the driving device is passed through the transparent board, the motor is arranged on one side of the transparent board, and the plate is arranged on the other side with the light emitting elements facing the motor side. <Configuration 9> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, the rotating plate of the rotating display is surrounded with a transparent hemispherical protective cover. <Configuration 10> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, the driving device has no protective cover, and has a human sensor that detects when a person approaches, and an alarm that emits an alarm sound by this detection or a switch that shuts off the power supply of the driving device. <Configuration 11> Control system for rotating display according to the Configuration 1, the rotating display has a data buffer that stores the image data for forming an image with an afterimage during rotation of the light-emitting elements and an image controller that supplies the image data to the light-emitting elements; wherein, the cross section of the plate is streamlined, or the plan view of the plate is S-shape, and the plate is connected to the rotation axis as axisymmetric. Effect of this Invention <Effect of the Configuration 1> Image data that can be displayed according to the type of the rotating display is presented to the user. The user can select and use desired image data from the data. The user can enter a time schedule. Since the computer automatically controls the display timing of the image data, the great effect can be exerted for advertisement and the like. Further, the user can freely increase or decrease the image data by using the user interface. The server can control various types of rotating displays installed over a wide area through a network. <Effect of the Configuration 2> An appropriate reward can be provided to a designer who has designed and entered image data that is popular with users. <Effect of the Configuration 3> When the light emitting elements is arranged in one line, an annular black streak due to an afterimage of a gap between adjacent light emitting elements may be conspicuous. This can be prevented if the arrangement of the two light emitting element arrays arranged in parallel is shifted in the longitudinal direction. <Effect of the Configuration 4> Displaying one moving image or three-dimensional image on each plate and linking the images on a plurality of plates allows a more effective display of an advertising tower. An image of an arbitrary shape without a seam can be displayed by partially or entirely overlapping a plurality of rotating displays. <Effect of the Configuration 5> It can display characters in the longitudinal direction of the plate. It can be arranged on the front of a general display to form a composite image such as subtitles. <Effect of Configuration 6> If the rotating drive shaft is set up perpendicular to the floor, the displayed image can be viewed from anywhere around the drive shaft. <Effect of Configuration 7> Since the plate and the substrate are transparent, the image formed by the afterimage appears floating in the air during the rotation of the light emitting element, and the moving image and the stereoscopic image can be felt as if they were real. <Effect of Configuration 8> Safety is ensured when viewed the image from one side of the transparent plate. Moreover, since the transparent plate allows the user to see the scenery behind the rotating plate, there is a visual effect that the moving image or the stereoscopic image due to the afterimage is fused with the background. <Effect of Configuration 9> The hemispherical protective cover prevents a person from touching the rotating plate. The hemispherical protective cover has a visual effect that the depth of the stereoscopic image due to the afterimage can be felt more deeply. <Effect of Configuration 10> Even if there is no protective cover, safety for the people approaching can be ensured by the detecting them. <Effect of Configuration 11> Wind noise caused by the rotation of the plate can be reduced.

11321455

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority from GB 1806289.3, filed Apr. 18, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates generally to the field of computers and computer devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a computer device and to a method of protecting the computer device from escalation of privilege attacks. Related Art Security is vitally important in modern computer systems and computer networks. Malicious actors frequently look for vulnerabilities in key areas, such as the kernel of the operating system, which can then be exploited in an attack. In particular, malicious code may attempt to obtain enhanced privilege levels, beyond the level intended for that security context, and then use those rights to gain access to other restricted or sensitive parts of the computer system. Such attacks are commonly referred to as ‘escalation of privilege’ attacks (‘EoP’ attacks). Typically, the vulnerabilities will exist until the originator of the operating system issues an update or security patch. Hence, the current mechanisms to defend against EoP attacks are highly reactive and rely on ensuring that each computer device is kept up to date with the latest updates and patches for the operating system. However, keeping computer devices up to date is notoriously unreliable, difficult and time-consuming, especially in a large organisation. Therefore, an improved mechanism is desired which will protect the computer device even if malicious code performs an escalation of privilege attack. The example embodiments have been provided with a view to addressing at least some of the difficulties that are encountered in current computer systems, whether those difficulties have been specifically mentioned above or will otherwise be appreciated from the discussion herein. SUMMARY According to the present invention there is provided a computer-implemented method, a computer system and a computer-readable storage medium as set forth in the appended claims. Additional features will be appreciated from the dependent claims, and the description herein. By way of introduction, the following examples describe a kernel driver which records an access token as initially associated with a user process. Later, the user process presents its access token when requesting certain operations through the operating system. The kernel driver detects that the user process has been subject to an escalation of privilege attack by evaluating the access token in its current form as against the initially recorded access token and, in response, performs a mitigation action such as suspending the user process. In one example, there is described a method for protecting a computer device against escalation of privilege attacks, comprising: recording, by a kernel driver, an initial access token of a user process which will execute on the computer device; capturing a current access token as presented by the user process when requesting an operation through an operating system of the computer device; and detecting, by the kernel driver, that the user process has been subject to an escalation of privilege attack by evaluating the current access token against the initial access token and, in response, performing a mitigation action with respect to the user process. In one example, there is described a computer device configured to perform any of the methods discussed herein. The computer device may include a kernel driver in a kernel mode supported by an operating system of the computer device, wherein the kernel driver is configured to perform operations including: recording, in a token cache accessible to the kernel driver, an access token of a user process which executes on the computer device; obtaining a current access token as presented by the user process when requesting an operation through the operating system of the computer device; and detecting that the user process has been subject to an escalation of privilege attack by evaluating the current access token of the user process with reference to the access token as recorded in the token cache and, in response, causing a mitigation action with respect to the user process. In one example, a tangible non-transient computer-readable storage medium is provided having recorded thereon instructions which, when implemented by a computer device, cause the computer device to be arranged as set forth herein and/or which cause the computer device to perform any of the methods as set forth herein. The operations may include recording an access token of a user process which will execute on the computer device; obtaining an access token as presented by the user process when requesting an operation through an operating system of the computer device; detecting that the user process has been subject to an escalation of privilege attack by evaluating the presented access token with reference to the recorded access token; and performing a mitigation action with respect to the user process in response to detecting the escalation of privilege attack.

11335009

TECHNICAL FIELD Embodiments of the disclosure relate to methods and systems for use in airplane taxiing. BACKGROUND The airline industry continues to grow, with an ever-increasing number of flights, and accordingly, an ever-increasing number of taxi maneuvers to and from the runway for each flight. The increase in taxiing increases the probability for accidents, as R. Kebabjian, in “Plane Crash Information”, http://www.planecrashinfor.com/cause.htm, reported that 12% of all airline accidents between 1959 and 2008 occurred during the taxi phase. Some of the causes of the accidents included obstacle misjudgment, and low visibility due to bad weather or nighttime operation. SUMMARY The present disclosure, also referred to herein as the disclosed subject matter, provides methods and systems for controlling airplane taxiing, including detecting aerodrome taxiway lines (typically in the form of surface markings) and estimating cross-track error, for use in administering and controlling aircraft taxiing. The system includes an image processor for processing the images captured by an electro-optical camera, such as a visible imaging sensor, mounted on an aircraft and processing hardware and software for guiding the airplane taxiing process. The horizontal position of the aircraft relative to the taxiway centerline, known as the cross-track error, is also measured, and may be used to alert pilots when they deviate from the center line. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed to a method for detecting taxiway lines in an aerodrome. The method comprises: obtaining digital images of an aircraft indicative of the forward direction of movement of the aircraft; detecting pixels corresponding to taxiway lines in a digital image including: 1) determining whether there are pixels matching a range of predetermined colors associated with taxiway lines, and, 2) determining whether there are pixels defining an edge of a taxiway line; in a subsequent digital image, determining whether the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line by analyzing at least a portion of the subsequent digital image corresponding to a region in front of the aircraft; and, detecting one or more taxiway lines within the subsequent digital image. The detecting the one or more taxiway lines with the subsequent digital image is performed by at least one of: a) if the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway: generating a plurality of windows in succession in the subsequent digital image, to detect at least one taxiway line of the one or more taxiway lines for the aircraft to follow, each window of at least a predetermined number of pixels, and, the succession of each of the windows including positioning a successive window after a previous window to advance each successive window in a direction corresponding to at least one of the taxiway lines detected in the previous window, the at least one of the taxiway lines being detected based on analyzing the pixels in the previous window; or, b) if the movement of the aircraft is not at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway, applying at least one clustering process to the pixels of the subsequent at least one digital image to detect the one or more taxi way lines. The method then tracks the one or more detected taxiway lines, as coordinated with the movement of the aircraft, by analyzing multiple successive frames of obtained digital images in the successive order of the frames until the one or more taxiway lines are no longer detected in a predetermined number of consecutive frames. Optionally, the method is such that the obtaining the digital images is performed continuously and automatically. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: obtaining a region of interest (ROI) within a digital image and converting the region of interest to a top-down digital image. Optionally, the method is such that the converting includes performing a Homographic Transform on the digital image. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: analyzing the top-down digital image based on Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV), to determine whether the color of each pixel in the top-down digital image matches a range of predetermined colors, and generating a first binary image based on pixels matching the range of predetermined colors. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: analyzing the top-down digital image by performing a Canny edge detection process, to determine whether each pixel defines an edge of at least one of the taxiway lines, and generating a second binary image of the pixels which define the edges of the at least one of the taxiway lines. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: creating a combined binary image from the first binary image and the second binary image. Optionally, the method is such that the analyzing the pixels in the previous window includes at least one of: a) determining vertical taxiway lines by fitting a line to the non-zero pixels in the window; b) determining converging and/or diverging taxiway lines by: (1) computing a histogram of non-zero pixels in each column of the window; (2) determining the number of converging or diverging taxiway lines by determining the number of gaps in the histogram; and, (3) creating a window corresponding to each of the gaps, and fitting a line to the non-zero pixels in each of the created windows; and/or, c) determining horizontal taxiway lines by: (1) computing a histogram of non-zero pixels in each row of the window, and analyzing the peaks of the histogram; and, (2) creating a window in the direction of each horizontal taxiway line, and fitting a line to the non-zero pixels in each of the created windows. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: determining the cross-track error of the aircraft from the at least one of the determined vertical taxiway lines. Optionally, the method is such that the cross-track error is determined by performing template matching. Optionally, the method is such that the at least one clustering process includes at least one of: detecting taxiway lines of the one or more taxiway lines which are separate from each other; or, detecting taxiway lines of the one or more taxiway lines by separating intersecting taxiway lines from each other. Optionally, the method is such that the detecting the taxiway lines which are separate from each other includes: applying a Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) process to the combined binary image. Optionally, the method is such that the detecting the taxiway lines of the one or more taxiway lines by separating intersecting taxiway lines from each other includes: detecting intersections of taxiway lines from the combined binary image, modifying the combined binary image including removing the non-zero pixels from the detected intersections of taxiway lines in the combined binary image; and, applying a DBSCAN process to the modified combined binary image. Optionally, the method is such that the detecting intersections of taxiway lines from the combined binary image includes, processing the combined binary image including: analyzing a region of at least a predetermined number of pixels centered at each non-zero pixel in the combined binary image, and, determining whether the number of non-zero pixels in the region exceeds a certain threshold number. Optionally, the method is such that the region is formed of quadrants and the determining whether the number of non-zero pixels in at least three of the quadrants of the region exceeds a certain threshold number. Optionally, the method is such that the removing the non-zero pixels from the detected intersections of taxiway lines includes: in the combined binary image, 1) defining a circular region including a radius of a predetermined number of pixels, and, 2) removing any non-zero pixels from the circular region. Optionally, the method is such that it additionally comprises: modeling at least one the taxiway lines by fitting at least one of: 1) a line, or 2) a curve, through each group of non-zero pixels corresponding to a taxiway line in the subsequent digital image, prior to the tracking the one or more detected taxiway lines. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed to a computer system for detecting taxiway lines in an aerodrome. The computer system comprises: a non-transitory storage medium for storing computer components; and, a computerized processor for executing the computer components. The computer components comprise: a module for obtaining digital images, including those of an aircraft indicative of the forward direction of movement of the aircraft; a module for detecting pixels corresponding to taxiway lines in at least one of the obtained digital images including: 1) determining whether there are pixels matching a range of predetermined colors associated with taxiway lines, and, 2) determining whether there are pixels defining an edge of a taxiway line; a module for determining, from at least one of the obtained digital images, whether the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line by analyzing at least a portion of the at least one digital image corresponding to a region in front of the aircraft; and, detecting one or more taxiway lines within the at least one obtained digital image, by performing at least one of: a) if the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway: generating a plurality of windows in succession in the at least one obtained digital image, to detect at least one taxiway line of the one or more taxiway lines for the aircraft to follow, each window of at least a predetermined number of pixels; and, the succession of each of the windows including positioning a successive window after a previous window to advance each successive window in a direction corresponding to at least one of the taxiway lines detected in the previous window, the at least one of the taxiway lines being detected based on analyzing the pixels in the previous window; or, b) if the movement of the aircraft is not at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway, applying at least one clustering process to the pixels of the at least one obtained digital image to detect the one or more taxiway lines; and, a module for tracking the one or more detected taxiway lines, as coordinated with the movement of the aircraft, by analyzing multiple successive frames of the obtained at least one digital image in the successive order of the frames until the one or more taxiway lines are no longer detected in a predetermined number of consecutive frames. Optionally, the computer system is such that it additionally comprises: a camera, the camera for: 1) mounting on the aircraft, and, 2) for capturing digital images indicative of the forward direction of movement of the aircraft; and, the camera in electronic communication with the module for obtaining digital images. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter are directed to a computer usable non-transitory storage medium having a computer program embodied thereon for causing a suitably programmed system to detect taxiway lines in an aerodrome, by performing the following steps when such program is executed on the system. The steps comprise: obtaining digital images of an aircraft indicative of the forward direction of movement of the aircraft; detecting pixels corresponding to taxiway lines in a digital image including: 1) determining whether there are pixels matching a range of predetermined colors associated with taxiway lines, and, 2) determining whether there are pixels defining an edge of a taxiway line; determining, in a subsequent digital image, whether the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line by analyzing at least a portion of the subsequent digital image corresponding to a region in front of the aircraft; and, detecting one or more taxiway lines within the subsequent digital image, by performing at least one of: a) if the movement of the aircraft is at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway: generating a plurality of windows in succession in the subsequent digital image, to detect at least one taxiway line of the one or more taxiway lines for the aircraft to follow, each window of at least a predetermined number of pixels, and, the succession of each of the windows including positioning a successive window after a previous window to advance each successive window in a direction corresponding to at least one of the taxiway lines detected in the previous window, the at least one of the taxiway lines being detected based on analyzing the pixels in the previous window; or, b) if the movement of the aircraft is not at least in a substantially straight line along the taxiway, applying at least one clustering process to the pixels of the subsequent at least one digital image to detect the one or more taxiway lines; and, tracking the one or more detected taxiway lines, as coordinated with the movement of the aircraft, by analyzing multiple successive frames of obtained digital images in the successive order of the frames until the one or more taxiway lines are no longer detected in a predetermined number of consecutive frames. Unless otherwise defined herein, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

11524608

BACKGROUND Autonomous vehicles, such as vehicles that do not require a human driver, can be used to aid in the transport of passengers or items from one location to another. Such vehicles may operate in a fully autonomous mode where occupants, or passengers, may provide some initial input, such as a pick up or destination location, and the vehicle maneuvers itself to that location. An important component of an autonomous vehicle is the perception system, which allows the vehicle to perceive and interpret its surroundings using cameras, radar, sensors, and other similar devices. Data from the perception system is then used by the autonomous vehicle's computer to make numerous decisions while the autonomous vehicle is in motion, such as deciding when to speed up, slow down, stop, turn, etc. These decisions are used to maneuver between locations but also to interact with and avoid collisions with other objects along the way. When a collision actually occurs, non-autonomous and autonomous vehicles alike may include various safety mechanism systems to reduce injury to passengers. For example, the safety mechanism systems may include airbag systems employed to protect passengers from impacts with the interior of a vehicle after an object external to a vehicle has impacted a bumper of the vehicle. BRIEF SUMMARY Aspects of the disclosure provide for a method that includes determining, by one or more computing devices, that an impact is imminent at a location on a vehicle along a collision axis; determining, by the one or more computing devices, a most favorable orientation of a seat in the vehicle based on the determined location and collision axis, the most favorable orientation being an angle to the collision axis at which there is at least one of (i) a least likelihood of injury to the passenger in the seat or (ii) a highest performance of personal restraint system; and rotating, by the one or more computing devices, the seat of the vehicle to the most favorable orientation in order to reduce risks of serious injury to a passenger in the seat upon impact. In one example, the method also includes translating, by the one or more computing devices, the seat of the vehicle a distance away from the determined location prior to impact to reduce risks of serious injury to the passenger in the seat upon impact. In another example, the method also includes translating, by the one or more computing devices, the seat of the vehicle toward the determined location upon impact in order to reduce forces on the passenger in the seat caused by the imminent impact. In this example, the seat of the vehicle includes an energy absorption means configured to cause the seat to translate toward the determined location at a controlled rate upon impact. In yet another example, the seat of the vehicle is configured to allow the passenger in the seat to translate along the collision axis independent from the seat of the vehicle. In this example, the seat includes a deformable material such that the passenger in the seat may translate during impact independent from the seat. In a further example, the most favorable orientation of the seat is an angle that is parallel to the collision axis with a front of the seat facing away from the determined location. Other aspects of the disclosure provide for a system that includes a rotational control system configured to rotate a seat of a vehicle and one or more computing devices. The one or more computing devices has one or more processors configured to determine that an impact is imminent at a location on the vehicle along a collision axis; determine a most favorable orientation of the seat in the vehicle based on the determined location and collision axis, the most favorable orientation being an angle to the collision axis at which there is at least one of (i) a least likelihood of injury to the passenger in the seat or (ii) a highest performance of personal restraint system; and rotate, using the rotational control system, the seat of the vehicle to the most favorable orientation in order to reduce risks of serious injury to a passenger in the seat upon impact. In one example, the system also includes a translational control system configured to translate the seat of the vehicle, wherein the one or more computing devices is also configured to translate, using the translational control system, the seat of the vehicle a distance away from the determined location prior to impact to reduce risks of serious injury to the passenger in the seat upon impact. In another example, the system also includes a translational control system configured to translate the seat of the vehicle, wherein the one or more computing devices is also configured to translate, using the translational control system, the seat of the vehicle toward the determined location upon impact in order to reduce forces on the passenger in the seat caused by the imminent impact. In this example, the seat of the vehicle comprises an energy absorption means configured to cause the seat to translate toward the determined location at a controlled rate upon impact. In yet another example, the seat of the vehicle is configured to allow the passenger in the seat to translate along the collision axis independent from the seat of the vehicle. In this example, the seat includes a deformable material such that the passenger in the seat may translate during impact independent from the seat. In a further example, the most favorable orientation of the seat is an angle that is parallel to the collision axis with a front of the seat facing away from the determined location. In another example, the system also includes the vehicle. In this example, the vehicle is capable of operating autonomously. Further aspects of the disclosure provide for a non-transitory, computer-readable medium on which instructions are stored. The instructions, when executed by one or more computing devices, causes the one or more computing devices to perform a method. The method includes determining that an impact is imminent at a location on a vehicle along a collision axis; determining a most favorable orientation of a seat in the vehicle based on the determined location and collision axis, the most favorable orientation being an angle to the collision axis at which there is at least one of (i) a least likelihood of injury to the passenger in the seat or (ii) a highest performance of personal restraint system; and rotating the seat of the vehicle to the most favorable orientation in order to reduce risks of serious injury to a passenger in the seat upon impact. In one example, the method also includes translating the seat of the vehicle a distance away from the determined location prior to impact to reduce risks of serious injury to the passenger in the seat upon impact. In another example, the method also includes translating the seat of the vehicle toward the determined location upon impact in order to reduce forces on the passenger in the seat caused by the imminent impact. In this example, the seat of the vehicle includes an energy absorption means configured to cause the seat to translate toward the determined location at a controlled rate upon impact.

11361965

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The invention relates to fabrication of horizontally oriented nanowires. In particular, the invention relates to methods of in situ fabricating nanowires on a planar surface that are oriented horizontally relative to the planar surface during growth of semiconductor structures. 2. Description of Related Art A variety of semiconductor electronic devices utilize or may benefit by the use of nanometer-scale structures, such as nanowires, for functionality relating to device interconnects, narrow-feature templates, lightwave guiding, and mechanical motion. However, manufacture of such nanowire-based semiconductor devices tends to be difficult and time-consuming, at least due to the growth, and in some cases, placement, of the nanowires for the fabrication of the electronic device. Most methods for synthesizing nanowires focus on producing or growing nanowires that are substantially perpendicular (a vertical orientation) to a substrate surface on which they are grown. Usually nanowire growth is on planar surfaces using a metal catalyst or seed to facilitate growth. However, nanowires have been grown on off-angle structures that are formed on planar substrates, or on cross-sectional ridges using exposed substrate facets, but in each case the nanowire growth is substantially perpendicular to the respective surface. As such, in many cases, the nanowires that are synthesized by these methods have disadvantages including, but not limited to, one or more of characteristically limited length, limited aspect ratios, potential undesirable contours, and unpredictable or random growth locations, which render the nanowires and these techniques undesirable for the applications in which they are needed. Moreover, in some semiconductor devices that utilize nanowires, the nanowires are intended for a horizontally oriented application, not vertically oriented applications. Therefore, very tedious and time-consuming steps, typically performed manually, are required to not only harvest the vertically oriented nanowires, but also to transfer these nanowires from their growth substrate to an intended location on the host device substrate. Moreover, ways to affix and electrically connect the transferred nanowires in a horizontal orientation at the intended locations on the semiconductor device are needed. As such, these methods have numerous limitations and challenges that have long impacted the semiconductor devices that are intended to use them. Unfortunately, these presently available nanowire growth techniques also limit progress in the development and design complexity of semiconductor devices, such as high performance optical modulators, transistors, LED arrays, photovoltaics, photocatalysts and advanced arrays of high power and high speed devices, that would otherwise benefit from the incorporation of nanowire structures. While progress with nanowire growth techniques have been made over the years, a more versatile and advanced nanowire growth technique is still needed. In particular, a more versatile nanowire fabrication technique is needed for applications in semiconductor device manufacture that can reduce the existing time consuming and costly efforts of using nanowires that have plagued the semiconductor device industry so far. BRIEF SUMMARY In some embodiments of the present invention, a method of fabricating horizontal nanowires in situ on a planar substrate is provided. The method of fabricating comprises patterning a selective area opening of a predefined asymmetrical geometry in dielectric layer to expose an area of an underlying semiconductor layer of a semiconductor material. The method of fabricating further comprises selectively growing the semiconductor material in the selective area opening using non-catalytic selective area epitaxial growth. The non-catalytic selective area epitaxial growth is performed at a growth temperature sufficient to further in situ form a linear stress crack of nanoscale width nucleated at a location in a vicinity of the selective area opening and propagated in a uniform direction in both the underlying semiconductor layer and the dielectric layer along a crystal plane of the underlying semiconductor layer as a linear nanogap template. The method further comprises forming a uniformly linear nanowire in situ using the linear nanogap template. The nanowire is formed comprises further selectively growing the semiconductor material to fill the linear nanogap template using the non-catalytic selective area epitaxial growth at the growth temperature. The in situ formed nanowire is uniformly linear, and horizontally oriented and coplanar with a surface of the planar substrate. In other embodiments of the present invention, a method of in situ formation of a horizontally oriented gallium nitride (GaN) nanowire structure on a semiconductor device is provided. The method of in situ formation comprises providing a semiconductor device comprising a dielectric layer that overlies a GaN layer on a planar surface of the semiconductor device. The method of in situ formation further comprises defining selective area openings of predefined asymmetrical geometries in the dielectric layer to expose a corresponding underlying area of the GaN layer. The selective area openings are spaced apart on the semiconductor device. The method of in situ formation further comprises forming a GaN growth in the selective area openings. The formation of the GaN growths comprises using non-catalytic selective area epitaxial growth at a growth temperature sufficient to also in situ form a linear nanoscale-width crack in the GaN layer and in the dielectric layer. The linear nanoscale-width crack is nucleated from a location in a vicinity of a first asymmetrical opening of the selective area openings and propagates in a uniform direction along a crystal plane of the GaN layer to a vicinity of a second asymmetrical opening of the selective area openings. The linear nanoscale-width crack provides a linear nanogap template for nanowire growth. The method of in situ formation further comprises selectively growing the GaN to fill the linear nanogap template using the non-catalytic selective area epitaxial growth to in situ form a uniformly linear horizontal GaN nanowire structure having one end adjacent to the formed GaN growth in the first asymmetrical opening and an opposite end adjacent to a GaN growth in the second asymmetrical opening on the semiconductor device. In some embodiments of the present invention, a semiconductor device with an in situ formed horizontal nanowire structure is provided. The semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor layer of a Group III-V semiconductor material on a planar substrate, and a dielectric layer covering the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor device further comprises a semiconductor growth of the Group III-V semiconductor material having a predefined asymmetrical geometry. The semiconductor growth being coplanar with a surface of the semiconductor device and extending through the dielectric layer to the underlying semiconductor layer. The semiconductor device further comprises a predefined linear crack of nanoscale width in both the dielectric layer and the semiconductor layer. The predefined linear crack extends from a location in a vicinity of the semiconductor growth along a crystal plane of the semiconductor layer. The predefined linear crack comprises a uniformly linear horizontal nanowire structure of the semiconductor material.

11243554

TECHNICAL FIELD Embodiments described herein generally relate to integrated circuits (ICs) and more particularly to trimming voltage references of an IC based on temperature. BACKGROUND Voltage or current references, and the associated circuits to generate the reference, are common components of integrated circuits (ICs). An individual IC can have multiple reference circuits. Operation and accuracy, or resolution, of a particular IC can depend on the specific level provided by a reference circuit. Temperature is an environmental condition that can cause a reference level to drift from the intended reference level. A conventional technique for compensating a reference level based on temperature can include storing temperature trim values or temperature trim codes in non-volatile memory indexed, for example, by temperature over a range of temperatures. The IC can include a temperature sensor or can receive an indication of ambient temperature of the IC and can interpolate a trim code to apply to the reference circuit based on for example, two stored trim codes associated with temperature indexes closest to the temperature indication. The interpolated trim code can then be applied to the reference circuit to adjust the reference level to the expected reference level. Application of a trim code to adjust a reference circuit can be accomplished in several ways that are known to those of skill in the art. Memory device are just one of many types of ICs that can include multiple reference circuits. Memory devices are typically provided as internal, semiconductor, integrated circuits in computers or other electronic devices. There are many different types of memory, including volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory requires power to maintain its data, and includes random-access memory (RAM), in various forms, such as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) or synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM), among others. Non-volatile memory may retain stored data when not powered (may be implemented as read-only memory (ROM) in some cases), and may include one or more storage technologies, such as flash memory (e.g., NAND or NOR flash), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), static RAM (SRAM), Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), resistance variable memory, such as phase-change random-access memory (PCRAM), resistive random-access memory (RRAM), magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), or 3D XPoint™ memory, among others. Flash memory is utilized as non-volatile memory for a wide range of electronic applications. Flash memory devices typically include one or more groups of one-transistor, floating gate, or charge trap memory cells that allow for high memory densities, high reliability, and low power consumption. Two common types of flash memory array architectures include NAND and NOR architectures, named after the logic form in which the basic memory cell configuration of each is arranged. The memory cells of the memory array are typically arranged in a matrix. In an example, the gates of each floating gate memory cell in a row of the array are coupled to an access line (e.g., a word line). In a NOR architecture, the drains of each memory cell in a column of the array are coupled to a data line (e.g., a bit line). In a NAND architecture, the drains of each memory cell in a string of the array are coupled together in series, source to drain, between a source line and a bit line. Accuracy and reliability of a memory circuit, as well as other types of ICs, can depend on accurate reference levels. However, conventional techniques for compensating a reference level due to temperature employ an interpolator circuit and a number of local latches for each reference circuit provided on the IC. such a temperature compensation scheme occupies significant resources and area of the IC.

11299697

TECHNICAL FIELD The subject matter of this disclosure relates to methods of optimizing dewatering insoluble solids in a production facility. In particular, the subject matter is directed to using a dewatering device to remove liquids from insoluble solids, to recover components, to reduce amount of energy needed for downstream processing, to reduce greenhouse gas and/or carbon emissions, and to increase overall efficiency of a process. BACKGROUND The United States relies on imported petroleum to meet the needs of transportation fuel. To reduce dependence on the imported petroleum, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set standards for a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) program each year. See, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, “EPA Proposes 2014 Renewable Fuel Standards, 2015 Biomass-Based Diesel Volume,” November 2013 Regulatory Announcement. The RFS2 includes a mandate to blend renewable fuels into transportation fuel, which ensures the continued growth of renewable fuels. The RFS2 proposes annual standards for cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel that apply to gasoline and diesel. The proposal is 17 million gallons of cellulosic biofuels, 1.28 billion gallons of biomass-based diesel, 2.0-2.5 billion gallons of advanced biofuel, and 15-15.5 billion gallons of renewable fuel to be produced and for consumption in 2014. Meanwhile, efforts have been undergoing to reduce travel demand, to improve vehicle efficiency, and to switch to cleaner, lower-carbon fuels. These efforts have focused on establishing a national low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) together, or in place of the RFS2. The LCFS includes all types of transportation fuels (i.e., electricity, natural gas, hydrogen, and biofuels), requires reducing a fuel's average life-cycle gas house gas (GHG) emissions or carbon-intensity (CI) over a certain period of time, and stimulates innovation by rewarding production facilities that reduce GHG or carbon emissions at every step. Production facilities can reduce CI of fuels by selling more low-carbon fuels, reducing the CI of fossil fuels, improving efficiencies, reducing carbon footprints, capturing and sequesting carbon, and/or purchasing credits from other producers who are able to supply low-carbon fuels at lower prices. California and some countries have adopted the LCFS policy. Other states and regions in the U.S. are considering adopting a LCFS policy similar to California's model. A national LCFS would affect the economy and environment. These effects may be based on cost and availability of low-carbon fuels, GHG timeline reduction, and creation of a credit system. Advantages of incorporating LCFS to RFS2 are to reduce transportation fuel consumption and lower fuel prices, lower crop prices by shifting towarding cellulosic feedstocks, and reduce GHG or carbon emissions significantly domestically and globally. Thus, production facilities are seeking ways to implement LCFS on their own. Since production facilities produce emissions, methods to implement LCFS include finding more efficient technologies. For instance, there are known techniques to separate solids from liquids in process streams. However, these techniques are not very efficient. For instance, one method uses heat and/or a centrifuge with the process streams to separate and to recover various components. Problems are that the centrifuge may not separate components, based on density differential and may not adequately separate solids from liquids in the process streams, is expensive to purchase and to operate, requires frequent maintenance and repair, and requires a higher skill set to operate and to maintain. Also, the solids have high moisture content, which drives up operating costs to transport and to dry the solids downstream. Plus, these pieces of equipment create emissions from the plants. Other types of equipment have been attempted for solids-liquids separation, but tend to drive up capital and operating costs. Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods for optimization of dewatering insoluble solids in a more efficient manner by reducing GHG or carbon emissions, decreasing the amount of energy used for downstream processing, reducing operating costs, and/or reducing capital costs. SUMMARY This disclosure describes optimization of dewatering insoluble solids, recovering components, enhancing solid-liquid separation, and improving overall efficiency in a production facility. This disclosure helps to reduce an amount of energy used for downstream processing, which in turn reduces GHG or carbon emissions, and reduce operating costs and/or reduce capital costs, which in turn may lower biofuel costs. In an embodiment for reducing an amount of energy needed for processing streams, a process separates components in a mixture by using a separation device and a dewatering device. The process receives a mixture of liquids and solids, and separates out suspended solids from the mixture of liquids and solids by using the separation device, and creating a liquid with insoluble solids stream. The process further dewaters the liquid with insoluble solids stream by using a dewatering device to produce 1) a liquid with small particles stream and 2) insoluble solids, which have solids content that are about 10% to about 70% solids. In another embodiment for reducing an amount of energy needed for processing streams, a process separates components in a mixture by using a dewatering device. The process receives liquids and solids in a process stream from a production facility, and dewaters the liquids and solids in the process stream by using a dewatering device. The process produces 1) a liquid with small particles stream and 2) insoluble solids having solids content greater than about 25% solids. In yet another embodiment, a method receives liquids and solids in a process stream up to about 38% solids content, dewaters the liquids and solids in the process stream with a dewatering device, and produces 1) a liquid with small particles stream having up to about 20% solids content and 2) insoluble solids having less than about 55% solids content. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following Detailed Description of the embodiments and the accompanying figures.

11499497

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY The present technology relates to engine assemblies including a turbocharger. BACKGROUND For internal combustion engines, such as those used in off-road vehicles such as a side-by-side vehicle (SSV), the efficiency of the combustion process can be increased by compressing the air entering the engine. This can be accomplished using a turbocharger connected to the air intake and exhaust systems associated with the engine. The turbocharger is spooled by exhaust gas discharged by the engine so as to compress air that is delivered into the air intake of the engine. However, turbocharged engines are subject to what is commonly referred to as “turbo lag”, which is a delay between the time a driver of the vehicle actuates a throttle operator (e.g., an accelerator pedal) to the time the desired engine output is reached. This delay is due to the time it takes to spool the turbocharger sufficiently to compress and pump air into the engine. Moreover, turbo lag is typically greatest when the engine is accelerated from low engine speed. While various solutions have been proposed to reduce turbo lag, such as variable-geometry turbochargers or twin-scroll turbochargers, these can be expensive to implement or do not reduce turbo lag sufficiently. Moreover, in some cases, it has been known to direct some amount of unburnt air/fuel mixture from the engine into the exhaust manifold where it can combust to spool the turbocharger and thus reduce the turbo lag. However, this can generate a significant amount of noxious emissions which is not suitable for vehicles such as SSVs. There is thus a need for an engine assembly including a turbocharger that addresses at least some of these drawbacks. SUMMARY It is an object of the present technology to ameliorate at least some of the inconveniences present in the prior art. According to one aspect of the present technology, there is provided an engine assembly for a vehicle. The engine assembly includes an internal combustion engine including: a crankcase; a crankshaft disposed at least in part in the crankcase; a cylinder block connected to the crankcase; a plurality of cylinders defined in the cylinder block; a plurality of pistons operatively connected to the crankshaft, each piston of the plurality of pistons being movably disposed within a corresponding cylinder of the plurality of cylinders; a plurality of spark plugs connected to the plurality of cylinders, each spark plug of the plurality of spark plugs being configured to produce a spark to ignite an air-fuel mixture in a corresponding cylinder of the plurality of cylinders; and a plurality of fuel injectors for injecting fuel into the plurality of cylinders. The engine also includes a throttle body in fluid communication with the engine; a throttle valve for regulating air flowing through the throttle body into the engine; a turbocharger operatively connected to the engine, the turbocharger comprising a compressor and an exhaust turbine; and a controller operable to control the spark plugs, the fuel injectors and the throttle valve, the controller being configured to, based on at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle, execute a pre-acceleration control sequence. The pre-acceleration control sequence includes: delaying ignition within the cylinders by the spark plugs so as to increase a temperature of exhaust gas discharged by the engine to the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger and reduce a torque of the engine; deactivating at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders in a predetermined pattern by disabling at least one of (i) at least one fuel injector of the plurality of fuel injectors and (ii) at least one spark plug of the plurality of spark plugs corresponding to the at least one cylinder, so as to reduce the torque of the engine; actuating the throttle valve to increase air flow to the engine so as to (i) increase the torque of the engine thereby compensating at least in part reduction of the torque of the engine caused by delaying ignition within the cylinders and deactivating the at least one cylinder, and (ii) increase a volume of exhaust gas discharged to the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger; and increasing a volume of fuel injected by the fuel injectors into the cylinders other than the at least one cylinder so as to increase the torque of the engine thereby compensating at least in part reduction of the torque of the engine caused by delaying ignition within the cylinders and deactivating the at least one cylinder. In some embodiments, the pre-acceleration control sequence is executed by the controller in response to the controller operating in a pre-acceleration performance mode that is selectively activated. In some embodiments, the pre-acceleration performance mode is automatically activated. In some embodiments, the pre-acceleration performance mode is activated by a user. In some embodiments, the at least one cylinder deactivated by the controller includes a different cylinder of the plurality of cylinders for each consecutive rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the at least one cylinder deactivated by the controller includes two cylinders per rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle includes a speed of the engine and a load demand parameter of the engine. In some embodiments, the controller executes steps of the pre-acceleration control sequence based on at least one predetermined engine load demand threshold that varies as a function of the speed of the engine. In some embodiments, the at least one predetermined engine load demand threshold includes a first predetermined engine load demand threshold; and in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at a given speed of the engine being less than the first predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the controller delays ignition within the cylinders by the spark plugs. In some embodiments, the at least one predetermined engine load demand threshold includes a second predetermined engine load demand threshold, the second predetermined engine load demand threshold being lower than the first predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine; and in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than the second predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the controller deactivates the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In some embodiments, the at least one predetermined engine load demand threshold includes a third predetermined engine load demand threshold, the third predetermined engine load demand threshold being lower than the second predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine; the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders includes a first cylinder and a second cylinder; in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than the second predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the controller deactivates the first cylinder; and in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than the third predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the controller deactivates the second cylinder. In some embodiments, the engine assembly also includes a conduit having a bypass portion for directing flow of exhaust gas to bypass the turbocharger and a turbocharger portion for directing flow of exhaust gas to pass through the exhaust turbine; the conduit includes a valve for selectively diverting exhaust gas away from the exhaust turbine, the controller being operable to control the valve; the at least one predetermined engine load demand threshold includes a second predetermined engine load demand threshold, the second predetermined engine load demand threshold being greater than the first predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine; and in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than the second predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the controller controls the valve so as to direct at least a majority of exhaust gas discharged by the engine through the turbocharger portion of the conduit to pass through the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger. In some embodiments, the load demand parameter of the engine is one of: the torque of the engine; a position of the throttle valve; and a position of a throttle operator of the vehicle operable by a driver thereof, the throttle operator being configured to be operatively connected to the throttle valve. In some embodiments, the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders is deactivated by the controller by disabling the at least one fuel injector corresponding to the at least one cylinder. In some embodiments, the predetermined pattern includes alternatingly: deactivating a different cylinder of the plurality of cylinders for a number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine, the number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine being equal to a number of the cylinders of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the plurality of cylinders includes at least three cylinders; and the predetermined pattern comprises alternatingly: deactivating two cylinders of the plurality of cylinders for a number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine, the number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine being equal to a number of the cylinders of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the predetermined pattern includes alternatingly: deactivating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for at least one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, when the controller deactivates the at least one cylinder, air flow through the at least one cylinder is maintained. In some embodiments, the pre-acceleration control sequence is executed in response to the throttle valve being open below a predetermined threshold level. In some embodiments, a vehicle includes the engine assembly. According to another aspect of the present technology, there is provided a method for controlling an internal combustion engine for a vehicle, the engine being operatively connected to a turbocharger, the engine including a plurality of cylinders defined in a cylinder block of the engine. The method includes: determining at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle; in response to the at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle being lower than a predetermined threshold value thereof: delaying ignition within the cylinders by a plurality of spark plugs connected to the plurality of cylinders so as to increase a temperature of exhaust gas discharged by the engine to an exhaust turbine of the turbocharger and reduce a torque of the engine; deactivating at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders in a predetermined pattern by disabling at least one of (i) at least one fuel injector of a plurality of fuel injectors and (ii) at least one spark plug of the plurality of spark plugs corresponding to the at least one cylinder, so as to reduce the torque of the engine; actuating a throttle valve disposed in a throttle body in fluid communication with the engine to increase air flow to the engine so as to (i) increase the torque of the engine thereby compensating at least in part reduction of the torque of the engine caused by delaying ignition with the cylinders and deactivating the at least one cylinder, and (ii) increase a volume of exhaust gas discharged to the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger; and increasing a volume of fuel injected by the fuel injectors into the cylinders other than the at least one cylinder so as to increase the torque of the engine thereby compensating at least in part reduction of the torque of the engine caused by delaying ignition within the cylinders and deactivating the at least one cylinder. In some embodiments, the method also includes prior to determining the at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle, receiving a signal representative of a request to begin a pre-acceleration control sequence. In some embodiments, the at least one deactivated cylinder includes a different cylinder of the plurality of cylinders for each consecutive rotation of a crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the at least one deactivated cylinder includes two cylinders per rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the at least one performance parameter associated with the vehicle includes a speed of the engine and a load demand parameter of the engine. In some embodiments, delaying ignition within the cylinders is effected in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at a given speed of the engine being less than a first predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine; and the first predetermined engine load demand threshold varies as a function of the speed of the engine. In some embodiments, deactivating the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders is effected in response to the load demand parameter of the engine for the given speed of the engine being less than a second predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine; the second predetermined engine load demand threshold varies as a function of the speed of the engine; and the second predetermined engine load demand threshold is lower than the first predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine. In some embodiments, deactivating the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders in the predetermined pattern includes: deactivating first and second selected cylinders of the plurality of cylinders in the predetermined pattern in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than a third predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the third predetermined engine load demand threshold varying as a function of the speed of the engine, the third predetermined engine load demand threshold being lower than the second predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine. In some embodiments, the engine is in fluid communication with a conduit having a bypass portion for directing flow of exhaust gas to bypass the turbocharger and a turbocharger portion for directing flow of exhaust gas to pass through the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger; and the method also includes: controlling a valve of the conduit so as to direct at least a majority of exhaust gas discharged by the engine to pass through the exhaust turbine of the turbocharger in response to the load demand parameter of the engine at the given speed of the engine being less than a second predetermined engine load demand threshold for the given speed of the engine, the second predetermined engine load demand threshold varying as a function of the speed of the engine, the second predetermined engine load demand threshold being greater than the first predetermined engine load demand threshold for any given speed of the engine. In some embodiments, the load demand parameter of the engine is one of: the torque of the engine; a position of the throttle valve; and a position of a throttle operator of the vehicle operable by a driver thereof, the throttle operator being configured to be operatively connected to the throttle valve. In some embodiments, deactivating the at least one cylinder comprises disabling the at least one fuel injector corresponding to the at least one cylinder. In some embodiments, the predetermined pattern includes alternatingly: deactivating a different cylinder of the plurality of cylinders for a number of consecutive rotations of a crankshaft of the engine, the number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine being equal to a number of the cylinders of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the plurality of cylinders includes at least three cylinders; the predetermined pattern includes alternatingly: deactivating two cylinders of the plurality of cylinders for a number of consecutive rotations of a crankshaft of the engine, the number of consecutive rotations of the crankshaft of the engine being equal to a number of the cylinders of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, the predetermined pattern includes alternatingly: deactivating all of the cylinders for one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine; and activating all of the cylinders for at least one rotation of the crankshaft of the engine. In some embodiments, when the at least one cylinder is deactivated, air flow through the at least one cylinder is maintained. For purposes of this application, terms related to spatial orientation such as forwardly, rearward, upwardly, downwardly, left, and right, are as they would normally be understood by a driver of the SSV sitting thereon in a normal riding position. Terms related to spatial orientation when describing or referring to components or sub-assemblies of the SSV, separately from the SSV, such as a heat exchanger for example, should be understood as they would be understood when these components or sub-assemblies are mounted to the SSV, unless specified otherwise in this application. Implementations of the present technology each have at least one of the above-mentioned object and/or aspects, but do not necessarily have all of them. It should be understood that some aspects of the present technology that have resulted from attempting to attain the above-mentioned object may not satisfy this object and/or may satisfy other objects not specifically recited herein. Additional and/or alternative features, aspects and advantages of implementations of the present technology will become apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.

11260637

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National Stage of Application No. PCT/JP2018/008694 filed Mar. 7, 2018, claiming priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-093864 filed May 10, 2017. TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to sheets, laminates, pipes, riser tubes, and flowlines. BACKGROUND ART Known fiber-reinforced composite materials containing a fluoropolymer as a matrix are as follows. Patent Literature 1 discloses a reinforced fluoropolymer plate including a fluoropolymer layer on one of the faces thereof and a carbon fiber sheet on the other face, with at least part of the carbon fiber sheet being impregnated with a fluoropolymer. Patent Literature 2 discloses a glass fiber-reinforced composite material including the following fluorine-containing copolymer (F) and a glass fiber (G). The fluorine-containing copolymer (F) includes (a) a repeating unit based on tetrafluoroethylene and/or chlorotrifluoroethylene, (b) a repeating unit based on a fluorine monomer (excluding tetrafluoroethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene), and (c) a repeating unit based on a monomer having an acid anhydride residue and a polymerizable unsaturated bond, the repeating unit (a) being present in an amount of 50 to 99.89 mol %, the repeating unit (b) being present in an amount of 0.1 to 49.99 mol %, and the repeating unit (c) being present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 mol % of 100 mol % in total of the repeating units (a) to (c). CITATION LIST Patent Literature Patent Literature 1: JP 2007-517100 T Patent Literature 2: JP 2007-314720 A SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem The invention aims to provide a sheet having a higher tensile strength than conventional fiber-reinforced composite materials containing a fluororesin as a matrix. Solution to Problem The invention relates to a sheet including a carbon fiber and a fluororesin layer disposed around a carbon monofilament constituting the carbon fiber, a fluororesin constituting the fluororesin layer being polyvinylidene fluoride, the sheet having a tensile strength of 400 MPa or higher. The polyvinylidene fluoride is preferably a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride. The sheet is preferably a tape. The invention also relates to a laminate including a first layer and a second layer that is disposed on the first layer and that includes the above sheet. The invention also relates to a pipe including the above laminate. The invention also relates to a pipe including a first layer and a second layer that is disposed on the first layer and that includes the above sheet, the first layer and the second layer being stacked in the given order from an inner side of the pipe, the second layer being formed from the tape wrapped around an outer surface of the first layer. The first layer of the pipe is preferably a flexible tube. The invention also relates to a riser tube or flowline including the above pipe. Advantageous Effects of Invention The sheet of the invention has any of the above structures, and thus has a high tensile strength.

11517102

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not Applicable. REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX Not Applicable. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL The disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. Unless otherwise noted, all trademarks and service marks identified herein are owned by the applicant. BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Present Disclosure The present disclosure relates generally to the field of modular attachment systems. More specifically, the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses relates to a modular attachment system having an aperture array. 2. Description of Related Art It is advantageous be able to configure and/or reconfigure various pouches, pockets, holsters, holders, and other accessories on items such as, for example, articles of clothing, vests, plate carriers, backpacks, packs, platforms, and other carriers. It is generally known to removably attach such items using a MOLLE or other similar attachment system. The term MOLLE (Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment) is used to generically describe load bearing systems and subsystems that utilize corresponding rows of woven webbing for modular pouch, pocket, and accessory attachment. The MOLLE system is a modular system that incorporates the use of corresponding rows of webbing stitched onto a piece of equipment, such as a vest, and the various MOLLE compatible pouches, pockets, and accessories, each accessory having mating rows of stitched webbing. MOLLE compatible pouches, pockets, and accessories of various utility can then be attached or coupled wherever MOLLE webbing exists on the equipment. The terms “MOLLE-compatible” or “MOLLE” system are not used to describe a specific system, but to generically describe accessory attachment systems that utilize interwoven PALS (Pouch Attachment Ladder System) webbing for modular accessory attachment. As illustrated inFIGS.1-2, an exemplary MOLLE compatible carrier portion10includes a plurality of substantially parallel rows of spaced apart, horizontal carrier webbing elements23. Each of the carrier webbing elements23is secured to a backing or carrier material12, by vertical stitching24, at spaced apart locations, such that a tunnel segment27is formed between the carrier material12and the carrier webbing elements23between each secured location of the carrier webbing elements23. Each of the tunnel segments27is formed substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis or direction of the carrier webbing elements23. The MOLLE compatible carrier portion10, or MOLLE system grid, typically consists of horizontal rows of 1 inch (2.5 cm) webbing, spaced 1 inch apart, and attached or coupled to the carrier material12at 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) intervals. An exemplary accessory81includes a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced apart accessory webbing elements83. The accessory webbing elements83are spaced apart so as to correspond to the spaces between the spaced apart carrier webbing elements23. The accessory webbing elements83are secured to the accessory81at spaced apart locations, such that an accessory tunnel segment87is formed between the accessory81and the accessory webbing element83between each secured location of the accessory webbing element83. Each of the accessory tunnel segments87is formed substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the accessory webbing elements83. When the accessory81is placed adjacent the carrier material12such that the accessory webbing elements83are within the spaces between the spaced apart carrier webbing elements23(and the carrier webbing elements23are within the spaces between the spaced apart accessory webbing elements83) and corresponding tunnel segments27and accessory tunnel segments87are aligned, a strap or coupling element may be interwoven between the aligned tunnel segments27and accessory tunnel segments87(alternating between horizontal carrier webbing element23portions on the host or carrier material12and horizontal webbing portions on the accessory81) to removably attach the accessory81to the carrier material12. Thus, through the use of a MOLLE or MOLLE-type system, an accessory81may be mounted to a variety of carrier materials12. Likewise, if a particular carrier material12includes a MOLLE compatible system, a variety of accessories may be interchangeably mounted to the platform to accommodate a variety of desired configurations. MOLLE compatible systems allow, for example, various pouch arrangements to be specifically tailored to a desired configuration and then reconfigured, if desired. Various desired pouches, pockets, and accessories can be added and undesired or unnecessary pouches, pockets, or accessories can be removed. Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles, or the like, which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE However, the typical “MOLLE-compatible” or “MOLLE” system arrangement has various shortcomings. For example, known “MOLLE-compatible” or “MOLLE” systems only allow for attachment of accessories in a single orientation relative to the carrier webbing elements. In most applications, this results in only vertical attachment of accessories to the MOLLE system, i.e., attachment perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, AL, of the carrier webbing elements. In various exemplary, non-limiting embodiments, the modular attachment aperture array of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses provides an aperture array layer that allows MOLLE-compatible or similar accessories to be attached or coupled to the aperture array layer in a vertical, horizontal, oblique, or diagonal manner, relative to a row, column, or other pattern of spaced apart array apertures. In various exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, the attachment aperture array pattern of the present disclosure comprises at least some of an aperture array layer having a plurality of spaced apart array apertures formed therethrough, wherein said array apertures are arranged in a repeating sequence of spaced rows of array apertures and spaced columns of array apertures, wherein each of said array apertures is formed an equal distance from each adjacent array aperture in each of said rows of array apertures, wherein each of said array apertures is formed an equal distance from each adjacent array aperture in each of said columns of array apertures, wherein each of said array apertures is equally offset from each adjacent array aperture in each row of array apertures, wherein each row of array apertures is formed an equal distance from each adjacent row of array apertures, and wherein at least a portion of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures overlap at least a portion of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that edges of adjacent array apertures are offset by ±34° relative to one another. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that centers of adjacent array apertures are offset by ±34° relative to one another. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that edges of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures are offset by ±34° relative to said array apertures of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that centers of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures are offset by ±34° relative to said array apertures of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that edges of adjacent array apertures are offset by between ±30° and ±50° relative to one another. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that centers of adjacent array apertures are offset by between ±30° and ±50° relative to one another. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that edges of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures are offset by between ±30° and ±50° relative to said array apertures of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each adjacent column of array apertures is offset such that centers of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures are offset by between ±30° and ±50° relative to said array apertures of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each array aperture is formed of two substantially equal length, substantially parallel sides, an arcuate side joining respective upper terminal ends of said substantially parallel sides, and an arcuate side joining respective lower terminal ends of said substantially parallel sides. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each array aperture is a dumbbell/barbell shaped array aperture formed of a central, elongate slot portion having a substantially circular or semicircular portion formed at each terminal end of said elongate slot portion. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each array aperture is a slot shaped array aperture formed of an elongate slot portion having substantially linear terminal portions formed at each terminal end of said elongate slot portion. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, each array aperture is a slot shaped array aperture formed of an elongate slot portion having arced or curved terminal portions formed at each terminal end of said elongate slot portion. In various exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, the attachment aperture array pattern of the present disclosure comprises at least some of an aperture array layer having a plurality of spaced apart array apertures formed therethrough, wherein said array apertures are arranged in a repeating sequence of spaced rows of array apertures and spaced columns of array apertures, wherein each of said array apertures is equally offset from each adjacent array aperture in each row of array apertures, wherein each row of array apertures is equally spaced from each adjacent row of array apertures, and wherein at least a portion of said array apertures of a first column of array apertures overlap at least a portion of said array apertures of an adjacent, second column of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, said plurality of spaced apart array apertures are arranged such that each of said array apertures is equally spaced from each adjacent array aperture in each of said rows of array apertures. In certain exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, said plurality of spaced apart array apertures are arranged such that each of said array apertures is equally spaced from each adjacent array aperture in each of said columns of array apertures. In various exemplary, nonlimiting embodiments, the attachment aperture array pattern of the present disclosure comprises at least some of an aperture array layer having a plurality of spaced apart array apertures formed therethrough, wherein said array apertures are arranged in a repeating sequence of spaced rows of array apertures and spaced columns of array apertures, wherein said plurality of spaced apart array apertures are arranged in a repeating sequence of equally spaced rows of said array apertures and equally spaced columns of said array apertures, wherein each of said array apertures is equally offset from each adjacent array aperture in each row of array apertures, wherein each row of array apertures is equally spaced from each adjacent row of array apertures, and wherein at least a portion of said array apertures of each of said columns of array apertures at least partially overlap at least a portion of an adjacent column of array apertures. Accordingly, the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses separately and optionally provide a modular attachment aperture array that allows a user to readily attach MOLLE-compatible or similar accessories to the aperture array layer in a vertical, horizontal, oblique, or diagonal manner. The presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses separately and optionally provide a modular attachment aperture array that allows a user to attach an accessory to the aperture array layer by interweaving an accessory coupling element between aligned aperture array tunnel segments and accessory tunnel segments to removably attach the accessory to the aperture array layer. These and other aspects, features, and advantages of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses are described in or are apparent from the following detailed description of the exemplary, non-limiting embodiments of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses and the accompanying figures. Other aspects and features of embodiments of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the following description of specific, exemplary embodiments of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses in concert with the figures. While features of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses may be discussed relative to certain embodiments and figures, all embodiments of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses can include one or more of the features discussed herein. Further, while one or more embodiments may be discussed as having certain advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used with the various embodiments of the systems, methods, and/or apparatuses discussed herein. In similar fashion, while exemplary embodiments may be discussed below as device, system, or method embodiments, it is to be understood that such exemplary embodiments can be implemented in various devices, systems, and methods of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses. Any benefits, advantages, or solutions to problems that are described herein with regard to specific embodiments are not intended to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature(s) or element(s) of the presently disclosed systems, methods, and/or apparatuses or the claims.

11221185

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Enhanced heat transfer surfaces are used in many cooling applications, for example, in the HVAC industry, for refrigeration and appliances, in cooling of electronics, in the power generation industry, and in the petrochemical, refining and chemical processing industries. Enhanced heat transfer tubes for condensation and evaporation type heat exchangers have a high heat transfer coefficient. The tube surface of the present disclosure comprises a surface ideal for use as a condenser tube, while additional steps in the method of forming the tube will result in a surface ideal for use as an evaporator tube. A method for forming features in an exterior surface of a heat transfer tube according to the present disclosure comprises forming a plurality of channels into the surface, where the channels are substantially parallel to one another and extend at a first angle to a longitudinal axis of the tube. A plurality of cuts are made into the surface, the cuts substantially parallel to one another and extending at a second angle to a longitudinal axis of the tube, the second angle different from the first angle. The cutting step forms individual fin segments extending from the surface, the fin segments separated from one another by the channels and the cuts. The fin segments comprise a first channel-adjacent edge adjacent substantially parallel to the channel, a first cut-adjacent edge substantially parallel to the cut, and a corner formed by a second channel-adjacent edge and a second cut-adjacent edge, the corner rising upward from a channel floor and partially extending into the channel. A tube formed using this method has excellent qualities for use as a condenser tube. Additional steps in the method will result in an excellent evaporator tube. Following the cutting step discussed above, the fin segments are compressed with a roller, causing an edge of the fin segments to bend at least partially over the cuts. The step of compressing the fin segments further causes an edge of the fin segments to extend at least partially over the channels. For purposes of summarizing the invention, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the invention have been described herein. It is to be understand that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any one particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

11346995

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION The present disclosure is a 371 application based on PCT/CN2019/125318, filed on Dec. 13, 2020, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201910244172.6, filed on Mar. 28, 2019, and titled “BACKLIGHT MODULE, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME, DISPLAY APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SAME”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a backlight module, a method for manufacturing same, a method for controlling same, and a display apparatus. BACKGROUND With the development of display technologies and increasing requirements for personal privacy protection, anti-peeping requirements of display apparatuses become higher and higher. A liquid crystal display apparatus is a widely used display apparatus, and includes a backlight module and a display panel. For the liquid crystal display apparatus, the anti-peeping display function is usually implemented from the backlight module. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides a backlight module, a method for manufacturing same, a method for controlling same, and a display apparatus. Technical solutions of the present disclosure are as follows: In one aspect, a backlight module is provided. The backlight module includes: a first light source, a first light guide plate, and an anti-peeping component; wherein the first light source is an edge-type light source of the first light guide plate; the first light guide plate is provided with a light emitting surface and a backlight surface that are opposite, wherein both the light emitting surface and the backlight surface are flat surfaces, the anti-peeping component is on the light emitting surface of the first light guide plate, and a refractive index of a dielectric in contact with the backlight surface of the first light guide plate is less than a refractive index of the first light guide plate; and the anti-peeping component includes an anti-peeping layer including a plurality of anti-peeping structures, wherein the plurality of anti-peeping structures are arranged in multiple columns of an array, the anti-peeping structure is provided with a first surface proximal to the first light guide plate, a second surface distal from the first light guide plate, and two opposite third surfaces intersecting both the first surface and the second surface, an included angle between the third surface and the first surface being an obtuse angle, and the second surface being a free-form surface. Optionally, the first surface satisfies one of the following: the first surface is provided with a recess region and a flat region; and the first surface is a serrated surface. Optionally, the anti-peeping structure is further provided with two parallel end surfaces, wherein the end surfaces are in contact with each of the first surface, the second surface, and the two third surfaces. Optionally, the anti-peeping structure satisfies one of the following: The anti-peeping structure is strip-shaped, and each column of the anti-peeping layer is provided with one of the anti-peeping structures; and the anti-peeping structure is block-shaped, and each column of the anti-peeping layer is provided with a plurality of the anti-peeping structures. Optionally, the anti-peeping component further includes: a connection layer on the anti-peeping layer, wherein the plurality of anti-peeping structures are inlaid in the connection layer. Optionally, the anti-peeping structure is strip-shaped, and the connection layer includes a plurality of connecting strips extending in a same direction, wherein the plurality of connecting strips are arranged in an array, each of the connecting strips intersecting the plurality of anti-peeping structures. Optionally, the first surface is provided with a recess region and a flat region, and orthographic projections of the connecting strips on the anti-peeping layer fall within the recess region. Optionally, the anti-peeping component further includes: a filling layer, wherein the filling layer is on one of the position: a side, distal from the anti-peeping layer, of the connection layer, and a side, distal from the connection layer, of the anti-peeping layer; a refractive index of the filling layer is less than the refractive index of the first light guide plate. Optionally, the anti-peeping component further includes: a substrate layer, wherein the anti-peeping layer and the connection layer are sequentially on the substrate layer, the substrate layer is attachable on the light emitting surface of the first light guide plate by an optical adhesive, and refractive indexes of the substrate layer, the optical adhesive, and the first light guide plate are equal. Optionally, the backlight module further includes: a second light source, a second light guide plate, and a dielectric layer, wherein the second light source is an edge-type light source of the second light guide plate; the second light guide plate is provided with a light emitting surface and a backlight surface that are opposite, wherein the light emitting surface is a flat surface, the backlight surface is a dot pattern surface, the second light guide plate is on a side, distal from the anti-peeping component, of the first light guide plate, the light emitting surface of the second light guide plate is proximal to the first light guide plate, and the backlight surface of the second light guide plate is distal from the first light guide plate; and the dielectric layer is between the first light guide plate and the second light guide plate, and a refractive index of the dielectric layer is less than both the refractive index of the first light guide plate and a refractive index of the second light guide plate. Optionally, the backlight module further includes: a side reflective layer on a side surface of the first light guide plate, wherein the side reflective layer is opposite to the first light source; and a bottom reflective layer on the backlight surface of the second light guide plate. In another aspect, a method for manufacturing a backlight module is provided. The method includes: manufacturing a first light source and a first light guide plate, wherein the first light guide plate is provided with a light emitting surface and a backlight surface that are opposite, and both the light emitting surface and the backlight surface being flat surfaces; manufacturing an anti-peeping component, wherein the anti-peeping component includes an anti-peeping layer including a plurality of anti-peeping structures, wherein the plurality of anti-peeping structures are arranged in multiple columns of an array, the anti-peeping structure is provided with a first surface and a second surface that are opposite, and two opposite third surfaces intersecting both the first surface and the second surface, an included angle between the third surface and the first surface being an obtuse angle, and the second surface being a free-form surface; disposing the anti-peeping component on the light emitting surface of the first light guide plate, wherein the first surface of the anti-peeping structure is proximal to the first light guide plate, and the second surface is distal from the first light guide plate; and setting the first light source as an edge-type light source of the first light guide plate, to obtain the backlight module, wherein a refractive index of a dielectric, in the backlight module, in contact with the backlight surface of the first light guide plate is less than a refractive index of the first light guide plate. Optionally, the anti-peeping component further includes a connection layer; and manufacturing the anti-peeping component includes: forming an anti-peeping layer; and forming the connection layer on the anti-peeping layer, wherein the plurality of anti-peeping structures are inlaid in the connection layer. Optionally, the anti-peeping component further includes a substrate layer; before forming the anti-peeping layer, the method further includes: forming the substrate layer; forming the anti-peeping layer includes: forming the anti-peeping layer on the substrate layer, wherein the first surface of the anti-peeping structure is in contact with the substrate layer, and the second surface is distal from the base layer; and forming the connection layer on the anti-peeping layer includes: forming the connection layer on the anti-peeping layer, wherein a filling layer is formed on one of the position: a side, distal from the anti-peeping layer, of the connection layer, and a side, distal from the connection layer, of the anti-peeping layer, and a refractive index of the filling layer is less than the refractive index of the first light guide plate. Optionally, the method further includes: manufacturing a second light source and a second light guide plate, wherein the second light guide plate is provided with a light emitting surface and a backlight surface that are opposite, the light emitting surface is a flat surface, and the backlight surface is a dot pattern surface; disposing the second light guide plate on a side, distal from the anti-peeping component, of the first light guide plate, wherein the light emitting surface of the second light guide plate is proximal to the first light guide plate, the backlight surface of the second light guide plate is distal from the first light guide plate, the dielectric layer is between the first light guide plate and the second light guide plate, and a refractive index of the dielectric layer is less than both the refractive index of the first light guide plate and a refractive index of the second light guide plate; and setting the second light source as an edge-type light source of the second light guide plate. Optionally, the method further includes: disposing a side reflective layer on a side surface of the first light guide plate, wherein the side reflective layer is opposite to the first light source; and disposing a bottom reflective layer on the backlight surface of the second light guide plate. In still another aspect, a method for controlling a backlight module is provided, applicable to the backlight module in the foregoing aspect. The method includes: controlling, when the backlight module is in an anti-peeping mode, the first light source to emit light, wherein after being totally reflected on a backlight surface of the first light guide plate, the light emitted by the first light source sequentially passes through the light emitting surface of the first light guide plate and a first surface of an anti-peeping structure to emit into the anti-peeping structure; and after being reflected on the third surface of the anti-peeping structure, the light passes through the second surface of the anti-peeping structure and emits out from the anti-peeping component. Optionally, the method further includes: controlling, when the backlight module is in an anti-peeping mode, the second light source to be turned off; and controlling, when the backlight module is in a sharing mode, the second light source to emit light, wherein light emitted by the second light source is scattered by the backlight surface of a second light guide plate, is then emitted into the dielectric layer, sequentially passes through the dielectric layer and the first light guide plate to emit into the anti-peeping component, then passes through the plurality of anti-peeping structures and a region between each adjacent anti-peeping structures to emit out of the anti-peeping component. Optionally, the method further includes: controlling, when the backlight module is in the sharing mode, the first light source to emit light, wherein after being totally reflected on the backlight surface of the first light guide plate, light emitted by the first light source sequentially passes through the light emitting surface of the first light guide plate and the first surface of the anti-peeping structure, and is then emitted into the anti-peeping structure; and after being reflected on the third surface of the anti-peeping structure, the light passes through the second surface of the anti-peeping structure and is emitted out of the anti-peeping component. In yet another aspect, a display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a display panel and the backlight module in the foregoing aspect.

11515208

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. Field of Invention The present invention relates to a process of forming a semiconductor device and a semiconductor apparatus. 2. Related Background A semiconductor device is usually die-bonded on an assembly substrate using a solder, in particular, eutectic solder such as gold tin (AuSn). A Japanese Patent Application laid open No. JP2015-035495A has discloses a process for forming the back metal. Also, a substrate via that pierces the substrate is a common technique to stabilize the ground potential connected to a source pad connected to a source electrode of a semiconductor device type of field effect transistor (FET). The substrate via directly connects the source electrode to the ground in the back surface of the substrate. However, die-bonding the substrate providing the substrate via mounts onto the assembly substrate with solder, the solder invades into the substrate via and solidifies there. Such solder iterates shrinkage and expansion according to variation of ambient temperatures, which results in de-attaching the semiconductor device from the assembly substrate, or weakens the die-bond strength against the assembly substrate. SUMMARY OF INVENTION An aspect of the present invention relates to a process of forming a semiconductor device that comprises a substrate with a primary surface and a secondary surface opposite to the primary surface. The primary surface provides a semiconductor active device. The semiconductor device further comprises a base metal layer deposited on the secondary surface and within the substrate via, and an additional metal layer on the base metal layer, the additional metal layer having different wettability against a solder as compared to the base metal layer whereby the solder is contactable by the base metal layer and repelled by the additional metal layer. The semiconductor device is die-bonded on the assembly substrate by interposing the solder between the secondary surface of the substrate and the assembly substrate. The base metal layer in a portion that excepts the substrate via and a periphery of the substrate via by partly removing the additional metal layer is in contact with the solder. There is a vacancy in the substrate via.

11488590

FIELD OF THE APPLICATION This disclosure relates to an in-ear device, and in particular to techniques for optimizing storage, processing and publishing of data collected by the in-ear device to enable a range of capabilities. BACKGROUND Wearable devices are becoming increasingly popular. Users wear smart watches or other devices on their wrists or ankles to track their biometric signals. These types of wearable devices, however, are insufficient when collecting data of the user because the devices are typically worn on the extremities of the user. As such, these wearable devices are not particularly suited to capture certain kinds of information, such as sounds heard or made by the user and/or to capture accurate biometric data. A need exists for devices, methods and systems to capture, process, and publish data in or at the ear of an individual. SUMMARY Methods and systems are provided herein for the collection, processing and publishing of data that is captured at or in the ear of the user, such as in the ear canal, such as by one or more processing units that is associated with a sound processing element, such as a microphone, receiver, speaker, or the like. Among other things, such methods and systems may facilitate capture of ambient sound, including sound that contains recognizable sound signatures (including ones that are machine-recognizable, such as by one or more pattern recognition systems, including machine learning and/or artificial intelligence systems), sound that includes human speech (such as words spoken by user of an in-ear device, words spoken by others to such a user, or words overheard by a user in an environment), sounds that correspond to content elements (such as music content, audio content from television, video, and film, sound from reading of electronic books, and the like). In embodiments, the methods and systems may capture, parse, filter, tag and further process sound to form one or more databases of captured sound, which may include time and location information for sounds heard at or in the ear of a user. The one or more databases may in turn may be queried, such as to identify where and when words are spoken by or to a particular user, to a category of user, or the like, to identify where and when other sounds are heard (such as noises, sirens, warning signals, and the like), to identify where and when content has been heard, and for many other purposes. The one or more databases may include publishing features, such as an application programming interface by which one or more applications may access the one or more databases, or a streaming or publishing capability by which the database may publish configured content to one or more applications, devices, systems or individuals. In embodiments, an in-ear device that captures and processes sound may be associated with another user device (such as a smart phone, or a wearable device, such as a watch, wrist band, arm band or glasses) or external system (such as a cloud-based system). Data may be stored and managed by an intelligent agent, such as according to a storage plan that optimizes storage based on various factors, including storage capacity, battery utilization, input/output latency, usefulness of the stored data, and the like. Data may be stored and associated with an individual, such as for personalization of features of an in-ear device or other device or application for a user, and/or data may be aggregated for a population of individuals, such as according to various demographic, psychographic, location, role-based, or other characteristics. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method may include receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device. The method includes further include extracting, by the processing device, one or more features of the audio signal and generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the one or more features. The method further includes publishing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object to an external system via a network. In some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal. Each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. Note that various definitions of utterance exists and the discussion herein is not intended to be restrictive. For example phonetically an utterance can be defined as a unit of speech bounded by silence (background noise levels). Utterance can also generally refer to a unit of speech, for example an utterance can be a single word, group of words, a clause or a complete sentence. In some embodiments, the method further includes generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object consists of the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments the in-ear data object includes at least one metric representing a count of a set of words in utterances identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes generating one or more feature vectors based on the audio signal. In some embodiments, the one or more feature vectors are used to generate the one or more tokens. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes location data indicating a geolocation of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object further includes: labeling at least a subset of the tokens with respective labels, identifying one or more relationships between two or more tokens of the plurality of tokens, generating an annotation object based on the labels and the one or more relationships, including the annotation object in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the external system is a data analytics system that utilizes the output object to train a machine-learned model. In some embodiments, the external system is a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and wherein the user device utilizes the annotation object to train a machine-learned model that is personalized for the user. In some embodiments, the user device is a mobile device of the user of the in-ear device, and wherein the personalized machine-learned model is used to personalize an application on the mobile device based on the accumulation of the annotation objects. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones, extract one or more features of the audio signal, generate an in-ear data object based on the one or more features, and publish the in-ear data object to an external system via a network. In some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal. Each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to generate the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object consists of the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments the in-ear data object includes at least one metric representing a count of a set of words in utterances identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes generating one or more feature vectors based on the audio signal. In some embodiments, the one or more feature vectors are used to generate the one or more tokens. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes location data indicating a geolocation of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the in-ear data object further includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object further includes: labeling at least a subset of the tokens with respective labels, identifying one or more relationships between two or more tokens of the plurality of tokens, generating an annotation object based on the labels and the one or more relationships, including the annotation object in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the external system is a data analytics system that utilizes the output object to train a machine-learned model. In some embodiments, the external system is a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and wherein the user device utilizes the annotation object to train a machine-learned model that is personalized for the user. In some embodiments, the user device is a mobile device of the user of the in-ear device, and wherein the personalized machine-learned model is used to personalize an application on the mobile device based on the accumulation of the annotation objects. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model and generating, by the processing device, an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object is indicative of at least one possible meaning of the speech portion of the audio signal. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, whether to store the annotation object on a storage device of the in-ear device or at an external device based on a decision model. The method further includes at least one of: in response to determining that the annotation object is to be stored on the storage device of the in-ear device, storing, by the processing device, the annotation object on the storage device; and in response to determining that the annotation object is to be stored at an external device, transmitting the annotation object to the external device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, the external device is a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other devices. According to some embodiments, the external device is a user device associated with a user of the in-ear system and paired with the in-ear system, and wherein the user device utilizes the annotation object to train a machine-learned model that is personalized for the user. In some embodiments, the speech recognition model is a Hidden Markov Model. According to some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the processing device, sensor data from a sensor of one or more sensors of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, generating the annotation object includes: inputting the plurality of tokens to the natural language processor and inputting the sensor data to the natural language processor. The natural language processor outputs the annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and the sensor data. According to some embodiments, the method further includes generating, by the processing device, metadata based on the sensor data and associating, by the processing device, the metadata with the annotation object corresponding to the spoken portion, wherein the metadata is stored with the annotation object. In some embodiments, the sensor is an accelerometer. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heartrate monitor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a body temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heat flux sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a galvanic skin response sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a vibration sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is an optical sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a blood flow sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a chemical sensor. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned model trained to determine whether the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion likely contains private information, the machine-learned decision model determines that the annotation object is to be stored in the storage device of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model trained to determine whether or not the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion contains non-private information, the machine-learned decision model determines that the annotation object may be transmitted for storage on the external device. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, a storage device, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones, determine a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generate an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object being indicative of at least one possible meaning of the speech portion of the audio signal. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to determine whether to store the annotation object on the storage device of the in-ear device or at an external device based on a decision model and at least one of: in response to determining that the annotation object is to be stored on the storage device of the in-ear device, store the annotation object on the storage device; and in response to determining that the annotation object is to be stored at an external device, transmit the annotation object to the external device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, the external device is a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other devices. According to some embodiments, the external device is a user device associated with a user of the in-ear system and paired with the in-ear system, and wherein the user device utilizes the annotation object to train a machine-learned model that is personalized for the user. In some embodiments, the speech recognition model is a Hidden Markov Model. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to receive sensor data from a sensor of one or more sensors of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, generating the annotation object includes: inputting the plurality of tokens to the natural language processor and inputting the sensor data to the natural language processor. The natural language processor outputs the annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and the sensor data. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate metadata based on the sensor data and associating, by the processing device, the metadata with the annotation object corresponding to the spoken portion, wherein the metadata is stored with the annotation object. In some embodiments, the sensor is an accelerometer. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heartrate monitor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a body temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heat flux sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a galvanic skin response sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a vibration sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is an optical sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a blood flow sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is a chemical sensor. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned model trained to determine whether the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion likely contains private information, the machine-learned decision model determines that the annotation object is to be stored in the storage device of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model trained to determine whether or not the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion contains non-private information, the machine-learned decision model determines that the annotation object may be transmitted for storage on the external device. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extracting, by the processing device, one or more features of the audio signal, and generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the one or more features. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, a storage plan based on the one or more features of the audio signal and a decision model that is configured to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features, wherein each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations. The method also includes storing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object consists of including the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the method further includes storing a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes: identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, and storing a token representing the identity of the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the method further includes storing a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. According to some embodiments, the decision model outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, by the processing device, sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, a storage device, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extract one or more features of the audio signal, generate an in-ear data object based on the one or more features, and determine a storage plan based on the one or more features of the audio signal and a decision model that is configured to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object consists of including the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, and storing a token representing the identity of the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. According to some embodiments, the decision model outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to obtain sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determine one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and include the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extracting, by the processing device, one or more features of the audio signal, and generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the one or more features. The method further includes determining, by the processing device, a storage plan based on the one or more features of the audio signal and a decision model that is trained to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations. The method further includes obtaining, by the processing device, user feedback regarding one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations from a user of the in-ear device, updating, by the processing device, based on the user feedback, and storing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, obtaining user feedback regarding the one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations includes outputting a prompt for user feedback asking the user whether the in-ear device has permission to store the in-ear data object at a possible storage location of the possible storage locations, receiving a feedback signal from the user, and processing the feedback signal to determine whether the user grants or denies permission to store the in-ear data object at the possible storage location. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received as an audio signal via the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received on a user device of the user that is in communication with the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a category of in-ear data objects, such that permission for a plurality of instances in the category is determined by feedback with respect to a particular instance. In some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a specific instance of an in-ear data object, such that permission to store each in-ear data object is granted on an object-by-object basis. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object consists of including the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes at least one metric representing a count of a set of words in utterances identified in the speech portion. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the method further includes storing a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, and storing a token representing the identity of the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the method further includes storing a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model that outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining, by the processing device, sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, a storage device, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extract one or more features of the audio signal, generate an in-ear data object based on the one or more features, determine a storage plan based on the one or more features of the audio signal and a decision model that is trained to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations. The computer-readable-instructions further cause the processing device to obtain user feedback regarding one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations from a user of the in-ear device, update based on the user feedback, and store the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, obtaining user feedback regarding the one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations includes outputting a prompt for user feedback asking the user whether the in-ear device has permission to store the in-ear data object at a possible storage location of the possible storage locations, receiving a feedback signal from the user, and processing the feedback signal to determine whether the user grants or denies permission to store the in-ear data object at the possible storage location. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received as an audio signal via the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received on a user device of the user that is in communication with the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a category of in-ear data objects, such that permission for a plurality of instances in the category is determined by feedback with respect to a particular instance. In some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a specific instance of an in-ear data object, such that permission to store each in-ear data object is granted on an object-by-object basis. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object consists of including the plurality of tokens separate from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes at least one metric representing a count of a set of words in utterances identified in the speech portion. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, and storing a token representing the identity of the sound signature in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store a time stamp for the time at which the sound portion of the audio signal was received at the microphone. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model that outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to obtain sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, identifying, by the processing device, a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, and determining, by the processing device, a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generating, by the processing device, an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object is indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The method further includes generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the annotation object and determining, by the processing device, a storage plan based on one or more features of the annotation object and a decision model that is trained to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations. The plurality of possible storage locations include a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. The method further includes storing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other systems. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the processing device, sensor data from a sensor of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, generating the annotation object includes inputting the plurality of tokens to the natural language processor and inputting the sensor data to the natural language processor. The natural language processor outputs the annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and the sensor data. In some embodiments, the method further includes generating, by the processing device, metadata corresponding to the speech portion of the audio signal based on the sensor data and associating, by the processing device, the metadata with the annotation object to which the spoken portion corresponds, wherein the metadata is stored with the annotation object. In some embodiments, the method further includes storing a time stamp for the time at which the speech portion of the audio signal was received at the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the sensor is an accelerometer embedded in the in-ear device and the sensor data includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heartrate monitor and the sensor data includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the sensor is a body temperature sensor and the sensor data includes temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor provides heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor provides galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments, the decision model is trained to determine whether the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion likely contains private information, the decision model determines that the annotation object is to be stored in the storage device of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model that outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, a storage device, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones of the in-ear device, identify a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, determine a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generate an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object is indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate an in-ear data object based on the annotation object and determine a storage plan based on one or more features of the annotation object and a decision model that is trained to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations, and the plurality of possible storage locations include a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other systems. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to receive sensor data from a sensor of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, generating the annotation object includes inputting the plurality of tokens to the natural language processor and inputting the sensor data to the natural language processor. The natural language processor outputs the annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and the sensor data. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate metadata corresponding to the speech portion of the audio signal based on the sensor data and associating, by the processing device, the metadata with the annotation object to which the spoken portion corresponds, wherein the metadata is stored with the annotation object. In some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to store a time stamp for the time at which the speech portion of the audio signal was received at the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the sensor is an accelerometer embedded in the in-ear device and the sensor data includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor is a heartrate monitor and the sensor data includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the sensor is a body temperature sensor and the sensor data includes temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor provides heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the sensor provides galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments, the decision model is trained to determine whether the speech portion contains private information, and in response to determining that the speech portion likely contains private information, the decision model determines that the annotation object is to be stored in the storage device of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model that outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, identifying, by the processing device, a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, determining, by the processing device, a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generating, by the processing device, an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object is indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The method further includes generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the annotation object and publishing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object to one or more external systems via a communication network. According to some embodiments, the one or more external systems include a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other systems. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives speech related data and trains at least one machine-learning model based on the speech related data. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and trains at least one machine-learning model based on the speech related data. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and performs speech-related analytics on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an entertainment system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and trains at least one model configured to determine media content recommendations based on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the external system is a cloud-based processing system. In some embodiments, the external system is a machine learning system that learns based on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the external system is a content management system that manages content for the user, wherein at least one content management decision is based on at least one of the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the content management system selects an audio content item to be played for the user in the in-ear device based on the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the content management system selects a content item to be played for the user on a user device other than the in-ear device based on the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the user device is a mobile device of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, by the processing device, sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments, identifying the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user includes analyzing a plurality of composite audio signals to determine a direction of an audio source present in the audio signal with respect to the in-ear device and determining that the audio signal contains the speech of the user when the direction of the audio source indicates that the audio source is inside a head of the user. The plurality of composite audio signals make up the audio signal. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones, identify a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, and determine a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor, the annotation object being indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate an in-ear data object based on the annotation object and publish the in-ear data object to one or more external systems via a communication network. According to some embodiments, the one or more external systems include a data publishing system that publishes speech related data to other systems. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives speech related data and trains at least one machine-learning model based on the speech related data. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and trains at least one machine-learning model based on the speech related data. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an analytics system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and performs speech-related analytics on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the one or more external systems include an entertainment system that receives in-ear data objects from a plurality of in-ear devices and trains at least one model configured to determine media content recommendations based on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the external system is a cloud-based processing system. In some embodiments, the external system is a machine learning system that learns based on the in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the external system is a content management system that manages content for the user, wherein at least one content management decision is based on at least one of the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the content management system selects an audio content item to be played for the user in the in-ear device based on the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the content management system selects a content item to be played for the user on a user device other than the in-ear device based on the published in-ear data objects. In some embodiments, the user device is a mobile device of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, by the processing device, sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments, identifying the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user includes analyzing a plurality of composite audio signals to determine a direction of an audio source present in the audio signal with respect to the in-ear device and determining that the audio signal contains the speech of the user when the direction of the audio source indicates that the audio source is inside a head of the user. The plurality of composite audio signals make up the audio signal. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, identifying, by the processing device, a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, determining, by the processing device, a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generating, by the processing device, an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor, the annotation object being indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The method also includes generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data object based on the annotation object. The method also includes determining, by the processing device, a storage plan based on one or more features of the annotation object and a decision model that is configured to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations, and wherein the plurality of possible storage locations include a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. The method further includes obtaining, by the processing device, user feedback regarding one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations from a user of the in-ear device, updating, by the processing device, based on the user feedback, and storing, by the processing device, the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, obtaining user feedback regarding the one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations includes outputting a prompt for user feedback asking the user whether the in-ear device has permission to store the in-ear data object at a possible storage location of the possible storage locations, receiving a user feedback signal, and processing the feedback audio signal to determine whether the user grants or denies permission to store the in-ear data object at the possible storage location. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received as an audio signal via the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received on a user device of the user that is in communication with the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a category of in-ear data objects, such that permission for a plurality of instances in the category is determined by feedback with respect to a particular instance. According to some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a specific instance of an in-ear data object, such that permission to store each in-ear data object is granted on an object-by-object basis. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to an in-ear data object apart from the audio signal. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, generating a token for the identity of the sound signature, including the token identifying the sound signature in the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. In some embodiments, the decision model outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to obtain sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features includes heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features includes galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, a storage device, and a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones of the in-ear device, identify a speech portion of the audio signal that contains speech of a user of the in-ear device, determine a plurality of tokens based on the speech portion of the audio signal that contains the speech of the user, a text corpus, and a speech recognition model, and generate an annotation object based on the plurality of tokens and a natural language processor. The annotation object is indicative of a possible meaning of the speech of the user. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to generate an in-ear data object based on the annotation object and determine a storage plan based on one or more features of the annotation object and a decision model that is configured to output storage location recommendations based on a set of input features. Each storage location recommendation corresponds to a different storage location of a plurality of possible storage locations, and the plurality of possible storage locations include a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to obtain user feedback regarding one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations from a user of the in-ear device, update based on the user feedback, and store the in-ear data object according to the storage plan. According to some embodiments, the decision model is a machine-learned decision model. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained using a data set of decisions by one or more human operators. In some embodiments, the machine-learned decision model is trained based on a feedback metric that relates to the utilization of a plurality of stored in-ear data objects. According to some embodiments, obtaining user feedback regarding the one or more of the plurality of possible storage locations includes outputting a prompt for user feedback asking the user whether the in-ear device has permission to store the in-ear data object at a possible storage location of the possible storage locations, receiving a user feedback signal, and processing the feedback audio signal to determine whether the user grants or denies permission to store the in-ear data object at the possible storage location. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received as an audio signal via the one or more microphones. In some embodiments, the feedback signal from the user is received on a user device of the user that is in communication with the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a category of in-ear data objects, such that permission for a plurality of instances in the category is determined by feedback with respect to a particular instance. According to some embodiments, the feedback signal relates to a specific instance of an in-ear data object, such that permission to store each in-ear data object is granted on an object-by-object basis. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to an in-ear data object apart from the audio signal. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, and including the sound signature in the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes identifying a sound portion of the audio signal, generating a sound signature of the audio signal based on the audio signal, identifying the sound signature, generating a token for the identity of the sound signature, including the token identifying the sound signature in the in-ear data object. According to some embodiments, the plurality of possible storage locations includes a storage device of the in-ear device, a user device associated with a user of the in-ear device, and one or more external systems. In some embodiments, the decision model outputs, for each potential storage location, a respective confidence score corresponding to the potential storage location that indicates whether the in-ear data object is to be stored at the potential location. In some embodiments, determining the storage plan includes including each potential storage location having a respective confidence score that is greater than a threshold as a storage recommendation. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to obtain sensor data from one or more sensors of the in-ear device during the receiving of the audio signal, determining, by the processing device, one or more biometric features of a user of the in-ear device based on the sensor data, and including, by the processing device, the one or more biometric features in the in-ear data object. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include temperature data indicating a body temperature of the user measured in the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features include motion data that is indicative of motion of the body of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features includes heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, the one or more biometric features includes galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing device of an in-ear device, an audio signal from one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extracting, by the processing device, one or more features of the audio signal, generating, by the processing device, an in-ear data record based on the one or more features, and storing, by the processing device, the in-ear data record in a database stored on the in-ear device. The database indexes in-ear data records in one or more indexes according to a plurality of different feature types and the feature types include at least one of speech-related feature types and sound-related feature types. The method further includes receiving, by the processing device, a data request from an external system, the data request being used to define one or more characteristics corresponding to one or more respective feature types. The method further includes responding to the data request with a response that is based on at least one of the indexed in-ear data records. According to some embodiments, the method further includes determining, by the processing device, whether the external system is a white-listed external system and in response to determining that the external system is a white-listed external system: retrieving, by the processing device, one or more responsive in-ear data records from the database based on the data request and the one or more indexes, the one or more responsive in-ear data records having the one or more characteristics defined in the data request; and transmitting, by the processing device, respective contents of the one or more responsive in-ear data records to the external system. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data record. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to an in-ear data object apart from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record further includes labeling at least a subset of the tokens with respective labels, identifying one or more relationships between two or more tokens of the plurality of tokens, generating an annotation object based on the labels and the one or more relationships, including the annotation object in the in-ear data record. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record includes generating one or more feature vectors based on the audio signal. In some embodiments, the one or more in-ear data records further includes location data indicating a geolocation of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more in-ear data records further include time stamp information based on the timing of the audio signal. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes motion data that is indicative of motion the user. In some embodiments, the external system is a data analytics system that utilizes the output object to train a machine-learned model. In some embodiments, the external system is a data publishing system that aggregates in-ear data from a plurality of different in-ear devices. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an in-ear device is disclosed. The in-ear device includes a housing configured and dimensioned to fit in an ear canal of a user, one or more sensors, one or more microphones, a communication unit configured to communicate via a network, and a storage device that stores a database that indexes in-ear data records in one or more indexes according to a plurality of different feature types. The feature types include at least one of speech-related feature types and sound-related feature types. The in-ear device further includes a processing device that executes computer-readable instructions. The computer-readable instructions cause the processing device to receive an audio signal from the one or more microphones of the in-ear device, extract one or more features of the audio signal, generate an in-ear data record based on the one or more features, and store the in-ear data record in the database. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to receive a data request from an external system, the data request being used to define one or more characteristics corresponding to one or more respective feature types and respond to the data request with a response that is based on at least one of the indexed in-ear data records. According to some embodiments, the computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to determine whether the external system is a white-listed external system and in response to determining that the external system is a white-listed external system: retrieve one or more responsive in-ear data records from the database based on the data request and the one or more indexes, the one or more responsive in-ear data records having the one or more characteristics defined in the data request; and transmit respective contents of the one or more responsive in-ear data records to the external system. According to some embodiments, extracting the one or more features of the audio signal includes identifying a plurality of tokens based on a speech portion of the audio signal, wherein each token of the one or more tokens represents an utterance identified in the speech portion. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record includes adding the plurality of tokens to the in-ear data record. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data object includes adding the plurality of tokens to an in-ear data object apart from the audio signal. In some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record further includes labeling at least a subset of the tokens with respective labels, identifying one or more relationships between two or more tokens of the plurality of tokens, generating an annotation object based on the labels and the one or more relationships, including the annotation object in the in-ear data record. According to some embodiments, generating the in-ear data record includes generating one or more feature vectors based on the audio signal. In some embodiments, the one or more in-ear data records further includes location data indicating a geolocation of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, the one or more in-ear data records further include time stamp information based on the timing of the audio signal. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes heartrate data indicating a heartrate of a user of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes motion data that is indicative of a motion of a head of the user, where the motion data is collected from one or more motion sensors of the in-ear device. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes heat flux data from the ear canal of the user. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more in-ear data records further includes motion data that is indicative of motion the user. In some embodiments, the external system is a data analytics system that utilizes the output object to train a machine-learned model. In some embodiments, the external system is a data publishing system that aggregates in-ear data from a plurality of different in-ear devices. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a processing system of a data publication system, a request from an external system for in-ear data records, the data request being used by the processing system to define one or more characteristics corresponding to one or more respective feature types. The method further includes retrieving, by the processing system, one or more data records from a database based on the one or more characteristics. The database stores a plurality of audio records, each audio record including processed audio data that corresponds to an audio signal captured from an in-ear device of a plurality of in-ear devices, biometric data corresponding to a user of the in-ear device sensed by a sensor of the in-ear device, and metadata relating to the captured audio signal. The method also includes transmitting, by the processing system, contents of the one or more data records to the external system. According to some embodiments, at least one of the audio records is time stamped based on the timing of the audio signals used to generate the audio record. According to some embodiments, the plurality of audio records are speech records that each include features of a processed speech portion of a respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include one or more tokens corresponding to recognized utterances captured in the speech portion of the audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include an annotation object indicating a meaning of the speech portion of the audio signal. According to some embodiments, the plurality of audio records are sound records that each include features of a processed sound portion of a respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed sound portion of the respective audio signal include a classification of a sound recognized in the sound portion of the respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include a sound signature of the sound portion of the respective audio signal. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a heartrate of a respective user that was measured from an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a temperature of a respective user that was measured from an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates an acceleration of a head of a respective user that was measured from an accelerometer positioned in an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a motion of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates heat flux information from the ear canal of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates location data corresponding to a respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates timing data corresponding to a respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates a time at which the respective audio record was captured. According to some implementations of the present disclosure, a data publishing system is disclosed. The data publishing system includes a communication unit configured to communicate via a network and a storage system that stores a database. The database stores a plurality of audio records, each audio record including processed audio data that corresponds to an audio signal captured from an in-ear device of a plurality of in-ear devices, biometric data corresponding to a user of the in-ear device sensed by a sensor of the in-ear device, and metadata relating to the captured audio signal. The data publishing system further includes a processing system that executes computer-readable instructions that cause the processing system to receive a request from an external system for in-ear data records, the data request being used by the processing system to define one or more characteristics corresponding to one or more respective feature types. The computer-readable instructions further cause the processing device to retrieve one or more data records from the database based on the one or more characteristics and transmit contents of the one or more data records to the external system. According to some embodiments, at least one of the audio records is time stamped based on the timing of the audio signals used to generate the audio record. According to some embodiments, the plurality of audio records are speech records that each include features of a processed speech portion of a respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include one or more tokens corresponding to recognized utterances captured in the speech portion of the audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include an annotation object indicating a meaning of the speech portion of the audio signal. According to some embodiments, the plurality of audio records are sound records that each include features of a processed sound portion of a respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed sound portion of the respective audio signal include a classification of a sound recognized in the sound portion of the respective audio signal. In some embodiments, the features of the processed speech portion of the respective audio signal include a sound signature of the sound portion of the respective audio signal. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a heartrate of a respective user that was measured from an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a temperature of a respective user that was measured from an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates an acceleration of a head of a respective user that was measured from an accelerometer positioned in an ear canal of the respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates a motion of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates heat flux information from the ear canal of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes biometric data that indicates galvanic skin response data from the ear canal of the user of the in-ear device. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates location data corresponding to a respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates timing data corresponding to a respective user at a time the respective audio record was captured. According to some embodiments, each audio record of the plurality of the audio records includes metadata that indicates a time at which the respective audio record was captured. The details of one or more implementations of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

11434547

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a metal porous material, a fuel cell, and a method of producing a metal porous material. The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-168102 filed on Sep. 7, 2018, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND ART A conventionally known method of producing a metal porous material having a high porosity and a large surface area involves forming a metal layer on a surface of a resin porous material such as a resin foam. For instance, a metal porous material may be produced by performing electrically conductive treatment on a resin molded article including a frame having a three-dimensional network configuration to make a surface of the frame electrically conductive, then carrying out electroplating to form a metal layer on the frame, and then, if necessary, burning off the resin molded article. Metal porous materials have various applications, and some of the applications require a high corrosion resistance of the frame. Examples of a known metal porous material with a high corrosion resistance include a metal porous material including a nickel-chromium alloy frame. Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2012-149282 (PTL 1) teaches a method of producing a metal porous material including alloy of nickel and chromium, where the method involves preparing a metal porous material including a nickel frame (hereinafter also called “nickel porous material”), then performing plating to form a chromium layer on a surface of the frame, and subsequently performing heat treatment to diffuse chromium. Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 08-013129 (PTL 2) teaches a method of producing a metal porous material including alloy of nickel and chromium by burying a nickel porous material in powder that includes Al, Cr, and NH4Cl or a compound of these and then performing heat treatment in an atmosphere filled with Ar gas, H2gas, and/or the like to cause diffusion coating. CITATION LIST Patent Literature PTL 1: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2012-149282 PTL 2: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 08-013129 SUMMARY OF INVENTION A metal porous material according to an aspect of the present disclosure is a metal porous material in sheet form that includes a frame having a three-dimensional network configuration, wherein the frame includes an alloy including at least nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr), the frame11is a solid solution with iron (Fe), the frame includes a chromium oxide (Cr2O3) layer as an outermost layer and includes a chromium carbide layer located under the chromium oxide layer, the chromium oxide layer has a thickness not less than 0.1 μm and not more than 3 μm, and the chromium carbide layer has a thickness not less than 0.1 μm and not more than 1 μm. A method of producing a metal porous material according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes: preparing a porous material that includes a frame having a three-dimensional network configuration and containing nickel as a primary component, the preparing including:performing electrically conductive treatment on a surface of a frame of a resin molded article including a frame having a three-dimensional network configuration by applying carbon powder to the surface of the frame of the resin molded article;performing nickel plating to plate with nickel the surface of the frame of the resin molded article thus made electrically conductive;subsequently removing the resin molded article by heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere; andafter the removing the resin molded article, performing heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere containing water vapor to lower an amount of carbon remaining in the nickel; and forming alloy of at least nickel and chromium to obtain a metal porous material, the forming involving burying the porous material in powder including chromium (Cr), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and then performing heat treatment to cause diffusion coating of the frame with the chromium.

11284879

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods for repairing soft tissue. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for reattaching torn soft tissue ends such as a ruptured Achilles tendon in a minimally invasive manner. Soft tissue damage, particularly a ruptured Achilles tendon, is often a debilitating event that necessitates surgery. Reattaching a ruptured Achilles tendon generally requires that the torn or ripped ends of the tendon be coapted by passing one or more sutures through each damaged end. Each of the torn ends may then be drawn towards one another by tightening the sutures to restore the connecting muscles and tendon to their original lengths. Accessing the damaged tissue, however, generally requires relatively large incisions, or multiple smaller incisions, for effecting adequate purchase and sufficient suturing of the damaged tendon to ensure proper healing of the tendon. Nonetheless, relatively large incisions, or multiple incisions, increase the likelihood of infections and result in prolonged recovery periods. Minimally invasive devices, which may be inserted through relatively smaller incisions, are generally limited in their application for repairing particular tissue regions. For instance, while minimally invasive devices may enable a surgeon to pass sutures through tissue, these instruments are often limited in their ability to pass multiple sutures through non-supported tissue structures in an efficacious manner. Moreover, many such devices are insufficient in supporting unsupported tissue structures such as a ruptured Achilles tendon during suturing. Nevertheless, due to the complications of open surgical operations, minimally invasive tissue repair systems are of continued interest. Two such tissue repair systems, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,936,611 and 9,289,205, each of which is assigned to Applicant and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In repairing damaged regions of tissue, the elongated housing disclosed herein may be introduced through a single incision to access damaged tissue such as a ruptured or torn Achilles tendon and to pass multiple sutures through the tendon. Thus, the tendon repair assembly may generally include a housing, a rotatable shaft at least partially disposed within the housing, and first and second curved needles. The housing defines a gap between a first edge of the housing and a second edge of the housing, the gap being adapted to receive tissue. The first and second curved needles are articulable within the housing from a delivery position, at which the first and second needles are spaced from the gap, to a deployed position, at which the first and second needles extend through the gap. Rotation of the shaft simultaneously articulates the first and second needles such that the first needle enters the gap before the second needle enters the gap. A base end of the first needle and a base end of the second needle are mounted on an outer surface of the rotatable shaft along an axis that extends parallel to a longitudinal axis of the rotatable shaft. The first and second needles and the rotatable shaft may be a single monolithic structure and the first needle may have a greater length than the second needle. The first needle may include a first notch spaced a first distance from a piercing tip of the first needle and the second needle may include a second notch spaced a second distance from a piercing tip of the second needle such that the first distance is greater than the second distance. The first needle may define a suture channel along an outer portion of the first needle and the second needle may define a suture channel along an outer portion of the second needle. The tissue repair apparatus may further include a suture having a first portion disposed in the suture channel of the first needle forming a first loop, and a second portion disposed in the suture channel of the second needle forming a second loop. The first needle may include a first notch spaced a first distance from a piercing tip of the first needle and the second needle may include a second notch spaced a second distance from a piercing tip of the second needle such that the first distance is greater than the second distance and the first portion of the suture spans the first notch and the second portion of the suture spans the second notch. The system may further include a stylet adapted to carry a cinching suture. The stylet may be slidably disposed within a locking channel defined within a wall of the housing. The first needle may include a first notch spaced a first distance from a piercing tip of the first needle and the second needle may include a second notch spaced a second distance from a piercing tip of the second needle, the first distance being greater than the second distance, such that when the first needle and the second needle are in the deployed position, the first notch and the second notch are longitudinally aligned with one another along the locking channel. In another embodiment, a tissue repair apparatus includes a housing defining a gap between a first edge of the housing and a second edge of the housing, a rotatable shaft at least partially disposed within the housing, and a plurality of curved needles connected to the rotatable shaft. The gap is adapted to receive tissue. The plurality of curved needles is articulable from a delivery position in which the plurality of curved needles is spaced from the gap to a deployed position in which the plurality of curved needles extends through the gap. Rotation of the shaft simultaneously articulates the plurality of curved needles and each one of the plurality of curved needles enters the gap in a sequential order. When the plurality of needles are in the delivery position, each one of the plurality of needles is at least partially positioned within a wall of the housing and on a single side of the gap. A base end of each of the plurality of needles may by be mounted on an outer surface of the rotatable shaft along an axis that extends parallel to a longitudinal axis of the rotatable shaft. The plurality of curved needles may include a first curved needle having a first arc length, a second curved needle having a second arc length, and a third curved needle having a third arc length such that the first arc length is longer than the second arc length and the second length is longer than the third arc length. Each one of the first curved needle, the second curved needle, and the third curved needle may define a suture channel along an outer radial edge of the needle. The first curved needle may include a first notch spaced a first distance from a piercing tip of the first needle, the second curved needle may include a second notch spaced a second distance from a piercing tip of the second needle, and the third needle may include a third notch spaced a third distance from a piercing tip of the third needle such that the first distance is greater than the second distance and the second distance is greater than the third distance. When the plurality of needles are in the deployed position, the first notch, the second notch, and the third notch are longitudinally aligned with one another along a locking channel provided within the housing. The tissue repair apparatus may further include a stylet adapted to carry a cinching suture, the stylet being slidably disposed within the locking channel. In some instances, the locking channel may be at least partially disposed within a wall of the housing. The tissue repair apparatus may also include a contiguous suture having a first portion disposed in the suture channel of the first needle forming a first loop, a second portion disposed in the suture channel of the second needle forming a second loop, and a third portion disposed in the suture channel of the third needle forming a third loop. A piercing end of at least one of the plurality of needles may include dual prongs and at least a portion of the suture channel may be provided between the prongs. Additionally, or alternatively, a piercing end of at least one of the plurality of needles may include a single prong. The single prong may be substantially triangular in shape and tapered from a first lateral side of the single prong to a second lateral side of the single prong. In yet another embodiment, a method for repairing a tissue region includes positioning a portion of a ruptured or torn tendon tissue within a tissue receiving gap defined in a housing of a suture delivery assembly and simultaneously actuating first and second needles at least partially through the tissue receiving gap such that the first and second needles respectively pierce the ruptured or torn tendon tissue at first and second locations with the first needle entering the tissue receiving gap before the second needle enters the tissue receiving gap. The first needle may define a first stylet clearance slot spaced a first distance from a piercing tip of the first needle and the second needle may define a second stylet clearance slot spaced a second distance from a piercing tip of the second needle, the first distance being greater than the second distance. When the first needle and the second needle are in a deployed position, the first stylet clearance slot and the second stylet clearance slot are longitudinally aligned with one another along a locking channel of the housing. The method may further include the step of passing a suture through the ruptured or torn tendon tissue at the first location and the second location and advancing a stylet carrying a cinching suture in a longitudinal direction through the suture delivery assembly and through the first stylet clearance slot and the second stylet clearance slot. Introduction of the suture delivery assembly may include introducing the suture delivery assembly through a single incision along a posterior region of a leg. After the tissue region has been repaired, the first needle and the second needle may be retracted and the suture delivery assembly may be withdrawn from the incision. In some instances, the ruptured or torn tendon tissue may be the Achilles tendon.

11298607

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to interactive games and particularly a game suitable for all individuals, and especially for persons with mobility issues. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There are numerous conditions that cause individuals to experience mobility issues. In this regard, an individual's mobility may be affected by an injury (which may be temporary or permanent), a disease, or a condition present since birth. For instance, individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) may exhibit mobility issues in the arms, legs, and other muscles. Other conditions, such as arthritis, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, amputations, spinal cord injuries, etc., may also limit the mobility of an individual. Moreover, some conditions, which may be caused by injury, disease, or birth condition, may affect the mental capacity of an individual. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure provides a game in which each player interacts with the game in a consistent manner. Game action is initiated by the use of easy-to-hit buttons, switches or joysticks incorporated into the game, which stimulate board interaction and motion. The board interaction is suitable for persons with mobility issues. As such, not only can persons with mobility issues play the game, any stigma associated with a perceived handicap is removed because every individual player interacts with the game in the same way. In some embodiments, the board game “pieces” need not be directly manipulated. Rather, a controller translates the player's interaction in to a board experience. In some embodiments, a player cannot move about the board unintentionally, thus teaching and/or reinforcing rule-based play. Rather, they illuminable lights or icons are fixed to the playing surface. According to aspects herein, a board game is provided, in which game action is initiated by players using buttons, switches or joysticks incorporated into the game. The game comprises a game board, and a controller. The controller comprises one or more of buttons, switches or joysticks for use by a player to interact with the game board to participate in a game. The game board incorporates a light control interface and a plurality of illuminable lights or icons to identify the position of the player on the game board, without requiring direct manipulation thereof. According to further aspects of the present disclosure, a game system is provided. The game system comprises a game board having a first string of illuminable indicia and a second string of illuminable indicia thereon. Here, each of the first string of illuminable indicia and the second string of illuminable indicia having individual light elements. The game system also includes a first controller comprising at least one controller input for use by a first player to interact with the game board to participate in a game by controlling the first string of illuminable indicia. Analogously, the game system comprises a second controller comprising at least one controller input for use by a second player to interact with the game board to participate in the game by controlling the second string of illuminable indicia. The game system further comprises a virtualized turn generator having an input and an output display, wherein actuation of the input causes the virtualized turn generator to generate a value, where the value on the output display can be designated by the first controller and the second controller. Also, the game system comprises a processor programmed by program code stored in memory to interact with the first controller to selectively turn on or off the individual light elements of the first string of illuminable indicia and interact with the second controller to selectively turn on or off the individual light elements of the second string of illuminable indicia. According to yet further aspects of the present disclosure, a game system is provided. The game system comprises a game board having a string of illuminable indicia having individual light elements. The game system also comprises a first controller comprising at least one controller input for use by a first player to interact with the game board to participate in a game by controlling a first characteristic of the string of illuminable indicia. Analogously, the game system comprises a second controller comprising at least one controller input for use by a second player to interact with the game board to participate in the game by controlling the a second characteristic of the string of illuminable indicia. The game system also comprises a virtualized turn generator having an input and an output display, wherein actuation of the input causes the virtualized turn generator to generate a value, where the value on the output display can be designated by the first controller and the second controller. Still further, the game system comprises a processor programmed by program code stored in memory to interact with the first controller to selectively control the first characteristic of the individual light elements of the string of illuminable indicia and interact with the second controller to selectively control the second characteristic of the individual light elements of the string of illuminable indicia.

11429652

BACKGROUND The present disclosure relates generally to the field of chat management, and more specifically, to chat management to address queries. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, computer program product, and system for chat management to address queries. A query can be received. A determination can be made whether the query has already been answered by comparing the query to text within a chat database. In response to determining that the query has not been answered, a set of prospective experts can be identified. Each of the prospective experts of the set of prospective experts can be ranked based on at least one factor. The query can be transmitted to a first ranked expert. An answer to the query can then be received from the first ranked expert. The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure.

11348108

TECHNICAL FIELD The present specification relates to the field of computer technologies, and in particular, to payment proof generation methods, systems, and devices. BACKGROUND With continuous popularization of computer networks, electronic payment is increasingly widely applied in people's daily lives. A common application scenario of electronic payment is a payment proof-based first payment scenario. In this scenario, a payer shows, by using a mobile device, a payment proof bound to a payment account of the payer, and a payee obtains the payment proof and links the payment account of the payer based on the payment proof, so as to further implement a payment operation. For example, in a metro transportation application scenario in the existing technology, a passenger does not need to purchase a ticket through a ticket counter, and only needs to show, by using a mobile device, a QR code bound to an electronic payment account to an access control system on a vehicle or at a station for code-scanning verification. As such, the electronic payment account of the passenger can be used to automatically pay a ticket and enable pass-through, thereby omitting a complex ticket purchase operation. However, in the metro transportation application scenario described, when multiple fellow passengers travel together but one or more of them do not have a valid QR code (for example, when a mobile device of the passenger fails to obtain a valid QR code due to a network connection failure or an electronic payment account error, or when the passenger forgets to carry a mobile device), the passenger without a valid QR code needs to purchase a ticket through a ticket counter before accessing a station, and the other passengers with QR codes can only wait until the passenger completes the ticket purchase. Consequently, pass-through efficiency is greatly reduced. SUMMARY In view of this, implementations of the present specification provide a payment proof generation method and system and a device, so as to resolve a problem in system access security authentication in the existing technology. The following technical solutions are used according to the implementations of the present specification. Some implementations of the present specification provides a payment proof generation method, where the method includes the following: confirming participant information of a first payment scenario on a current terminal device, where the participant information includes a quantity of participants, the participants include a local user and/or one or more non-local users selected by the local user, and the local user is a user that succeeds in electronic payment account verification on the current terminal device; and generating a payment proof based on the participant information and account information of an electronic payment account of the local user, where the payment proof is used to perform first payment scenario start point verification and first payment scenario termination point verification in the first payment scenario. In some implementations of the present specification, the participant information of the first payment scenario is confirmed on the current terminal device, where verification is performed on identities of the local user and the non-local user selected by the local user, the first payment scenario is terminated when the identity of the local user fails to be verified, and the non-local user is rejected to be the participant when the identity of the non-local user fails to be verified. In some implementations of the present specification, the participant information of the first payment scenario is confirmed on the current terminal device, and the participant information further includes identity information of the participants. In some implementations of the present specification, the method further includes the following: generating and outputting a physical payment proof by using the current terminal device in a process of generating the payment proof; or when the current terminal device is a mobile device, generating a corresponding electronic payment proof in a process of generating the payment proof, and when performing the first payment scenario start point verification and the first payment scenario termination point verification, outputting the electronic payment proof by using the current terminal device; or generating a corresponding electronic payment proof in a process of generating the payment proof, sending the electronic payment proof to a mobile device specified by the local user, and when performing the first payment scenario start point verification and the first payment scenario termination point verification, outputting the electronic payment proof by using the mobile device. In some implementations of the present specification, the generating a payment proof includes: separately generating different payment proofs corresponding to the multiple participants. In some implementations of the present specification, the method further includes the following: in a process of the first payment scenario start point verification or the first payment scenario termination point verification, all participants corresponding to the payment proof successively pass through an access control system corresponding to the first payment scenario start point verification or the first payment scenario termination point verification after the payment proof is successfully verified once; or in a process of the first payment scenario start point verification or the first payment scenario termination point verification, one participant corresponding to the payment proof passes through an access control system corresponding to the first payment scenario start point verification or the first payment scenario termination point verification each time the payment proof is successfully verified. In some implementations of the present specification, the participant information of the first payment scenario is confirmed on the current terminal device, where after a user successfully logs into the electronic payment account on the current terminal device, it is determined that the user is the local user, the local user is allowed to initiate a participation request for the first payment scenario, and when the local user initiates the participation request, the local user is asked to confirm the participants; or a user is allowed to initiate a participation request for the first payment scenario, when the user initiates the participation request on the current terminal device, it is determined whether the user is capable of successfully logging in to the electronic payment account on the current terminal device, and when the user is capable of successfully logging in to the electronic payment account on the current terminal device, it is determined that the user is the local user and the local user is asked to confirm the participants. Some implementations of the present specification further provides a fare information returning method, where the method includes the following: obtaining participant information, first payment scenario start point information, and first payment scenario termination point information that correspond to the payment proof according to previous implementations; calculating fare information corresponding to the payment proof based on the first payment scenario start point information, the first payment scenario termination point information, and the participant information; and outputting the fare information. In some implementations of the present specification, the method further includes the following: after the payment proof is successfully verified at a first payment scenario start point or a first payment scenario termination point, a corresponding access control system successively releases a first quantity of users, and the first quantity is the same as a quantity of participants corresponding to the payment proof; or each time the payment proof is successfully verified at a first payment scenario start point or a first payment scenario termination point, a corresponding access control system releases one user until a quantity of users released by the access control system for the payment proof reaches a quantity of participants corresponding to the payment proof. Some implementations of the present specification further provides a payment proof generation system, where the system includes the following: a participant confirmation module, configured to confirm participant information of a first payment scenario based on a current terminal device, where the participant information includes a quantity of participants, the participants include a local user and/or one or more non-local users selected by the local user, and the local user is a user that succeeds in electronic payment account verification on the current terminal device; and a payment proof generation module, configured to generate a payment proof based on the participant information and account information of an electronic payment account of the local user, where the payment proof is used to perform first payment scenario start point verification and first payment scenario termination point verification in the first payment scenario. Some implementations of the present specification further provides a fare information returning system, where the system includes the following: a payment data collection module, configured to obtain participant information, first payment scenario start point information, and first payment scenario termination point information that correspond to the payment proof according to any previous implementations; a settlement module, configured to calculate fare information corresponding to the payment proof based on the first payment scenario start point information, the first payment scenario termination point information, and the participant information of the payment proof; and a fare information output module, configured to output the fare information. Some implementations of the present specification further provides a device for information processing at an accessing-party device end, where the device includes a memory configured to store a computer program instruction and a processor configured to execute a program instruction, and when the computer program instruction is executed by the processor, the device is triggered to execute the method according to the implementations of the present specification. The at least one technical solution used according to the implementations of the present specification can achieve the following beneficial effects: According to the method according to the implementations of the present specification, adding the participant information to the payment proof can enable a user to perform a payment operation for another user by using an electronic payment account of the user, without reconstructing an existing payment proof verification procedure or charging mode in a payment scenario, thereby reducing a time consumed by an electronic payment failure of the user, and improving payment efficiency of the payment scenario.

11356690

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2019/026791 filed on Jul. 5, 2019, which claims priority benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2018-136928 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Jul. 20, 2018. Each of the above-referenced applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to an image processing apparatus and a method, and more particularly to an image processing apparatus and a method that allow for easier and more appropriate rendering. BACKGROUND ART As an encoding method for 3D data representing a three-dimensional structure such as a point cloud, there has conventionally been encoding using voxels such as Octree (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1). In recent years, as another encoding method, for example, an approach in which each of position information and color information of a point cloud is projected onto a two-dimensional plane for each subregion and encoded by an encoding method for two-dimensional images (hereinafter also referred to as a video-based approach) has been proposed (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 2 to Non-Patent Document 4). The 3D data encoded as described above is transmitted as a bitstream and decoded. Then, the three-dimensional structure is rendered as if it has been imaged by a camera at an optional position and orientation, and is converted into a two-dimensional image, and the two-dimensional image is displayed or stored. CITATION LIST Non-Patent Document Non-Patent Document 1: R. Mekuria, Student Member IEEE, K. Blom, P. Cesar., Member, IEEE, “Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Point Cloud Codec for Tele-Immersive Video”, tcsvt_paper_submitted_february.pdfNon-Patent Document 2: Tim Golla and Reinhard Klein, “Real-time Point Cloud Compression”, IEEE, 2015Non-Patent Document 3: K. Mammou, “Video-based and Hierarchical Approaches Point Cloud Compression”, MPEG m41649, October 2017Non-Patent Document 4: K. Mammou, “PCC Test Model Category 2 v0”, N17248 MPEG output document, October 2017 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention However, in the case of this method, it has not been possible to grasp an appropriate value to be set as a camera parameter at the time of rendering decoded 3D data, and it has been difficult to perform appropriate rendering. The present disclosure has been made in view of such circumstances, and is intended to allow for easier and more appropriate rendering. Solutions to Problems An image processing apparatus according to one aspect of the present technology includes a coding unit that generates coded data by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane, and a generation unit that generates a bitstream that includes the coded data generated by the coding unit and metadata to be used to render the point cloud. An image processing method according to the one aspect of the present technology includes generating coded data by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane, and generating a bitstream that includes the generated coded data and metadata to be used to render the point cloud. An image processing apparatus according to another aspect of the present technology includes a decoding unit that decodes a bitstream that includes coded data obtained by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane and metadata to be used to render the point cloud, reconstructs the point cloud, and extracts the metadata, and a rendering unit that renders the point cloud reconstructed by the decoding unit by using the metadata extracted by the decoding unit. An image processing method according to the other aspect of the present technology includes decoding a bitstream that includes coded data obtained by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane and metadata to be used to render the point cloud, reconstructing the point cloud, and extracting the metadata, and rendering the reconstructed point cloud by using the extracted metadata. In the image processing apparatus and method according to the one aspect of the present technology, coded data is generated by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane, and a bitstream that includes the generated coded data and metadata to be used to render the point cloud is generated. In the image processing apparatus and method according to the other aspect of the present technology, a bitstream that includes coded data obtained by encoding a two-dimensional plane image in which position information and attribute information for a point cloud that represents an object having a three-dimensional shape as a group of points are projected onto a two-dimensional plane and metadata to be used to render the point cloud is decoded, the point cloud is reconstructed, and the metadata is extracted, and then the extracted metadata is used to render the reconstructed point cloud. Effects of the Invention According to the present disclosure, images can be processed. In particular, rendering can be performed more easily and more appropriately.

11452719

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Bacterial infections pose a continuing medical problem because anti-bacterial drugs eventually engender resistance in the bacteria on which they are used. Bacterial antibiotic resistance has become one of the most serious threats to modern health care (McCaig L F, et al., Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12(11):1715-1723). Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) andStaphylococcus epidermidis(MRSE) have dramatically erroded the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics. MRSA is emerging as a major cause of bloodstream infections in healthy individuals. Infections caused by resistant bacteria frequently result in longer hospital stays, higher mortality and increased cost of treatment (Cohen, Science 1992, 257: 1051-1055). In the 2013 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Threat Level Report MRSA was designated as the second leading cause of mortality by drug-resistant bacterial pathogen in the US. Consequently, a need exists for new antibiotics with efficacy against pathogenic bacteria for use in the treatment of bacterial infections. Oxazolidinones as a chemical class find widespread use as antibiotics. In 2000, linezolid became the first oxazolidinone approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of bacterial infections. However, there have been reports of MRSA strains resistant to linezolid due to the acquisition of a natural resistance gene known as chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance (Toh S M, et al., Mol Microbiol. 2007 June; 64(6):1506-14). The need for new antibiotics will continue to escalate because bacteria have a remarkable ability to develop resistance to new antibiotics rendering them quickly ineffective (Neu,Science1992, 257: 1064-1073). Oxazolidinone compounds have been disclosed in WO 2005/058886, WO2010/138649, WO 2010/091131, WO 2010/042887, WO 04/048350, WO 03/022824 and WO 01/94342. Tedizolid phosphate is an oxazolidinone antibacterial drug useful for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by bacteria, including aerobic and facultative gram-positive microorganisms such asStaphylococcus aureus(including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) isolates),Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosusGroup, includingStreptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, andStreptococcus constellatus, andEnterococcus faecalis. Tedizolid phosphate may also be useful for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by aerobic and facultative anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, such asStaphylococus epidermidis, including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates,Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, andEnterococcus faecium. Tedizolid phosphate, having the structural formula I below is [(5R)-(3-[3-Fluoro-4-[6-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine-3-yl]phenyl}-2-oxooxazolidin-5yl]methyl hydrogen phosphate. Tedizolid phosphate, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are disclosed in international patent publications WO 2005/058886, WO 2010/042887, WO 2010/091131, and WO 2010/138649. The present invention provides for powder for suspension pharmaceutical compositions of tedizolid phosphate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which provide for accurate oral dosing of tedizolid phosphate in a uniform oral suspension, which minimize the risk of tedizolid phosphate particle size growth, and which minimize the unpleasant taste of tedizolid phosphate. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Novel powder for suspension pharmaceutical compositions comprising tedizolid phosphate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are disclosed. The powder for suspension pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are constituted into a suspension by adding water prior to dosing to patients. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention provide for the immediate release of tedizolid phosphate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of powder for suspension pharmaceutical compositions of tedizolid phosphate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Another aspect of the present invention provides methods for the treatment of bacterial infections by administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a powder for suspension pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. These and other aspects will become readily apparent from the detailed description which follows.

11441735

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority 35 U.S.C. § 119 to European Patent Publication No. EP 20178485.7 (filed on Jun. 5, 2020), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD One or more embodiments relate to a high-pressure container, in particular, a high-pressure container for storing a fuel for a motor vehicle. BACKGROUND It is known that high-pressure containers, for example, high-pressure containers for storing hydrogen as fuel for motor vehicles, may be constructed from an internal layer, known as the liner, and a wrapping of fibre material around the liner. To produce a container, it is known to use the technologies of blow-moulding and thermoforming. Production is then based on the shaping of hose-like or platform-like semifinished products. These are brought into their final shape by vacuum and/or positive pressure. For example, two half-shells may be produced which are joined together to form a container. For the case of gas-tight liners for type IV containers which are used for pressurised storage of gases, there are two standard production methods. Firstly, blow-moulding of complete liners, and secondly the method of producing segments of the container in the injection-moulding and extrusion process, and subsequently connecting these components by a joining process. The materials used here are mostly based on HDPE (high density polyethylene) or polyamides. Important distinguishing features for liner materials are the mechanical low-temperature properties and the emission properties. Mono-layer materials such as polyamide have a good barrier property for gases but do not have optimal low-temperature properties. On the other hand, HDPE does not have a suitable barrier effect but has excellent low-temperature properties. For this reason, at present mainly polyamide is used for applications in the hydrogen sector in particular. However, above all for blow-moulding technology, this imposes limits with respect to component size. Because of their complex additive structure, the suitable types available are also costly and problematic for use at low temperatures. High-pressure containers for gases are subjected to great temperature fluctuations during operation (filling, storage and evacuation). These impose high requirements on the materials and in particular on the liner. In connection with lightweight construction and the use of composite materials, in this context there arises the challenge of connecting the different materials together gas-tightly at the joining point. SUMMARY One or more embodiments are to enhance a high-pressure container in this respect, and in particular, provide a high-pressure container which also meets the requirements applicable to high-pressure containers for tightness and permeation in a transitional region to a boss member. One or more embodiments are to also provide a high-pressure container which can be produced economically. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a high-pressure container comprises a cylinder, composed of plastic, as a centre member; at least one half-shell, composed of plastic, at an axial end of the cylinder, the half-shell comprising a substantially rotationally symmetrical insert as a boss member, the boss member having a foot member at the end thereof facing the container interior and which is embedded in the plastic of the half-shell to substantially form a hollow cone or hollow cylinder; a sleeve pressed into the inner circumference of the foot member at least in a pressing portion of the sleeve, wherein the plastic of the half-shell is arranged between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member so that in the pressing portion, a thin plastic layer of the plastic of the half-shell is pressed between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the material for the liner, both in the centre member formed by the cylinder and also in at least one, preferably both axial end regions of the container, is a plastic, in particular, a plastic multilayer composite. Plastics, in particular, multilayer plastics which comprise a barrier layer, can easily be formed into a half-shell via blow-moulding, deep-drawing, or vacuum-forming. The cylinder in the centre member can also be blow-moulded or, for example, extruded. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the boss member which comprises a foot member is provided. The foot member substantially forms a hollow cone or hollow cylinder. The foot member is embedded in the plastic of the half-shell. The plastic thus surrounds the boss member on at least two sides. The foot member has a greater diameter than an adjacent centre member of the boss member. The foot member thus forms an undercut with respect to a plastic of the liner, which is introduced from the side of the foot member or the container middle point. The plastic is arranged axially on both sides of the foot member, i.e., on both sides of the undercut, i.e., on a surface of the boss member facing the container middle point and on a surface of the boss member facing away from the container middle point. Production of the half-shell with an embedded boss member and of the complete high-pressure container is nonetheless possible in economic fashion, since as will be described hereinbelow, it is possible to introduce the plastic via blow-moulding or vacuum deep-drawing despite the undercut on the foot member of the boss member. The foot member is hollow in the inside, in the region of its longitudinal centre axis, and therefore, substantially forms a hollow cone or a hollow cylinder. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a sleeve, composed of a metal, is pressed into the inner circumference of the foot member at least along a pressing portion of the sleeve extending in the axial direction of the sleeve. The plastic of the half-shell is also arranged in the intermediate spaces between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member. A thin layer of the plastic of the half-shell is therefore pressed between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member in the pressing portion. Thus, in the pressing portion, a thin plastic layer, i.e. a plastic film, of the plastic of the half-shell is pressed between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member. By the formation of the thin plastic layer on compression of the sleeve into the boss member, a reliable seal is created between the sleeve and the boss member. Because of the small thickness of the plastic film, the thermal expansion in operation and the shrinkage during the production process in this region are negligibly small and a good seal is guaranteed. The thin plastic layer of the plastic of the half-shell, which is pressed between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member, extends over the entire pressing portion. Particularly, the sleeve also has an axial portion outside the pressing portion, in which advantageously a thicker layer of the plastic of the half-shell is arranged. The plastic of the half-shell is to fill the entire space between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member. The plastic of the liner, i.e., of the centre member and the half-shell, preferably both half-shells, is a multilayer composite plastic which comprises a barrier layer. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a first groove or depression is provided. The first groove or depression is filled with the plastic of the half-shell, on the inner circumference of the foot member at the level of the sleeve. The first groove or depression extends at least in portions, i.e., for example, in individual sectors, around the entire inner circumference of the hollow cylinder or hollow cone. The first groove lies axially outside the pressing portion. In particular, the first groove may be formed axially adjoining the pressing portion. The groove or depression is filled with the plastic of the half-shell. A “depression” may be configured similarly to a groove and in any case, and has at least one edge which acts as an undercut for the plastic lying behind it, so that the plastic is retained by form fit behind the edge in the region of the inner circumference. The plastic of the half-shell is pressed by the sleeve against the inner circumference of the foot member and into the first groove. The plastic thus remains reliably in the first groove and the sealing effect is further increased. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foot member has at least one second groove which is filled with the plastic of the half-shell, wherein the second groove, arranged proximate to the inner circumference of the foot member, extends at least in portions on the base of the foot member facing the container interior. The second groove serves primarily also to increase the tightness between the liner and the boss member. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foot member has at least one third groove which is filled with the plastic of the half-shell. The third groove extends at least in portions on the cover face of the foot member facing the container exterior. In addition to increasing the tightness, the third groove also prevents the plastic from detaching from the boss member at the cover face of the foot member. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the foot member has at least one fourth groove which is filled with the plastic of the half-shell, wherein in the vicinity of the outer circumference of the foot member, the fourth groove extends at least in portions on the base of the foot member facing the container interior. The fourth groove also prevents detachment of the plastic from the boss member. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the first groove, and/or the second groove, and/or the third groove, and/or the fourth groove may have a trapezoid form which widens towards the base of the groove, so as to enhance the form fit of the plastic in the groove. In accordance with one or more embodiments, in each of the grooves, particularly, the first groove and/or the second groove, an additional sealing element may be arranged on the base of the groove. The plastic of the cylinder transforms into the plastic of the half-shell. A barrier layer in the plastic extends as continuously as possible at the transition between the cylinder and the half-shell. The plastic is preferably a multilayer composite plastic. The multilayer composite plastic of the half-shell, and also the multilayer composite plastic of the cylinder, comprises at least one layer of HDPE, a barrier layer comprising EVOH, a regranulate, i.e., a regrind layer, and/or a second HDPE layer, and/or at least one adhesion-promoting layer. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the high-pressure container comprises two half-shells at the axial ends of the cylinder, both half-shells being configured as described above for the first half-shell. The cylinder and the two half-shells may be wrapped with a fibre material, such as a composite material comprising carbon fibres and/or glass fibres and/or epoxy resin. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the high-pressure container furthermore comprises a valve for extraction of the medium in the high-pressure container. The valve is received in the boss member such that a cylindrical shaft portion of the valve is received in the sleeve. The shaft portion of the valve is thus inserted in portions directly into the boss member and in portions into the sleeve inside the boss member. A sealing element, such as a ring seal, may be arranged in the high-pressure container between the valve and the sleeve in order to seal between the valve and the sleeve. Alternatively or additionally, a sealing element such as a ring seal, may seal directly between the shaft portion of the valve and the boss member, and particularly, closer to the axial end of the container than the sleeve. Thus, a seal may be used in a bottom region of the valve, namely firstly in the foot region of the boss member and/or also a higher-positioned seal. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the sleeve extends up to the axial end of the boss member facing the container middle point, particularly preferably the sleeve extends beyond this end of the boss member. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a method of manufacturing a high-pressure container with a tool having a first tool half forming a die, the method comprising: laying a preheated first plastic sheet on the first tool half; drawing or pressing the first plastic sheet onto the first tool half via vacuum pressure force such that the plastic of the first plastic sheet is arranged in regions behind an undercut of an rotationally symmetrical insert/a boss member, laterally spaced from the insert member; pressing or drawing via a slider, or a vacuum, pressure force, the plastic of the first plastic sheet onto the insert member behind the undercut, laterally spaced from the insert member so that a space behind the undercut of the insert member is filled with the plastic. Alternatively, after the first plastic sheet has been drawn or pressed onto the first tool half, the insert member is positioned such that plastic from the first plastic sheet is arranged in regions behind an undercut of the insert member, laterally spaced from the insert member. Accordingly, in this way, the boss member is inserted in the tool as an insert member and, in a blow-moulding or deep-drawing process, surrounded by the plastic sheet, and particularly, a permeation-tight multilayer composite, so that the plastic also reaches regions behind an undercut. For this, firstly a plastic sheet is drawn or pressed onto the first tool half via vacuum pressure force. The insert member may already be positioned such that, by the drawing or pressing of the plastic onto the first tool half, the plastic of the first plastic sheet is arranged in regions behind an undercut of the insert member, laterally spaced from the insert member. Alternatively, the insert member may be positioned only after drawing or pressing of the plastic onto the first tool half, such that plastic from the first plastic sheet is arranged behind the undercut, laterally spaced from the insert member, for example in that the insert member is moved or the insert member is only now introduced into the first tool half. Then via a slider or a vacuum or a pressure, the plastic of the first plastic sheet is pressed or drawn onto the insert member from the side of the insert member, so that a space behind the undercut of the insert member is filled with plastic previously situated at the side, and a form-fit connection is created. Thus, despite simple production via blow-moulding or vacuum-forming, the plastic also reaches regions behind the insert member. This ensures an enhanced sealing effect of the plastic, in particular the multilayer composite, onto the insert member, in particular the metallic boss member. To achieve the inclusion in the plastic, sliders and/or a vacuum or pressed air are used. “Laterally spaced” here substantially means spaced from a longitudinal centre axis of the insert member which may preferably also coincide with the longitudinal centre axis of the pressure container. The plastic may initially extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal centre axis of the insert member, and preferably also to the surrounding container wall. The plastic is then drawn, blown, or moved up to the insert member in a direction substantially normal to the longitudinal centre axis of the insert member, and particularly, radially inwardly on all sides. To ensure that the plastic may be drawn or pressed onto the insert member temporally after the positioning of the insert member, so that the plastic is arranged laterally spaced from the insert member in regions, a continuous process may also be applied so that the insert member is moved on and positioned each time, and new plastic drawn or pressed on again, so that the insert member is positioned and the plastic drawn or pressed behind the undercut effectively simultaneously. The sleeve is pressed into the inner circumference of the foot member of the insert member, wherein in the pressing region, a thin plastic layer is created between the sleeve and the inner circumference of the foot member. In a further process block, the resulting half-shell may be connected to a second half-shell or to an extruded or blow-moulded multilayer cylinder. This forms the core, and hence, the basis for a further winding process which may give the container its mechanical strength with a composite material of carbon and/or glass and epoxy resin. The tool comprises a second tool half forming a punch that is brought onto the first tool half in order to form the inner contour of the half-shell. The second tool half may, for this, shape the form of the first plastic sheet in the interior of the half-shell. The second tool half may instead also be provided with a second plastic sheet which forms the inner contour of the half-shell. After drawing or pressing the first plastic sheet onto the first tool half, the insert member is raised relative to the first tool half in order to position the insert tool such that the plastic of the first plastic sheet is arranged behind the undercut, laterally spaced from the insert member. This raising may take place using a movable receiver for the insert member. The insert member may be arranged on the first plastic sheet on the container outer side, and the raising may thus take place along the longitudinal centre axis of the insert member and preferably also along the longitudinal centre axis of the high-pressure container, and particularly, in the direction towards the later centre of the container. After filling the space behind the undercut of the insert member with plastic, the insert member is lowered again relative to the first tool half. Particularly, the lowering takes place at the same time as the second tool half is moved onto the first tool half. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the insert member is only laid on the first plastic sheet after the first plastic sheet has been drawn or pressed onto the first tool half, so as to position the insert member such that plastic from the first plastic sheet is arranged behind the undercut, laterally spaced from the insert member. The insert member may thus be arranged on the first plastic sheet on the container inner side. A second plastic sheet may again be arranged on the container inner side of the insert member. The plastic of the first plastic sheet may be trimmed axially behind the plastic-filled space behind the undercut, so that no plastic remains behind the undercut, and particularly, on the container outer side of the undercut. A preheated second plastic sheet is laid on the second tool half, and then is drawn or pressed onto the second tool half via vacuum pressure force. The second tool half with the second plastic sheet is then moved onto the first tool half in order to form the inner contour of the half-shell. The first plastic sheet is composed of a multilayer composite which comprises a layer of HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and a barrier layer such as EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer). Particularly, the multilayer composite also comprises a regrind material or regranulate and/or one or more adhesion-promoting layers. HDPE forms the outermost layer of the multilayer composite and may also form the innermost layer. A method for production or manufacture of a high-pressure container comprises producing a half-shell via the method described hereinabove, in which the half-shell is connected to another half-shell which, for example, may also comprise an insert member and be produced in the same manner as described above, or the half-shell is connected to at least one cylinder which is extruded or blow-moulded, and an end cap, in order to form a closed container. The closed container is wrapped with a fibre material with a composite material comprising carbon fibres, and/or glass fibres, and/or epoxy resin.

11248037

SEQUENCE LISTING The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created Jan. 12, 2016, is named 0969895_SL.txt and is 558,695 bytes in size. FIELD OF INVENTION The field of the invention is the rational design of a scaffold for custom development of biotherapeutics. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART In the realm of therapeutic proteins, antibodies with their multivalent target binding features are excellent scaffolds for the design of drug candidates. Advancing these features further, designed bispecific antibodies and other fused multispecific therapeutics exhibit dual or multiple target specificities and an opportunity to create drugs with novel modes of action. The development of such multivalent and multispecific therapeutic proteins with favorable pharmacokinetics and functional activity has been a challenge. Human serum albumin (HSA, or HA), a protein of 585 amino acids in its mature form is responsible for a significant proportion of the osmotic pressure of serum and also functions as a carrier of endogenous and exogenous ligands. The role of albumin as a carrier molecule and its stable nature are desirable properties for use as a carrier and transporter of polypeptides in vivo. Human serum albumin possesses many desirable characteristics. HSA is found throughout the body, but more specifically in the interstitial space and in blood at serum concentrations of 40 g/L which is equivalent to 0.7 mM (Yeh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:1904-1908 (1992)). HSA is considered to be the most abundant protein of the serum and is responsible for maintaining osmolarity. HSA has favorable pharmacokinetic properties and is cleared very slowly by the liver and kidney displaying in vivo half-lives up to several weeks (Yeh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:1904-1908 (1992); Waldmann, T. A., Albumin Structure, Function and Uses, pp. 255-273 (1977); Sarav et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 20:1941-1952(2009)). HSA lacks enzymatic activity and antigenicity thereby eliminating potentially undesirable side effects. HSA acts as a carrier for endogenous as well as exogenous ligands. HSA is also known to penetrate and be retained in the interstitium of tumors (see Elsadek and Kratz, J. Control. Release (2012) 157:4-28). Combined, these features can be extended, at least partially, onto albumin based fusion protein. The poor pharmacokinetic properties displayed by therapeutic proteins can then be circumvented. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide multivalent heteromultimer scaffolds and methods of designing same. In one aspect of the invention there is provided a heteromultimer comprising: a first polypeptide construct that comprises (i) a first transporter polypeptide; and a second polypeptide construct that comprises (ii) a second transporter polypeptide; wherein each of said first and second transporter polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a segment of an albumin polypeptide; and wherein said first and second transporter polypeptides are obtained by segmentation of said albumin polypeptide at a segmentation site, such that the segmentation results in a deletion of zero to 3 amino acid residues at the segmentation site, wherein said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of the monomeric form of said albumin polypeptide. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a heteromultimer comprising: a first polypeptide construct that comprises (i) a first transporter polypeptide; and a second polypeptide construct that comprises (ii) a second transporter polypeptide; wherein each of said first and second transporter polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a segment of an albumin polypeptide; and wherein said first and second transporter polypeptides are obtained by segmentation of said albumin polypeptide at a segmentation site, and wherein at least one of said first and second transporter polypeptides comprises at least one mutation of an amino acid residue to cysteine or an analog thereof such that said cysteine forms a disulfide bond with the other transporter polypeptide, such that said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of the monomeric form of said albumin polypeptide. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a heteromultimer comprising: a first polypeptide construct that comprises (i) a first transporter polypeptide; and (ii) at least one first cargo polypeptide that is an antigen-binding polypeptide construct that binds to CD3, CD19, CD20, HER2 or HER3, and a second polypeptide construct that comprises (iii) a second transporter polypeptide; and (iv) at least one second cargo polypeptide wherein each of said first and second transporter polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a segment of an albumin polypeptide; and wherein said first and second transporter polypeptides are obtained by segmentation of said albumin polypeptide at a segmentation site, wherein said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of the monomeric form of said albumin polypeptide. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a host cell comprising nucleic acid encoding a heteromultimer of the invention. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a heteromultimer of the invention and an adjuvant. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating cancer comprising providing to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of inhibiting growth of a tumor, comprising contacting the tumor with an effective amount of a heteromultimer the invention. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of shrinking a tumor, comprising contacting the tumor with an effective amount of a heteromultimer of the invention. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of designing self-associating polypeptides from a protein of interest comprising: segmenting said protein at at-least one segmentation site to obtain at least two polypeptide segments such that said polypeptide segments self-assemble to form a heteromultimer, wherein said heteromultimer forms a quasi-native monomeric structure of said protein, the method comprising the steps of selecting at least one loop of the protein of interest that has a high solvent accessible surface area and limited contact with the rest of the structure of said protein, and introducing one segmentation site per selected loop, resulting in a complementary interface between the at least two polypeptide segments, wherein the interface is apolar, extensive and interdigitate. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a heteromultimer designed by a method of the invention. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a therapeutic scaffold comprising a heteromultimer designed by a method of the invention. Provided herein are multifunctional heteromultimers and methods to design them. In certain embodiments are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo molecule, and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo molecule and a second transporter polypeptide; wherein the transporter polypeptides are derived by segmentation of a protein such that said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of said protein or analog thereof. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo molecule is a drug, or a therapeutic agent. In certain embodiment more the one cargo molecule of the same nature is present on the transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo molecule is a biomolecule. In an embodiment, the at least one biomolecule is a DNA, RNA, PNA or polypeptide. In an embodiment, at least one cargo molecule is a polypeptide. In certain embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is unstable and preferentially forms a heteromultimer with at least one other transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is stable and preferentially forms a heteromultimer with at least one other transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimerization interface comprises at least one disulfide bond. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimerization interface does not comprise a disulfide bond. In certain embodiments is a heteromultimer that comprises: at least two polypeptide constructs, each polypeptide construct comprising at least one cargo polypeptide attached to a transporter polypeptide, wherein said transporter polypeptides are derived from a protein by segmentation of said protein, each transporter polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a segment of said protein, and wherein said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native monomeric structure of said protein or analog thereof. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimer is a heterodimer. In an embodiment, the heteromultimer is bispecific. In an embodiment, the heteromultimer is multispecific. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimer is bivalent. In an embodiment the heteromultimer is multivalent. In an embodiment, the heteromultimer is multifunctional. In certain embodiments, at least one transporter polypeptide is not derived from an antibody. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are not derived from an antibody. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of albumin. In certain embodiments of the hetermultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derived from human serum albumin (HSA or HA) of SEQ ID No. 1. In certain embodiments of the hetermultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derived from alloalbumins (HAA). In certain embodiments of the hetermultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derived from sequence homologous to the human serum albumin (HSA or HA) of SEQ ID No. 1. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derived from a fragment of human serum albumin (HSA or HA), wherein said HSA comprises a sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 1. In some embodiments of the heteromultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of an annexin protein. In an embodiment, the transporter polypeptides are derived from different annexin proteins. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derived from the same annexin protein. In an embodiment, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from Annexin A1 or lipocortin I. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, all transporter polypeptides are derived from Annexin A1 of SEQ ID NO: 14. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, at least one transporter polypeptides is derived from a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 14. In an embodiment, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from Annexin A2 or annexin II. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, all transporter polypeptides are derived from Annexin A2 or lipocortin II. In an embodiment, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from Annexin like protein. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, all transporter polypeptides are derived from Annexin like protein. In an embodiment, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from the group comprising Annexin A1-Annexin A7. In an embodiment of the heteromultimer described herein, all transporter polypeptides are derived from the group comprising Annexin A1-Annexin A7. SEQ ID No.-14. In certain embodiments, the first annexin based transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:15, and the second annexin based transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments of the heteromultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of transferrin. In an embodiment, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from transferrin. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, at least one transporter polypeptides are derived from transferrin of SEQ ID NO: 19 or analog thereof. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from a polypeptide sequence homologous to the transferrin. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer described herein, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from apo-transferrin. In certain embodiments, the first transferrin based transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:15 and the second transferrin based transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 16. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, at least one cargo molecule is a cargo polypeptide. In an embodiment of the heteromultimer described herein, all cargo molecules are cargo polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptides are therapeutic proteins or fragments or variants thereof. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptides are antigens or fragments or variants thereof. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptides are antigen receptors or fragments or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is an antibody, an antibody domain, a ligand or a receptor that binds a target polypeptide. In some embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is fused to the transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is attached to the N-terminus of the transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is attached to the C-terminus of the transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is chemically linked to the transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments of the heteromultimers described herein, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises GLP-1 or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises glucagon or fragment or variant thereof. In an embodiment, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises an EGF-A like domain. Provided herein are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimer is a heterodimer. In an embodiment, the heteromultimer is multispecific. In an embodiment, the heteromultimer is bispecific. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of the same protein. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of albumin. In certain embodiments of the hetermultimer described herein, the transporter polypeptides are derived from human serum albumin of SEQ ID No. 1. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of an annexin. In an embodiment, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of Annexin A2. In some embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of transferrin. In certain embodiments, are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide comprising a first segment of human serum albumin; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide comprising a second segment of human serum albumin; wherein said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of albumin or analog thereof. In certain embodiments, the first and second segments of human serum albumin are from non-overlapping regions of the protein. In certain embodiments, there is an overlap between the sequences of the first and second segments of human serum albumin. In some embodiments, the overlap is a 5% overlap. In an embodiment, the overlap is a 10% overlap. In certain embodiments, the first segment of human serum albumin comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and the second segment of human serum albumin comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the first segment of human serum albumin comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, and the second segment of human serum albumin comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments, are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide, and a second transporter polypeptide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO:8; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In certain embodiments of the hetermultimer described herein, at least one transporter polypeptide is derived from alloalbumins. In certain embodiments, both transporter polypeptides are derived from alloalbumins. In certain embodiments, all transporter polypeptides are derivatives of the same alloalbumin. In some other embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are derivatives of different alloalbumins. In some embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is an alloalbumin derivative based on an alloalbumin selected from Table 1. In certain embodiments, the first polypeptide construct comprises two cargo polypeptides. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide construct comprises two cargo polypeptides. In some embodiment, at least one of the polypeptide constructs is engineered by introducing mutations. In certain embodiments, the introduced mutations improve the functionality of the polypeptide construct as compared to the non-mutated form of the construct. In certain embodiments the introduced mutations improve one or more of the stability, half-life and heteromultimer formation of the transporter polypeptide. Provided herein is a heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises (i) a first transporter polypeptide; and (ii) at least one cargo polypeptide and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises (iii) a second transporter polypeptide and (iv) at least one cargo polypeptide; wherein said transporter polypeptides are derived from a protein by segmentation of said protein, each transporter polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 90% identity to a segment of said protein, and wherein said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form a quasi-native structure of said protein. In certain embodiments is a heteromultimer described herein, wherein the transporter polypeptides are derived from a protein by segmentation of said protein, each transporter polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 95% identity to a segment of said protein. In certain embodiments is a heteromultimer described herein, wherein the transporter polypeptides are derived from a protein by segmentation of said protein, each transporter polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 99% identity to a segment of said protein. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimer is a heterodimer. In some embodiments, at least one transporter polypeptide is not derived from an antibody. In exemplary embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is an albumin derivative. In some embodiments, at least one of said first and second transporter polypeptides comprise at least one mutation of an amino acid residue to cystine such that said cysteine forms a disulfide bond with a cysteine residue on another transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, said first and second transporter polypeptide comprise at least one mutation of an amino acid residue to cystine such that said cysteine forms a disulfide bond with a cysteine residue on another transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments are provided heteromutlimers wherein each transporter polypeptide is an albumin derivative, the first transporter polypeptide comprising at least one mutation selected from A194C, L198C, W214C, A217C, L331C and A335C. In some embodiments, the second transporter polypeptide is an elbumin derivative comprising at least one mutation selected from L331C, A335C, V343C, L346C, A350C, V455C, and N458C. In some embodiments provided are heteromultimers described herein, wherein said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:35 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:36 or analog or variant thereof. In some embodiments, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:37 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:38 or analog or variant thereof. In certain embodiments, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:39 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:40 or analog or variant thereof. In exemplary embodiments, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:41 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:42 or analog or variant thereof. In certain embodiments, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:43 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:44 or analog or variant thereof. In an embodiment, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:45 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:46 or analog or variant thereof. In one embodiment, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:47 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:48 or analog or variant thereof. In certain embodiments, said first transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:49 or analog or variant thereof, and wherein said second transporter polypeptide has a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:50 or analog or variant thereof. In certain embodiments of the heteromultimer described herein, at least one cargo polypeptide binds a target antigen, and wherein said target antigen is at least one of a-chain (CD25) of IL-2R, Amyloid beta, anti-EpCAM, anti-CD3, CD16, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD3, CD4, CD52, CD80, CTLA-4, EGFR, EpCAM, F protein of RSV, G250, glycoprotein IIB/IIIa R, HER2, HER2/neu R, HSP90, IgE antibody, IL-12, IL-23, IL-1b, IL-5, IL-6, RANKL, TNF alpha, TNFR, VEGF-A, glucagon receptor, GLP receptor, and LDL receptor. Provided herein are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is selected from the proteins listed in Table 2 or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide is selected from ligand, receptor, or antibody to one or more proteins listed in Table 2, or fragment, variant or derivative of said ligand, receptor or antibody. In certain embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide targets a cell surface antigen from the group consisting of CD19, CD20, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD40, CD56, CD64, CD70, CD74, CD79, CD105, Cd138, CD174, CD205, CD227, CD326, CD340, MUC16, GPNMB, PSMA, Cripto, ED-B, TMEFF2, EphB2, EphA2, FAP, integrin, Mesothelin, EGFR, TAG-72, GD2, CAIX, 5T4. In certain embodiments, are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide, wherein at least one at least one cargo polypeptide is an antibody, or fragment or variant thereof. In certain embodiments, all cargo polypeptides are antibodies or fragments or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is an antibody that binds to a protein listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the antibody fragment comprises antibody Fc or Fab or Fv region. In some embodiment the cargo polypeptide is a non-antibody protein like nanobodies, affibody, maxibody, adnectins, domain antibody, evibody, ankyrin repeat proteins, anticalins, camlids or ligand protein or polypeptide binding to a therapeutically relavant target. In some embodiments, the antibody or its fragment is derived from an immunoglobulin selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM. In certain embodiments, the IgG is of subtype selected from IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgG4. In certain embodiments, the antibody is multispecific. Provided herein are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide, wherein at least one cargo polypeptide is a therapeutic antibody. In some embodiments of the heteromultimers described herein, at least one cargo polypeptide is a therapeutic antibody or fragment or variant thereof, wherein the antibody is selected from antibody is selected from abagovomab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, aurograb, bapineuzumab, basiliximab, belimumab, bevacizumab, briakinumab, canakinumab, catumaxomab, certolizumab pegol, certuximab, daclizumab, denosumab, efalizumab, galiximab, gemtuzumab ozagamicin, golimumab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, infliximab, ipilimumab, lumiliximab, mepolizumab, motavizumab, muromonab, mycograb, natalizumab, nimotuzumab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, pertuzumab, ranizumab, reslizumab, rituximab, teplizumab, toclizumab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, Proxinium, Rencarex, ustekinumab, and zalutumumab. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic antibody binds a disease related target antigen such as cancer antigen, inflammatory disease antigen or a metabolic disease antigen. In certain embodiments, the target antigen could be a protein on a cell surface and the cell could belong to the group of B-cell, T-cell, stromal cell, endothelial cell, vascular cell, myeloid cell, hematopoietic cell or carcinoma cell. Provided herein are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo molecule, fragment; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo molecule and a second transporter polypeptide, wherein at least one cargo polypeptide is an enzyme, enzyme inhibitor, hormone, therapeutic polypeptide, antigen, radiotoxin and chemotoxin inclusive of but not restricted to neurotoxins, interferons, cytokine fusion toxins and chemokine fusion toxins, cytokine, antibody fusion protein or variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments of the heteromultimers described herein, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises GLP-1 or fragment or variant thereof. In some embodiments, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises glucagon or fragment or variant thereof. In an embodiment, at least one cargo polypeptide comprises an EGF-A like domain. In certain embodiments, the toxin is an immunotoxin such as Denileukin diftitox and Anti-CD22 immunotoxin such as CAT-3888 and CAT-8015. In certain embodiments, the toxin is saporin. In some embodiments, the toxin is a mitotoxin. In some embodiments, the toxin is a diphtheria toxin. In some embodiments, the toxin is botulinux toxin type A. In some embodiments, the toxin is ricin or a fragment there of. In some embodiments, the toxin is a toxin from RTX family of toxins. Provided herein are heteromultimers, each heteromultimer comprising: at least a first polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a first transporter polypeptide; and at least a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide and a second transporter polypeptide, wherein the cargo polypeptide is attached to the transporter polypeptide by chemical conjugation, native ligation, chemical ligation, a disulfide bond or direct fusion or fusion via a linker. In certain embodiments, linkers for attaching cargo molecules such as cargo polypeptides to transporter polypeptides are selected from the linkers described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,482,858, 5,258,498 and 5,856,456, US2009060721, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,492,123, 4,946,778, 5,869,620, 7,385,032, 5,073,627, 5,108,910, 7,977,457, 5,856,456, 7,138,497, 5,837,846, 5,990,275, EP1088888 incorporated by reference herein. Provided herein are host cells comprising nucleic acid encoding a heteromultimer described herein. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the first polypeptide construct and the nucleic acid encoding the second polypeptide construct are present in a single vector. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the first polypeptide construct and the nucleic acid encoding the second polypeptide construct are present in separate vectors. Provided herein is a method of making a heteromultimer, wherein said method comprises: culturing a host cell described herein such that the nucleic acid encoding a heteromultimer described herein is expressed; and recovering the heteromultimer from the cell culture. In some embodiments, the host cell is a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the host cell isE. coli. In certain embodiments, the host cell is yeast cell. In some embodiments, the yeast isS. cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the yeast isPichia. In a certain embodiment, the yeast isPichia pastoris. In some embodiments, the yeast is glycosylation deficient, and/or protease deficient. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the host cell expressing a heteromultimer descried herein is a mammalian cell. In certain embodiments, the mammalian cell is a CHO cell, a BHK cell, NSO cell, COS cell or a human cell. Provided is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a heteromultimer described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. Also provided are methods of treating an individual suffering from a disease or disorder, said method comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a formulation or pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of treating cancer in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. In some embodiments is a method of treating an immune disorder in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. Also provided is a method of treating an infectious disease in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of treating a cardiovascular disorder in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of treating a respiratory disorder in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of treating a metabolic disorder in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of treating one or more of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Gaucher's disease, Hunter syndrome, Krabbe disease, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Niemann-Pick disease, Phenylketonuria (PKU),Porphyria, Tay-Sachs disease, and Wilson's disease in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a heteromultimer described herein. Provided are methods of treating cancer comprising providing to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In certain embodiments is a method of inhibiting growth of a tumor, comprising contacting the tumor with an effective amount of the heteromultimer described herein. In some embodiments is a method of shrinking a tumor, comprising contacting the tumor with an effective amount of the heteromultimer provided herein. Provided is a kit for detecting the presence of a biomarker of interest in an individual, said kit comprising (a) an amount of a heteromultimer described herein, wherein said heteromultimer comprises at least one cargo polypeptide such that said cargo polypeptide is capable of binding to the biomarker of interest; and (b) instructions for use. Provided herein are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two polypeptide constructs, wherein each polypeptide construct comprises at least one cargo polypeptide, and an albumin based polypeptide, such that said polypeptide constructs self-assemble to form the heteromultimer. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is fused to the albumin or alloalbumin based transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is fused to the transferrin based transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is fused to the annexin based transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion is at the N terminus of the transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the fusion is at the C terminus of the transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion involves a bridging linker or spacer molecule. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is chemically conjugated to the transporter polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the cargo polypeptide is attached to the transporter polypeptide by means of chemical ligation or a disulfide bond. Provided herein are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two polypeptide constructs, wherein each polypeptide construct comprises at least one cargo polypeptide, and a transporter polypeptide, such that said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form the heteromultimer. In some embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is an alloalbumin based polypeptide, such that said alloalbumin based polypeptides self-assemble to form the heteromultimer. In some embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is a transferrin based polypeptide. In some embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is an annexin based polypeptide. In certain embodiments, each monomeric transporter polypeptide is unstable and preferentially forms a heteromultimer with at least one other transporter polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heteromultimer described herein is a heterodimer. In some embodiments cargo polypeptide is an antibody, enzyme, hormone, therapeutic polypeptide, antigen, chemotoxin, radiotoxin, cytokine or variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide of one polypeptide construct functions in synergy with the cargo polypeptide of another polypeptide construct. Provided herein are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two polypeptide constructs, wherein each polypeptide construct comprises at least one cargo polypeptide, and an annexin based polypeptide, such that said annexin based polypeptides self-assemble to form the heteromultimer with a quasi-native structure of monomeric annexin or analog thereof. In some embodiments, the annexin is Annexin A1. In some embodiments, a heteromultimer described herein is a heterodimer. In some embodiments cargo polypeptide is an antibody, enzyme, hormone, therapeutic polypeptide, antigen, chemotoxin, radiotoxin, cytokine, ligand to a receptor, receptor or variant or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo polypeptide of one polypeptide construct functions in synergy with the cargo polypeptide of another polypeptide construct. In some embodiments the cargo polypeptide can be an agonist or antagonist to the cargo polypeptide of another polypeptide construct. Provided herein are heterodimer proteins that comprise at least two monomeric fusion proteins, wherein each monomeric fusion proteins comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an albumin derived polypeptide, such that said albumin derived polypeptides self-assemble to form the multifunctional heterodimer. In certain embodiments are heterodimeric proteins comprising a first monomer which comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an albumin derived polypeptide; and a second monomer that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an albumin derived polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the at least one cargo polypeptide of the first monomer is different from the at least one cargo polypeptide of the second monomer. In certain embodiments, the at least one cargo polypeptide of the first monomer is the same as the at least one cargo polypeptide of the second monomer. In certain embodiments are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two monomeric fusion proteins, wherein each monomeric fusion proteins comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an alloalbumin derived polypeptide, such that said alloalbumin derived polypeptides self-assemble to form the multifunctional heteromultimer. In certain embodiments are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two monomeric fusion proteins, wherein each monomeric fusion proteins comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to a transferrin derived polypeptide, such that said transferrin derived polypeptides self-assemble to form the heteromultimer. In certain embodiments are heteromultimer proteins that comprise at least two monomeric fusion proteins, wherein each monomeric fusion proteins comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an annexin derived polypeptide, such that said annexin derived polypeptides self-assemble to form the heteromultimer. In certain embodiments, the annexin is Annexin A2. In certain embodiments are heteromultimer proteins comprising a first polypeptide construct which comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an alloalbumin derived polypeptide; and a second polypeptide construct that comprises at least one cargo polypeptide fused to an alloalbumin derived polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the at least one cargo polypeptide of the first polypeptide construct is different from the at least one cargo polypeptide of the second polypeptide construct. In certain embodiments, the at least one cargo polypeptide of the first polypeptide construct is the same as the at least one cargo polypeptide of the second polypeptide construct. Provided herein is a heteromultimer that comprises: at least two monomers, each comprising a transporter polypeptide and optionally at least one cargo molecule attached to said transporter polypeptide, wherein each transporter polypeptide is obtained by segmentation of a whole protein such that said transporter polypeptides self-assemble to form quasi-native whole protein. In certain embodiments, the heteromultimer is multispecific. In certain embodiments, the transporter polypeptides are not derived from an antibody. In some embodiments, each monomer preferentially forms the heteromultimer as compared to a monomer or a homomultimer. In an embodiment of the heteromultimer, at least one cargo molecule is a therapeutic agent, or a biomolecule. In some embodiments, at least one cargo molecule is a biomolecule which is selected from a polypeptide, DNA, PNA, or RNA. In some embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is a derivate of albumin or alloalbumin. In an embodiment, each transporter polypeptide is a derivate of annexin. In certain embodiments, each transporter polypeptide is a derivate of transferrin. In certain embodiments are pharmaceutical formulations that comprise an albumin-based and/or alloalbumin-based heteromultimeric protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments are pharmaceutical formulations that comprise a transferrin-based heteromultimeric protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments are pharmaceutical formulations that comprise an annexin-based heteromultimeric protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments are pharmaceutical formulations that comprise an Annexin-A2 based heteromultimeric protein described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, a formulation described herein is provided as part of a kit or container. In certain embodiments, the kit or container is packaged with instructions pertaining to extended shelf life of the therapeutic protein. In some embodiments, a heteromultimer described herein is used in a method of treating (e.g., ameliorating) preventing, or diagnosing a disease or disease symptom in an individual, comprising the step of administering said formulation to the individual. Provided herein is a method of obtaining fusion protein scaffolds with a known number of conjugation sites based on any transport protein of interest. Also provided are transgenic organisms modified to contain nucleic acid molecules described herein to encode and express monomeric fusion proteins described herein. Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This specification is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from UK Patent Application Number 1908371.6 filed on 12 Jun. 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to gas turbine engines. BACKGROUND Gas turbine engines featuring electric machines operable as both motors and generators are known, such as those used for more electric aircraft. Whilst such engines may include a plurality of such electric machines for redundancy, they are only coupled to one of the spools. For example, one known configuration includes such electric machines coupled to the high-pressure spool of a twin-spool turbofan. Another includes such electric machines coupled to the intermediate-pressure spool of a triple-spool turbofan. An issue with such a configuration is that for a given electrical power demand, there is no choice but to supply it from the single spool in the engine. Thus the design of the turbomachinery must be capable of accommodating all possible electrical power demands throughout the operational envelope, which inevitably leads to compromise. It has therefore been proposed to include an electric machine on two or more shafts of a multi-spool engine. Whilst numerous documents put forward candidates for the optimal physical implementations of such an architecture, few make reference to the optimal control strategy to operate such configurations. SUMMARY In an aspect, there is provided a gas turbine engine for an aircraft, comprising: a high-pressure (HP) spool comprising an HP compressor and a first electric machine driven by an HP turbine; a low-pressure (LP) spool comprising an LP compressor and a second electric machine driven by an LP turbine; a combustion system comprising a fuel metering unit; and an engine controller configured to, in response to a change of a power lever angle setting indicative of a deceleration event, reduce fuel flow to the combustion system by the fuel metering unit, and to operate the first electric machine in a generator mode to reduce the HP spool rotational speed and engine core mass flow. In another aspect, there is provided a method of controlling weak extinction in a gas turbine engine combustor, comprising: identifying a condition to the effect that the current fuel-air ratio in the combustor is indicative of the onset of weak extinction, extracting mechanical shaft power from a high pressure spool to prevent a further drop in fuel-air ratio in the combustor.

11534085

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2017/036895 filed on Oct. 11, 2017, which claims priority benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2016-212461 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Oct. 31, 2016. Each of the above-referenced applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a signal processing device, a radar system, and a signal processing method. BACKGROUND ART Techniques for measuring the state of an object using a radar system are developed, and in particular, a technique for measuring respiration, pulsation, or the like of a human body by using a radar system is disclosed (e.g., refer to Patent Literature 1). CITATION LIST Patent Literature Patent Literature 1: JP 2016-156751A DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Technical Problem To distinguish between a plurality of measurement targets (e.g., chest and abdomen) in the radar system, it is necessary to distinguish between the plurality of measurement targets by the distance and angle from the radar system. The distinction between a plurality of measurement targets by rotating an antenna to perform scanning or providing a plurality of antennas to detect a phase causes to the complication of the radar system. In view of this, the present disclosure provides a novel and improved signal processing device, radar system, and signal processing method, capable of distinguishing and measuring a plurality of measurement targets even with simple configuration. Solution to Problem According to the present disclosure, there is provided a signal processing device including: a reception processing unit configured to receive a response to a predetermined signal transmitted from a transmission antenna; and a determination unit configured to determine the plurality of measurement targets by a response to a plurality of signals corresponding to a second direction having a predetermined range different from a first direction having a predetermined range. In addition, according to the present disclosure, there is provided a radar system including: a transmission antenna configured to output a predetermined signal; a reception antenna configured to receive a response to the predetermined signal transmitted from the transmission antenna; and a determination unit configured to determine the plurality of measurement targets by a response to a plurality of signals corresponding to a second direction having a predetermined range different from a first direction having a predetermined range. In addition, according to the present disclosure, there is provided a signal processing method including: receiving a response to a predetermined signal transmitted from a transmission antenna; and determining the plurality of measurement targets by a response to a plurality of signals corresponding to a second direction having a predetermined range different from a first direction having a predetermined range. Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present disclosure as described above, it is possible to provide a novel and improved signal processing device, radar system, and signal processing method, capable of distinguishing and measuring a plurality of measurement targets even with simple configuration. Note that the effects described above are not necessarily limitative. With or in the place of the above effects, there may be achieved any one of the effects described in this specification or other effects that may be grasped from this specification.

11348008

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention concerns a method for determining a training function for generating annotated training images, as well as a computer for implementing such a method. Description of the Prior Art In machine-based image processing and image classification, there has been great progress in the use of so-called “deep learning” algorithms, wherein the algorithms have been trained using very large volumes of data. Examples of such algorithms are “deep artificial neural networks” (“deep ANNs”) or “deep convolutional artificial neuronal networks” (“deep convolutional ANNs”). Very large volumes of data are provided by publically accessible databases, in particular image databases such as “ImageNet”. The use of such algorithms in machine-based image processing or in image classification can achieve better quality and performance than a human. This means, for example, that for the same task, machine-based image classifiers produce a lower error rate than an average human classifier and at the same time, the image classification is performed more quickly. These technologies can also be used in the field of medical image analysis, for example for the detection and segmentation of organs, anatomical structures, lesions and other pathologies that are usually detectable with “computer-aided diagnosis” (CAD). Although great advances in medicine can be expected from the use of “deep learning”, the specific use of artificial neural networks remains a great challenge since annotated training data usually are not available in sufficient amounts. Annotation can be provided by marking a region by a square window or segmentation or by text and/or numerical comments on the image, which, for example, indicate a specific diagnosis in the image. Annotation of medical image data is a tedious and monotonous task but nevertheless has to be performed by healthcare professionals, for example a radiologist. This makes the generation of annotated medical image data particularly time-consuming and costly. From the publication Ian J. GOODFELLOW, “Generative Adversarial Networks”, arxiv 1406.2661 (2014) is a method known for the generation of image data that appears similar to a defined training volume of images by means of “generative adversarial networks” (“GAN”). Herein, two artificial neural networks with contradictory tasks are used. However, this method is not able to generate annotated training image data. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method for generating a training function for the rapid and inexpensive generation of annotated image data for training self-learning algorithms. The inventive method is described below, but features, advantages and alternative embodiments mentioned with regard to the method are applicable to the other aspects of the invention. The relevant functional features of the method are embodied as appropriate physical modules in the computer. The inventive method includes a first reception of a training image, and an item of training-image information, via an interface of a computer, wherein the training-image information is image information belonging to the training image. The inventive method furthermore includes a second reception of an isolated item of image information via the interface, wherein the isolated item of image information is independent of the training image. A first calculation is made in the computer of a first result of an image-information-processing first function when applied to the isolated item of image information. Furthermore, a second calculation is made in the computer of a second result of an image-information-processing second function when applied to the training image. Furthermore, the computer makes an adjustment of a parameter of the image-information-processing first function and/or the image-processing second function based on at least the first result and the second result. Furthermore, the computer makes a determination of a training function based on the image-information-processing first function. The computer applies the training function to an item of image information, so as to generate an associated image, which is provided as an output from the computer. The invention is based on the insight that the use of an image-information-processing second function as the basis of the training function enables training images to be generated not only from random data, but also from data with an information content. At the same time, this procedure generates annotated training data because input into such a training function is simultaneously the annotation of the output of the training function. The use of the first result and the second result for the adjustment of the parameters of the first and second function enables a particularly good evaluation of the progress of the training and hence the determination of the training function in very few iteration steps. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the first function and/or the second function are defined by an artificial neural network and the parameters of the artificial neural network furthermore comprise the edge weights of the artificial neural network. A function defined by an artificial neural network is particularly suitable for adjustment to training data. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the adjustment of the edge weights is performed by minimizing a cost function by means of backpropagation. The use of a cost function enables the efficient acquisition of the difference of the output of an artificial neural network from the comparison value. The cost function can be minimized particularly quickly by backpropagation. According to a further embodiment of the invention, an item of image information of an image comprises segmentation of the image into at least one image region. Manual segmentation of training data is particularly time-consuming and the determination of a training function for this task significantly accelerates the creation of annotated training data. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the item of image information of the image is a variable that assesses whether a defined object or number of defined objects, is/are depicted in the image. The item of image information can also be a property of an object. Simple image information of this kind requires very few training images and items of training image information for the determination of the training function. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the image-information-processing first function is a generator function that, when applied to the item of image information, generates an associated image as an output. The image-processing second function is a classification function that, when applied to the image, generates an associated item of image information as an output. The first result is a calculated image and the second result is a first item of calculated image information. The training function is the image-information-processing first function. The method furthermore includes a third calculation of a second item of calculated image information by applying the image-processing function to the calculated image. This choice of the first and the second function causes the training function to be obtained particularly simply and quickly from the second function. Furthermore, the image-processing second function can already be used as a pretrained function for the training with the annotated image data calculated by the training function. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the first item of calculated image information is an estimation of a first probability of the training image being contained in a set of training images and, in addition, the second item of calculated image information is an estimation of a second probability of the calculated image being contained in a set of training images. The use of image information of this kind enables particularly good determination of a training function that generates images similar to the training images. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the cost function is based on at least a first difference of the first calculated image information from the training-image information. As a result of the inclusion of this difference in the cost function, the second function is trained to calculate an item of image information of an input image particularly accurately. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the cost function is furthermore based on at least a second difference of the second item of calculated image information from the isolated item of image information. As a result of the inclusion of this difference in the cost function, the second function is trained to calculate an item of image information of an input image particularly accurately, and simultaneously the first function is trained to generate suitable calculated images from isolated items of image information. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the image-information-processing first function is an information autoencoder that when applied to a first item of image information, generates a second item of image information as an output. The image-processing second function is an image autoencoder that when applied to a first image, generates a second image as an output. Furthermore, the central layer of the information autoencoder and the central layer of the image autoencoder have the same number of central nodes. The first result corresponds to first node values, wherein the first node values are the values of the nodes of the central layer of the information autoencoder when the isolated item of image information is the input value of the information autoencoder. The second result corresponds to second node values, wherein the second node values are the values of the nodes of the central layer of the image autoencoder when the training image is the input value of the image autoencoder. The method furthermore includes a fourth calculation of third node values, wherein the third node values are the values of the nodes of the central layer of the information autoencoder when the training-image information is the input value of the information autoencoder. In this case, the training function is composed of the first part of the information autoencoder and the second part of the image autoencoder. The use of an image autoencoder and an information autoencoder enables the parameters of the first function and/or the second function to be determined particularly quickly since, with an autoencoder, the predicted output for each input value is known since the predicted output is identical to the input value. Furthermore, the node values of the central layers of the image autoencoder and the information autoencoder can be used to establish a relationship between an image and an item of image information when the central layers are of the same size. According to a further embodiment of the invention, a distance between the first node values and the second node values makes a negative contribution to the cost function, and a distance between the second node values and the third node values makes a positive contribution to the cost function. When the image autoencoder is applied to a training image and an information autoencoder to the associated training-image information, such a choice of cost function and the adjustment of the parameters of the first and the second function based thereupon causes the node values of the central layer to be particularly similar, but simultaneously, when the image autoencoder is applied to a training image and the information autoencoder to an isolated item of image information, the node values have a particularly large distance. Therefore, image information can be assigned particularly well to associated images and vice versa. According to a further embodiment of the invention, the training function generates an image as an output from the item of image information as an input value, such that the item of image information is used as an input value of the information autoencoder. The node values of the central layer of the information autoencoder are transferred to the node values of the central layer of the image autoencoder and the output of the training function corresponds to the resulting output of the image autoencoder. This choice of training function and the similarity of the central node values of images and associated image information enable annotated training data to be generated particularly simply. Furthermore, the invention relates to a function-determining computer that includes the following. An interface is configured for the first reception of a training image, and an item of training-image information, wherein the training-image information is image information for the training image. The interface is also configured for the second reception of an isolated item of image information, wherein the isolated item of image information is independent of the training image. A processor is configured for the first calculation of a first result of an image-information-processing first function when applied to the isolated item of image information, and for the second calculation of a second result of an image-processing second function when applied to the training image. The processor is also configured for the adjustment of a parameter of the image-information-processing first function and/or the image-processing second function based on at least the first result and/or the second result. The processor is also configured for determining a training function based on the image-information-processing first function that, when applied to an item of image information, generates an associated image as an output of the computer. Such a function-determining computer is designed to implement the above-described method according to the invention, and the embodiments thereof. The present invention also encompasses a non-transitory, computer-readable data storage medium encoded with programming instructions, said storage medium being loadable into a computer and said programming instructions then causing said computer to implement the method in accordance with the invention, as described immediately above. It is furthermore the object of the present invention to generate annotated image data for training self-learning algorithms in a quick and cost-effective manner. To achieve this object, in a further embodiment of the invention training data are generated according to the method described above, and annotated training data are generated by applying the training function to an item of input-image information by the computer (the processor thereof). Furthermore, the invention can relate to a data generator that includes the interface and the processor of the function-determining computer, wherein the computing unit is furthermore configured to generate annotated training data by applying the training function to an item of input-image information. Such a data generator is designed to implement the above-described method according to the invention and the embodiments thereof. The present invention also encompasses a non-transitory, computer-readable data storage medium encoded with programming instructions, said storage medium being loadable into a computer and said programming instructions then causing said computer to implement the method in accordance with the invention, as described immediately above. An image is a two-dimensional arrangement of two-dimensional pixels or an N-dimensional arrangement of N-dimensional voxels, wherein N is greater than or in particular equal to 3. In this case, a pixel or a voxel comprises at least one intensity value. In this case, an intensity value can be an overall intensity or an intensity of one color channel out of a number of color channels. An item of image information characterizes an image, a part of an image or an object depicted in the image. An item of image information can be the presence or absence of a defined object in the image. Furthermore, an item of image information can be the probability of an image originating from a distribution of training images or being similar to a set of images. Furthermore, an item of image information can be a mask defined by a region of the image. Furthermore, an item of image information can be segmentation of an image into one or more regions. Herein, a mask defines segmentation of the image into precisely two regions, wherein the first region corresponds to the mask and the second region to the parts of the image outside the mask. An isolated item of image information is independent of a training image when the isolated item of image information is not an item of image information from the training image. An isolated item of image information independent of a training image and training-image information can be an item of image information that was generated synthetically. A synthetically generated item of image information is in particular not extracted from an associated image. However, it can also be an item of image information from an image other than the training image. An image-processing function is a function that obtains as an input value at least one image, in particular a two-dimensional image or a three-dimensional image, and converts it into an output. In this case, the output can furthermore depend upon a set of parameters of the image-processing function. In addition to the image, the input value of the image-processing function can include further variables. Image-processing functions are in particular “convolutional artificial neural networks”. An image-information-processing function is a function that obtains, as an input value, an item of image information and converts it into an output. In this case, the output can furthermore depend upon a set of parameters of the image-information-processing function. In addition to the image information, the input value of the image-information-processing function can also include further variables; in particular the input value can be a set of random variables. An autoencoder is an artificial neural network constructed from layers, which depicts an input value on an output similar to the input value. In this case, the autoencoder comprises at least one input layer, an output layer with the same number of nodes as the input layer and a central layer between the input layer and the output layer with fewer nodes than the input layer. The nodes of the input layer are assigned to the input data in the same way as the assignment of the nodes of the output layer to the output data. The autoencoder can include further layers, furthermore, the autoencoder can be constructed symmetrically about the central layer. The lower number of nodes in the central layer compared to the input and output layer results in the compression of the input data and decompression of the compressed input data to form the output data. Therefore, adjustment of at least the edge weights using training data enables an autoencoder to learn a compression method and a decompression method.

11527600

This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0005066 filed on Jan. 15, 2019, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the content of which in its entirety is herein incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field Embodiments relate to a display device. More particularly, embodiments related to a display device in which an opening is defined inside a display area. 2. Description of the Related Art Display devices typically include a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), a plasma display panel (“PDP”), an organic light emitting diode (“OLED”) device, a field effect display (“FED”), and an electrophoretic display device, for example. An OLED device typically includes two electrodes and an organic light emitting layer located therebetween. In the organic light emitting layer, electrons injected from one electrode and holes injected from the other electrode are combined to form excitons, and the excitons emit light through energy emission. The OLED device has self-luminance characteristics and may not include a separate light source, which is typically included in the LCD, so that the thickness and weight thereof may be less than that of the LCD. Furthermore, the OLED device attracts attention as a next-generation display device because of desired characteristics of the OLED device such as low power consumption, high brightness, and high response speed. Recently, display devices have been developed to have a wider display area and a narrow bezel area that is a non-display area outside the display area. SUMMARY Embodiments provide a display device in which a dead space is reduced. An embodiment of a display device includes a substrate in which an opening is defined, a first disconnected line disposed on the substrate, the first disconnected line extending along a first direction and including a first disconnected portion and a second disconnected portion, and the first disconnected portion and the second disconnected portion being disconnected from each other by the opening, and a first bypass line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the first disconnected line, the first bypass line bypassing the opening and connecting the first disconnected portion and the second disconnected portion to each other. In an embodiment, the first bypass line may include a first bypass portion extending along a second direction crossing the first direction, the first bypass portion being connected to the first disconnected portion, a second bypass portion extending along the second direction, the second bypass portion being connected to the second disconnected portion, and a third bypass portion extending along the first direction, the third bypass portion connecting the first bypass portion and the second bypass portion. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a connected line disposed on the substrate in a same layer as the first disconnected line, the connected line extending along the first direction and not being disconnected by the opening. In such an embodiment, the third bypass portion may overlap the connected line. In an embodiment, the connected line may transmit a direct current voltage. In an embodiment, the first disconnected line may be a scan line, an emission control line, or an initialization voltage line. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a second disconnected line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the first disconnected line, the second disconnected line extending along a second direction crossing the first direction and including a third disconnected portion and a fourth disconnected portion, and the third disconnected portion and the fourth disconnected portion being disconnected from each other by the opening, and a second bypass line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the second disconnected line, the second bypass line bypassing the opening and connecting the third disconnected portion and the fourth disconnected portion to each other. In an embodiment, the second bypass line may include a fourth bypass portion extending along the first direction, the fourth bypass portion being connected to the third disconnected portion, a fifth bypass portion extending along the first direction, the fifth bypass portion being connected to the fourth disconnected portion, and a sixth bypass portion extending along the second direction, the sixth bypass portion connecting the fourth bypass portion and the fifth bypass portion to each other. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a connected line disposed on the substrate in a same layer as the second disconnected line, the connected line extending along the second direction and not being disconnected by the opening. In such an embodiment, the sixth bypass portion may overlap the connected line. In an embodiment, the connected line may transmit a direct current voltage. In an embodiment, the second disconnected line may be a data line or a driving voltage line. In an embodiment, the second bypass line may be disposed on the substrate in a same layer as the first bypass line. In an embodiment, a length of the second bypass line may be greater than a length of the first bypass line. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a first conductive layer, a first insulation layer, a second conductive layer, a second insulation layer and a third conductive layer, which are sequentially stacked one on another on the substrate. In such an embodiment, the first conductive layer may include the first disconnected line, and the third conductive layer may include the first bypass line. In an embodiment, the second conductive layer may include the second disconnected line, and the third conductive layer may further include the second bypass line. An embodiment of a display device includes a substrate in which an opening is defined, a first line disposed on the substrate, the first line extending along a first direction and including a first disconnected line and a first connected line, the first disconnected line being disconnected from each other by the opening, and the first connected line not being disconnected by the opening, and a first bypass line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the first line, the first bypass line bypassing the opening and connecting the first disconnected line. In an embodiment, the first disconnected line may include a first disconnected portion and a second disconnected portion which are spaced apart from each other with the opening therebetween, and the first bypass line may include a first bypass portion extending along a second direction crossing the first direction, the first bypass portion being connected to the first disconnected portion, a second bypass portion extending along the second direction, the second bypass portion being connected to the second disconnected portion, and a third bypass portion extending along the first direction, the third bypass portion connecting the first bypass portion and the second bypass portion to each other. In an embodiment, the third bypass portion may overlap the first connected line. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a second line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the first line, the second line extending along a second direction crossing the first direction and including a second disconnected line and a second connected line, the second disconnected line being disconnected by the opening, and the second connected line not being disconnected by the opening, and a second bypass line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the second line, the second bypass line bypassing the opening and connecting the second disconnected line. In an embodiment, the second disconnected line may include a third disconnected portion and a fourth disconnected portion which are spaced apart from each other with the opening therebetween, and the second bypass line may include a fourth bypass portion extending along the first direction, the fourth bypass portion being connected to the third disconnected portion, a fifth bypass portion extending along the first direction, the fifth bypass portion being connected to the fourth disconnected portion, and a sixth bypass portion extending along the second direction, the sixth bypass portion connecting the fourth bypass portion and the fifth bypass portion to each other. In an embodiment, the sixth bypass portion may overlap the second connected line. In an embodiment, the display device may further include a first conductive layer, a first insulation layer, a second conductive layer, a second insulation layer and a third conductive layer which are sequentially stacked one on another on the substrate. In such an embodiment, the first conductive layer may include the first line, and the third conductive layer may include the first bypass line. In an embodiment, the second conductive layer may include the second line, and the third conductive layer may further include the second bypass line. In such embodiments of the display device according to the invention, the first disconnected line disconnected by the opening may be connected to each other by the first bypass line disposed on the substrate in a different layer from the first disconnected line and bypassing the opening. Accordingly, a dead space due to the first bypass line around the opening may be reduced. In such embodiments, the first bypass line may overlap the first connected line disposed on the substrate in a same layer as the first disconnected line, not being disconnected by the opening, and transmitting a direct current voltage. Therefore, an electrical coupling between the first bypass line and the first connected line may be effectively prevented.

11228809

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to television and broadcasting technologies for streaming media networks. More specifically, certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to delivery of different services through different client devices. BACKGROUND Recent technological advancements in broadcasting and media delivery technologies have paved the way for promoters to target relevant audiences across different media networks, such as linear networks, VOD networks, and mobile networks, with promotional content of products or services. Such media networks maintain a curated repository of media content that is delivered to users across different media platforms under ownership of the media network. The media content is distributed according to a schedule with slots dedicated to the promotional content of products or services. Such slots can be placed between two segments of the media content or over a defined region of the media content. The audience that engages with the media content is served with such promotional content. The media networks that are owners of the media content, provide viewership information of served promotional content to associated promotional networks. However, such viewership information obscures the intent or interest of target audience to subscribe to the products or services upon watching associated promotional content. Additionally, promoters that prefer to target certain audiences for granular periods of time in a day, require intent or interest of a user in associated product or services for such granular periods of time. For example, a restaurant chain may wish to target audiences at different periods of time, such as before breakfast time, lunch time, and dinner time, to raise possibility of users to purchase products items from the restaurant. Moreover, such promoters may request to improve the intent of target audience to purchase promoted products or services, which may be a technically challenging task. Currently, the ability to measure intent and further improve the intent in a way that encourages each target audience member to purchase product items is performed via detection of impressions or clicks on a promoted media content. However, with varying attention span of audience members, such impressions or clicks result in lower conversion rates. The impressions or clicks are considered an imperfect measure of intent in a time when audience members have a transient attention span. The current technological solutions are inefficient to measure the intent or interest of users to purchase products or services that are promoted through the promotional content. The transient attention span of a target audience affects the conversion of the target audience. Thus, advanced systems may be required that may transform that transient attention to selective sustained attention for viewed promotional content. Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present disclosure as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Systems and methods are provided for delivery of different services through different client devices, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth more completely in the claims. These and other advantages, aspects, and novel features of the present disclosure, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.

11265083

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to European Patent Application No. 20156196.6, filed on Feb. 7, 2020, in the European Patent Office, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD Various example embodiments relate, amongst others, to an apparatus and method for signal modulation in a point-to-multipoint optical network. BACKGROUND In fiber-optic communication light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Different types of modulation techniques exist. Intensity Modulation (IM) uses the intensity of a light beam to encode information, by varying the optical power output. A simple variant is on-off keying (OOK), where the presence or absence of a carrier wave is used to represent digital data. An Intensity Modulation (IM) at the transmitter side is generally combined with a Direct Detection (DD) at the receiver side, meaning that the receiver only responds to changes in the receiving signal power. This is also referred to as Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) modulation. In coherent modulation technology, the phase of a carrier wave is modulated. A specific optical receiver is required, which allows for coherent detection, meaning that the phase of an optical signal can be recovered and any phase information carried by a transmitted signal can be extracted. Adding a polarization modulation provides an additional degree of freedom for modulating the carrier wave. By varying a wave parameter like the intensity, phase, polarization, or a combination thereof, different states of the carrier wave are obtained, each of them representing a symbol. For example, using four different phases in a phase modulation allows to represent four different symbols of two bits each, while a simple on-off keying only allows for two different symbols of one bit each. A Passive Optical Network (PON) implements a point-to-multipoint architecture, wherein unpowered optical splitters are used to take input from a single optical fiber and broadcast it to many Optical Network Units (ONUs) at the end-user side. A conventional PON currently uses Intensity Modulation (IM), generally a simple on-off keying, at the transmitter side, and Direct Detection (DD) at the receiver side. Such traditional IM-DD methods allow for a data rate of about 50 Gbps on a single wavelength over a typical 29 dB optical path loss (so-called N1 class) if exploiting spectrum in the Original band (O-band). SUMMARY When data rates of 100 Gbps per wavelength or higher are required over an optical path loss typical for PON, a traditional IM-DD method no longer suffices. Increasing the data rate cannot simply be done by exploiting more than one wavelength of 50 Gbps each through Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), as the spectrum in the O-band is already densely occupied, the currently installed low-cost receivers don't allow for the required wavelength separation, and detrimental nonlinear physical effects such as four-wave-mixing would arise in the O-band. Also the use of coherent technology, which would allow for a higher date rate without increasing the symbol rate, cannot simply be applied in practice. Indeed, either the coherent technology needs to use a separate wavelength, suffering from the spectrum scarcity as mentioned before, or all legacy technology needs to be replaced. The latter implies replacement of the already-installed ONUs by high-cost coherent receivers, a cost of which is added for each individual customer, also for those not desiring a higher service tier. At present, there is no satisfying solution to increase the data rate in a PON. Amongst others, it is therefore an object to disclose embodiments of an apparatus, which allows to increase the data rate in a PON using a single wavelength, without replacing all legacy DD ONUs. This object is achieved, according to a first example aspect of the present disclosure, by an apparatus for signal modulation in a point-to-multipoint optical network as defined by claim1, the apparatus being configured to modulate a single-wavelength carrier wave before distribution towards optical receivers of a first type adapted for intensity detection and a second type adapted for optical field detection, the apparatus comprising:a first module configured to modulate the carrier wave by varying the intensity of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the first type of receivers, and by controlling the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave during selected periods;a second module configured to modulate the carrier wave by varying the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers, and by varying the intensity of the carrier wave during selected periods. Thus, example embodiments of the disclosure concern an apparatus for signal modulation in a point-to-multipoint optical network. An optical network is typically a fiber network across which data is transmitted by light signals. A point-to-multipoint optical network refers to an architecture where a single optical headend serves multiple endpoints and one optical signal is broadcasted to many end-users. For example, it is a Passive Optical Network (PON), in which no powered electronic components are used for the signal distribution throughout the network. Typically, a PON comprises an Optical Line Termination (OLT) placed at the server provider's central office, and multiple Optical Network Units (ONUs) or Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) near the end-users. An unpowered optical splitter is then used to distribute input received from the OLT towards the connected ONUs or ONTs. In an optical network, the light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Typically, a transmitter, e.g. installed at an OLT, comprises a light source, e.g. a laser source, and an optical modulator. An optical modulator comprises the necessary hardware and software to modulate the wave received from the light source, i.e. to change physical parameters of the carrier wave in accordance to data that has to be encoded. For example, an OLT may comprise a digital-to-analog converter to convert digital data into electrical signals, where the latter are used as an input by the optical modulator to control its modulation. An apparatus for signal modulation refers to an apparatus that during operation receives a carrier wave from a light source and some input representing the data to be encoded, and generates a modulated carrier wave. The apparatus may be a subsystem of a transmitter or an OLT. The apparatus is configured to modulate a single-wavelength carrier wave before distribution towards optical receivers. This implies that the carrier wave which is received and modulated by the apparatus, is a single carrier wave operating at a specific wavelength. For example, the carrier wave operates at a wavelength within the Original band (O-band). It does not mean, however, that the transmitter where the apparatus may be part of is restricted to single-wavelength transmitters only. It is also understood that the carrier wave has finite line width, and that the modulating results in a signal that occupies a bandwidth around the carrier wave. The apparatus is configured to modulate the carrier wave before distribution towards optical receivers. For example, the apparatus is comprised in an OLT, and the OLT comprises the needed components to transmit the optical signal after modulation by the apparatus. An optical receiver is defined as a device that is adapted to receive the modulated optical signal, and to recover it as an electrical signal for extracting the encoded information. For example, an optical receiver may be comprised in an ONU, which converts the received optical signals to electrical signals and then send these electrical signals to the end-user's premises. In another example, an optical receiver may be comprised in an ONT, the latter being in essence the same as an ONU but generally located on customer premises. Multiple optical receivers are present in the point-to-multipoint optical network. Amongst these optical receivers at least two different types of receivers are present, namely a first type and a second type. The first type of receivers is adapted for intensity detection. Intensity detection may also be referred to as direct detection or power detection, and refers to the ability to detect variations in the optical power, intensity or amplitude of the received modulated signal. For example, a first type receiver comprises a photodetector or photosensor which responds to changes in the receiving signal optical power. As generally no clock signal is transmitted with the data, the receiver typically also comprises a component adapted for Clock and Data Recovery (CDR). Clock Recovery refers to the process of extracting timing information from the received signal, in order to regenerate the clock at the receiver. In an optical receiver adapted for intensity detection, the CDR component may continuously measure transitions in the received signal, and use this information to control the phase of the recovered clock. Having recovered the clock, the CDR converges to a locked condition and may sample the incoming signal through its Data Recovery component. Various implementation options exist for CDR, such as high-speed analog circuitry performing early-late phase detection or a blind or phase-tracking Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) based digital CDR. The second type of optical receivers is adapted for optical field detection. Optical field detection, also referred to as coherent detection, refers to the capability of recovering the optical field propagating through the fiber, rather than detecting its power only. This implies that an optical receiver of the second type is adapted to detect changes in the phase and/or the polarization of the modulated optical signal. An optical receiver adapted for optical field recovery typically comprises an equalizer component, as field recovery enables the digital compensation of fiber dispersion. Typically, an equalizer component implements an equalization algorithm or filter that allows to reverse the distortion, e.g. different types of dispersion, incurred by a signal transmitted through a channel. E.g., an adaptive equalization may be used, wherein changes in the channel are learned from the received signal and equalization parameters are updated correspondingly. In contrast, equalization with intensity detection can only partly reverse distortion due to the nonlinear effects typically induced through power detection. The apparatus comprises a first module and a second module. The first module is adapted to modulate the carrier wave according to a first modulation scheme, and the second module is adapted to modulate the carrier wave according to a second modulation scheme. This implies that during operation the apparatus modulates a carrier wave, using either the first modulation scheme or the second modulation scheme. In other words, the apparatus comprises some part, e.g. hardware or software, that corresponds to the first module, and another part, e.g. hardware or software, that corresponds to the second module. In an embodiment, the first and second module may be software modules, being configured to generate control data, where the latter is used as an input by an optical modulator after a digital-to-analog conversion. For example, the two modules may comprise different sub-routines related to two states in a state diagram. In another embodiment, the first and second module may comprise an optical modulator themselves, thereby being adapted to generate a modulated carrier wave. The first module is configured to modulate the carrier wave by varying the intensity of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the first type of receivers, and by controlling the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave during selected periods. This implies that the first module is adapted to apply two kind of variations to the optical carrier wave. Firstly, the first module is adapted to vary the intensity of the carrier wave, where these intensity variations are applied in accordance with data intended for the first type of receivers. This means that data which is intended for an end-user having an optical receiver of the first type, is encoded into the modulated signal by means of an intensity modulation. Varying the intensity may refer to varying the power and/or the amplitude of the optical signal. In an embodiment, varying the intensity may be implemented through an on-off modulation, in which only the presence or absence of the signal is varied. In practical implementations, some remnant power may be still transmitted in the off-state, proportional to the extinction ratio of the laser transmitter. In another embodiment, varying the intensity may be done by applying multiple power levels in the modulated optical signal. Secondly, the first module is adapted to control the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave during selected periods. For example, the intensity modulated signal as described in the previous paragraph, is further modified by varying its phase and/or polarization. Alternatively, the phase and/or polarization is controlled such that it is kept static, rather than exhibiting non-deterministic behaviour. In an embodiment, an on-off modulation may be used to obtain the intensity modulated signal, and afterwards the phase and/or polarization may be varied during periods in which the signal is present. In another embodiment, different power levels may be applied in the intensity modulated signal, and afterwards the phase and/or polarization may be varied during periods in which a specific power level applies. The controlling of the phase and/or modulation is applied during selected periods, which may e.g. refer to periods of a specific power level, periods in which the signal is present, specific periods in time, etc. In an embodiment, variations in the phase and/or polarization may be applied according to a predefined pattern, e.g. on every symbol represented in the intensity modulated signal another phase condition is applied. In another embodiment, the variations in the phase and/or polarization may be applied according to data to be encoded, e.g. data intended for receivers of the second type may be represented by the phase modulations. Moreover, different embodiments are possible concerning the order in which the intensity variations on the one hand and phase and/or polarization variations on the other hand are applied to the signal, e.g. first intensity modulations may be applied followed by phase and/or polarization modulations or vice versa, they may be applied in parallel, etc. The advantage of the first module is that receivers of the first type, adapted for intensity detection, may detect and demodulate the received signal as usual, while receivers of the second type can meanwhile keep their equalizer on track. Indeed, when during operation the optical signal is modulated using the first module, the modulated signal is received by every optical receiver. An optical receiver of the first type will detect the intensity variations in the modulated signal, allowing to decode the transferred information. Therefore, traditional types of optical receivers, e.g. DD ONUs, may still be used, and no replacement of legacy already-installed ONUs of the first type is required for those clients not willing to upgrade to a higher service tier. On the other hand, an optical receiver of the second type may use the received signal to update its equalizer. Indeed, as the modulated signal has a controlled phase and/or polarization, this information may be used by an adaptive equalization algorithm to continuously or regularly update the equalization parameters. It is beneficial for the receiver to know the controlled phase and/or modulation, such that it can update based on known training data rather than through decision directed feedback. Through equalization, changes in the channel, e.g. due to temperature or environmental variations, are continuously detected, and the equalizer is up-to-date whenever data intended for a receiver of the second type is transferred again. This avoids inefficiencies due to additional training cycles and contributes to an accurate decoding for receivers of the second type. The second module is configured to modulate the carrier wave by varying the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers, and by varying the intensity of the carrier wave during selected periods. This implies that the second module is adapted to apply two kinds of variations to the optical carrier wave. Firstly, the second module is adapted to vary the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave, where these variations are applied in accordance with data intended for the second type of receivers. This means that data which is intended for an end-user having an optical receiver of the second type, is encoded into the modulated signal by means of phase and/or polarization variations. Optionally, amplitude variations may be applied in addition to the phase and/or polarization variations. For example, a Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) may be applied for encoding the data into the signal, or any other modulation method implementing phase and/or polarization variations. Secondly, the second module is adapted to vary the intensity of the carrier wave during selected periods. For example, the phase and/or polarization modulated signal as described in the previous paragraph, is further modified by applying changes in its intensity, e.g. its power or amplitude. The variations in the intensity are applied during selected periods, implying that various embodiments exist to apply the intensity variations. In an embodiment, different power levels may be used in the phase and/or polarization modulated signal. In another embodiment, periods of zero power may be introduced into the signal. In an embodiment, periods of zero power may be introduced periodically, at a constant or variable rate. In another embodiment, zero power periods may be introduced according to data to be encoded, i.e. the zero power periods are introduced depending on the data content to be transferred to the second type of receiver. Moreover, different embodiments are possible concerning the order in which the phase and/or polarization variations on the one hand and intensity variations on the other hand are applied to the signal, e.g. first phase and/or polarization modulations may be applied followed by intensity modulations or vice versa, they may be applied in parallel, etc. The advantage of the second module is that receivers of the second type may be used, leading to an increased capacity, while receivers of the first type can meanwhile keep their CDR locked. Indeed, when during operation the optical signal is modulated using the second module, the modulated signal is received by every optical receiver. An optical receiver of the second type will decode information from the modulated phase and/or polarization variations. As coherent technology allows to encode more bits within a symbol, the ability to use receivers of the second type contributes to a higher data rate compared to a traditional PON. On the other hand, an optical receiver of the first type may use the received signal to guarantee that his CDR stays locked. Indeed, as intensity variations are introduced in the modulated signal, a CDR may use these transitions to phase-align the clock, and therefore remain in a locked condition. This implies that a CDR will be in a locked condition whenever data intended for a receiver of the first type is transferred again. As such, data extraction may start immediately, thereby avoiding any inefficiencies due to large locking times. When data needs to be transferred that is intended for one or more end-users, the apparatus may receive information concerning the type of receivers installed at those endpoints. Based on this type information, the apparatus may select either the first or the second module to modulate the optical carrier wave. For example, if only data intended for the second type of receivers needs to be transferred, then the apparatus may use the second module to modulate the carrier wave. In such periods of time, the system capacity increases to the capacity imposed by the coherent technology. In another example, if only data intended for the first type of receivers need to be transferred, then the apparatus may use the first module to modulate the carrier wave, leading to an unchanged capacity compared to a traditional PON using IM-DD. In yet another example, if data intended for both the first and second type of receivers needs to be transferred, the first and the second module may be used in an alternating way. Or, in another embodiment, if data intended for both the first and second type of receivers needs to be transferred, only the first module may be used, if the phase and/or polarization variations in the signal are used to encode data intended for receivers of the second type. The latter allows to obtain a system capacity being higher than in a traditional PON. To conclude, the apparatus for signal modulation allows for a co-existence of high-tier coherent receivers and traditional low-cost DD receivers on the same wavelength. This has various advantages. First, it is not required to replace all legacy already-installed receivers, which implies that customers not willing to upgrade to a higher service tier do not have to contribute in a replacement cost. Secondly, coherent receivers may be used within the network, allowing for a capacity increase of the system, without being forced to free up a separate wavelength for this. Thirdly, modulation may be done for a single-wavelength carrier, thereby avoiding problems due to spectrum scarcity in the O-band and detrimental nonlinear physical effects such as those related to WDM. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim2, the first module is configured to modulate the carrier wave by controlling the phase and/or polarization during periods wherein the carrier wave is present. This implies that the first module is adapted to apply an intensity modulation for encoding data intended for optical receivers of the first type, such that periods occur wherein the intensity modulated signal is present and other periods in which the intensity modulated signal is absent. During the periods of presence, different power or amplitude levels may be modulated for encoding data intended for a receiver of the first type, or no power or amplitude variations may be modulated. Furthermore, during the periods of presence of the intensity modulated signal, the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave is controlled. For example, the phase and/or polarization may be varied during presence of the intensity modulated signal. Controlling those phase and/or polarization modulations has the advantage that receivers of the second type can keep their equalizer on-track during periods of time where data intended for receivers of the first type is transferred. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim3, the first module is configured to vary the intensity of the carrier wave by means of an on-off modulation. This implies that the first module is adapted to encode data intended for receivers of the first type using an on-off modulation. In other words, the intensity modulated signal has periods in which the signal is present, and periods in which the signal is absent. For example, a binary 1 is represented by the signal being present, and a binary 0 is represented by the signal being absent. Furthermore, during periods of presence of the on-off modulated signal, the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave is controlled, e.g. phase and/or polarization variations are applied. Controlling those phase and/or polarization modulations has the advantage that receivers of the second type can keep their equalizer on-track during periods of time where data intended for receivers of the first type is transferred. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim4, the first module is configured to modulate the carrier wave by controlling the phase and/or the polarization according to a predefined pattern. For example, given that each phase and/or polarization condition is defined by a constellation point, a deterministic cycling through the different possible constellation points may be applied. In an embodiment, one could modulate the phase and/or polarization according to a next constellation point every time the symbol changes in the intensity-modulated signal. For example, if a Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying is used and two polarizations, 16 different constellation points apply for the phase and polarization modulations. Thus, the same pattern of constellation points is repeated every 16 symbols. In another embodiment, one could change to another constellation point only on those symbols representing a binary one in the data intended for the first type of receivers. In yet another embodiment, a scrambling pattern may be applied, where phase modulation is applied pseudo-randomly, i.e. still deterministically but appearing random-like due to a much longer repetition cycle. The advantage of using a predefined pattern for the phase and/or polarization modulations, is that optimal control is obtained on how the frequency information is introduced in the modulated signal, and therefore receivers of the second type may be offered an ideal reference for keeping their equalizer up to date. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim5, the first module is configured to modulate the carrier wave by controlling the phase and/or the polarization, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers. This implies that on the one hand data intended for the first type of receivers is encoded, by means of an intensity modulation, and on the other hand data intended for the second type of receivers is encoded, by means of phase and/or polarization modulations. This has the advantage that data intended for a first type of receiver and data intended for a second type of receiver may be transferred simultaneously, thereby contributing to an increased system capacity. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim6, the second module is configured to vary the intensity of the carrier wave by introducing periods of zero power. Periods of zero power may refer to periods in which the modulated signal is not present. Zero-power refers to the intention of limiting the power to a level being close to zero; in practice there may be some very small residual power present. In an embodiment, data intended for the second type of receivers is encoded by means of a phase and/or polarization modulation, and periods of zero power are introduced in that phase and/or polarization modulated signal. In another embodiment, the zero-power level is inherent to the modulation format, i.e. the zero-power symbol is part of the constellation points defining the phase modulation scheme applied to encode the data intended for the second type of receivers. Introducing periods of zero power has the advantage that receivers of the first type may easily distinguish transitions between a zero-power period and another period, allowing such receivers to keep their CDR locked. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim7, the second module is configured to introduce the periods of zero power periodically, at a constant or variable rate. In an embodiment, zero-power symbols are periodically inserted at a constant rate, with an occurrence sufficient to ensure that the CDR of the first type of receivers remains locked. In another embodiment, the rate of inserting the zero-power symbols may be variable. For example, in periods of time being close to periods of time wherein data intended for the first type of receivers will be transferred, zero-power symbols may be inserted at a high rate to ensure the CDRs being locked sufficiently accurately by the time they need to extract data again. On the other hand, if no data will be transferred to the first type of receivers in the near future, a low rate of zero-power symbols may be used, thereby reaching a higher data rate towards the second type of receivers. In an embodiment, the periodicity in which zero-power periods are introduced may be selected proportional to the Consecutive Identical Digit (CID) immunity of the receivers of the first type. For example, XGS-PON (ITU recommendation G.9807.1) mandates a CID immunity of at least 72 bits or symbol periods. Introducing periods of zero power periodically has the advantage that an optimal control is obtained on how frequently they are introduced. This allows to make a trade-off between reaching an optimal system capacity, and ensuring that the CDRs stay locked. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim8, the second module is configured to introduce the periods of zero power, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers. This implies that data is modulated on the zero-power constellation points. In other words, apart from the phase and/or polarization variations in the modulated signal, also the periods of zero power are used to represent data intended for the second type of receivers. Various embodiments are possible, e.g. the zero-power constellation point may always represent the same bit value, the bit value corresponding to the zero-power constellation point may depend on the previous constellation point, etc. The advantage of modulating data on the zero-power constellation point is that every symbol in the modulated carrier wave is used to represent data intended for the second type of receivers. In this way, when the carrier wave is modulated by means of the second module, the full capacity inherent to the coherent technology is used, thereby contributing to an increased system capacity. At the same time, the availability of the zero-power periods in the modulated signal contributes to keeping the CDRs of the first type of receivers locked. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim9, the second module is configured to introduce the periods of zero power based on occurring transitions between intended symbols in the data intended for the second type of receivers. This implies that the second module is adapted to analyse the data intended for the second type of receivers, and to detect where a specific transition happens between intended symbols in this data. A symbol refers to one bit value or a sequence of more bit values. For example, in a modulation scheme with four constellation points a symbol may represent ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’ or ‘11’. The second module is adapted to introduce a zero-power period each time a specific transition between intended symbols is present in the data. Thus, the decision where to introduce zero-power periods in the modulated signal is triggered by which data content is transferred to the second type of receivers, thereby having no full control on the rate of introducing zero-power periods. In an embodiment, additionally zero power periods may be introduced periodically, thereby increasing the control on the occurrence of zero power periods in the modulated signal. The advantage of introducing periods of zero power based on occurring transitions in the data is that the signal may be modulated in such a way that the power levels detected by the first type of receivers are similar to what the CDR normally expects to receive. This contributes in keeping the CDRs of the first type of receivers locked while data intended for the second type of receivers is transferred. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim10, the second module is configured to vary the phase and/or the polarization of the carrier wave based on a modulation scheme characterised by points in a constellation diagram, the periods of zero power representing an additional point in the constellation diagram, and the second module is configured to introduce the periods of zero power such that transitions between points in the constellation diagram avoid crossing the origin of the constellation diagram. For example, the phase of the signal may be modulated using a Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK), characterised by four points in a constellation diagram, those four points representing the bit values ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’, and ‘11’. Every constellation point lies in another quadrant of the constellation diagram. A transition between two constellation points in opposing quadrants, e.g. a transition between ‘00’ and ‘11’ or between ‘01’ and ‘10’ of a Gray mapped QPSK is a transition crossing the origin of the constellation diagram. The second module is configured to avoid such crossing through the origin, by modulating a zero-power period whenever the constellation point corresponding to the current bit value is in the opposite quadrant of the constellation point corresponding to the previous bit value. For example, if ‘00’ followed by ‘11’ needs to be modulated in the signal, the ‘00’ is modulated according to the QPSK phase modulation, while the ‘11’ is modulated by introducing a zero-power period. Avoiding transitions between constellation points crossing the origin, and instead encoding such transition by introducing a zero-power period, has the advantage that the modulated signal is made DD friendly. Indeed, a modulated signal is obtained in which a clear distinction is present between ‘high’ power on the one hand, and ‘zero’ power on the other hand, being optimal for phase-aligning the clock of the first type of receivers. In other words, the modulated signal avoids that power variations occur between a ‘semi-high’ level and a zero-power level, thereby avoiding false positive triggers for the CDR of the first type of receivers. In sample embodiments of the apparatus, as defined by claim11, the apparatus is configured to receive slot allocation information, representing the intended one or more receivers in a timeslot, and is configured to select the first or second module for modulating the carrier wave during the timeslot, based on the type of the one or more intended receivers in the timeslot. For example, a channel access method like TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access) may be used for controlling when which data is transferred over the optical network. Typically, different timeslots are considered, which are executed sequentially. A timeslot may be allocated for transmitting data intended for (a) specific end-user(s). The apparatus is configured to receive this slot allocation information, i.e. for a specific timeslot the intended receiver of the data is known. Moreover, the apparatus has knowledge about the type of receivers being installed at the endpoints of the network. For example, such type information may be given to an OLT when an ONU starts up. For a specific timeslot, the apparatus is configured to verify the type of receiver being installed at the intended end-user, and based on this type to select either the first or the second module. This means that, depending on the type of the intended receiver, the apparatus will use the first or the second module to modulate the carrier wave within that timeslot. For example, if within a specific timeslot only data intended for the second type of receivers needs to be transferred, then the apparatus may use the second module to modulate the carrier wave. In another example, if only data intended for the first type of receivers need to be transferred, then the apparatus may use the first module to modulate the carrier wave. In yet another example, if data intended for both the first and second type of receivers needs to be transferred, the first module may be used, if the phase and/or polarization variations in the signal are used to encode data intended for receivers of the second type. According to a second example aspect, as defined by claim12, a system is disclosed, comprising:an apparatus according to the first example aspect;one or more optical receivers of the first type;one or more optical receivers of the second type;a point-to-multipoint optical network comprising optical fibres adapted for distribution of a modulated optical signal from the apparatus towards the optical receivers. The apparatus, optical receivers of the first type, optical receivers of the second type and point-to-multipoint optical network are defined as in the previous paragraphs. In sample embodiments of the system, as defined by claim13, the optical receivers of the second type comprise an equalizer configured to reverse distortions incurred by the modulated optical signal due to fibre impairments, and the equalizer is configured to do an adaptive equalization of an optical signal modulated with the second module such that the adaptive equalization is not updated when the received power is below a selected threshold. An equalizer is defined as a device configured to reverse distortions, e.g. due to different types of dispersion, incurred by the modulated signal when being transmitted through the fiber channel. Typically, an equalizer implements a filter or equalization algorithm for this. An adaptive equalization refers to a continuous or regular analysis of the received signal in order to learn changes in the channel, e.g. due to temperature or environmental changes, and to a corresponding adaptation of equalization parameters or coefficients. The equalizer is configured such that, when an optical signal modulated by the apparatus with the second module is received, the adaptive equalization is not updated when the received power is below a selected threshold. For example, when a period of zero power was modulated into the signal by the second module, the equalizer will not be updated. This implies that a receiver of the second type needs a specific implementation in order to accommodate the modulation of zero-power periods in the signal. For example, in case a Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) is used for equalization in a QPSK receiver, the CMA will ensure that the received signal amplitude is equalized or normalized to the unit circle. In case zero-power periods are inserted, an unadapted CMA would lead to a biased estimator. Therefore, the CMA may be adapted to a Multi-Modus Algorithm (MMA), further characterized in that the equalizer is not updated in case the received power is below a threshold. According to a third example aspect, as defined by claim14, a method for signal modulation in a point-to-multipoint optical network is disclosed, comprising:providing optical receivers of a first type adapted for intensity detection and a second type adapted for optical field detection;providing an apparatus configured to modulate a single-wavelength carrier wave before distribution towards the optical receivers, the apparatus comprising a first module and a second module;modulating the carrier wave using the first module, comprising:varying the intensity of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the first type of receivers, andcontrolling the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave during selected periods;modulating the carrier wave using the second module, comprising:varying the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers, andvarying the intensity of the carrier wave during selected periods. According to a fourth example aspect, as defined by claim15, a computer program product is disclosed, comprising computer-executable instructions for causing a device to perform at least the following:providing optical receivers of a first type adapted for intensity detection and a second type adapted for optical field detection;providing an apparatus configured to modulate a single-wavelength carrier wave before distribution towards the optical receivers, the apparatus comprising a first module and a second module;modulating the carrier wave using the first module, comprising:varying the intensity of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the first type of receivers, andcontrolling the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave during selected periods;modulating the carrier wave using the second module, comprising:varying the phase and/or polarization of the carrier wave, thereby representing data intended for the second type of receivers, andvarying the intensity of the carrier wave during selected periods.

11299922

RELATED APPLICATION This patent application is related to co-assigned and co-pending U.S. PROVISIONAL patent application Ser. No. 62/838,907, filed Apr. 25, 2019; the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION DISCLOSURE This invention disclosure generally relates a left-handed push/pull door or a right-handed push/pull door movable between open and closed positions about a generally vertical pivot axis and, more particularly, to a modular door operating linkage system and related method for connecting either type door to a powered driver. BACKGROUND Doors which swing about a vertical pivot axis as they move between open and closed positions are commonly used as entryway doors in any of a variety of different locations. Such doors have an interior side and exterior side. In some situations, a door is known to pivotally move from a closed position toward an open position about an axis disposed toward a left side of the door. Moreover, the door can either be “pushed/pulled” open and/or “pushed/pulled” closed. Accordingly, such a door when connected to a powered driver is commonly referred to as a “left-handed push door” or a “left-handed pull door”. Alternatively, a door is known to pivotally move from a closed position toward an open position about an axis disposed toward a right side of the door. Accordingly, such a door when connected to a powered drive is commonly referred to as a “right-handed push door” or a “right-handed pull door”. Typically, a “left-handed push door” or a “right handed push door” swing open to an exterior of the room or other enclosure while a “left-handed pull door” and a “right-handed pull door” open to an interior of the room or other enclosure. Suffice it to say, the doors are operable in any of a multitude of applications. To ease accessability into a store, room or other enclosure, such doors are operated between closed and open positions by the powered driver having a positively driven output shaft. The output shaft of the driver is operably connected to the door through a linkage system. That is, the output shaft of the driver can be positively driven in either of two rotational directions; with one direction being the opposite of the other. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the situation of the doors being pivotally movable in either a left-handed direction or right-handed direction can complicate which powered driver is to be selected for which application. Moreover, the ability of the doors to swing or pivotally swing open to an interior of the room or other enclosure while other doors swing open to an exterior of the room or other enclosure can and often does furthermore complicate repair and/or replacement of which powered driver and which linkage system is to be applied to which door. The linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to the door can take any of a variety of different designs depending upon a number of different considerations. That is, the components of the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “left-handed push door” can be and often are different from the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “right-handed push door”. Similarly, the components of the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “left-handed push door” can be and typically are different from the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “right-handed push door”. Moreover, and as is understandable, the components of the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “left-handed pull door” which swings or pivotally opens to an interior of the room or other enclosure are usually different from the components of the linkage system used to connect the output shaft of the driver to a “right handed pull door” which swings or pivotally opens to an exterior of the room or other enclosure. As such, and to repair or replace a broken or faulty door arrangement requires a repair person to take time to inquire about the specifics of the particular door arrangement while also requiring a large inventory of a wide variety of different drivers and linkage systems to accommodate the variety of different door operating systems. In many applications, the output shaft of the driver for the linkage system used to operably connect the positively driven output shaft of the powered driver to the door includes a drive link extending in a generally orthogonal direction away from the output shaft of the driver. Also, it is beneficial for the linkage system, used to operably connect the door to the output shat of the powered driver, to be adjustable such that the open position for the door can be adjusted. The ability to adjust the open position of the door can be a particularly important concern. It is a particularly important concern when the open position of the door is adjacent to a wall of the facility, building, room, etc. and there is no room for the linkage system to operate and function as intended. Of course, in many situations, it is desired to maximize the door opening by having the door swing to a fully open position and, yet, not contact the adjacent wall. As such, and besides being adaptable to many different situations and applications, the linkage system used to connect the door to the output shaft of the driver also needs to be adjustable to accommodate those variety of circumstances to which the particular invention finds utility. Thus, there is continuing need and desire for a modular door operating linkage system and related method for connecting a door to a driver which is simple, cost effective, efficient and yet adapted to any of a variety of different door operating conditions and situations. SUMMARY According to one aspect of this invention disclosure, there is provided a modular door operating linkage system connectable to an extendable from a door which moves between closed and open positions about a generally vertical axis. The door has both interior and exterior sides and, in one form, the modular door operating linkage system includes a rigid generally L-shaped crank arm component having a first end and a free-ended second end. In one arrangement of the linkage system, the first end of the crank arm component is connected to a powered driver which can positively drive the crank arm component in opposite arcuate directions. The modular linkage system also includes a rigid elongated track component which, in one arrangement of the linkage system, is configured for securement or attachment to one side of the door. In alternative embodiment or arrangement of the linkage system, the elongated track component is designed and configured to be otherwise disposed in operable combination with other components of the linkage system. Preferably, the elongated track component defines an open-sided generally C-shaped channel which opens at opposite ends thereof. The modular door operating linkage system also includes a rigid multipiece link component having opposed ends. To enhance its versatility, an overall length of the link component is adjustable between opposed ends thereof. A suitable fastener is arranged in operable combination with the pieces of the link component to adjustably fix the overall length of the link component as desired or required. The multipiece link component is configured so as to allow opposed ends of the multipiece link component to be articulately connected to other components of the modular door operating linkage system in different configurations thereof. The modular door operating linkage system further includes a rigid block component that is sized to snugly fit and slidably move within the generally C-shaped channel defined by the elongated track component in one configuration of the modular door operating linkage system. Alternatively, the block component is configured so as to permit the block component in other configurations of the modular linkage system, to be articulately connected to other components of the modular door linkage system. The block component is furthermore configured so as to permit the block component, in still another alternative configuration of the linkage system, to be secured or otherwise fastened to either side of the door. Suffice it to say, the components of the modular linkage system are configured and designed relative to each other such that various components of the modular linkage system can be selectively arranged and connected to each other and to the door in different arrangements and scenarios to easily and readily accommodate different environments wherein the door is utilized. In a preferred form, the elongated track component has a bottom wall and two laterally spaced side walls extending from the bottom wall. Preferably, each side wall of the track component has a top wall section extending generally coplanar relative to each other and toward a longitudinal center of the track component so as to provide the track component with the generally C-shaped linear open-sided channel extending the length of the track component. In one form, and to enhance the versatility of and allow the track component to be readily used in multiple variations of the linkage system, each side wall of the elongated track component preferably defines laterally aligned openings toward opposite ends thereof whereby facilitating securement of the elongated track component to one side of the door in one configuration or arrangement of the linkage system. The bottom wall of the elongated track component defines at least one opening toward opposite ends thereof whereby allowing the opposed ends to be connected to other components of the modular door operating linkage system in alternative configurations of the linkage system. In a preferred embodiment, the block component of the linkage system defines a vertical bore opening at opposite ends to generally parallel upper and lower surfaces of the block component as to allow the block component, in one configuration of the linkage system, to be articulately connected to other components of the linkage system. Preferably, the block component further defines spaced throughbores opening to front and rear sides of the block component so as to permit the block component, in yet another alternative configuration of the linkage system, to be secured or mounted, as by fasteners or the like, to either the interior or the exterior side of the door. Moreover, and in one embodiment, the block component is comprised of first and second pieces arranged in back-to-back relation relative to each other. Preferably, and in an effort to simplify and reduce the overall cost of the linkage system, in one form, the fasteners extending through and used to secure or fasten the elongated track component to either side of the door, in one configuration of the modular linkage system, are the same fasteners used to secure or mount the block component to either side of the door in another alternative configuration of the modular linkage system. In one embodiment, the block component further includes a mechanism for biasing the block component in one direction toward one of the side walls on the track component and within the generally C-shaped channel defined by the track component when the block component is so disposed. Furthermore, and to further enhance the versatility of the modular linkage system, the crank arm can be oriented in different dispositions relative to the other components connected thereto to allow the linkage system to be used in operable combination with a door which moves in opposite directions between closed and open positions. According to another aspect of this invention disclosure, there is provided a method for connecting a door which moves between closed and open positions about a generally vertical axis to a powered driver having a driven output shaft. The door has both interior and exterior sides. The method preferably includes the steps of: using a modular linkage system to connect either a left hand or right hand operating door to the driven output shat of the powered driver. To enhance its versatility, the modular linkage system is operable from either the interior side or exterior side of the door. The modular linkage system includes a rigid generally L-shaped crank arm component having a first end and a free-ended second end. The first end of the crank arm is connectable to the output shaft of the powered driver and extends away from either the interior side or exterior side of the door depending on the final configuration of the linage system. The crank arm component is positively driven in opposite arcuate directions depending upon the driven direction of the output shaft of the powered driver. According to this aspect of the invention disclosure, another step in the process includes: providing the modular linage system with a rigid elongated track component defining a generally C-shaped linear and open-sided channel extending the length of the track component. In one embodiment or arrangement of the linkage system, the elongated track component is designed and configured to allow it to be fastened or otherwise secured to either side of the door. In alternative arrangement of the linkage system, the elongated track component is configured to permit it to be articulately connected between other components of the linkage system. Preferably, the elongated track component has a bottom wall and two laterally spaced side walls extending upward from the bottom wall. In one form, each side wall of the track component has a top wall section extending generally coplanar relative to each other and toward a longitudinal center of the track component whereby providing the C-shaped channel of the track component with a predetermined width and predetermined height. In one embodiment, each side wall of the elongated track component defines aligned openings toward opposite ends thereof for permitting fasteners to extend therethrough so as to secure the track component to the door in one configuration of the linkage system. The bottom wall of the elongated track component defines at least one opening toward opposite ends thereof whereby allowing the opposed ends of the track component to be connected to other components of the modular linkage system in an alternative configuration of the linkage system. According to this aspect of the invention disclosure, another step in the process includes providing the modular linage system with a rigid multipiece link component having opposed ends. According to this aspect of the invention disclosure, another step in the process involves designing the multipiece link component such that an overall length of the link component is adjustable between the opposed ends thereof. A suitable fastener is arranged in operable combination with the pieces of the link component to adjustably fix the overall length of the link component as desired or required. The multipiece link component defines openings toward the opposed ends whereby allowing the opposed ends of said multipiece link component to be articulately connected to other components of the modular linkage system. According to this aspect of the invention disclosure, another step in the process includes providing the modular linage system with a rigid block component. The rigid block component preferably has upper and lower surfaces along with front and rear sides. In one configuration or arrangement of the modular linkage system, the block component is sized to snugly fit and slidably move within the generally C-shaped channel defined by the elongated track component. The block component preferably defines a bore opening to the upper and lower surfaces thereof whereby permitting the block component to be articulately connected to other components of the modular linkage system. The block component also defines spaced bores which open to the front and rear sides of the block component to permit the block component, in still another configuration of the linkage system, to be secured by fasteners to either side of the door. Preferably, the block component of the modular linkage system is formed from at least two pieces. According to this aspect of the invention disclosure, another step in the method for connecting a door, movable between closed and open positions about a generally vertical axis, to a powered driver having a driven output shaft involves: selecting which configuration of the various components of the modular linkage system are best suited to accommodate operation of a door which can be required to operate from a closed position in reverse directions and whether the modular linkage system is arranged to the interior side or exterior side of the door. Preferably, the step of selecting which configuration of the modular linkage system is best suited to accommodate operation of a door further involves the step of: selecting the overall length of the link component along with which components are to be operably connected to each other and in what order and in which orientation. To achieve these and other results, the components of the modular linkage system are designed and configured to allow them to be used in multiple configurations and orientations relative to each other. In a preferred form of this invention disclosure, and to further simplify the methodology used to connect the powered driver to the door, the fasteners used to secure the track component to the door, in one configuration of the modular linkage system, are the same as the elongated fasteners used to secure the block component to the door in another configuration of the modular linage system. In many of the alternative configurations of the linkage system, a spring mechanism is provided for biasing the block component in one direction within the generally C-shaped channel of the elongated track. Such design permits the method for connecting the door to the powered driver to preferably include the step of: biasing the block component of modular linkage system toward one of the side walls and within the channel of the rigid elongated track component in one configuration of said modular linkage system.

11235838

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a U.S. National Stage Application of PCT/EP2017/074312 filed Sep. 26, 2017, which claims priority to German Patent Application DE 102016119570.7 filed Oct. 13, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a vehicle having an electrically operated drive motor, having a battery for the energy supply of the drive motor, the battery being secured by a battery lock in a battery compartment of the vehicle and being removable from the battery compartment after unlocking the battery lock, and having a control unit for the battery lock. BACKGROUND Such vehicles are generally known, for example in the form of e-bikes or pedelecs. To secure the battery, these known vehicles typically have a mechanical battery lock that can be unlocked by means of a key. SUMMARY It is the underlying object of the present disclosure to provide a vehicle that is characterized by higher operating comfort and by greater economy. A vehicle having the features of claim1is provided to satisfy this object. It is the general idea underlying the present disclosure to replace the conventional mechanical battery lock with an electrically unlockable battery lock, whereby a physical key for unlocking the battery lock which the user of the vehicle would always have to carry along with him and which he may not have to hand under certain circumstances can be dispensed with. The vehicle can, for example, be an electric bicycle, in particular an e-bike or a pedelec, an electric tricycle, an electric wheelchair, an electric quad bike or the like. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be seen from the dependent claims, from the description and from the drawing. In accordance with a particularly embodiment, the battery lock is automatically locked after the insertion of the battery into the battery compartment. As long as the battery is mounted to the vehicle, the normal state of the battery lock is therefore a locked state. The battery is hereby always reliably secured to the vehicle and the user does not have to remember to actively lock the battery lock. An embodiment is, however, generally also conceivable in which the battery compartment is unlocked as a rule and is only locked on a leaving of the vehicle, e.g. when an onboard computer is removed from the vehicle. In accordance with a further embodiment, the control unit is integrated into a motor control for the drive motor. The unlocking of the battery lock is therefore ultimately controlled by the motor control. The motor control anyway present for the control of the drive motor in other words takes over an additional function and an additional separate control unit for unlocking the battery lock does not have to be provided. The control unit is implemented in an onboard computer that is attached to the vehicle in a manner removable by a user. Since the user typically takes the onboard computer with him on a leaving of the vehicle, it is ensured that unauthorized persons can at least not unlock the battery lock and remove the battery without becoming criminally active. In accordance with an embodiment, the onboard computer comprises an input actuable by a user for unlocking the battery lock. This input can, for example, be a press switch or a sliding switch. Alternatively, the onboard computer can have a touch screen or a microphone via which a corresponding unlocking command can be input. Instead of being integrated into the motor control, the control unit can also be integrated into the battery lock. In this case, the battery lock is therefore provided with its own control unit that is in particular independent of the motor control and is correspondingly autonomous. Nevertheless the control unit integrated into the battery lock is connected to an onboard computer of the vehicle since the control unit can in this manner communicate with the onboard computer, for example to transmit a release signal permitting the unlocking of the battery lock or to receive a signal indicating the movement state of the vehicle therefrom or to transmit a signal indicating the lock state of the battery lock to the onboard computer. In particular when the control unit is integrated into the battery lock, the battery lock has an operating element that is actuable by a user, in particular manually, to unlock the battery lock. In this case, the unlocking of the battery lock therefore does not take place via an input to the onboard computer, but instead by actuating the operating element at the battery lock. The operating element can, for example, be a press switch or a sliding switch or also a capacitive sensor that can e.g. detect the presence of a finger of the user. In general, the battery lock can, however, also have such a manually actuable operating element when the control unit is implemented in the onboard computer. In both cases, high protection against theft is achieved when the control unit only permits an unlocking of the battery lock by the operating element as long as the onboard computer is attached to the vehicle. The unlocking of the battery lock by the operating element thus also requires here that the onboard computer is located at the vehicle. In other words, an unlocking, in particular an unauthorized unlocking, of the battery lock by the operating element is precluded when the legitimate user of the vehicle has left the vehicle and has taken the onboard computer with him. In accordance with a further embodiment, the vehicle has an electrically lockable frame lock that is electrically lockable by removing an onboard computer from the vehicle. In this respect if the control unit only permits an unlocking of the battery lock when the frame lock is locked. Since the electric locking of the frame lock requires a supply with electric energy by the battery, it is ensured by this control sequence that the battery cannot be prematurely removed from the battery compartment and that the supply of the frame lock with electric energy cannot be interrupted before the frame lock is unlocked. Alternatively or additionally, the control unit can block an unlocking of the battery lock as long as the vehicle is in motion. In this manner, an unintended unlocking of the battery lock during travel is prevented that could result in a falling of the battery out of the battery compartment under certain circumstances. For example, the onboard computer can receive data from a motion sensor, positional sensor, speed sensor and/or pedaling frequency sensor of the vehicle, can determine whether the vehicle is in motion from these data, and can transmit a signal indicating the movement state of the vehicle to the control unit. The battery lock may comprise a latch that locks the battery received in the battery compartment in a locked position and that can be brought by an electric drive into an unlocked position in which the latch releases the battery received in the battery compartment. To be able to lock the battery automatically and in particular currentlessly on an insertion of the battery into the battery compartment, the latch is preloaded into its locked position by a spring. An embodiment is, however, also conceivable in which the locking also takes place electrically in a corresponding manner to the unlocking. If the battery lock is arranged at the frame side, for example if it is integrated into the battery compartment or attached separately therefrom to a frame of the vehicle, the latch can thus engage into a latch receiver of the battery received in the battery compartment in its locked position in accordance with a variant. The latch receiver of the battery can, for example, be formed in a battery housing surrounding the battery. Conversely, it is also possible to arrange the battery lock at the battery side and in particular to integrate it into a battery housing surrounding the battery. In this case, with the battery inserted into the battery compartment, the latch would engage in its locked position into a latch receiver that is provided at the frame side and that is, for example, integrated into the battery compartment or is formed separately therefrom at the frame of the vehicle. In accordance with an alternative embodiment, the latch blocks a lever by which the battery can be levered out of the battery compartment. In the case of a battery lock arranged at the frame side, the latch in its locked position therefore cooperates indirectly with the battery received in the battery compartment. It is generally also conceivable in this variant to arrange the battery lock at the battery side and in particular to integrate it into a battery housing surrounding the battery and, when the battery is inserted into the battery compartment, to block a lever by which the battery can be levered out of the battery compartment by a latch of the battery lock. The electric drive for the latch can, for example, comprise an electric motor and an eccentric member that is connected between the electric motor and the latch. Alternatively, the electric drive can comprise an electromagnetic actuator; for example, the latch can be formed from a magnetic material and can form an armature surrounded by a coil. Finally, it must be pointed out that alternatively or additionally to the battery lock, a different electrically unlockable lock of the vehicle, by which, for example, a storage compartment, a container or a case of the vehicle can be locked or by which a different accessory part can be secured to the vehicle, can be formed and controlled in the above-described manner, and can in particular be electrically unlocked.

11324036

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for allocating resource and transmitting/receiving resource allocation information in a communication system supporting a device to device (D2D) scheme. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for allocating resource to a transmitting D2D user equipment (UE) (TX D2D UE) and transmitting/receiving information on a dedicated resource which is allocated to the TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. BACKGROUND ART A D2D discovery process is a process of determining whether a D2D-enabled UE is in proximity of other D2D-enabled UE. A discovering D2D-enabled UE determines whether other D2D-enabled UE is of interest to the discovering D2D-enabled UE based on the D2D discovery process. The other D2D-enabled UE is of interest to the discovering D2D-enabled UE if proximity of the other D2D-enabled UE needs to be known by one or more authorized applications on the discovering D2D-enabled UE. For example, a social networking application may be enabled to use a D2D discovery feature. The D2D discovery process enables a D2D-enabled UE of a given user of a social networking application to discover D2D-enabled UEs of friends of the given user of the social networking application, or to be discoverable by the D2D-enabled UEs of the friends of the given user of the social networking application. In another example, the D2D discovery process may enable the D2D-enabled UE of a given user of a search application to discover stores/restaurants, and the like of interest of the D2D-enabled UE of the given user of the search application in proximity of the D2D-enabled UE of the given user of the search application. The D2D discovery process may be implemented in various forms, and this will be described below. The D2D-enabled UE may discover other D2D-enabled UEs in proximity of the D2D-enabled UE using direct UE-to-UE signaling. The D2D discovery process which uses the direct UE-to-UE signaling is called a D2D direct discovery process. Alternatively, a communication network determines proximity of two D2D-enabled UEs, and informs the two D2D-enabled UEs of the proximity of the two D2D-enabled UEs. The D2D discovery process in which the communication network determines proximity of D2D-enabled UEs, and informs the D2D-enabled UEs of the proximity of the D2D-enabled UEs is called a network assisted D2D discovery process. In the D2D direct discovery process, the D2D UE transmits discovery information on the discovery resource. A pool of resources (i.e. a discovery resource pool) is reserved by the network for D2D direct discovery process. A TX D2D UE randomly selects a resource from the discovery resource pool, and transmits discovery information using the selected discovery resource. A RX D2D UE monitors all of discovery resources included in the discovery resource pool in order to receive the discovery information. This scheme results in collision among discovery signals which are transmitted by a plurality of TX D2D UEs. So, if the network (i.e., a base station (or an eNB) or a centralized resource coordinator) allocates a dedicated discovery resource to a TX D2D UE, the collision among the discovery signals may be avoided. One of issues in the dedicated discovery resource allocation is how the TX D2D UE obtains resources from network. In a conventional communication network a TX D2D UE transmits a buffer status report (BSR) using medium access control (MAC) control element to a network entity (e.g. a base station or an enhanced nodeB), wherein the BSR comprises of number of bytes which the TX D2D UE wants to transmit to the network. In response to BSR, the network entity transmits a physical downlink common control channel (PDCCH) carrying control information which indicates the allocated resources. The PDCCH is masked with a radio network terminal identifier assigned to the TX D2D UE. It will be noted that this approach is not suitable for dedicated discovery resource allocation as it requires a new BSR format for discovery as a network entity should know whether the TX D2D UE needs resources for discovery or for transmission to the network. Additionally, the TX D2D UE requires a new downlink control information (DCI) format as resources for discovery are different from resources used for communication with the network. It also requires a new radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) to be assigned to the TX D2D UE to differentiate a PDCCH for discovery from the PDCCH for communication with the network. So, there is a need for a new scheme to allocate dedicated discovery resources to the TX D2D UE. Another issue in the dedicated discovery resource allocation is that the TX D2D UE may acquire a dedicated discovery resource for transmitting the discovery signal from the base station, and the RX D2D UE has to monitor all of the discovery resources which are allocated for discovery. The discovery information which is transmitted by the TX D2D UE may be received by several RX D2D UEs. Generally, the D2D TX UE does not know which RX D2D UEs will receive the discovery information which is transmitted by the D2D TX UE. So, upon requesting a dedicated discovery resource to the base station, the TX D2D UE cannot indicate to the base station which RX D2D UEs will receive the discovery information which is transmitted by the TX D2D UE. While allocating a dedicated discovery resource to the TX D2D UE, the base station does not know RX D2D UEs. The RX D2D UEs do not know a cell specific UE identifier (ID) of the TX D2D UE in which the RX D2D UEs are interested. So, there is also a need for a scheme of notifying information on a dedicated discovery resource which is used by the TX D2D UE to a RX D2D UE. The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure. DISCLOSURE Technical Problem An aspect of the present disclosure is to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for allocating a resource in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for allocating a resource based on a state of a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for managing resource allocation information based on a D2D identifier (ID) of a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for transmitting/receiving resource allocation information in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for transmitting/receiving resource allocation information for a discovery resource which is allocated to a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for transmitting/receiving resource allocation information thereby a RX D2D UE reduces monitoring overhead for a discovery resource in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Another aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an apparatus and method for transmitting/receiving resource allocation information thereby providing information on a RX D2D UE which receives discovery information through a discovery resource which is allocated to a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. Technical Solution In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, a method for being allocated a discovery resource by a user equipment (UE) in a communication system supporting a device to device (D2D) scheme is provided. The method includes determining whether a discovery resource request message may be transmitted to a network entity; transmitting the discovery resource request message to the network entity based on the determining result; and receiving a discovery resource response message as a response message to the discovery resource request message from the network entity. In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, a user equipment (UE) in a communication system supporting a device to device (D2D) scheme is provided. The UE includes a controller configured to determine whether a discovery resource request message may be transmitted to a network entity; a transmitter configured to perform a operation of transmitting the discovery resource request message to the network entity based on the determining result; and a receiver configured to receive a discovery resource response message as a response message to the discovery resource request message from the network entity. Advantageous Effects As is apparent from the foregoing description, an embodiment of the present disclosure enables to allocate a resource in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to allocate a resource based on a state of a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to manage resource allocation information based on a D2D identifier (ID) of a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to transmit/receive resource allocation information in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to transmit/receive resource allocation information for a discovery resource which is allocated to a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to transmit/receive resource allocation information thereby a RX D2D UE reduces monitoring overhead for a discovery resource in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme. An embodiment of the present disclosure enables to transmit/receive resource allocation information thereby providing information on a RX D2D UE which receives discovery information through a discovery resource which is allocated to a TX D2D UE in a communication system supporting a D2D scheme.

11247981

BACKGROUND Living organisms have developed tightly regulated processes that specifically imports metals, transport them to intracellular storage sites and ultimately transport them to sites of use. One of the most important functions of metals such as zinc and iron in biological systems is to enable the activity of metalloenzymes. Metalloenzymes are enzymes that incorporate metal ions into the enzyme active site and utilize the metal as a part of the catalytic process. More than one-third of all characterized enzymes are metalloenzymes. The function of metalloenzymes is highly dependent on the presence of the metal ion in the active site of the enzyme. It is well recognized that agents which bind to and inactivate the active site metal ion dramatically decrease the activity of the enzyme. Nature employs this same strategy to decrease the activity of certain metalloenzymes during periods in which the enzymatic activity is undesirable. For example, the protein TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases) binds to the zinc ion in the active site of various matrix metalloprotease enzymes and thereby arrests the enzymatic activity. The pharmaceutical industry has used the same strategy in the design of therapeutic agents. For example, the azole antifungal agents fluconazole and voriconazole contain a 1-(1,2,4-triazole) group that binds to the heme iron present in the active site of the target enzyme lanosterol demethylase and thereby inactivates the enzyme. Another example includes the zinc-binding hydroxamic acid group that has been incorporated into most published inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylases. Another example is the zinc-binding carboxylic acid group that has been incorporated into most published angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In the design of clinically safe and effective metalloenzyme inhibitors, use of the most appropriate metal-binding group for the particular target and clinical indication is critical. If a weakly binding metal-binding group is utilized, potency may be suboptimal. On the other hand, if a very tightly binding metal-binding group is utilized, selectivity for the target enzyme versus related metalloenzymes may be suboptimal. The lack of optimal selectivity can be a cause for clinical toxicity due to unintended inhibition of these off-target metalloenzymes. One example of such clinical toxicity is the unintended inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by the currently-available azole antifungal agents such as fluconazole and voriconazole. It is believed that this off-target inhibition is caused primarily by the indiscriminate binding of the currently utilized 1-(1,2,4-triazole) to iron in the active site of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Another example of this is the joint pain that has been observed in many clinical trials of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. This toxicity is considered to be related to inhibition of off-target metalloenzymes due to indiscriminate binding of the hydroxamic acid group to zinc in the off-target active sites. Therefore, the search for metal-binding groups that can achieve a better balance of potency and selectivity remains an important goal and would be significant in the realization of therapeutic agents and methods to address currently unmet needs in treating and preventing diseases, disorders and symptoms thereof. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed towards compounds (e.g., any of those delineated herein), methods of modulating activity of metalloenzymes, and methods of treating diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof. The methods can comprise the compounds herein. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R2is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R3is independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino (such as morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, N-alkyl piperidino); R4is heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; R6is H, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is alkyl or haloalkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R2is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R3is independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino (such as morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, N-alkyl piperidino); R4is aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; R6is H, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is alkyl or haloalkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R2is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R3is independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino, NHC(═O)CF3, OCF2C(═O)OR7, (such as morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, N-alkyl piperidino); R4is aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; R6is H, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is alkyl or haloalkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R2is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; R3is independently cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino (such as morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, N-alkyl piperidino); R4is heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; R6is H, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is alkyl or haloalkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is halo; preferably R1is fluoro; R2is halo; preferably R2is fluoro; preferably R1and R2are fluoro; R3is independently independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino, NHC(═O)CF3, or OCF2C(═O)OR7; R4is aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is —P(O)(OH)2or —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2; R6is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is hydrogen, alkyl or haloalkyl; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and preferably n is 1, 2, or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is halo; preferably R1is fluoro; R2is halo; preferably R2is fluoro; preferably R1and R2are fluoro; R3is independently cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino, NHC(═O)CF3, or OCF2C(═O)OR7; R4is aryl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; preferably R5is H; R6is hydrogen, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is hydrogen, alkyl or haloalkyl; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and preferably n is 1, 2, or 3. A compound of Formula I, or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof, wherein: MBG is optionally substituted tetrazolyl, optionally substituted triazolyl, or optionally substituted pyrazolyl; R1is H, halo, alkyl or haloalkyl; preferably R1is alkyl; preferably R1is methyl; R2is H, alkyl or haloalkyl; R3is independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino, NHC(═O)CF3, or OCF2C(═O)OR7; R4is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 independent R3; R5is H, —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; preferably R5is H; preferably R5is —P(O)(OH)2, —CH2—O—P(O)(OH)2, or —C(O)alkyl optionally substituted with amino; R6is H, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; R7is H, alkyl or cycloalkyl; R8is H, alkyl or haloalkyl; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and preferably n is 1, 2, or 3. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein the compound is not 4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (23) or 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (27). Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein the MBG is an optionally substituted 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, optionally substituted 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, optionally substituted 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, optionally substituted 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, or optionally substituted 1H-pyrazol-3-yl. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein the MBG is unsubstituted 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, unsubstituted 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, unsubstituted 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, unsubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, or unsubstituted 1H-pyrazol-3-yl. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R1is fluoro. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R2is fluoro. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R1and R2are fluoro. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R1is alkyl. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R1is methyl. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R1is methyl and R2is fluoro. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R3is independently cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R5is H. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R5is amino substituted acyl. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R6is H. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein R6is halo, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein n is 1, 2 or 3. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein:R1is fluoro;R2is fluoro; andR5is H. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein:R1is methyl;R2is fluoro; andR3is independently H, alkyl, cyano, haloalkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, halothioalkyl, thiocyanate, S(O)2R7, nitro, C(═O)CF3, C(═O)OR7, C(═O)NR7R8, amino, cyclic amino (such as morpholino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, N-alkyl piperidino). Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein:n is 1 or 2. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein:n is 1. Another aspect is a compound of the formulae herein, wherein:each R3is independently 4-cyano, 4-trifluoromethyl, 3-cyano, 4-isopropoxy, 4-fluoro, 3-trifluoromethoxy, 4-trifluoromethoxy, 3-chloro, 4-chloro, 2-fluoro, 5-fluoro, 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy), 4-(3,3,3-trifluoro, 2,2-difluoropropoxy)), 2,5-difluoro, 3-fluoro, 4-hydroxy, 3-isopropyl, 3,4-difluoro, 3-difluoromethoxy, 4-trifluoromethylthio, 4-t-butoxy, 4-chloro-3-fluoro, 3-hydroxy, 3-trifluoromethyl, 4-nitro, 4-trifluoromethylcarbonyl, H, 4-morpholino, 4-(trifluoroacetamido), 4-(difluoromethoxy), 4-(difluoromethylthio), 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl), 4-(methylamido), 4-(—O—CF2C(O)OEt), 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy), or 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio). In one aspect, the compound of Formula I is that wherein the compound inhibits (or is identified to inhibit) lanosterol demethylase (CYP51). In one aspect, the compound of Formula I is that wherein the compound is identified as having an activity range against a target organism or enzyme and an activity range against an off-target enzyme (e.g.,C. albicansMIC<0.02 μg/mL and IC50>16 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4;C. albicansMIC<0.10 μg/mL and IC50>10 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4;C. albicansMIC<0.5 μg/mL and IC50>15 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4). The compounds herein include those wherein the compound is identified as attaining affinity, at least in part, for a metalloenzyme by formation of one or more of the following types of chemical interactions or bonds to a metal:sigma bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate-covalent bonds, ionic bonds, pi bonds, delta bonds, or backbonding interactions. The compounds can also attain affinity through a weaker interaction with the metal such as van der Waals interactions, pi-cation interactions, pi-anion interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, ion-dipole interactions. In one aspect, the compound is identified as having a bonding interaction with the metal via the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as having a bonding interaction with the metal via the N2 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as having a bonding interaction with the metal via the N3 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety; in another aspect, the compound is identified as having a bonding interaction with the metal via the N4 of the 1-tetrazolyl moiety. Methods for assessing metal-ligand binding interactions are known in the art as exemplified in references including, for example, “Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry” by Lippard and Berg, University Science Books, (1994); “Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions” by Basolo and Pearson John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2nd edition (September 1967); “Biological Inorganic Chemistry” by Ivano Bertini, Harry Gray, Ed Stiefel, Joan Valentine, University Science Books (2007); Xue et al. “Nature Chemical Biology”, vol. 4, no. 2, 107-109 (2008). In certain instances, the compounds of the invention are selected from the following of Formula I (and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof)1-(5-(4-(tert-Butoxy)phenyOpyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (28);1-(5-(4-Chloro-3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (29);3-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenol (30);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyOpyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (31);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (32);1-(4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanone (33);2-(4-Chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (34);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (35);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-morpholinophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (36);N-(4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (37);1-(5-(4-(Difluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (38);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (39);1-(5-(4-((Difluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (40);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenyOpyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (41);4-(6-(2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)-N-methylbenzamide (42);Ethyl 2-(4-(6-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)phenoxy)-2,2-difluoroacetate (43);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (44);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-((2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (45);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-1-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)butan-2-ol (46 and 47);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-(2H-tetrazol-2-yl)butan-2-ol (48 and 49);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-3-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (50 and 51);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-1-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyOpyridin-2-yl)butan-2-ol (52 and 53);3-(5-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-1-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (54 and 55);2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-fluoro-1-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-3-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)butan-2-ol (56 and 57);2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate (58). In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In other aspects, the invention provides a method of modulating metalloenzyme activity in a subject, comprising contacting the subject with a compound of Formula I, in an amount and under conditions sufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity. In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of Formula I. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatment for a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of Formula I, such that said subject is treated for said disorder. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatment for a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, comprising administering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of Formula I, such that metalloenzyme activity in said subject is modulated (e.g., down regulated, inhibited). The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder is mediated by any of 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, adenosine deaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase N, angiotensin converting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19), calcineurin, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, carbonic anhydrase family, catechol-O-methyl transferase, cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-1, DNA polymerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl transferase, fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF-prolyl hydroxylase, histone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), matrix metalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutral endopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III, phosphodiesterase IV, phosphodiesterase V, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease, or xanthine oxidase. The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder is mediated by any of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), 17-alpha hydroxylase (CYP17), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), aminopeptidase P, anthrax lethal factor, arginase, beta-lactamase, cytochrome P450 2A6, D-Ala D-Ala ligase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, endothelin converting enzyme-1, glutamate carboxypeptidase II, glutaminyl cyclase, glyoxalase, heme oxygenase, HPV/HSV E1 helicase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase 2, peptide deformylase, phosphodiesterase VII, relaxase, retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26), TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), UDP-(3-O—(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), or vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24). The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder is cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, infectious disease, metabolic disease, ophthalmologic disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urologic disease, or gastrointestinal disease. The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder is prostate cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, systemic fungal infection, skin structure fungal infection, mucosal fungal infection, or onychomycosis. Methods delineated herein include those wherein the subject is identified as in need of a particular stated treatment. Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).

11302789

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of semiconductors, and more particularly, to a semiconductor structure and a formation method thereof. BACKGROUND At present, in fabrication processes of semiconductors, forming a contact structure on a dielectric layer to implement electrical connection between semiconductor devices is a widely used technology. The contact structure may be directly and electrically connected to a gate and a source/drain of a transistor, or may also be used for electrical connection between layers. In order to reduce contact resistance of the electrical connection between the contact structure and the gate and the source/drain of the transistor, generally a metal silicide layer may be formed on the surface of the gate and the source/drain of the contact structure to be formed through metal deposition and rapid annealing. An existing process of forming the contact structure includes following steps. A semiconductor substrate is provided, wherein a gate structure is formed in the semiconductor substrate, and a source/drain region is formed in the semiconductor substrate on two sides of the gate structure. A cobalt metal layer is deposited on a surface of the gate structure, a surface of the source/drain region, and a surface of the semiconductor substrate. Rapid thermal annealing is performed such that the cobalt metal layer reacts with silicon in the gate structure and the source/drain region to form a metal silicide. Unreacted metal is removed. An interlayer dielectric layer is formed on a surface of the metal silicide and the surface of the gate structure. The interlayer dielectric layer is etched to form, in the dielectric layer, a contact hole exposed from the surface of the metal silicide. Metal is filled in the contact hole to form a metal plug. However, there still exists leakage current between the semiconductor substrate and an existing connection structure such as the metal plug and the metal silicide layer. SUMMARY One technical problem solved in accordance with various embodiments is how to reduce leakage current between a semiconductor substrate and a connection structure such as a metal plug and a metal silicide layer. Various embodiments provide a semiconductor structure, which includes: a semiconductor substrate having a source region or drain region therein, the source region or drain region having a groove; a metal silicide layer arranged on a surface of a sidewall of the groove; an insulating layer arranged on a bottom surface of the groove, an edge of the insulating layer being in contact with a bottom surface of the metal silicide layer on the sidewall of the groove; and a conducting layer filled in the groove and arranged on the metal silicide layer and the insulating layer. In some embodiments, the contact structure further includes a buffer layer, and the buffer layer covers the insulating layer and correspondingly covers the metal silicide layer on the sidewall of the groove. In some embodiments, the buffer layer includes a titanium nitride layer and a titanium layer arranged on the titanium nitride layer, or includes a tantalum nitride layer and a tantalum layer arranged on the tantalum nitride layer, or includes a gallium layer and a gallium nitride layer arranged on the gallium layer. In some embodiments, a material of the metal silicide layer includes one or more of cobalt silicide, nickel silicide, platinum silicide, tantalum silicide, molybdenum silicide, and titanium silicide. In some embodiments, a material of the insulating layer includes one or more of cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, platinum oxide, tantalum oxide, molybdenum oxide, and titanium oxide. In some embodiments, the metal silicide layer has a thickness of 10-50 nm, and the insulating layer has a thickness of 1-2 nm. Alternatively, a gate structure is formed on the semiconductor substrate, and the source region or drain region is respectively arranged in the semiconductor substrate on two sides of the gate structure. In some embodiments, the semiconductor substrate further has a dielectric layer, and in the dielectric layer there is provided with a metal plug connected to the contact structure. Various embodiments provide a method for forming a semiconductor structure, which includes: providing a semiconductor substrate having a source region or drain region; forming a groove in the source region or drain region; forming a metal silicide layer on a surface of a sidewall of the groove; forming an insulating layer on a bottom surface of the groove; and forming a conducting layer on the insulating layer, the conducting layer being filled in the groove. In some embodiments, a buffer layer is formed on the insulating layer before forming the conducting layer. In some embodiments, a dielectric layer is formed on the semiconductor substrate before forming the metal silicide layer in the source region or drain region, wherein the dielectric layer has a through hole exposed from a surface of the source region or drain region. A groove is formed in the source region or drain region at a bottom of the through hole, and the metal silicide layer is formed on the sidewall of the groove. In some embodiments, a dielectric layer covering the metal silicide layer, the conducting layer and the semiconductor substrate is formed after forming the conducting layer, and a metal plug is formed in the dielectric layer, wherein the metal plug is connected to the conducting layer. In some embodiments, a material of the insulating layer includes one or more of cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, platinum oxide, tantalum oxide, molybdenum oxide, and titanium oxide. In some embodiments, the metal silicide layer has a thickness of 10-50 nm, and the insulating layer has a thickness of 1-2 nm. Alternatively, a gate structure is formed on the semiconductor substrate, and the source region or drain region is respectively formed in the semiconductor substrate on two sides of the gate structure. Compared with the existing technologies, various embodiments have following advantages. In the semiconductor structure in accordance with various embodiments, a metal silicide layer is formed on a sidewall of a groove to reduce a contact resistance, and an insulating layer is formed on the bottom of the groove, such that when electric current is transmitted downward from a conducting layer, the insulating layer may form a barrier. Therefore, the electric current may be blocked by the insulating layer in a vertical direction, and can only flow to a direction toward the sidewall of the groove, rather than vertically leak into a semiconductor substrate at the bottom of the insulating layer. In this way, an impact of the electric current on the source region or drain region is reduced, and a probability of occurrence of device defects is reduced. In particular, the source region or drain region of a planar-type field effect transistor is arranged transversely. Therefore, when the electric current transversely flows from the conducting layer to the source region or drain region, it is easier to implement conduction of the electric current between the source region and the drain region, and the leakage current from the source region to the semiconductor substrate or the leakage current from the drain region to the semiconductor substrate can be reduced, and thus a conduction performance of the field effect transistor can be effectively improved.

11320013

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to an improved brake cooling system, and, in particular, to a system that uses a transmission of a vehicle axle assembly to drive the cooling system and parallel circuits or subsystems, one for brake cooling and one for driving components used for brake cooling. BACKGROUND ART In heavy duty mining or construction machinery, a number of different types of brake cooling systems for brakes in a vehicle axle assembly are often utilized. Some systems use the engine or power unit of the vehicle for brake cooling whereas others may use air to oil coolers or circulate a cooler fluid through the oil at the axle assembly itself. Another need for brake cooling systems is found in trailers designed to haul heavy duty mining equipment such as shovels and mine haulage trailers, e.g., bottom dump trailers, and the like.FIG. 1shows a typical lowboy trailer90having a trailer bed91for supporting heavy machinery92, a gooseneck93, a hauling vehicle95, trailer wheels97(one shown), and a trailer axle assembly represented by numeral99. The assembly99includes an axle with brakes (both not shown) for trailer operation, wherein the brakes are controlled by the operator in the hauling vehicle95that attaches to the trailer via the gooseneck93. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,338 to Smith (incorporated in its entirety herein). One problem that has arisen for cooling trailer brakes is caused by the increase use of a removable gooseneck hitch for the trailers, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,586 to Smith, also incorporated in its entirety by reference, and depicted inFIG. 1. These types of hitches permit the trailer size to increase, thus allowing for heavier trailer loads. However, because of the increased loading, substantially higher braking requirements are imposed on the trailer brakes, and existing braking cooling systems are ill-equipped for such demands. Secondly, the use of trailers that rely on connection to a gooseneck hitch as disclosed in the '586 Smith patent creates problems when relying on the power unit of the vehicle hauling the trailer for trailer brake cooling. The connection between the hauling vehicle and cooling system must be made every time the trailer is hooked to the hitch, and larger hoses, couplings, etc. are required due to the increased braking requirements of the trailer. In light of the problems noted above, a need existed to develop better brake cooling systems. While one solution would be to install a separate engine on the trailer itself for brake cooling, but such an engine requires fuel, oil, and maintenance. In addition, failure of the engine could compromise the braking ability of the trailer axles, and create a potentially dangerous situation if trailer braking is lost. An improved brake cooling system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,640 to Spielman. This system is one that provides cooling for the wet brakes on a large trailer that has no power system of its own, so that the trailer can assist in retarding the motion of the load during extended periods of braking requirements—such as when descending along a steep slope. The basic elements for such a brake cooling system are: a) an axle, or axles, that can transfer motion from the unpowered wheels to a transmission/pump assembly, and wheel hubs on said axle(s) that have wet brakes for retarding the motion of the load; b) a pump assembly that can receive ground driven power from the wheels, via a transmission, to move fluid through the wet brake housings to cool them; c) an air-to-oil (or other fluid-to-oil) heat exchanger (cooler) to remove heat from the cooling oil; d) appropriate fluid conditioning for containment (reservoirs) and cleaning (filters) of the brake cooling oil; e) a drive for the fan of the heat exchanger (assuming it utilizes an air-to-oil type heat exchanger); f) a transmission (hydraulic or other) suitable for efficient transfer and control of power from the axle to the cooling flow pump(s) and the fan (if so equipped); and g) a means of controlling the cooling flow, and speed and power of a fan (if so equipped), in order to maintain optimal cooling, when required within the functional limitations of all components and with respect to the variability of the ground drive input speed. The prior art system utilized multiple pumps to provide cooling flow to each wheel brake chamber. When the ground speed was low and there was a demand for cooling due to elevated brake chamber temperature, flow was routed from each pump to each brake housing. However, as the ground speed increased, the increased flow had to be sequentially diverted via valves directly back to the reservoir. This diversion was a result of the inability of the cooler and brake chamber to handle the entire increased flow as a result of the increased speed of the trailer and increased pump output. This step-wise control resulted in difficulty in maintaining an optimal cooling flow for any given input speed and essentially an inability to base the controlled flow on the most limiting parameters, one being pressure drop across the brake chambers and cooler assembly or heat exchanger. The prior art system also utilized multiple pumps for the fan drive, and both on-off valve flow diversion and proportional valve flow diversion control to provide as much air flow through the heat exchanger as possible without over-speeding the fan. This flow diversion method of limiting high pressure hydraulic flow created significant amounts of heat on its own which further limited the ability of the entire system's overall heat rejection, and the on-off portion of the control results in less-than-optimal operational capability. The overall capability of the cooling system and its efficiency suffered due to the means of power transmission and its control. Other drawbacks in the brake cooling system described above include an excessively complex control system, for example 34 electrical input/outputs and 25 hydraulic hoses. The prior art brake cooling system also had a relatively poor cooling capacity in that it could lose more than 50 HP of cooling at 1000 rpm. The large number of components in a given area made the design difficult to maintain and a close control of the system due to the bypass feature of the system was difficult to obtain. However, even the improved brake cooling system described above had its drawbacks in terms of cooling efficiency and simplicity of the overall system. As such, a need exists to provide an improved brake cooling system. The present invention overcomes the drawbacks noted above by the creation of a system, among other things, that eliminates the problem of dirty oil in more sensitive drive components, and provides a higher efficiency in terms of cooling and vehicle performance. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a first object of the present invention to provide an improved brake cooling system. Another object of the invention is to provide a brake cooling system that is self-reliant and does not rely on a hauling vehicle cooling system, or a separate trailer-mounted engine driven cooling system. The invention is particularly adapted for use in trailers that use axle assemblies for support of the rear of the trailer, and require braking assemblies for the rear wheels of the trailer. Preferred trailers are lowboy trailers that use a gooseneck hitch to lift a front end of the trailer for trailer movement. In one embodiment, the inventive brake cooling system for brakes in an axle assembly includes a first subsystem for cooling the brakes using a cooling fluid and subjecting the cooling fluid to heat exchange once it is used to cool the brakes and a second subsystem using the axle assembly to provide power for brake cooling and for heat exchange. The first subsystem constitutes a cooling fluid circuit that has a number of components as follows. A cooling fluid reservoir and at least one cooling flow pump arranged downstream of an outlet of the reservoir are provided. Optionally, at least one filter could be arranged downstream of the at least one cooling pump for filtering cooling fluid from the outlet of the at least one cooling flow pump. An air-fluid heat exchanger is arranged downstream of an outlet of the filter. The air-fluid heat exchanger includes a fan to cool cooling fluid passing through the heat exchanger. An outlet of the heat exchanger is configured to provide cooled fluid to one or more brake chambers of the axle assembly. The fluid exiting the brake chambers, now heated, is directed to an inlet of the cooling fluid reservoir. The fluid in the reservoir is then cycled through the heat exchanger for continued brake chamber cooling. The second subsystem including a circuit that powers the fan and the cooling flow pumps of the first subsystem. This circuit includes at least one transmission pump coupled to the axle assembly. The rotation of the axle of the axle assembly drives the at least one transmission pump and the transmission pump pumps a fluid through the cooling fluid powering circuit. The fluid being pumped by the transmission pump is directed to a a variable speed cooling flow pump motor arranged downstream of the at least one transmission pump, the variable speed cooling flow pump motor powered by the outlet flow from the at least transmission pump and designed to drive the at least one cooling fluid pump. The at least one transmission pump also provides a fluid to drive a variable speed fan motor arranged downstream of the at least one transmission pump, the variable speed fan motor powered by the outlet flow from the at least one transmission pump and designed to drive the fan of the heat exchanger. A transmission reservoir is provided arranged downstream of the variable speed cooling flow pump and fan motors. Optionally, at least one filter is arranged upstream of the transmission reservoir to filter output from the variable speed cooling flow pump and fan motors. Outlet flow from the variable speed cooling flow pump and fan motors is directed back to the at least one transmission pump via the transmission reservoir and filters, if used, to continually power the variable speed cooling flow pump and fan motors. The system also includes means for controlling the speed of the variable speed cooling flow pump and fan motors based on at least temperature of the brakes and one or more of fan fluid pressure, fan fluid temperature, fan speed, and pressure at an inlet to the brakes and at the inlet of the heat exchanger. This control means allows for changing of the speed of the variable speed cooling flow pump motor so as to alter the flow of cooling fluid through the heat exchanger and brakes for brake cooling control. The control also allows for altering the speed of the variable speed fan motor allowing for control of heat exchange with the cooling fluid. While the embodiment above describes one transmission pump, a pair of transmission pumps could be employed, one transmission pump driving the variable speed cooling flow pump motor and the other transmission pump driving the variable speed fan motor. With the use of a pair of transmission pumps, a pair of filters can be used to filter the fluid being pumped by each transmission pump. In addition, while one cooling flow pump is disclosed to move the cooling fluid through the heat exchanger for brake cooling, two cooling flow pumps can be provided. In this embodiment, one cooling flow pump is configured for cooling one of the brakes of the axle assembly and the other cooling flow pump is configured for cooling the other of the brakes of the axle assembly. When a pair of cooling flow pumps are used, a filter can be used downstream of each cooling flow pump (pressure side) to provide clean cooling fluid directed to the heat exchanger and brake chambers. The control means can include a first controller for control of the variable speed cooling flow pump motor and a second controller for control of the variable speed fan motor. The first controller can receive input as brake temperature and brake and heat exchanger inlet pressures for control of the variable speed cooling flow pump motor. The second controller can receive input as fan fluid temperature, fan speed, and fan fluid pressure for control of the variable speed fan motor. The invention also includes a method of cooling brakes in an axle assembly, wherein the inventive brake cooling system is used with the axle assembly. A further aspect of the invention is the combination of the inventive brake cooling system with a trailer having an axle assembly supporting rear wheels thereof, the axle assembly including brakes for the wheels. While the trailer can be any type, a preferred type is a lowboy trailer having a front-end hitch capable of connecting to a removable gooseneck hitch of a towing vehicle. Another aspect of the invention is the combination of the braking cooling assembly with an axle assembly of any kind of a vehicle, wherein brake or brakes of the axle assembly require cooling. Another aspect of the invention relates to an axle assembly having brakes that require cooling, wherein at least one cooling flow pump that supplies cooling fluid to the brakes and means for driving of the cooling flow pump using rotation of a component of the axle assembly and a variable speed cooling flow pump motor, and a heat exchanger adapted to receive heated fluid from the brakes for cooling and recirculation back to the brakes are provided. The heat exchanger can include a fan and a means for driving the fan using rotation of a component of the axle assembly and a variable speed fan motor.

11382616

FIELD This disclosure is related to devices and methods for securing surgical sutures. BACKGROUND Surgically placed sutures are frequently used in many different surgical procedures. Exemplary procedures include closing an open section of blood vessel to secure placement of tubes for cardiopulmonary bypass and implantation of a prosthetic device within the heart. In such procedures, different suture types and suture patterns are often used, such as purse string sutures, mattress sutures, running sutures, and others. Conventionally, at the end of such a procedure, the two free ends of each suture are tied together in a knot to secure the suture in place. SUMMARY Described herein are systems and methods for securing sutures that obviate the need for tying knots. Instead of tying two ends of a suture or two suture portions together with a knot, two or more suture portions can be fused or cauterized together using heat. A device can be applied to adjacent suture portions that heats the suture portions and causes the suture portions to fuse together, effectively securing the suture portions together. Some embodiments of a suture securement device comprise a handle, an elongated outer shaft having a proximal end portion coupled to the handle and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end, an inner shaft movable proximally and distally within the outer shaft, an electrical heating element positioned within the outer shaft, and a suture holder at the distal end portion of the outer shaft. The suture holder can has an open position and a closed position, wherein in the open position the suture holder is configured to receive sutures, and in the closed position the suture holder is configured to hold sutures and prevent longitudinal movement of held sutures relative to the outer shaft. Actuation of the device causes the inner shaft and the heating element to move distally relative to the outer shaft and the suture holder, such that the distal end portion of the inner shaft causes the suture holder to move from the open position to the closed position, and such that the heating element moves into the proximity of the suture holder to fuse together sutures held by the suture holder. In some embodiments, the suture holder comprises a first portion and a second portion that are hingedly coupled together for articulation between the open position and the closed position, such as in a clamshell-type configuration. The first and second portions of the suture holder can be coupled by an elastically flexible hinge that biases the first and second portions toward the open position, such that the suture holder releases the fused sutures when the inner shaft moves proximally off of the suture holder. The first portion of the suture holder can be fixed relative to the outer shaft and a second portion of the suture holder can move between the open position and the closed position. In other embodiments, both portions of the suture holder can move. In some embodiments, the suture holder has a sloped proximal surface and the inner shaft has a sloped distal surface, and contact between the sloped proximal surface and the sloped distal surface causes the suture holder to close. In some embodiments, the suture holder comprises a proximal recess and the heating element moves at least partially into the proximal recess, such as to both fuse the sutures and to cut off free ends of the sutures. In some embodiments, the device can comprise an electrical power source in the handle that is electrically coupled to the heating element. In other embodiments, the device can be electrically coupled to an electrical power source. In some embodiments, the outer shaft comprises a longitudinal slot at the distal end portion of the outer shaft and, in the open position, free ends of sutures received by the suture holder extend out of the device through the slot to allow manual tensioning of the sutures. In some embodiments, the inner shaft comprises a longitudinal slot at the distal end portion of the inner shaft and, in the closed position, free ends of sutures held by the suture holder extend out of the device through the slots in the inner and outer shafts. In some embodiments, the heating element is positioned within the inner shaft and the inner shaft comprises at least two radial openings adjacent to the heating element to vent heat from the heating element. In some embodiments, the device includes a suture collar at the distal end of the outer shaft. The suture collar can comprise a central opening for collaring sutures received by the suture holder, and a lateral gate that allows sutures to enter laterally into the central opening in a radially inward direction through the lateral gate, and the lateral gate blocks sutures from exiting the central opening in a radially outward direction. A stationary part of the suture holder can be fixed to a proximal side of a suture collar. The outer shaft can include a slot extending proximally from a distal end of the outer shaft, and the slot can be circumferentially aligned with the lateral gate in the suture collar and a lateral opening in the suture holder such that an intermediate portion of a suture can be laterally inserted through the slot and through the lateral gate and into the central opening and into the suture holder. Some embodiments of a suture securement device comprise a handle, an elongated outer shaft having a proximal end portion coupled to the handle and a distal end portion opposite the proximal end, an electrical heating element positioned within the outer shaft, and a suture collar at the distal end portion of the outer shaft. The suture collar has a central opening for collaring sutures and a lateral gate that allows an intermediate portion of a suture to enter laterally into the central opening in a radially inward direction through the lateral gate, and the gate blocks sutures from exiting the central opening in a radially outward direction. Actuation of the device causes the heating element to fuse together sutures collared by the suture collar. In some embodiments, the suture collar is generally disk-shaped and further comprises a generally wedge-shaped slot extending radially from a radially outer perimeter of the suture collar to the lateral gate. In some embodiments, the lateral gate comprises an elastically flexible flap that deflects to allow sutures to pass into the central opening, such that a radially inward force from a suture causes the flap to elastically deflect into the central opening to open the lateral gate. In some embodiments, the device further comprises an air conduit extending from the handle to the distal end portion of the outer shaft and configured to conduct air to the distal end portion to help cool the heating element and/or the fused sutures. The air conduit can be coupled to a pump in the handle or to an external air supply source. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of this disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

11502942

FIELD Embodiments of the disclosure relate to the field of networking. More specifically, one embodiment of the disclosure relates to a load-balanced, full-mesh network architecture configured to mitigate communication disruptions, especially between virtual private clouds (VPCs) within a public cloud network. GENERAL BACKGROUND Over the past few years, cloud computing has provided an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), where resources are provided as part of a cloud computing platform (e.g., public cloud network) and made accessible to tenants as a service. One of these services allows tenants to run software components (e.g., virtual machines instances such as virtual servers) residing within the cloud computing platform. Hence, the migration of software functionality into cloud computing platforms has led to greater usage of virtual private cloud networks (VPCs). A virtual private cloud network (VPC) is an on-demand, configurable pool of shared resources, which are allocated within the cloud computing platform and provide a certain level of isolation between the different organizations or other entities (hereinafter, “users”) using the resources. The isolation between one VPC user from other users of the same cloud computing platform may be achieved through allocation of a private Internet Protocol (IP) subnet and a virtual communication construct (e.g., virtual local area network “VLAN” or other protected communications) per user. For example, Amazon® Web Services (AWS®) provides for the purchase of Amazon® Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) services with dedicated data processing capabilities for a particular user. Currently, certain cloud computing platforms provide connectivity between VPCs. This connectivity, sometimes referred to as “peering,” constitutes an establishment of peer-to-peer communications between separate VPCs for the purpose of routing data traffic as requested. These peer-to-peer communications include a primary communication link and a high availability (HA) communication link. The HA communication link is operational in response to a “failover” condition. More specifically, the communications between a gateway deployed within a VPC and either (i) a gateway of another VPC or (ii) an on-premises computing device such as a router controlling communications within an on-premises network are accomplished by the primary communication link placed in an “active” state. The HA communication link is initially set to a “standby” (inactive) state, but is switched to an “active” state when the primary communication link fails. However, this VPC “failover” communication scheme suffers from a number of disadvantages. One disadvantage associated with the conventional VPC failover communication scheme is that it requires deployment of complex failover logic within the controller to manage operability of the public cloud network. For example, the failover logic would need to continuously track the current state of the primary communication link and would need to conduct an update of a gateway routing table for the cloud computing network in response to failure of the primary communication link. Additionally, in response to failure of both the primary and HA communication links, the failover logic would need to reprogram the VPC routing table. The VPC routing table is relied upon for determining which gateway is targeted to receive downloaded data while the gateway routing table is relied upon for determining which communication link is used for transmission of the downloaded data. Another disadvantage with the active-standby failover scheme is the inefficient use of resources allocated for the standby communication link. These resources are never used until a failover event happens. The updating of both of these routing tables is time consuming and disruptive to ongoing communications, especially the reprogramming of the VPC routing table. The convergence (stabilization) of the network and avoidance of disruption of data communications within or to the public cloud is necessary as more companies migrate their networking operations to the cloud.

11323704

BACKGROUND 1. Field The present invention relates to image signal coding, and more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for coding and decoding an image signal using skip coding. 2. Description of Related Art There is a need to code an image signal so as to effectively write still pictures or moving pictures in a storage medium or effectively transmit the still pictures or the moving pictures. Various methods have been proposed so as to improve efficiency at the time of coding. As a representative method, there are a method of using temporal prediction and a method of using spatial prediction. The temporal prediction is to detect a prediction block having the smallest residual coefficients for object blocks of a current frame from other frames temporally approaching the current frame and is referred to as inter prediction. The spatial prediction uses reconstructed pixel values of reference blocks adjacent to object blocks within a single frame to obtain prediction pixel values of the object blocks and is referred to as intra prediction. Deblocking filtering may not be applied to spatially adjacent reconstructed signals that are used during a process of performing the intra prediction according to the related art, such that blocking artifacts occur. In addition, the adjacent reconstructed signals use only pixels in an integer pel unit. Further, the process of performing the intra prediction according to the related art is performed by using only the object signals of coding and the adjacent reconstructed signals, such that the spatially limited intra prediction is performed. SUMMARY The present invention provides an apparatus and method for coding and decoding an image using skip coding capable of increasing performance of coding and decoding by generating prediction signals similar to coding object signals using reconstructed signals and skipping residual signals generated by a difference between original image signals and the prediction signals from a coding object during a coding process of an image signal. The present invention also provides an apparatus and method for coding and decoding an image capable of increasing performance of image signal coding and decoding by using skip coding during an intra coding process. In an aspect, there is provided an image coding method using skip coding, including: performing filtering on signals reconstructed earlier than coding object signals within coding object images at the time of performing intra prediction; generating prediction signals of the coding object signals using the filtered reconstructed signals; and skip coding the coding object signals by setting the generated prediction signals as the reconstructed signals of the coding object signals and by not coding residual signals generated based on a difference between the coding object signals and the prediction signals. The performing of the filtering may perform the filtering by using at least one of a low pass filter, a deblocking filter, an adaptive loop filter, an interpolation filter, and a noise removing filter. The performing of the filtering step-by-step may perform at least one of a low pass filter, a deblocking filter, an adaptive loop filter, an interpolation filter, and a noise removing filter. The performing of the filtering may reconstruct all the reference images of the coding object images and then, performs the filtering on the reconstructed reference images, at the time of performing the intra prediction. The performing of the filtering may partially reconstruct the reference images of the coding object images and then, perform the filtering on the reconstructed reference images, at the time of performing the intra prediction. The generating of the prediction signals may generate the prediction signals by performing extrapolation for each direction, based on reconstructed pixels adjacent to the coding object signals. The generating of the prediction signals may generate the prediction signals by performing template matching between reconstructed pixels adjacent to the coding object signals and the filtered reconstructed signals. The generating of the prediction signals may generate the prediction signals by performing displaced intra prediction between the coding object signals and the filtered reconstructed signals. The generating of the prediction signals may generate the prediction signals by performing inter-layer intra prediction, using the filtered reconstructed signals within a base layer spatially corresponding to positions of the coding object signals within an enhancement layer. The generating of the prediction signals may generate the prediction signals by performing inter-view intra prediction, using the filtered reconstructed signals within a base view spatially corresponding to positions of the coding object signals within an enhancement view. The image coding method using skip coding may further include transmitting an indicator indicating that the coding object signals are skip-coded to a decoder, without coding the residual signals. In another aspect, there is provided an image coding apparatus using skip coding, including: a filtering unit that performs filtering on signals reconstructed earlier than coding object signals within coding object images at the time of performing intra prediction; a prediction signal generator that generates prediction signals of the coding object signals using the filtered reconstructed signals; a skip coder that performs skip coding on the coding object signals by setting the generated prediction signals as the reconstructed signals of the coding object signals and by not coding residual signals generated based on a difference between the coding object signals and the prediction signals; and an indicator indicating that the coding object signals are skip-coded, without coding the residual signals. In another aspect, there is provided an image decoding method using skip coding, including: performing filtering on signals reconstructed earlier than decoding object signals, based on an indicator for skip coding included in the decoding object signals within decoding object images, at the time of performing intra prediction; generating prediction signals of the decoding object signals using the filtered reconstructed signals; and decoding the decoding object signals by setting the generated prediction signals as the reconstructed signals of the decoding object signals and by not decoding residual signals. In another aspect, there is provided an image decoding apparatus using skip coding, including: an indicator for skip coding included in decoding object signals within decoding object images transmitted from a skip coder, at the time of performing intra prediction; a filtering unit that performs filtering on signals reconstructed earlier than the decoding object signals, based on the indicator; a prediction signal generator that generates prediction signals of the decoding object signals, based on the filtered reconstructed signals and the indicator; and a skip decoder that decodes the decoding object signals by not decoding residual signals. As set forth above, the exemplary embodiment of the present invention can provide the apparatus and method for coding and decoding an image using the skip coding capable of increasing the performance of coding and decoding by generating the prediction signals similar to the coding object signals using the reconstructed signals and skipping the residual signals generated by the difference between the original image signals and the prediction signals from the coding object during the coding process of the image signal. In addition, the exemplary embodiment of the present invention can remove image noise, blocking artifacts, quantization errors, aliasing, or the like, by performing various filtering on the reconstructed decoding object images or the previously reconstructed images. Further, the exemplary embodiment of the present invention can generate the prediction signals similar to the coding object signals by using the filtered reconstructed signals through various methods. Moreover, the exemplary embodiment of the present invention can increase the performance of the image coding by skipping the coding process of the residual signals that are generated by the difference between the original image signals and the prediction signals.

11312352

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/072760, filed Sep. 11, 2017, which claims the benefit and priority to German Patent Application No. DE 10 2016 217 550.5 filed Sep. 14, 2016. The entire disclosures of each of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for modifying, in particular for improving, the driving dynamics of an at least partially electrically driven vehicle, and to a drive device for an at least partially electrically driven vehicle, which drive device is designed for carrying out the method according to the invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This section provides information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art. In order to modify the driving dynamics of vehicles which are driven by means of an internal combustion engine, what is referred to as torque vectoring is known, by means of which the yaw angle or the yaw speed of the vehicle can be actively influenced. This is achieved in that different portions of the drive torque of the internal combustion engine are intentionally divided between the right-hand wheel and the left-hand wheel of a driven axle (in particular of the rear axle), in order thereby to achieve a certain steering effect. The division of the drive torque into different portions for the two wheels of a driven axle can be carried out here, for example, by means of a locking differential, as a result of which, in particular when a bend is traveled through, understeering or oversteering effects can be intentionally brought about. For example, the entire drive torque of the internal combustion engine can be diverted onto the wheel on the outside of the bend, since during rapid cornering with high centrifugal force acceleration the wheel on the inside of the bend is relieved of loading in terms of weight and therefore loses traction. In this way, in vehicles with an internal combustion engine, for example, an oversteering method can be brought about using a locking differential in that the drive torque is decisively shifted onto the wheel on the outside of the bend. However, in the case of electrically driven vehicles with two electric motors which are actuated separately from one another, each of which is used to drive a half-axle, respectively assigned thereto, of a driven vehicle axle, a redistribution of the torque from the electric motor assigned to the wheel with less traction to the wheel with more traction is not possible. Instead, for example in the case of a bend which is being traveled through quickly, the wheel on the inside of the bend is relieved of loading, with the result that owing to the reduced traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend only the drive torque of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend is available for accelerating the vehicle further. In other words, the torque which can be generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend cannot be transmitted to the wheel on the outside of the bend, which results in comparatively high-performance electric motors having to be used in order to be able to intervene actively in the driving dynamics of the vehicle. The invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a method for improving the driving dynamics of an electrically driven vehicle with two half-shafts which are each driven by an electric motor, wherein it is not intended that any particularly high-performance electric motors will be used to improve the driving dynamics. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features. This object is achieved by a method which has the features of claim1. In particular, the object on which the invention is based is achieved in a vehicle which has an axle with two half-shaft assemblies, wherein each half-shaft assembly comprises a half-shaft which is driven by an electric motor in order to drive a respective wheel, and the two half-shaft assemblies can be coupled selectively to one another in terms of drive by means of a torque transmission mechanism in the form of, for example, a clutch, in that at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable is monitored, wherein the torque transmission mechanism is engaged as a function of the monitored at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable. In order, for example in the case of the driving scene of cornering as described above, to be able to at least partially transmit the torque generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend to the wheel on the outside of the bend, it is therefore possible to carry out, for example, monitoring to determine whether a bend is currently being traveled through. This checking can be carried out, for example, by comparing the signal of a steering angle sensor and/or the signal of a yaw rate sensor with a respective reference value, wherein cornering is inferred if the reference value is exceeded by the sensor signal value. Equally, for example a measured or calculated centrifugal force acceleration can be monitored and compared with a reference value in order thereby to be able to detect whether or not a bend is currently being traveled through. If it is detected within the scope of such monitoring of the vehicle operating characteristic variable that a bend is currently being traveled through, the torque transmission mechanism, by means of which the two half-shaft assemblies can be coupled to one another, can then subsequently be engaged, which results in the torque which can be generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend being able to be at least partly redistributed to the wheel on the outside of the bend. Since the shifting of the torque as described from the wheel on the inside of the bend to the wheel on the outside of the bend is only possible, however, if the traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend is sufficiently reduced owing to the cornering, it is possible to monitor, as an additional vehicle operating characteristic variable, whether the bend is being traveled through at a sufficiently high speed which is adequate to relieve the loading of the wheel on the inside of the bend so that the torque which is generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend is not transmitted, for example, directly to the roadway by means of the traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend but rather at least partially to the wheel on the outside of the bend by means of the engaged torque transmission mechanism, and only from there to the roadway. As is apparent from the statement above, it may therefore be necessary to monitor a plurality of vehicle operating characteristic variables, wherein the torque transmission mechanism is engaged only when each of the monitored vehicle operating characteristic variables satisfies a respective condition. However, the decision to engage the torque transmission mechanism can also be based on just a single monitored vehicle operating characteristic variable, as is the case, for example, when the two half-shaft assemblies are to be coupled to one another by means of the torque transmission mechanism in order to relieve the thermal loading of one of the two electric motors. If, for example, a vehicle operating characteristic variable in the form of the temperature of one of the two electric motors exceeds a corresponding threshold value, the two half-shaft assemblies can be coupled to one another in terms of drive by means of the torque transmission mechanism, with the result that the electric motor which is more heavily thermally loaded can be relieved of loading by the electric motor which is less heavily thermally loaded. As can be inferred from the statement above, it is possible for the at least one monitored vehicle operating characteristic variable to be a driving state value which is measured or a driving state value which is calculated by means of a vehicle model. However, a setpoint value or command value such as, for example, a requested setpoint torque which is requested by the driver can likewise also be used as a vehicle operating characteristic value. For example, the measured vehicle speed and/or a measured steering angle can be used as a measured driving state value, in order thereby to use these two measured driving state values as a basis in order to be able to make a definitive statement as to whether a bend is currently being traveled through in such a way that sufficient relieving of the loading of the wheel on the inside of the bend occurs, with the result that the torque which is generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend can be at least partially transmitted to the wheel on the outside of the bend by engaging the torque transmission mechanism. In addition, for example the thermal load of the electric motors, which can be measured or alternatively also calculated by forming models in a manner known per se, can be considered to be a measured driving state value. For example, the setpoint torque which is requested by the driver or the setpoint torque which is to be transmitted to the roadway by one of the vehicle wheels can be used as a further vehicle operating characteristic value as a function of which the torque transmission mechanism can be engaged. For example, a driving dynamics controller can determine, on the basis of the setpoint torque requested by the driver, the vehicle speed, the steering angle and/or the state of yaw of the vehicle, which is to be understood as comprising the yaw angle, yaw speed and/or yaw acceleration, that the wheel on the outside of the bend is to transmit more torque to the roadway than the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend is capable of generating. Therefore, if, for example, during cornering it is detected that more torque is to be transmitted to the roadway via the wheel on the outside of the bend than the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend is capable of providing, the torque transmission mechanism can be engaged on the further condition of sufficient relieving of the loading of the wheel on the inside of the bend, with the result that by means of the engaged torque transmission mechanism, additional torque can be transmitted to the wheel on the outside of the bend by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend. In the text which follows, details will now be given on preferred embodiments of the invention. Further embodiments can result from the dependent claims, the description of the figures and the drawings. Therefore, according to one embodiment there is provision that the torque transmission mechanism is engaged as soon as at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable exceeds or undershoots an associated reference value. If, for example, it has been detected that a bend is currently being traveled through sufficiently quickly that relieving of the loading on the wheel on the inside of the bend, and therefore acceleration thereof, occurs, the torque transmission mechanism can be engaged at a time at which the rotational speed of the wheel on the inside of the bend corresponds essentially to the rotational speed of the wheel on the outside of the bend. In this case, a vehicle operating characteristic variable is therefore the rotational speed of the wheel on the inside of the bend, whereas the associated reference value is the rotational speed of the wheel on the outside of the bend. If the associated reference value is reached, the torque generation of at least one of the two electric motors can then subsequently be changed in comparison with the torque generation by said motor before the reference value is reached. After the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism, the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend can therefore, for example, be increased in order thereby to assist the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend in satisfying the torque to be transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend. So that no constraints or stresses occur in the drive train owing to the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism, according to a further embodiment there may be provision that during cornering the torque transmission mechanism is engaged only when the rotational speed of the wheel on the inside of the bend corresponds at least essentially to the rotational speed of the wheel on the outside of the bend during cornering. There is therefore an adjustment and synchronization of the wheel rotational speed, which can cause the torque transmission mechanism itself to be engaged under load without undesired constraining effects occurring. Subsequently, the generation of torque of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend, in order to satisfy the setpoint torque to be transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend can then be increased. Even if the torque which can be generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend were to be adequate to be able to satisfy the torque to be transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend, the torque which can be generated by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend can be increased after the previously described rotational speed synchronization of the two wheels, since this permits thermal relieving of loading and/or a reduction in the torque of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend. According to a further embodiment, the monitoring of the at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable can additionally comprise checking to determine whether the torque generation requested by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend reaches a reference value, for example the setpoint torque to be transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend or the maximum torque of the electric motor. In this case, the reduction in torque which is requested by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend can be increased if within the scope of the checking it is detected that the torque generation requested by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend has reached the reference value and the torque transmission mechanism is not engaged until the rotational speed of the wheel on the inside of the bend corresponds at least essentially to the rotational speed of the wheel on the outside of the bend owing to the increase in the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend. Therefore, in this embodiment, before the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend is firstly increased, as a result of which faster adjustment of the rotational speeds of the wheels occurs owing to the traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend, which is reduced during cornering, with the result that the torque transmission mechanism can be engaged all the more earlier without constraints. As can be inferred from the above embodiments, the method according to the invention is therefore aimed at ensuring that owing to the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism, the torque which is generated, for example, by the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend is transmitted to the wheel on the outside of the bend. However, in order to permit such a distribution of torque there is a need for relieving of loading or of a reduction in the traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend, which can be detected on the basis of different vehicle operating characteristic variables such as, for example, the bend radius, the steering angle, the vehicle speed and/or the centrifugal force acceleration, in order to mention only a few of the vehicle operating characteristic variables which are relevant in respect of the relieving of loading on the wheel on the inside of the bend. Such vehicle operating characteristic variables can at least partially influence one another, with the result that, for example on the basis of a characteristic diagram which has the relevant vehicle operating characteristic variables as input parameters and forms relationships between them, it is possible to make a decision as to whether sufficient relieving of loading of the wheel on the inside of the bend occurs to be able to achieve the desired distribution of torque through engagement of the torque transmission mechanism. As has already been explained above, the method according to the invention is also suitable for relieving the thermal loading of one of the two electric motors. For this purpose, the monitoring of the at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable comprises monitoring the thermal load for at least one of the two electric motors and the comparison of the thermal load of the one and/or of the other electric motor and/or the difference between the thermal loads of the two electric motors with a respective reference value for a thermal load. When this comparison, if is made it is detected that the thermal load of the one and/or of the other electric motor and/or the difference between the thermal loads of the two electric motors exceed/exceeds a respective reference value for a thermal load, the torque transmission mechanism can subsequently be engaged, with the result that the more heavily thermally loaded electric motor can be relieved of loading by the less heavily thermally loaded electric motor. For example, the torque generation of the more heavily thermally loaded electric motor can be reduced and the torque generation of the less heavily thermally loaded electric motor can be increased, bringing about a reduction in the thermal load of the electric motor which was more heavily thermally loaded at one time. In this context, the reduction in the torque generation of the electric motor which is more heavily thermally loaded and/or the increase in the torque generation of the electric motor which is less heavily thermally loaded are/is preferably regulated in such a way that the both electric motors are thermally loaded to the same degree. Wherever the term thermal load is mentioned here, it can involve in this context a measured or a calculated temperature of the respective electric motor, wherein it proves advantageous to consider, for the thermal load of the respective electric motor, a chronological profile of the engine temperature which is acquired by a measurement or calculation. For example, in order to determine the thermal load of the respective electric motor it is possible to calculate a sliding mean value of the actual temperature or to form integrals of the actual temperature of the respective electric motor, in order to prevent an otherwise unnecessary distribution of torque between the two electric motors occurring owing to brief thermal peaks. Since within the scope of the described relieving of the thermal loading of a heavily thermally loaded electric motor, a torque transfer from the electric motor assigned to the one wheel occurs to the other wheel owing to the engagement of the torque transfer mechanism, it can prove advantageous to engage the torque transfer mechanism for relieving the thermal loading of an electric motor only when, within the scope of the monitoring of the at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable, it is detected that the vehicle is essentially in a straight-ahead travel mode, as can in turn be detected, for example, on the basis of measured and/or calculated steering angles or centrifugal forces. If, on the other hand, it is detected during cornering that, for example, the wheel on the outside of the bend has a high thermal load and the wheel on the inside of the bend is sufficiently relieved of loading, in order to satisfy a high torque which is to be transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend can be increased disproportionately. At the same time, the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend can be reduced in order to reduce its thermal load without this occurring at the expense of the torque which is transmitted to the roadway by means of the wheel on the outside of the bend, since the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the inside of the bend is increased “disproportionately”, i.e. to a degree that takes into account the reduction in the torque generation of the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend. According to yet a further embodiment, the monitoring of the at least one vehicle characteristic variable can comprise checking to determine whether a bend is being traveled through and whether a load change from tractive mode to overrun mode is present, wherein in the case of such a load change the torque transmission mechanism is at least partially engaged. While a bend is being traveled through quickly, specifically the electric motor assigned to the wheel on the outside of the bend can develop a braking torque, whereas owing to the reduced traction of the wheel on the inside of the bend the electric motor assigned to the same wheel does not develop any braking torque, or only a low braking torque, as a result of which during the load change a turn-in reaction of the vehicle can occur. In order to counteract such a turn-in reaction, in the case of a load change from tractive mode to overrun mode during cornering the torque transmission mechanism is therefore at least partially engaged, since as a result the vehicle is “pulled straight”, which occurs owing to the fact that the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism of both electric motors brings about a braking torque which is transmitted to the wheel on the outside of the bend by means of the engaged torque transmission mechanism, and is transmitted from said wheel to the roadway. As a result of the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism, by regulating the yaw damping can therefore be forcibly brought about, wherein the an extent of yaw damping can be selectively set to a desired value by regulating the degree of engagement of the torque transmission mechanism and/or by regulating the torque generation by at least one of the two electric motors. The checking as to whether a load change from tractive mode to overrun mode occurs can be carried out, for example, by comparing a change in an accelerator pedal position signal with a reference value: if, for example on a roadway which is not inclined, the position of the accelerator pedal is reduced starting from an activated position to zero, both electric motors no longer generate any torque and the vehicle continues its movement purely on the basis of its mass inertia, as a result of which a load change from traction to thrust occurs, wherein the two electric motors then develop a braking torque. If, on the other hand, the accelerator pedal position is reduced only partially, a definitive statement as to whether a load change occurs cannot be made solely on the basis of the accelerator pedal position, for which reason, in a manner known per se, further vehicle operating characteristic variables have to be checked and, if appropriate, compared with associated reference values in order to be able to make a definitive statement as to whether a load change from tractive mode to overrun mode occurs. A reliable definitive statement as to whether a load change from tractive mode to overrun mode occurs can additionally be made by virtue of the fact that the voltage which is generated by at least one of the electric motors is monitored as a vehicle operating characteristic variable, wherein it can be inferred that a load change has taken place if the monitored voltage exceeds a predeterminable threshold value or reference value. As can be inferred from the description above, at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable must satisfy an associated condition for the torque transmission mechanism to be engaged. If, on the other hand, at least one vehicle operating characteristic variable no longer satisfies at least one condition which is taken into account for the engagement of the torque transmission mechanism, the torque transmission mechanism between the two half-shafts is disengaged again so that the two electric motors can be actuated independently of one another again during the normal driving mode by a vehicle dynamics controller. According to a further aspect, according to the invention a drive device for a vehicle is furthermore provided, which has an axle with two half-shaft assemblies, wherein each half-shaft assembly comprises a half-shaft which is driven by an electric motor for driving a respective wheel, wherein the axle also has a torque transmission mechanism in the form of, for example, a clutch which is designed to selectively couple the two half-shaft assemblies to one another in terms of drive, and wherein the drive device also comprises a control device which is configured to control the torque transmission mechanism in accordance with one of the methods described above. Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

11398258

BACKGROUND Field The disclosure relates generally to die modules and more specifically, to multi-die modules that allow for a low power operation mode. Description of the Related Art In multiple die configurations, such as stacked memories dies (e.g., dynamic random-access memory or DRAM), each die can generate one or more internal power supplies using voltage regulation circuits, often combined with charge pumps and other voltage control circuits. It is desirable to distribute power supplies among all the dies both to allow manufacturing identical dies, and to avoid voltage differences due to path differences from external power supplies.

11284039

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to the field of data distribution. More specifically, the invention relates to the distribution of digital motion picture and associated data required for such distribution. Description of the Related Art The advent of the Digital Video Broadcasting (“DVB”) standard, which has allowed for a standard protocol for the integration of Internet Protocol (“IP”) data into a broadcaster's existing digital satellite bit stream, has made the practical distribution of digital cinema content via satellite possible. The basis for transmitting a digital feature film/motion picture (“digital cinema”) via satellite or other terrestrial distribution methods is the same as for transmitting other computer files over multicast IP networks. Digital cinema content presents a unique challenge. Because the files are very large, it is quite common to find breakpoints in the software used to process those files that go unnoticed with smaller datasets. This can result in overruns and other types of failures when presented with 100+ gigabyte (“GB”) datasets. Also, because of the high value of the content, security and adequate electronic means to protect it from unauthorized reception, copying, or exhibition must be thoroughly mitigated. Finally, because even a minor error or break-up of the image during theatrical presentation is unacceptable, methods must be used to ensure the reliable delivery of the content, even given potentially unfavorable conditions at the reception site or the unavailability of a back channel for retransmission requests. Security of the digital files during their transmission and storage is of great concern. Along with the advances in the bandwidth of home Internet connections, the compression efficiency of modern codecs, the popularity of peer-to-peer file sharing software, and the speed with which a digital version of a film can traverse the Internet, all efforts must be made to protect the files from anything but legitimate exhibition in the designated theatre. The media would be vulnerable to theft not only by someone in the theatre, but by anyone able to intercept the transmission stream or if the transmission is left unencrypted. Thus, the use of a secure encryption technology remains important. Accordingly, there is need for a motion picture distribution system and related method that provides for the timely and complete transmission of digital cinema files in a secure manner. The present invention satisfies these needs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention include a motion picture distribution system and related method that provides for the timely and complete transmission of digital cinema files in a secure manner. The motion picture distribution system includes a central computer, an exhibitor computer, a communication channel, and a back channel. The central computer is located at a central site and configured to distribute a digital version of the motion picture. The exhibitor computer is located at an exhibitor location that is remote from the central site. The exhibitor computer is configured both to receive the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer, and to display the motion picture. The exhibitor computer also is configured to eliminate the risks of reception contention and to provide additional data management of files discreet from play-out systems. The display system can be discreet from the reception system. The reception system can provide reception confirmation and transfer management to display computers included as part of the display system. The communication channel is configured to facilitate the electronic transfer of the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the exhibitor computer. The back channel is coupled between the central computer and the exhibitor and/or reception computer. The back channel is configured to allow for the transfer of information between the exhibitor and/or reception computer and the central computer. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the central computer is configured to receive the motion picture from a remote source, and to generate the digital version of the motion picture based on a compressed, encoded, and encrypted version of the motion picture. Also, the exhibitor computer can be configured to decrypt, decode, and decompress the digital version of the motion picture. In addition, the exhibitor computer can transfer authentication information regarding the exhibitor location to the central computer through the back channel before the motion picture is decrypted by the exhibitor computer. Furthermore, the exhibitor computer can be configured to read and verify a smartcard, and the exhibitor computer can enable decryption of the digital version of the motion picture only after the exhibitor computer verifies the smartcard. Also, the exhibitor computer can be an edge server that is configured to receive, decrypt, decode, and decompress the digital version of the motion picture. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the system further includes a local server and a display system. The local server is located at the exhibitor location, coupled to the edge server, and configured to store the motion picture before the motion picture is displayed. The display system is located at the exhibitor location, coupled to the local server, and configured to display the motion picture. The edge server transfers the motion picture to the local server, and the local server, in turn, transfers the motion picture to the display system. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the system further includes a RAID array and a display system. The RAID array is located at the exhibitor location, coupled to the edge server, and configured to store the motion picture before the motion picture is displayed. The display system is located at the exhibitor location, coupled to the RAID array, configured to receive the motion picture from the RAID array, and configured to display the motion picture. The RAID array is configured to provide the necessary file redundancy and accessibility. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the motion picture distribution system further includes a conditional access system that is embedded within the communication channel and used to authenticate the edge server before the edge server receives the digital version of the motion picture. Also, the communication channel can be a network or a satellite communication channel. In particular, the communication channel can be the Internet, and the central computer can transfer the digital version of the motion picture to the exhibitor location over the Internet using an Internet protocol, a digital video broadcast protocol, or a next generation data transfer protocol. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the central computer segments the digital version of the motion picture into packets, and electronically transfers the packets to the exhibitor computer on a packet-by-packet basis using a streaming methodology or a store and forward methodology. Also, the central computer can transfer a digital key to the exhibitor computer via the back channel, and the exhibitor computer can use the digital key to facilitate the reassembly of the packets. In addition, the back channel can be established via the Internet, a phone connection, a wireless connection, a dedicated connection, or other next generation communications or distribution channel. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the central computer is configured to receive information from the exhibitor computer selected from the group consisting of information regarding delivery confirmation of the digital version of the motion picture, format integrity information of the digital version of the motion picture, exhibitor location confirmation information, information regarding movement of the motion picture from the exhibitor computer to a display system that is coupled to the exhibitor computer, the exhibition date of the motion picture, the exhibition time of the motion picture, the exhibition complex at the exhibitor location where the motion picture is displayed, the screening room in the exhibitor complex where the motion picture is displayed, the box office receipts associated with a specific exhibition time of the motion picture, information related to discrepancies with a display system that is coupled to the exhibitor computer, information regarding storage contention issues at the exhibitor location, information regarding the need to retransmit the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the exhibitor computer, and confirmation information regarding the deletion of a motion picture stored at the exhibitor location. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the central computer is configured to prompt the exhibitor computer to purge a motion picture stored at the exhibitor location. Also, the exhibitor computer can be configured to automatically delete a motion picture from the exhibitor location after a predetermined period of time. In addition, the digital version of the motion picture includes visual files, audio files, text and/or subtitle files, special files catering to those with disabilities, and a metadata file; and the metadata file can include an encoded set of key attributes, which are used during decryption of the digital version of the motion picture. Furthermore, the system can use enhanced forward error correction during the electronic transfer of the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the exhibitor computer. Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a motion picture distribution system, which includes a central computer, an exhibitor computer, an aggregation computer, a first communication channel, a second communication channel and a back channel. The central computer is located at a central site and configured to distribute a digital version of the motion picture. The exhibitor computer is located at an exhibitor location, which is remote from the central site, and configured to receive the digital version of the motion picture from the central site, and to display the motion picture. The aggregation computer is located at an aggregation site, which is remote from both the central site and the exhibitor location, and the aggregation computer is coupled between the central computer and the exhibitor computer. The first communication channel is configured to facilitate the electronic transfer of the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the aggregation computer. The second communication channel is coupled between the aggregation computer and the exhibitor computer, and configured to facilitate the electronic transfer of the digital version of the motion picture from the aggregation computer to the exhibitor computer. The back channel is coupled between the central computer and the exhibitor computer, which is configured to allow for the transfer of information between the exhibitor computer and the central computer. In other, more detailed features of the invention, the first communication channel is a network or a satellite communication channel. Also, the second communication channel can be a wide area network. In addition, the digital version of the motion picture remains encrypted until the exhibitor computer is authorized to decrypt the digital version of the motion picture, normally, just for display or test purposes. An exemplary method according to the invention is a method for distributing a motion picture. The method includes the following steps: providing a central computer located at a central site, the central computer configured to distribute a digital version of the motion picture; providing an exhibitor computer located at an exhibitor location, which is remote from the central site, the exhibitor computer configured both to receive the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer, and to display the motion picture; providing a communication channel configured to facilitate the electronic transfer of the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the exhibitor computer; providing a back channel, which is coupled between the central computer and the exhibitor computer, and configured to allow for the transfer of information between the exhibitor computer and the central computer; receiving the motion picture at the central computer from an external source; compressing, encoding, and encrypting the motion picture into the digital version of the motion picture using the central computer; transmitting the digital version of the motion picture from the central computer to the exhibitor computer through the communication channel; and transmitting information between the exhibitor computer and the central computer via the back channel. Other features of the invention should become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

11409436

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY At least some embodiments disclosed herein relate to memory systems in general, and more particularly, buffer management in memory systems for read and write requests. BACKGROUND A memory sub-system can be a storage system, such as a solid-state drive (SSD) or, a memory module, such as a non-volatile dual in-line memory module (NVDIMM), and can include one or more memory components that store data. The memory components can be, for example, non-volatile memory components and volatile memory components. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system to store data at the memory components and to retrieve data from the memory components. A standardized communication protocol allows the host system to communicate with the memory sub-system to store data and retrieve data. For example, JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) Solid State Technology Association has proposed a “DDR5 NVDIMM-P Bus Protocol” for communications between a host system and an NVDIMM-P memory module. This protocol is described in detail by the JEDEC Committee Letter Ballot, Committee: JC-45.6, Committee Item Number 2261.13D, Subject: “Proposed DDR5 NVDIMM-P Bus Protocol”, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

11371710

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2018/073633 filed 3 Sep. 2018, and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefit of European Application No. EP17189385 filed 5 Sep. 2017. All of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to techniques for reducing emissions from combustors in gas turbine engines, and more particularly to methods and combustor assemblies using trapped vortex for reducing NOx emissions in gas turbine engines. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Gas turbines are commonly used in industrial applications. To achieve the goal of an environmental friendly operation of the gas turbine, the gas turbine may be operated in a DLE (dry low emission) combustion mode, wherein the gas turbine produces low emissions, especially low NOx emissions. NOx is the generic term for the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution, namely nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). To achieve this goal, a good and uniform mixing of air and fuel in a combustor of the gas turbine has to be achieved. Generally, combustion hardware, such as combustor assembly, for gas turbine engines is designed for a specific fuel for example natural gas, diesel, syngas, landfill gas and other hydrocarbon fuels with varying Wobbe Index. However, for a hardware that was originally designed for one fuel and later when operated on a different fuel, the optimal operation will often be missed resulting in flashback (flame burning on the combustor surface), flameout (engine shutdown), combustion dynamics (hardware integrity), high pressure drop (performance loss) or high emissions. Low NOx-emission combustors utilize reduced peak flame temperatures within the combustor to limit the formation of thermal NOx through staging strategies such as lean premixed combustion. As combustion temperatures are decreased in low NOx applications, several other undesirable combustion phenomena become more prevalent and must be addressed. The low-NOx limit is often bounded by the onset of combustion instability in the form of Lean Blow Out (LBO) also known as flameout. Lean Blow Out occurs when the thermal energy generated by the burning fuel/air mixture is no longer sufficient to heat the incoming fuel-air mixture to the ignition point. Several conventional approaches run the engine close to the Lean Blow Off limit. Generally, the fuel will be introduced in multiple fuel injection holes and with differing staging across the load range. A pilot/primary fuel injection is used to control and stabilize locally the flame, thus avoiding the LBO. Fuel schedule map or intelligent control of the fuel splits such as in WO2007/082608 are generally used to determine the running path of the engine across the load range. However, these methods do not allow in all situations to reliably operate the gas turbine, in order to achieve high efficiency and low emissions. Thus, there exists a need for a technique, particularly a combustor assembly and a method for using such a combustor assembly, for gas turbines, that allows an efficient combustion and at the same time having low emissions. SUMMARY OF INVENTION Thus the object of the present invention is to provide technique, particularly a combustor assembly and a method for using such a combustor assembly, for gas turbines, that allows an efficient combustion and at the same time having low emissions. The above objects are achieved by a method for operating a combustor assembly of a gas turbine of the present technique, and a combustor assembly for a gas turbine of the present technique. Advantageous embodiments of the present technique are provided in dependent claims. In a first aspect of the present technique a method for operating a combustor assembly for a gas turbine engine is presented. In the method, at least a first fuel is combusted in a reaction zone of a combustion chamber of the combustor assembly. The reaction zone has a reaction zone front. Simultaneously or subsequently to combusting the first fuel, ammonia is injected into the combustion chamber to form a trapped vortex in the combustion chamber. The ammonia is injected such that the trapped vortex is formed in the combustion chamber at a position downstream of the reaction zone front. At reaction zone, resulting from the combustion of the first fuel, working gas, also known as combustion gas or combustion products, is generated. The combustion products include emissions, particularly NOx and/or N2O. The emissions then flow downstream, along with the other combustion products, through the combustion chamber towards a transition duct positioned adjacent to the combustor assembly. The emission on their downstream journey pass by, i.e. flow adjacent to, the annular cavity, and therefore by the trapped vortex, which is positioned downstream of the reaction zone front or in other words downstream of a flame front, before exiting the combustion chamber. The trapped vortex in the combustion chamber supplies NH2radicals, resulting from the ammonia injected into the annular cavity, to the passing by emissions and converts the NOx and N2O to non-polluting products, mainly water and nitrogen. Thus the emissions, particularly the NOx and/or N2O are reduced in the combustion products and consequently in the exhaust of the gas turbine engine. In an embodiment of the method, the first fuel includes or is one of Hydrogen, a hydrocarbon, a mixture of hydrocarbons, Ammonia, and a combination thereof. Thus the present method may be used for a variety of fuels of different types. In another embodiment of the method, combusting at least the first fuel includes combusting at least a second fuel. The method further includes injecting the second fuel into the combustion chamber such that the second fuel enters the reaction zone. The second fuel is less reactive than the first fuel. Furthermore, combusting the first fuel includes injecting the first fuel into the combustion chamber such that the first fuel enters the reaction zone. The first fuel and the second fuel are injected such that the first and the second fuels are premixed with a first and a second air flows forming a first and a second premixing stream lines, respectively, before the first and the second fuels enter the reaction zone. Each of the premixing stream lines begins with a beginning of the premixing of the fuel with the respective air flow and ends at a location where the fuel enters the reaction zone. Thus each of the first and the second premixing stream lines are substantially formed in the combustion chamber, however, a part of the one or both of the premixing stream lines may extend to an outside of the combustion chamber, for example a part of the one or both of the premixing stream lines may extend into a swirler. A length of the second premixing stream line is greater than a length of the first premixing stream line. Thus the two fuels, namely the first and the second fuel are premixed independently and therefore a desired optimal premixing of each fuel stream with air is achieved. This results in a stable flame that is tolerant to load changes or changes of the ratio of the first fuel and second fuel. Furthermore, because of the desired premixing of each fuel lean fuel combustion is achieved that results in low emissions, in particular of NOx. The lowering of the emissions by use of the two independently premixed fuels, with desired premixing owing to different lengths of the premixing streamlines, supplements the lowering of the emission achieved by the aforementioned ammonia injection by trapped vortex. In another embodiment of the method, the first fuel includes or is one of Hydrogen, a hydrocarbon such as methane, a mixture of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, and a combination thereof. The second fuel includes or is a hydrocarbon such as methane, a mixture of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, ammonia, and a combination thereof. The first fuel increases the flame stability. The first fuel also enables the combustion of the low reactive fuel such as ammonia gas when being used as the second fuel. In another embodiment of the method, combusting at least the first fuel includes combusting at least a third fuel. The method further includes injecting the third fuel into the combustion chamber such that the third fuel enters the reaction zone. The third fuel is less reactive than the second fuel. The third fuel is injected such that the third fuel is premixed with a third air flow forming a third premixing stream line before the third fuel enters the reaction zone. The third premixing stream line begins with a beginning of the premixing of the third fuel with the third air flow and ends at a location where the third fuel enters the reaction zone. Thus each of the first, the second and the third premixing stream lines are substantially formed in the combustion chamber, however, a part of the one or more of the premixing stream lines may extend to an outside of the combustion chamber, for example a part of the one or more of the premixing stream lines may extend into a swirler. A length of the third premixing streamline is greater than the length of the second premixing stream line. Thus the three fuels, namely the first, the second and the third fuels are premixed independently and therefore a desired optimal premixing of each fuel stream with air is achieved. This results in a stable flame that is tolerant to load changes or changes of the ratio of the fuels. Furthermore, because of the desired premixing of each fuel lean fuel combustion is achieved that results in low emissions, in particular of NOx. The lowering of the emissions by use of the three independently premixed fuels, with desired premixing owing to different lengths of the premixing streamlines, supplements the lowering of the emission achieved by the aforementioned ammonia injection by trapped vortex. In another embodiment of the method, the first fuel includes or is Hydrogen; the second fuel includes or is a hydrocarbon, e.g. methane, or a mixture of hydrocarbons e.g. natural gas; and the third fuel includes or is ammonia. In another embodiment of the method, the combustor assembly used for the method has a combustor can, an annular cavity in the combustor can, and a prechamber having a prechamber exit. An axial distance of the annular cavity from the prechamber exit is equal to or greater than 50% of a length (L) of the combustor can, particularly between 50% and 75% of the length of the combustor can. In the method, the ammonia is injected into the combustor can such that the trapped vortex is formed in the annular cavity of the combustor can. In most modern day gas turbine engines the reaction zone or the flame is limited within the first half of the combustor can, and thus the relative position of the annular cavity with respect to the length of the combustor can as used for the present embodiment of the method ensures that the trapped vortex is formed upstream of the reaction zone front or the flame front. In another aspect of the present technique, a combustor assembly for a gas turbine engine is presented. The combustor assembly includes a burner having a burner plate, a prechamber having a prechamber exit i.e. an outlet of the prechamber, a combustor can having a larger radial extent than the prechamber. The prechamber and the combustor can are both substantially tubular structures that extend from the burner plate towards a transition duct adjacent to the combustor assembly. The burner is followed by the prechamber which in turn is followed by the combustor can that ends at an inlet of the transition duct. An inlet of the combustor can is aligned with the outlet of the prechamber. In the combustor assembly, a combustion chamber is defined by the combustor can and the prechamber. The combustion chamber is configured to combust at least a first fuel in a reaction zone. The combustor assembly, hereinafter also referred to as the assembly, includes one or more first injectors that inject the first fuel into the combustion chamber. In the assembly, the combustor can include an annular cavity configured to maintain a trapped vortex, advantageously formed from ammonia gas and air mixture circulation within the annular cavity. An axial distance of the annular cavity from the prechamber exit is equal to or greater than 50% of a length of the combustor can, particularly between 50% and 75% of the length of the combustor can. In the gas turbine engines, the reaction zone or the flame is limited within the first half of the combustor can, and thus the relative position of the annular cavity with respect to the length of the combustor can ensures that the trapped vortex is formed upstream of the reaction zone front or the flame front. The trapped vortex may be supplied with any suitable compound such as ammonia gas that generates radicals that react with the emissions, especially with NOx and/or N2O, and convert the emissions into non-polluting compounds. In an embodiment, the combustor assembly includes an ammonia supply to the annular cavity such that the trapped vortex is formed in the annular cavity of the combustor can. Ammonia generates NH2radicals that react with the emissions, especially with NOx and/or N2O, and convert the emissions into non-polluting compounds. In an embodiment, the combustor assembly includes one or more second injectors, in addition to the first injectors. The second injectors inject a second fuel into the combustion chamber. The second fuel is less reactive than the first fuel. The assembly is adapted to premix the first and the second fuels with a first and a second air flows to form a first and a second premixing stream lines, respectively, before the fuels enter the reaction zone of the combustion chamber. Each of the first and the second premixing stream lines are formed in the combustion chamber, however, a part of the one or both of the premixing stream lines may extend to an outside of the combustion chamber, for example a part of the one or both of the premixing stream lines may extend into a swirler. Each of the premixing stream lines begins with a beginning of the premixing of the fuel with the respective air flow and ends at a location where the fuel enters the reaction zone. A length of the second premixing stream line is greater than a length of the first premixing stream line. Thus the combustor assembly is adapted to use two fuels, namely the first and the second fuel that are premixed independently within the combustor assembly and therefore a desired optimal premixing of each fuel stream with air is achieved, resulting into a stable flame that is tolerant to load changes or changes of the ratio of the first fuel and second fuel. Furthermore, because of the desired premixing of each fuel lean fuel combustion is achieved in the combustor assembly of the present technique that results in low emissions, in particular of NOx. The lowering of the emissions by use of the two independently premixed fuels, with desired premixing owing to different lengths of the premixing streamlines achieved by the combustor assembly of the present technique, supplements the lowering of the emission achieved by the aforementioned trapped vortex maintained in the annular cavity. In another embodiment, the combustor assembly includes a first fuel supply providing the first fuel to the one or more first injectors, and a second fuel supply providing the second fuel to the one or more second injectors. The first fuel includes or is one of Hydrogen, a hydrocarbon such as methane, a mixture of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, and a combination thereof. The second fuel includes or is a hydrocarbon such as methane, a mixture of hydrocarbons such as natural gas, ammonia, and a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the combustor assembly includes one or more third injectors, in addition to the first and the second injectors. The third injectors inject a third fuel into the combustion chamber. The third fuel is less reactive than the second fuel. The combustor assembly is adapted to premix the third fuel with a third air flow to form a third premixing streamline before the third fuel enters the reaction zone of the combustion chamber. The third premixing stream line begins with a beginning of the premixing of the third fuel with the third air flow and ends at a location where the third fuel enters the reaction zone. Thus each of the first, the second and the third premixing stream lines are substantially formed in the combustion chamber, however, a part of the one or more of the premixing stream lines may extend to an outside of the combustion chamber, for example a part of the one or more of the premixing stream lines may extend into a swirler included within the combustor assembly. A length of the third premixing streamline is greater than the length of the second premixing stream line. Thus the three fuels, namely the first, the second and the third fuels are premixed independently in the combustor assembly and therefore a desired optimal premixing of each fuel stream with air is achieved. This enables the combustor assembly to generate and maintain a stable flame that is tolerant to load changes or changes of the ratio of the fuels. Furthermore, because of the desired premixing of each fuel lean fuel combustion is achieved in the combustor assembly that results in low emissions, in particular of NOxfrom the combustor assembly. The lowering of the emissions by use of the three independently premixed fuels, with desired premixing owing to different lengths of the premixing streamlines, supplements the lowering of the emission achieved by the aforementioned trapped vortex maintained in the annular cavity. In another embodiment, the combustor assembly includes a first fuel supply providing the first fuel to the one or more first injectors, a second fuel supply providing the second fuel to the one or more second injectors, and a third fuel supply providing the third fuel to the one or more third injectors. The first fuel includes or is Hydrogen; the second fuel includes or is a hydrocarbon, e.g. methane, or a mixture of hydrocarbons e.g. natural gas; and the third fuel includes or is ammonia. In another embodiment, the combustor assembly the one or more first injectors are arranged on a front face of the prechamber. The front face of the prechamber is formed by the burner plate, thus in other words the first injectors are arranged on the surface of the burner plate facing the combustion chamber. The burner plate may be part of a pilot burner included in the combustor assembly. The combustor assembly also includes a downstream swirler and an upstream swirler. The downstream swirler includes the one or more second injectors, and introduces a mixture of the second fuel injected by the second injectors and the second air flow into the combustion chamber. The upstream swirler includes the one or more third injectors, and introduces a mixture of the third fuel injected by the third injectors and the third air flow into the combustion chamber. The downstream swirler and the upstream swirler are arranged about or around the prechamber. In another embodiment of the combustor assembly, an aspect ratio of the annular cavity is 1:1 i.e. an axial length of the annular cavity and a radial length of the annular cavity i.e. in other words a depth of the annular cavity is in the ratio 1:1. This provides advantageous dimensions of the annular cavity.

11450141

BACKGROUND Technical Field The disclosure relates to a device and a biometric comparison method, and more particularly to an electronic device with fingerprint sensing function and a fingerprint comparison method. Description of Related Art Regarding current electronic devices (such as mobile phones or tablets) with fingerprint sensing function, if the in-display fingerprint sensing technology is adopted for fingerprint verification and unlocking operations, the image resolution of the fingerprint image obtained by the fingerprint sensor will usually be affected by the protective film attached onto the display panel, which leads to a difference in optical magnification caused by the different physical distance between the fingerprint image obtained by the fingerprint sensor and the registered fingerprint image, thereby greatly increasing the chance of failure of the fingerprint verification and unlocking operations due to a difference in the image resolution. In view of the above, several solutions are provided in the following embodiments. SUMMARY The disclosure provides an electronic device with fingerprint sensing function and a fingerprint comparison method, which can provide effective fingerprint comparison function. The electronic device with fingerprint sensing function of the disclosure includes a fingerprint sensor and a processor. The fingerprint sensor is configured to obtain a first fingerprint image. The processor is coupled to the fingerprint sensor and configured to execute a fingerprint comparison operation to compare the first fingerprint image and a first registered image. When comparison between the first fingerprint image and the first registered image fails, the processor adjusts an image resolution of one of the first fingerprint image and the first registered image, and re-executes the fingerprint comparison operation to determine whether a current fingerprint sensing passes fingerprint verification. The fingerprint comparison method of the disclosure includes the following steps. The first fingerprint image is obtained through the fingerprint sensor. The fingerprint comparison operation is executed through the processor to compare the first fingerprint image with the first registered image. When comparison between the first fingerprint image and the first registered image fails, the processor adjusts the image resolution of one of the first fingerprint image and the first registered image, and re-executes the fingerprint comparison operation to determine whether the current fingerprint sensing passes fingerprint verification. Based on the above, the electronic device with fingerprint sensing function and the fingerprint comparison method of the disclosure may adjust the image resolution of one of the fingerprint image and the registered image to perform fingerprint comparison multiple times, thereby increasing the success rate of fingerprint comparison. In order to make the aforementioned features and advantages of the disclosure comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with drawings are described in detail below.

11339728

FIELD The present description relates generally to methods and systems for engine braking in a vehicle. BACKGROUND/SUMMARY In diesel-powered and lean burning boosted gasoline-powered vehicles, a desired rate of slowing down an engine responsive to releasing an accelerator pedal may not be available via restriction to air flow due to unthrottled air flow to the engine. Without additional assistance, slowing of the engine may rely on mechanical brakes, rendering the mechanical brakes prone to overheating and subject to frequent usage, thereby accelerating degradation of the mechanical brakes. Slowing of the diesel engine may be assisted via various engine braking mechanisms. As one example, decompression (e.g., compression release) engine braking may include opening cylinder exhaust valves before a compression stroke ends, thereby releasing compressed gas from within the cylinder and reducing an amount of “air spring” force available to push down a piston of the cylinder. As a result, the engine will use additional energy to pull the piston back down. However, the sudden release of the compressed gas creates noise that may be unacceptable to vehicle occupants. Other attempts to address engine braking include systems and methods to increase pumping losses. One example approach is shown by Stretch et al. in WO2017/127219 A1. Therein, a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) is used to control an intake or exhaust flow rate or back pressure in the exhaust. However, the inventors herein have recognized potential issues with such systems. As one example, increasing exhaust backpressure alone via the VGT may not be as effective as decompression braking. As another example, the inventors herein have advantageously recognized that a VGT may be used in combination with other engine braking techniques to synergistically provide effective engine braking with reduced noise compared to decompression braking alone. In one example, the issues described above may be addressed by a method, comprising: responsive to an engine braking request: deactivating fueling to at least one cylinder of an engine; decreasing an effective flow area of a turbine inlet of a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT); and adjusting an intake valve of the at least one cylinder based on a requested braking torque of the engine braking request and the effective flow area of the turbine inlet. In this way, increased exhaust backpressure may be generated to increase engine pumping losses while the intake valve adjustment increases in-cylinder pumping losses, thereby providing the requested braking torque. As one example, the intake valve may be adjusted via a continuously variable valve lift (CVVL) mechanism. For example, the CVVL mechanism may be used to further close the intake valve of the at least one cylinder, such as by further decreasing a hydraulic pressure in the CVVL mechanism that is applied to the intake valve as the requested braking torque of the engine braking request increases. In some examples, the method may include determining an amount of braking torque produced via exhaust backpressure that is generated by decreasing the effective flow area of the turbine inlet and then determining a further closed position for the intake valve based on a difference between the amount of braking torque produced via the exhaust backpressure and the requested braking torque. For example, the intake valve may be closed to a further degree as the difference increases. As another example, an exhaust valve of the at least one cylinder may be adjusted in addition to the intake valve. For example, an opening timing of the exhaust valve may be adjusted to occur within a threshold number of crank angle degrees before top dead center. Further, the opening timing may occur before top dead center of the exhaust stroke, before top dead center of the compression stroke, or before top dead center of both the exhaust stroke and the compression stroke to release compressed gas from the at least one cylinder. Further still, when a throttle valve is present, the method may include at least partially closing the throttle valve to further increase engine pumping losses and generate braking torque. By further closing the intake valve in combination with generating the exhaust backpressure via the VGT while at least one cylinder is unfueled, effective engine braking may be provided with reduced noise compared with traditional decompression braking. For example, engine pumping losses generated via the increased exhaust backpressure may have a synergistic effect with the increased in-cylinder pumping losses generated by adjusting the intake and/or exhaust valve to create an engine braking torque that is greater than either source of braking torque on its own. As a result, the engine braking may effectively slow the engine without engaging (or with reduced engagement of) mechanical brakes and with reduced braking noise. In this way, wear on the mechanical brakes may be decreased, thereby reducing a frequency of mechanical brake replacement. It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

11528654

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and to techniques and apparatuses for transport layer separation in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network. BACKGROUND Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, or the like). Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE/LTE-Advanced is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). A wireless network may include a number of base stations (BSs) that can support communication for a number of user equipment (UEs). A UE may communicate with a BS via the downlink and uplink. “Downlink” (or “forward link”) refers to the communication link from the BS to the UE, and “uplink” (or “reverse link”) refers to the communication link from the UE to the BS. As will be described in more detail herein, a BS may be referred to as a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP), a radio head, a transmit receive point (TRP), a New Radio (NR) BS, a 5G Node B, or the like. The above multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different user equipment to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by the 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM) on the downlink (DL), using CP-OFDM and/or SC-FDM (e.g., also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the uplink (UL), as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in LTE, NR, and other radio access technologies remain useful. SUMMARY In some aspects, a method of wireless communication performed by a parent node includes configuring a first backhaul radio link control (RLC) channel at a distributed unit (DU) of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a central unit (CU) of a first integrated access and backhaul (IAB) donor; configuring a second backhaul RLC channel at the DU of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor; selecting a first logical channel identifier for the first backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the first backhaul RLC channel; selecting a second logical channel identifier for the second backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the second backhaul RLC channel, wherein the second logical channel identifier is different from the first logical channel identifier; providing the first logical channel identifier to the CU of the first IAB donor; providing the second logical channel identifier to the CU of the second IAB donor; receiving a packet at the DU of the parent node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and processing the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, a method of wireless communication performed by a child node includes configuring a first backhaul RLC channel with a first logical channel identifier at a mobile termination function (MT) of the child node, wherein the first backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; configuring a second backhaul RLC channel with a second logical channel identifier at the MT of the child node, wherein the second backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor, and wherein the first logical channel identifier is different from the second logical channel identifier; receiving a packet at the MT of the child node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and processing the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, a parent node for wireless communication includes a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the memory and the one or more processors configured to: configure a first backhaul RLC channel at a DU of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; configure a second backhaul RLC channel at the DU of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor; select a first logical channel identifier for the first backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the first backhaul RLC channel; select a second logical channel identifier for the second backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the second backhaul RLC channel, wherein the second logical channel identifier is different from the first logical channel identifier; provide the first logical channel identifier to the CU of the first IAB donor; provide the second logical channel identifier to the CU of the second IAB donor; receive a packet at the DU of the parent node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and process the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, a child node for wireless communication includes a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the memory and the one or more processors configured to: configure a first backhaul RLC channel with a first logical channel identifier at an MT of the child node, wherein the first backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; configure a second backhaul RLC channel with a second logical channel identifier at the MT of the child node, wherein the second backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor, and wherein the first logical channel identifier is different from the second logical channel identifier; receive a packet at the MT of the child node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and process the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions for wireless communication includes one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a parent node, cause the one or more processors to: configure a first backhaul RLC channel at a DU of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; configure a second backhaul RLC channel at the DU of the parent node based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor; select a first logical channel identifier for the first backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the first backhaul RLC channel; select a second logical channel identifier for the second backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the second backhaul RLC channel, wherein the second logical channel identifier is different from the first logical channel identifier; provide the first logical channel identifier to the CU of the first IAB donor; provide the second logical channel identifier to the CU of the second IAB donor; receive a packet at the DU of the parent node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and process the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions for wireless communication includes one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a child node, cause the one or more processors to: configure a first backhaul RLC channel with a first logical channel identifier at an MT of the child node, wherein the first backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; configure a second backhaul RLC channel with a second logical channel identifier at the MT of the child node, wherein the second backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor, and wherein the first logical channel identifier is different from the second logical channel identifier; receive a packet at the MT of the child node, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and process the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication includes means for configuring a first backhaul RLC channel at a DU of the apparatus based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; means for configuring a second backhaul RLC channel at the DU of the apparatus based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor; means for selecting a first logical channel identifier for the first backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the first backhaul RLC channel; means for selecting a second logical channel identifier for the second backhaul RLC channel based at least in part on the configuring of the second backhaul RLC channel, wherein the second logical channel identifier is different from the first logical channel identifier; means for providing the first logical channel identifier to the CU of the first IAB donor; means for providing the second logical channel identifier to the CU of the second IAB donor; means for receiving a packet at the DU of the apparatus, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and means for processing the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. In some aspects, an apparatus for wireless communication includes means for configuring a first backhaul RLC channel with a first logical channel identifier at an MT of the apparatus, wherein the first backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a first IAB donor; means for configuring a second backhaul RLC channel with a second logical channel identifier at the MT of the apparatus, wherein the second backhaul RLC channel is configured based at least in part on a request received from a CU of a second IAB donor, and wherein the first logical channel identifier is different from the second logical channel identifier; means for receiving a packet at the MT of the apparatus, the packet including either the first logical channel identifier or the second logical channel identifier; and means for processing the packet according to: a first backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the first IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the first logical channel identifier, or a second backhaul configuration, received from the CU of the second IAB donor, based at least in part on the packet including the second logical channel identifier. Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, wireless communication device, and/or processing system as substantially described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and/or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip embodiments or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail/purchasing devices, medical devices, or artificial intelligence-enabled devices). Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, or summers). It is intended that aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.

11433009

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National Stage Entry of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/051651 filed Jan. 23, 2019, entitled “SURFACE-REACTED CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR THE USE AS SKIN APPEARANCE MODIFIER”, and which claims priority to EP Application No 18153726.7 filed Jan. 26, 2018 entitled “SURFACE-REACTED CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR THE USE AS SKIN APPEARANCE MODIFIER.” The present invention refers to the use of a surface-reacted calcium carbonate having a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm as a skin appearance modifier in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition. A variety of cosmetic composition are available for the application onto the skin of the face and/or the body. Often such compositions are applied to modify the appearance of the skin, for example, in order to hide blemishes, conceal or diminish fine lines or wrinkles, minimize pores or to change and/or even out the skin tone. Certain cosmetic compositions are also capable to control the skin sheen to a certain extend by absorbing/adsorbing sebum, and thereby providing the skin with a mat gloss. In addition to these optical effects, it is often desirable that a cosmetic composition provides the user with a natural, or ideally with a more pleasant, skin feel. A natural or positive skin feel is often associated with a smooth, fresh and/or elastic skin sensation and a skin surface which does not feel greasy or dry. Several cosmetic compositions and/or skin care compositions are known in the prior art. Exemplarily, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,626 B1 which refers to a wear resistant topical composition having improved feel. The patent discloses substantially uniform, discontinuous films of a topical product having a defined abrasion resistance, coverage value and particle spacing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,510 discloses a cosmetic composition including an inorganic material in granular form which, under conditions of use of the cosmetic composition, breaks down to a particle size, wherein less than 5% by weight is above 45 microns, as measured by wet sieve analysis. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,584 relates to moisture absorbing body powder compositions. The powder carrier which provides good skin feel characteristics comprises skin feel components selected from the group consisting of: starch, metallic stearates, fatty acid derivatives, nylon, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and platelet-shaped powders. EP 0 173 391 A2 refers to a skin cleansing composition comprising a soap or synthetic detergent and finely divided alkaline earth metal carbonates. The alkaline earth metal carbonates produce frictional forces on the wet rinsed skin which users associate with a feeling of cleanliness. To provide a cosmetic and/or skin care composition with some of the above-mentioned properties, synthetic or mineral powders or fillers such as talc, mica, silica or titanium dioxide are often added as opacifying or covering agents to such compositions. However, for some cosmetic and/or skin care compositions the use of such powders or fillers can lead to an unnatural or artificial look, especially if the composition contains large amounts of such powders or fillers. For other cosmetic and/or skin care compositions the opacifying or covering effect can be low and skin lines may even be accentuated after their application. Furthermore, the application of such cosmetic and/or skin care composition onto the skin can be accompanied by an unusual or negative skin feel which manifests, for example, in a dry or oily feeling and/or stiff or tight skin sensation. In view of the foregoing, there is still a demand for a skin appearance modifier for the use in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions. In particular, there is a demand for a skin appearance modifier for the use in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions such that wrinkles and/or skin imperfections are effectively hidden or concealed. Furthermore, a skin appearance modifier for the use in cosmetic products is required that provides the skin with a natural and/or mattified look. There is also a demand for a skin appearance modifier for the use in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions that provides the skin with a positive skin feel, and especially with a smooth and/or fresh skin sensation. Accordingly, an objective of the present invention may be seen in the provision of a skin appearance modifier for the use in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition, and especially for the use in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions which are used to conceal or hide wrinkles and/or skin imperfections. Another objective of the present application is the provision of a skin appearance modifier for the use in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition which provides the skin with a natural and/or mattified look. Yet another objective may be seen in the provision of a skin appearance modifier for the use in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition that provides the skin with a positive skin feel, and especially with a smooth and/or fresh skin sensation. One or more of the foregoing objectives is/are solved by the present invention. According to one aspect of the present invention, the use of a surface-reacted calcium carbonate having a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm as skin appearance modifier in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition is provided. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate is a reaction product of natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide and one or more H3O+ion donors, wherein the carbon dioxide is formed in situ by the H3O+ion donors treatment and/or is supplied from an external source Advantageous embodiments of the inventive use are defined in the corresponding sub-claims. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a volume median particle size d50from 0.5 to 50 μm, preferably from 1 to 40 μm, more preferably from 1.2 to 30 μm, and most preferably from 1.5 to 15 μm. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a specific surface area of from 15 m2/g to 200 m2/g, preferably from 20 m2/g to 180 m2/g, and most preferably from 25 m2/g to 160 m2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the natural ground calcium carbonate is selected from the group consisting of marble, chalk, limestone, and mixtures thereof, or the precipitated calcium carbonate is selected from the group consisting of precipitated calcium carbonates having an aragonitic, vateritic or calcitic crystal form, and mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one H3O+ion donor is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, an acidic salt, acetic acid, formic acid, and mixtures thereof, preferably the at least one H3O+ion donor is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, H2PO4−, being at least partially neutralised by a cation selected from Li+, Na+and/or K+, HPO42−, being at least partially neutralised by a cation selected from Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and/or Ca2+, and mixtures thereof, more preferably the at least one H3O+ion donor is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, or mixtures thereof, and most preferably, the at least one H3O+ion donor is phosphoric acid. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the skin appearance modifier is a covering agent, a mattifying agent and/or a skin colour modifier, and preferably a covering agent and/or a mattifying agent. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition has a pH value of ≤8.5, preferably ≤8.0, more preferably preferably ≤7.0, and most preferably from 4.0 to 7.0. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is present in the cosmetic and/or skin care composition in an amount from 0.1 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the composition, preferably from 0.5 to 20 wt.-%, more preferably from 1 to 10 wt.-%, and most preferably from 3 to 10 wt.-%. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises water and/or at least one oil, preferably the at least one oil is selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils and esters thereof, alkanecoconutester, plant extracts, animal fats, siloxanes, silicones, fatty acids and esters thereof, petrolatum, glycerides and pegylated derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprises at least one active agent being absorbed onto and/or adsorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one active agent is selected from pharmaceutically active agents, biologically active agents, vitamins, disinfecting agents, preservatives, flavouring agents, surfactants, oils, fragrances, essential oils, and mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bleaching agents, thickeners, stabilizers, chelating agents, preserving agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, emollients, fragrances, colorants, skin tanning compounds, antioxidants, minerals, pigments, UV-A and/or UV-B filter, and mixtures thereof. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is selected from an eye make-up product, a facial make-up product, a lip care product, a hand care product, a skin care product, or a combination product thereof. According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition has a Brookfield viscosity in a range from 4 000 to 50 000, preferably from 10 000 to 45 000, more preferably from 15 000 to 40 000, even more preferably from 20 000 to 40 000, and most preferably from 25 000 to 40 000 mPa·s at 25° C. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate further provides skin feel modification. It should be understood that for the purposes of the present invention, the following terms have the following meanings: A “cosmetic and/or skin care” composition in the meaning of the present invention refers to a composition that is applied onto the skin. That is to say, a “cosmetic and/or skin care” composition does not encompass a composition that is typically taken up orally. “Natural ground calcium carbonate” (GCC) in the meaning of the present invention is a calcium carbonate obtained from natural sources, such as limestone, marble, or chalk, and processed through a wet and/or dry treatment such as grinding, screening and/or fractionating, for example, by a cyclone or classifier. “Precipitated calcium carbonate” (PCC) in the meaning of the present invention is a synthesised material, obtained by precipitation following reaction of carbon dioxide and lime in an aqueous, semi-dry or humid environment or by precipitation of a calcium and carbonate ion source in water. PCC may be in the vateritic, calcitic or aragonitic crystal form. PCCs are described, for example, in EP 2 447 213 A1, EP 2 524 898 A1, EP 2 371 766 A1, EP 1 712 597 A1, EP 1 712 523 A1, or WO 2013/142473 A1. The term “surface-reacted” in the meaning of the present application shall be used to indicate that a material has been subjected to a process comprising partial dissolution of said material upon treatment with an H3O+ion donor (e.g., by use of water-soluble free acids and/or acidic salts) in aqueous environment followed by a crystallization process which may occur in the absence or presence of further crystallization additives. An “H3O+ion donor” in the context of the present invention is a Brønsted acid and/or an acid salt, i.e. a salt containing an acidic hydrogen. The term “acid” as used herein refers to an acid in the meaning of the definition by Brønsted and Lowry (e.g., H2SO4, HSO4−). The term “free acid” refers only to those acids being in the fully protonated form (e.g., H2SO4). The “particle size” of particulate materials other than surface-reacted calcium carbonate herein is described by its distribution of particle sizes dx. Therein, the value dxrepresents the diameter relative to which x % by weight of the particles have diameters less than dx. This means that, for example, the d20value is the particle size at which 20 wt.-% of all particles are smaller than that particle size. The d50value is thus the weight median particle size, i.e. 50 wt.-% of all particles are smaller than this particle size. For the purpose of the present invention, the particle size is specified as weight median particle size d50(wt.) unless indicated otherwise. Particle sizes were determined by using a Sedigraph™ 5100 instrument or Sedigraph™ 5120 instrument of Micromeritics Instrument Corporation. The method and the instrument are known to the skilled person and are commonly used to determine the particle size of fillers and pigments. The measurements were carried out in an aqueous solution of 0.1 wt.-% Na4P2O7. The “particle size” of surface-reacted calcium carbonate herein is described as volume-based particle size distribution. Volume median particle size d50was evaluated using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Diffraction System. The d50or d98value, measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Diffraction System, indicates a diameter value such that 50% or 98% by volume, respectively, of the particles have a diameter of less than this value. The raw data obtained by the measurement are analysed using the Mie theory, with a particle refractive index of 1.57 and an absorption index of 0.005. The term “particulate” in the meaning of the present application refers to materials composed of a plurality of particles. Said plurality of particles may be defined, for example, by its particle size distribution. The expression “particulate material” may comprise granules, powders, grains, tablets, or crumbles. The “specific surface area” (expressed in m2/g) of a material as used throughout the present document can be determined by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method with nitrogen as adsorbing gas and by use of a ASAP 2460 instrument from Micromeritics. The method is well known to the skilled person and defined in ISO 9277:2010. Samples are conditioned at 100° C. under vacuum for a period of 30 min prior to measurement. The total surface area (in m2) of said material can be obtained by multiplication of the specific surface area (in m2/g) and the mass (in g) of the material. In the context of the present invention, the term “pore” is to be understood as describing the space that is found between and/or within particles, i.e. that is formed by the particles as they pack together under nearest neighbour contact (interparticle pores), such as in a powder or a compact and/or the void space within porous particles (intraparticle pores), and that allows the passage of liquids under pressure when saturated by the liquid and/or supports absorption of surface wetting liquids. The term “skin appearance modifier” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a cosmetic ingredient which is used to modify the appearance of the skin surface. For example, the appearance of the skin surface may be modified by covering the skin surface, mattifying the skin surface and/or modifying the skin colour. Thus, the use of a surface-reacted calcium carbonate as described herein as a skin appearance modifier comprises the use of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate as described herein as a covering agent, mattifying agent and/or skin colour modifier. The term “skin appearance modifier” is not meant to encompass the modification of biomechanical properties of the skin such as elasticity. The term “covering agent” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a cosmetic ingredient which is used to cover and/or opacify the skin surface, for example, to conceal skin imperfections and/or wrinkles. The covering power, i.e. the power of the covering agent to cover and/or to opacify the skin surface, can be measured by spreading a cosmetic and/or skin care compositions comprising the covering agent on a contrast paper and subsequently measuring the colour values Rx, Ry, Rz of the composition by the means of a colorimeter. By comparison of the colour values of the cosmetic composition and that of the contrast paper, the contrast is calculated. The contrast directly refers to the covering power. Contrast ratio values are determined according to ISO 2814 at a spreading rate of approx. 20 m2/l. The contrast ratio is calculated as described by the equation below: ⁢Contrast⁢⁢ratio⁢[%]=RyblackRywhite⁢⁢×100⁢⁢%⁢ with Ryblackand Rywhitebeing obtained by the measurement of the colour values. The expression “mattifying agent” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a cosmetic ingredient which is used to decrease the gloss and/or shininess of the skin surface, for example, by sebum absorption and/or regulation of sebum production. The mattifying power, i.e. the power of the mattifying agent to decrease the gloss and/or shininess of the skin surface, can be measured by using e.g. a Skin-Glossymeter® GL200 probe as described in the examples. The “skin feel” of a cosmetic and/or skin care composition refers to the skin feeling that is perceived by the applicant during the application of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition onto the skin surface. The term is also meant to encompass the skin feeling that is perceived by the applicant shortly after the application of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition onto the skin surface, i.e. up to 5 minutes after the application of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. The expression “skin feel modification” in the meaning of the present invention refers to the modification of the skin feel as described above after application of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. Skin feel modification relates to, for example, reduced dry time of the composition when applied on the skin or a reduction of the greasiness of the composition when applied on the skin. Furthermore, skin feel modification may also relate to the fluidity, spreadability, homogeneity, tack and/or resistance of the composition when applied to the skin. Unless specified otherwise, the term “drying” refers to a process according to which at least a portion of water is removed from a material to be dried such that a constant weight of the obtained “dried” material at 120° C. is reached. Moreover, a “dried” or “dry” material may be defined by its total moisture content which, unless specified otherwise, is less than or equal to 1.0 wt.-%, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 wt.-%, more preferably less than or equal to 0.2 wt.-%, and most preferably between 0.03 and 0.07 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dried material. For the purpose of the present application, “water-insoluble” materials are defined as those which, when mixed with 100 ml of deionised water and filtered at 20° C. to recover the liquid filtrate, provide less than or equal to 0.1 g of recovered solid material following evaporation at 95 to 100° C. of 100 g of said liquid filtrate. “Water-soluble” materials are defined as materials leading to the recovery of greater than 0.1 g of solid material following evaporation at 95 to 100° C. of 100 g of said liquid filtrate. In order to assess whether a material is an insoluble or soluble material in the meaning of the present invention, the sample size is greater than 0.1 g, preferably 0.5 g or more. A “suspension” or “slurry” in the meaning of the present invention comprises undissolved solids and water, and optionally further additives, and usually contains large amounts of solids and, thus, is more viscous and can be of higher density than the liquid from which it is formed. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g., “a”, “an” or “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless anything else is specifically stated. Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “consisting of” is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the term “comprising”. If hereinafter a group is defined to comprise at least a certain number of embodiments, this is also to be understood to disclose a group, which preferably consists only of these embodiments. Terms like “obtainable” or “definable” and “obtained” or “defined” are used interchangeably. This, for example, means that, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the term “obtained” does not mean to indicate that, for example, an embodiment must be obtained by, for example, the sequence of steps following the term “obtained” though such a limited understanding is always included by the terms “obtained” or “defined” as a preferred embodiment. Whenever the terms “including” or “having” are used, these terms are meant to be equivalent to “comprising” as defined hereinabove. In the following preferred embodiments of the inventive composition will be set out in more detail. Surface-Reacted Calcium Carbonate The present invention refers to the use of a surface-reacted calcium carbonate having a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm as skin appearance modifier in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition, wherein the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is a reaction product of natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide and one or more H3O+ion donors, wherein the carbon dioxide is formed in situ by the H3O+ion donors treatment and/or is supplied from an external source. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a suspension of natural or precipitated calcium carbonate, (b) adding at least one acid having a pKavalue of 0 or less at 20° C. or having a pKavalue from 0 to 2.5 at 20° C. to the suspension of step a), and (c) treating the suspension of step (a) with carbon dioxide before, during or after step (b). According to another embodiment the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (A) providing a natural or precipitated calcium carbonate, (B) providing at least one water-soluble acid, (C) providing gaseous CO2, (D) contacting said natural or precipitated calcium carbonate of step (A) with the at least one acid of step (B) and with the CO2of step (C), characterised in that: (i) the at least one acid of step B) has a pKaof greater than 2.5 and less than or equal to 7 at 20° C., associated with the ionisation of its first available hydrogen, and a corresponding anion is formed on loss of this first available hydrogen capable of forming a water-soluble calcium salt, and (ii) following contacting the at least one acid with natural or precipitated calcium carbonate, at least one water-soluble salt, which in the case of a hydrogen-containing salt has a pKaof greater than 7 at 20° C., associated with the ionisation of the first available hydrogen, and the salt anion of which is capable of forming water-insoluble calcium salts, is additionally provided. “Natural ground calcium carbonate” (GCC) preferably is selected from calcium carbonate containing minerals selected from the group comprising marble, chalk, limestone and mixtures thereof. Natural ground calcium carbonate may comprise further naturally occurring components such as magnesium carbonate, alumino silicate etc. In general, the grinding of natural ground calcium carbonate may be a dry or wet grinding step and may be carried out with any conventional grinding device, for example, under conditions such that comminution predominantly results from impacts with a secondary body, i.e. in one or more of: a ball mill, a rod mill, a vibrating mill, a roll crusher, a centrifugal impact mill, a vertical bead mill, an attrition mill, a pin mill, a hammer mill, a pulveriser, a shredder, a de-clumper, a knife cutter, or other such equipment known to the skilled man. In case the calcium carbonate containing mineral material comprises a wet ground calcium carbonate containing mineral material, the grinding step may be performed under conditions such that autogenous grinding takes place and/or by horizontal ball milling, and/or other such processes known to the skilled man. The wet processed ground calcium carbonate containing mineral material thus obtained may be washed and dewatered by well-known processes, e.g. by flocculation, filtration or forced evaporation prior to drying. The subsequent step of drying (if necessary) may be carried out in a single step such as spray drying, or in at least two steps. It is also common that such a mineral material undergoes a beneficiation step (such as a flotation, bleaching or magnetic separation step) to remove impurities. “Precipitated calcium carbonate” (PCC) in the meaning of the present invention is a synthesized material, generally obtained by precipitation following reaction of carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide in an aqueous environment or by precipitation of calcium and carbonate ions, for example CaCl2and Na2CO3, out of solution. Further possible ways of producing PCC are the lime soda process, or the Solvay process in which PCC is a by-product of ammonia production. Precipitated calcium carbonate exists in three primary crystalline forms: calcite, aragonite and vaterite, and there are many different polymorphs (crystal habits) for each of these crystalline forms. Calcite has a trigonal structure with typical crystal habits such as scalenohedral (S-PCC), rhombohedral (R-PCC), hexagonal prismatic, pinacoidal, colloidal (C-PCC), cubic, and prismatic (P-PCC). Aragonite is an orthorhombic structure with typical crystal habits of twinned hexagonal prismatic crystals, as well as a diverse assortment of thin elongated prismatic, curved bladed, steep pyramidal, chisel shaped crystals, branching tree, and coral or worm-like form. Vaterite belongs to the hexagonal crystal system. The obtained PCC slurry can be mechanically dewatered and dried. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the precipitated calcium carbonate is precipitated calcium carbonate, preferably comprising aragonitic, vateritic or calcitic mineralogical crystal forms or mixtures thereof. Precipitated calcium carbonate may be ground prior to the treatment with carbon dioxide and at least one H3O+ion donor by the same means as used for grinding natural calcium carbonate as described above. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate is in form of particles having a weight median particle size d50of 0.05 to 10.0 μm, preferably 0.2 to 5.0 μm, and most preferably 0.4 to 3.0 μm. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate is in form of particles having a weight top cut particle size d98of 0.15 to 30 μm, preferably 0.6 to 15 μm, more preferably 1.2 to 10 μm, most preferably 1.5 to 4 μm, especially 1.6 μm. The natural ground calcium carbonate and/or precipitated calcium carbonate may be used dry or suspended in water. Preferably, a corresponding slurry has a content of natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate within the range of 1 wt.-% to 90 wt.-%, more preferably 3 wt.-% to 60 wt.-%, even more preferably 5 wt.-% to 40 wt.-%, and most preferably 10 wt.-% to 25 wt.-% based on the weight of the slurry. The one or more H3O+ion donor used for the preparation of surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be any strong acid, medium-strong acid, or weak acid, or mixtures thereof, generating H3O+ions under the preparation conditions. According to the present invention, the at least one H3O+ion donor can also be an acid salt, generating H3O+ions under the preparation conditions. According to one embodiment, the at least one H3O+ion donor is a strong acid having a pKaof 0 or less at 20° C. According to another embodiment, the at least one H3O+ion donor is a medium-strong acid having a pKavalue from 0 to 2.5 at 20° C. If the pKaat 20° C. is 0 or less, the acid is preferably selected from sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or mixtures thereof. If the pKaat 20° C. is from 0 to 2.5, the H3O+ion donor is preferably selected from H2SO3, H3PO4, oxalic acid, or mixtures thereof. The at least one H3O+ion donor can also be an acid salt, for example, HSO4−or H2PO4−, being at least partially neutralized by a corresponding cation such as Li+, Na+or K+, or HPO42−, being at least partially neutralised by a corresponding cation such as Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+or Ca2+. The at least one H3O+ion donor can also be a mixture of one or more acids and one or more acid salts. According to still another embodiment, the at least one H3O+ion donor is a weak acid having a pKavalue of greater than 2.5 and less than or equal to 7, when measured at 20° C., associated with the ionisation of the first available hydrogen, and having a corresponding anion, which is capable of forming water-soluble calcium salts. Subsequently, at least one water-soluble salt, which in the case of a hydrogen-containing salt has a pKaof greater than 7, when measured at 20° C., associated with the ionisation of the first available hydrogen, and the salt anion of which is capable of forming water-insoluble calcium salts, is additionally provided. According to the preferred embodiment, the weak acid has a pKavalue from greater than 2.5 to 5 at 20° C., and more preferably the weak acid is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary cations of said water-soluble salt are selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium, lithium and mixtures thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, said cation is sodium or potassium. Exemplary anions of said water-soluble salt are selected from the group consisting of phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, oxalate, silicate, mixtures thereof and hydrates thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, said anion is selected from the group consisting of phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, mixtures thereof and hydrates thereof. In a most preferred embodiment, said anion is selected from the group consisting of dihydrogen phosphate, monohydrogen phosphate, mixtures thereof and hydrates thereof. Water-soluble salt addition may be performed dropwise or in one step. In the case of drop wise addition, this addition preferably takes place within a time period of 10 minutes. It is more preferred to add said salt in one step. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one H3O+ion donor is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and mixtures thereof. Preferably the at least one H3O+ion donor is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, H2PO4−, being at least partially neutralised by a corresponding cation such as Li+, Na+or K+, HPO42−, being at least partially neutralised by a corresponding cation such as Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+and mixtures thereof, more preferably the at least one acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sulphurous acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, or mixtures thereof, and most preferably, the at least one H3O+ion donor is phosphoric acid. The one or more H3O+ion donor can be added to the suspension as a concentrated solution or a more diluted solution. Preferably, the molar ratio of the H3O+ion donor to the natural or precipitated calcium carbonate is from 0.01 to 4, more preferably from 0.02 to 2, even more preferably 0.05 to 1 and most preferably 0.1 to 0.58. As an alternative, it is also possible to add the H3O+ion donor to the water before the natural or precipitated calcium carbonate is suspended. In a next step, the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate is treated with carbon dioxide. If a strong acid such as sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid is used for the H3O+ion donor treatment of the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate, the carbon dioxide is automatically formed. Alternatively or additionally, the carbon dioxide can be supplied from an external source. H3O+ion donor treatment and treatment with carbon dioxide can be carried out simultaneously which is the case when a strong or medium-strong acid is used. It is also possible to carry out H3O+ion donor treatment first, e.g. with a medium strong acid having a pKain the range of 0 to 2.5 at 20° C., wherein carbon dioxide is formed in situ, and thus, the carbon dioxide treatment will automatically be carried out simultaneously with the H3O+ion donor treatment, followed by the additional treatment with carbon dioxide supplied from an external source. Preferably, the concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide in the suspension is, in terms of volume, such that the ratio (volume of suspension):(volume of gaseous CO2) is from 1:0.05 to 1:20, even more preferably 1:0.05 to 1:5. In a preferred embodiment, the H3O+ion donor treatment step and/or the carbon dioxide treatment step are repeated at least once, more preferably several times. According to one embodiment, the at least one H3O+ion donor is added over a time period of at least about 5 min, typically from about 5 to about 30 min. Alternatively, the at least one H3O+ion donor is added over a time period of about 30 min, preferably about 45 min, and sometimes about 1 h or more. Subsequent to the H3O+ion donor treatment and carbon dioxide treatment, the pH of the aqueous suspension, measured at 20° C., naturally reaches a value of greater than 6.0, preferably greater than 6.5, more preferably greater than 7.0, even more preferably greater than 7.5, thereby preparing the surface-reacted natural or precipitated calcium carbonate as an aqueous suspension having a pH of greater than 6.0, preferably greater than 6.5, more preferably greater than 7.0, even more preferably greater than 7.5. It is appreciated that the H3O+ion donor treatment and treatment with carbon dioxide can be carried over a wide temperature range. Preferably, the H3O+ion donor treatment and treatment with carbon dioxide can be carried out at room temperature or elevated temperature. For example, if the H3O+ion donor treatment and treatment with carbon dioxide is carried out at elevated temperature, the treatment is preferably in a range from 30 to 90° C., more preferably from 40 to 80° C. and most preferably from 50 to 80° C., such as from 60 to 80° C. Further details about the preparation of the surface-reacted natural calcium carbonate are disclosed in WO 00/39222 A1, WO 2004/083316 A1, WO 2005/121257 A2, WO 2009/074492 A1, EP 2 264 108 A1, EP 2 264 109 A1 and US 2004/0020410 A1, the content of these references herewith being included in the present application. Similarly, surface-reacted precipitated calcium carbonate is obtained. As can be taken in detail from WO 2009/074492 A1, surface-reacted precipitated calcium carbonate is obtained by contacting precipitated calcium carbonate with H3O+ions and with anions being solubilized in an aqueous medium and being capable of forming water-insoluble calcium salts, in an aqueous medium to form a slurry of surface-reacted precipitated calcium carbonate, wherein said surface-reacted precipitated calcium carbonate comprises an insoluble, at least partially crystalline calcium salt of said anion formed on the surface of at least part of the precipitated calcium carbonate. Said solubilized calcium ions correspond to an excess of solubilized calcium ions relative to the solubilized calcium ions naturally generated on dissolution of precipitated calcium carbonate by H3O+ions, where said H3O+ions are provided solely in the form of a counterion to the anion, i.e. via the addition of the anion in the form of an acid or non-calcium acid salt, and in absence of any further calcium ion or calcium ion generating source. Said excess solubilized calcium ions are preferably provided by the addition of a soluble neutral or acid calcium salt, or by the addition of an acid or a neutral or acid non-calcium salt which generates a soluble neutral or acid calcium salt in situ. Said H3O+ions may be provided by the addition of an acid or an acid salt of said anion, or the addition of an acid or an acid salt which simultaneously serves to provide all or part of said excess solubilized calcium ions. In a further preferred embodiment of the preparation of the surface-reacted natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate, the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate is reacted with the acid and/or the carbon dioxide in the presence of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of silicate, silica, aluminium hydroxide, earth alkali aluminate such as sodium or potassium aluminate, magnesium oxide, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the at least one silicate is selected from an aluminium silicate, a calcium silicate, or an earth alkali metal silicate. These components can be added to an aqueous suspension comprising the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate before adding the acid and/or carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the silicate and/or silica and/or aluminium hydroxide and/or earth alkali aluminate and/or magnesium oxide component(s) can be added to the aqueous suspension of natural or precipitated calcium carbonate while the reaction of natural or precipitated calcium carbonate with an acid and carbon dioxide has already started. Further details about the preparation of the surface-reacted natural or precipitated calcium carbonate in the presence of at least one silicate and/or silica and/or aluminium hydroxide and/or earth alkali aluminate component(s) are disclosed in WO 2004/083316 A1, the content of this reference herewith being included in the present application. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate can be kept in suspension, optionally further stabilised by a dispersant. Conventional dispersants known to the skilled person can be used. A preferred dispersant is comprised of polyacrylic acids and/or carboxymethylcelluloses. Alternatively, the aqueous suspension described above can be dried, thereby obtaining the solid (i.e. dry or containing as little water that it is not in a fluid form) surface-reacted natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate in the form of granules or a powder. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate may have different particle shapes, such as e.g. the shape of roses, golf balls and/or brains. According to one embodiment, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a specific surface area of from 15 m2/g to 200 m2/g, preferably from 20 m2/g to 180 m2/g, and most preferably from 25 m2/g to 160 m2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method. The BET specific surface area in the meaning of the present invention is defined as the surface area of the particles divided by the mass of the particles. As used therein the specific surface area is measured by adsorption using the BET isotherm (ISO 9277:2010) and is specified in m2/g. It is a requirement of the present invention that the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm. According to one embodiment the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 75 μm, preferably from 0.5 to 50 μm, more preferably from 1 to 40 μm, even more preferably from 1.2 to 30 μm, and most preferably from 1.5 to 15 μm. It may furthermore be preferred that the surface-reacted calcium carbonate particles have a volume top cut particle size d98of from 2 to 150 μm, preferably from 4 to 100 μm, more preferably 6 to 80 μm, even more preferably from 8 to 60 μm, and most preferably from 8 to 30 μm. The value dxrepresents the diameter relative to which x % of the particles have diameters less than dx. This means that the d98value is the particle size at which 98% of all particles are smaller. The d98value is also designated as “top cut”. The dxvalues may be given in volume or weight percent. The d50(wt) value is thus the weight median particle size, i.e. 50 wt.-% of all grains are smaller than this particle size, and the d50(vol) value is the volume median particle size, i.e. 50 vol. % of all grains are smaller than this particle size. Volume median grain diameter d50was evaluated using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Diffraction System. The d50or d98value, measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Diffraction System, indicates a diameter value such that 50% or 98% by volume, respectively, of the particles have a diameter of less than this value. The raw data obtained by the measurement are analysed using the Mie theory, with a particle refractive index of 1.57 and an absorption index of 0.005. The weight median grain diameter is determined by the sedimentation method, which is an analysis of sedimentation behaviour in a gravimetric field. The measurement is made with a Sedigraph™ 5100 or 5120, Micromeritics Instrument Corporation. The method and the instrument are known to the skilled person and are commonly used to determine grain size of fillers and pigments. The measurement is carried out in an aqueous solution of 0.1 wt.-% Na4P2O7. The samples were dispersed using a high speed stirrer and sonicated. The processes and instruments are known to the skilled person and are commonly used to determine grain size of fillers and pigments. The specific pore volume is measured using a mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement using a Micromeritics Autopore V 9620 mercury porosimeter having a maximum applied pressure of mercury 414 MPa (60 000 psi), equivalent to a Laplace throat diameter of 0.004 μm (˜nm). The equilibration time used at each pressure step is 20 seconds. The sample material is sealed in a 5 cm3chamber powder penetrometer for analysis. The data are corrected for mercury compression, penetrometer expansion and sample material compression using the software Pore-Comp (Gane, P. A. C., Kettle, J. P., Matthews, G. P. and Ridgway, C. J., “Void Space Structure of Compressible Polymer Spheres and Consolidated Calcium Carbonate Paper-Coating Formulations”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 35(5), 1996, p. 1753-1764). The total pore volume seen in the cumulative intrusion data can be separated into two regions with the intrusion data from 214 μm down to about 1-4 μm showing the coarse packing of the sample between any agglomerate structures contributing strongly. Below these diameters lies the fine interparticle packing of the particles themselves. If they also have intraparticle pores, then this region appears bi-modal, and by taking the specific pore volume intruded by mercury into pores finer than the modal turning point, i.e. finer than the bi-modal point of inflection, the specific intraparticle pore volume is defined. The sum of these three regions gives the total overall pore volume of the powder, but depends strongly on the original sample compaction/settling of the powder at the coarse pore end of the distribution. By taking the first derivative of the cumulative intrusion curve the pore size distributions based on equivalent Laplace diameter, inevitably including pore-shielding, are revealed. The differential curves clearly show the coarse agglomerate pore structure region, the interparticle pore region and the intraparticle pore region, if present. Knowing the intraparticle pore diameter range it is possible to subtract the remainder interparticle and interagglomerate pore volume from the total pore volume to deliver the desired pore volume of the internal pores alone in terms of the pore volume per unit mass (specific pore volume). The same principle of subtraction, of course, applies for isolating any of the other pore size regions of interest. Preferably, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has an intra-particle intruded specific pore volume in the range from 0.1 to 2.3 cm3/g, more preferably from 0.2 to 2.0 cm3/g, especially preferably from 0.4 to 1.8 cm3/g and most preferably from 0.6 to 1.6 cm3/g, calculated from mercury porosimetry measurement. The intra-particle pore size of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate preferably is in a range of from 0.004 to 1.6 μm, more preferably in a range of between 0.005 to 1.3 μm, especially preferably from 0.006 to 1.15 μm and most preferably of 0.007 to 1.0 μm, e.g. 0.004 to 0.16 μm determined by mercury porosimetry measurement. According to an exemplary embodiment, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a volume median particle size d50from 1.5 to 15 μm, preferably from 4 to 6 μm; a specific surface-area of from 30 to 140 m2/g, preferably from 60 to 100 m2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method; and an intra-particle intruded specific pore volume from 0.2 to 2.0 cm3/g, preferably from 0.6 to 1.6 cm3/g, calculated from mercury porosimetry measurement. Due to the intra and interpore structure of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate, it can be a superior agent to deliver previously adsorbed and/or absorbed materials over time relative to common materials having similar specific surface areas. Thus, generally, any agent fitting into the intra- and/or inter particle pores of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is suitable to be transported by the surface-reacted calcium carbonate according to the invention. For example, active agents such as those selected from the group comprising pharmaceutically active agents, biologically active agents, disinfecting agents, preservatives, flavouring agents, surfactants, oils, fragrances, essential oils, and mixtures thereof can be used. According to one embodiment, at least one active agent is associated with the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate comprises an water-insoluble, at least partially crystalline calcium salt of an anion of the at least one acid, which is formed on the surface of the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate. According to one embodiment, the water-insoluble, at least partially crystalline salt of an anion of the at least one acid covers the surface of the natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate at least partially, preferably completely. Depending on the employed at least one acid, the anion may be sulphate, sulphite, phosphate, citrate, oxalate, acetate, formiate and/or chloride. For example, the use of phosphoric acid, H2PO4−or HPO42−as the H3O+ion donor may lead to the formation of hydroxylapatite. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the at least one water-insoluble calcium salt is hydroxylapatite. According to one embodiment, the at least one water-insoluble calcium salt is hydroxylapatite, wherein the surface-reacted calcium carbonate provides a ratio of hydroxylapatite to calcite, aragonite and/or vaterite, preferably to calcite, in the range of from 1:99 to 99:1 by weight. Preferably, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may provide a ratio of hydroxylapatite to calcite, aragonite and/or vaterite, preferably to calcite, in the range of from 1:9 to 9:1, preferably 1:7 to 8:1, more preferably 1:5 to 7:1 and most preferably 1:4 to 7:1 by weight. In a similar manner, the use of other H3O+ion donors may lead to the formation of corresponding water-insoluble calcium salts other than calcium carbonate on at least part of the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. In one embodiment, the at least one water-insoluble calcium salt is thus selected from the group consisting of octacalcium phosphate, hydroxylapatite, chlorapatite, fluorapatite, carbonate apatite and mixtures thereof, wherein the surface-reacted calcium carbonate shows a ratio of the at least one water-insoluble calcium salt to calcite, aragonite and/or vaterite, preferably to calcite, in the range of from 1:99 to 99:1, preferably from 1:9 to 9:1, more preferably from 1:7 to 8:1, even more preferably from 1:5 to 7:1 and most preferably from 1:4 to 7:1 by weight. According to one embodiment the surface-reacted calcium carbonate comprises:(i) a specific surface area of from 15 to 200 m2/g measured using nitrogen and the BET method according to ISO 9277:2010, and(ii) an intra-particle intruded specific pore volume in the range of from 0.1 to 2.3 cm3/g calculated from mercury porosimetry measurement. In one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate as described herein is provided in the form of granules. “Granules” in the meaning of the present invention are agglomerates of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate and have a particle size of 20 to 300 μm. That is to say, the granules having a particle size of 20 to 300 μm comprise primary particles of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate having a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm. The Cosmetic and/or Skin Care Composition The invention refers to the use of surface-reacted calcium carbonate as defined herein as skin appearance modifier in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition. It was surprisingly found by the inventors that the use of surface-reacted calcium carbonate as defined herein in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition leads to an improved skin appearance modification of such compositions compared to the use of other skin appearance modifier. For example, it was found that the use of surface-reacted calcium carbonate as defined herein in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition leads to an improved covering power of such composition compared to the use of other covering agents, and especially compared to ground calcium carbonate. Furthermore, the inventors found that a cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprising a surface-reacted calcium carbonate according to the present invention is more effective in covering the skin surface than a similar composition not containing the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. Based thereon, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is more effective in concealing wrinkles or hiding skin imperfections. It was also found that that the use of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate as defined herein in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition leads to a decreased gloss or shininess of the skin surface, and therefore has the effect of a mattifying agent. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the decreased gloss or shininess of the skin surface might be due to a decrease in sebum rate. The decrease in sebum rate is another surprising effect of the use of surface-reacted calcium carbonate as defined herein in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition. Furthermore, the inventors found that the surface-reacted calcium carbonate leads to an improved skin appearance modification in combination with an improved skin feel modification. According to one embodiment, the skin appearance modifier is a covering agent, a mattifying agent and/or a skin colour modifier, and preferably a covering agent and/or a mattifying agent. In one embodiment, the skin appearance modifier is a covering agent and/or a mattifying agent and further provides skin feel modification. It is appreciated that the amount of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate in the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may vary in a wide range and may be dependent on the cosmetic and/or skin care composition to be prepared and/or the manufacturer's needs and/or legal requirements. For example, in case a skin care and/or cosmetic composition in form of e.g. a paste or an emulsion is prepared, the amount of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be below 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. On the other hand, in case a skin care and/or cosmetic composition in form of e.g. a powder is prepared, the amount of surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be above 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. In general, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate can thus be present in the cosmetic and/or skin care composition in an amount from 0.1 to 90 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition, and preferably from 0.5 to 80 wt.-%. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is present in the cosmetic and/or skin care composition in an amount from 0.1 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition, preferably from 0.5 to 20 wt.-%, more preferably from 1 to 10 wt.-%, and most preferably from 3 to 10 wt.-%. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is present in the cosmetic and/or skin care composition in an amount from 50 to 90 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition, and preferably from 60 to 80 wt.-%. In case the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is prepared in form of a paste or an emulsion, i.e. not in form of a powder, the pH value of the composition may be adjusted to any value suitable for a cosmetic and/or skin care composition. Thus, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition as described herein is not limited to a specific pH value. The inventors surprisingly found that the pH value of the cosmetic composition comprising the surface-reacted calcium carbonate according to the invention can be adjusted to a value of ≤7.5, and can even be adjusted to a pH value from 4.0 to 7.0 without showing a negative impact on the stability of the calcium carbonate particles. Usually cosmetic compositions containing, for example, ground calcium carbonate tend to become unstable when the pH value is adjusted below 7.05, and especially below 7.0, due to the liberation of carbon dioxide from the carbonate in the acidic medium. Thus, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprising the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has an improved acid resistance compared to prior art cosmetic products containing, for example, ground calcium carbonate which has not been surface-reacted as described above. This is particularly advantageous since cosmetic and/or skin care products are usually formulated to have a preferred pH value of below 7.5, or of below 7.0 in order to approach or match the natural pH level of the skin. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors speculate that the surface treatment of the calcium carbonate as defined herein leads to a specific surface structure which exhibits an improved acid resistance compared to a calcium carbonate being not surface-reacted. The cosmetic and/or skin care composition is however not limited to a pH value of ≤7.5, and may also be adjusted to a pH value of ≤8.5. The cosmetic and/or skin care composition preferably has a pH value of ≤8.5, preferably ≤8.0, more preferably ≤7.0 and most preferably from 4.0 to 7.0. The cosmetic and/or skin care composition may further comprise water and/or at least one oil. Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises water. According to another embodiment, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises at least one oil. According to a preferred embodiment, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises water and at least one oil. An “oil” in the meaning of the present invention is a liquid or solid silicon- and/or hydrocarbon-containing compound. The water may be selected from tap water, distilled water, deionized water, or mixtures thereof, and preferably is deionized water. The at least one oil may be selected from any oil which is suitable to be used in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions. Oils which are suitable for use in cosmetic and/or skin care compositions are known to the skilled person and are described in, for example, Regulation EC No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 Nov. 2009, and must not form part of the list of prohibited substances disclosed therein. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the at least one oil is selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils and esters thereof, alkane coconut ester, plant extracts, animal fats, siloxanes, fatty acids and esters thereof, petrolatum, glycerides and pegylated derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. For example, a suitable vegetable oil may be palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, olive oil, jojoba oil, corn oil, jumbú oil, guava oil, grape seed oi, hazelnut oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, acai palm oil, graviola oil, tucuma oil, brazil oil, carapa oil, buriti oil, passion fruit oil or pracaxi oil. Suitable plant extracts may be prepared, for example, fromCastanea Sativa, Prunus Dulcis, Juglans RegiaL.,Olea Europaea, Helichrysum stoechas, Quercus Robur, Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Vitis Vinifera, Crataegus Monogyna Jacq, orPinus Pinaster. Suitable animal fats can be obtained, for example, from tallow. Suitable siloxanes are, for example, dimethicone, cetyl dimethicone, dimethiconol, detearyl methicone, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclomethicone, stearyl dimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone, stearoxy dimethicone, amodimethicone, behenoxy dimethicone, dimethicone copolyol, polysiloxane, laurylmethicone copolyol or cetyl dimethicone copolyol. Suitable fatty acids are, for example, palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid and esters thereof. Suitable petrolatum may be any petrolatum with a refined grade approved for cosmetic use, and preferably has a melting point between 35° C. and 70° C. Suitable glycerides are, for example, mono-, di, or triglycerides from palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the at least one oil comprises, preferably consists of, one oil. Alternatively, the at least one oil comprises, preferably consists of, two or more oils. For example, the at least one oil comprises, preferably consists of, two or three oils. Preferably, the at least one oil comprises, preferably consists of, two or more oils. It is appreciated that the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may comprise the water and/or the at least one oil and their amounts in dependence of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition to be prepared and/or the manufacturer's needs. According to one embodiment, the water is present in an amount of from 1 to 95 wt.-%, preferably from 15 to 90 wt.-%, more preferably from 25 to 80 wt.-%, even more preferably from 35 to 75 wt.-%, and most preferably from 45 to 65 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. According to another embodiment, the at least one oil is present in an amount of from 1 to 95 wt.-%, preferably from 2 to 75 wt.-%, more preferably from 5 to 55 wt.-%, even more preferably from 7.5 to 35 wt.-%, and most preferably from 10 to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. In case the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprises water and at least one oil, the composition may be a water-based dispersion or an oil-based dispersion. Thus, according to one embodiment, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is a water-based dispersion. According to another embodiment, the composition is an oil-based dispersion. According to a preferred embodiment, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is a water-based dispersion. A “water-based dispersion” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a composition wherein water forms a continuous phase and the oil a dispersed phase, i.e. the oil is dispersed in the continuous water phase. An “oil-based dispersion” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a composition wherein oil forms a continuous phase and water a dispersed phase, i.e. water is dispersed in the continuous water phase. According to yet another embodiment, the water is present in an amount of from 1 to 95 wt.-%, preferably from 15 to 90 wt.-%, more preferably from 25 to 80 wt.-%, even more preferably from 35 to 75 wt.-%, and most preferably from 45 to 65 wt.-%, and the at least one oil is present in an amount of from 1 to 95 wt.-%, preferably from 2 to 75 wt.-%, more preferably from 5 to 55 wt.-%, even more preferably from 7.5 to 35 wt.-%, and most preferably from 10 to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition. As described above, the intra and interpore structure of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate can make it a superior agent to deliver previously adsorbed and/or absorbed materials over time relative to common materials having similar specific surface areas. Thus, generally, any agent fitting into the intra- and/or inter particle pores of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is suitable to be transported by the surface-reacted calcium carbonate according to the invention. Accordingly, it is possible that the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprises at least one active agent being adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprises at least one active agent being adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. The inventors surprisingly found that a cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprising an active agent being adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate has advantageous effects for the user. For example, it has been found that an active agent such as an essential and/or scented oil being adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate can positively influence the skin feeling of the user during or after application of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition by providing a fresh sensation or a particularly pleasant scent. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one active agent is selected from pharmaceutically active agents, biologically active agents, vitamins, disinfecting agents, preservatives, flavouring agents, surfactants, oils, fragrances, essential oils such as limonene or mint oil, and mixtures thereof, and preferably biologically active agents, scented oils and essential oils. Preferably, the at least one active agent is an essential oil. More preferably, the at least one active agent is mint oil. “Mint oil” in the meaning of the present invention is an oil that is obtained from wild mintM. Arvensisand typically comprises a variety of different terpeneoids and/or terpenes such as menthol, isomenthone, menthone, menthylacetate, limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene. Menthol is usually the major component of mint oil. The at least one active agent may be adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate in specific amounts. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of the at least one agent being adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate ranges from 0.1 to 99 wt.-%, based on the weight of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate, preferably ranges from 30 to 95 wt.-%, more preferably from 50 to 90 wt.-%, and most preferably from 70 to 85 wt.-%. The cosmetic and/or skin care composition may also comprise further additives. Additives that are suitable for cosmetic compositions are known to the skilled person and are described in, for example, Regulation EC No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 Nov. 2009, and must not form part of the list of prohibited substances disclosed therein. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of bleaching agents, thickeners, stabilizers, chelating agents, preserving agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, emollients, fragrances, colorants, skin tanning compounds, antioxidants, minerals, pigments, UV-A and/or UV-B filter, and mixtures thereof. For example, the emulsifier can be an ionic emulsifier, more preferably and anionic or cationic emulsifier. The emulsifier can be of natural vegetable origin e.g. polyglycerol ester or synthetic. More preferably, the emulsifier may be selected from the group comprising PEG compounds, PEG-free emulsifier, silicone-based emulsifier, silicones, waxes and mixtures thereof. For example, the emulsifier may be selected from the group comprising PEG compounds such as PEG-8 myristate, PEG-30 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-80 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-15 soyamide/IPDI copolymer, PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-150 stearate and mixtures thereof, carbomer, carboxymethylcellulose, ceresin (aka mineral wax), diethanolamine (DEA), isopropyl stearate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl oleate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, sorbitan stearate, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan oleate, steareth-20, triethanolamine (TEA), beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, cetearyl alcohol, cetearyl wheat bran glycosides, cetearyl wheat straw glycosides, decyl glucoside, jojoba, lecithin, vegetable glycerin, xanthan gum, coco glucoside, coconut alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, arachidyl glucoside, and mixtures thereof. The fragrance may be selected from a natural and/or synthetic fragrance known as being suitable in cosmetic formulations. The colorant may be selected from a natural and/or synthetic colorant, pigment or dye such as Fe2O3, ZnO, TiO2, mica, talc, bismuth oxychloride, and mixtures thereof. According to one embodiment, the skin tanning compound is preferably dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and/or erythrulose. For example, the skin tanning compound may be dihydroxyacetone (DHA) or erythrulose. Alternatively, the skin tanning compound may be dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in combination with erythrulose. According to one embodiment, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises at least one emollient. Examples of suitable emollients are isocetylstearoylstearate, ethylhexyl stearate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, isocetyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, isostearyl isostearate, ethylhexyl hydroxystearate, ethylhexyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate, ethylhexyl isononanoate, isononyl isononanoate, cetearyl isononanoate, cetearyl octanoate, diisopropyl adipate, dicapryl adipate, diisostearylmalate, decyl oleate, isodecyl oleate, diisopropyl myristate, isostearyl neopentanoate, octyl dodecyl neopentanoate, ethylhexyl cocoate, PEG-7 glyceril cocoate, C12-15 alkyl benzoate, C16-17 alkyl benzoate, stearyl benzoate, isostearyl benzoate, ethylhexyl benzoate, octyldodecyl benzoate, cocoglyceride, coconut alkanes, coco-caprylate/caprate, and mixtures thereof. For example, the cosmetic composition may further comprise a mixture of cocoglyceride, isononyl isononanoate, coconut alkanes and coco-caprylate/caprate as emollient. Additionally or alternatively, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises at least one thickener. Examples of suitable thickener for a water-based dispersion are thickener based on silicate such as magnesium silicate, aluminium silicate and mixtures thereof, hydroxyethylcellulo se, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, xanthan gum or polyacrylamide. Examples of suitable thickener for an oil-based dispersion are selected from the group comprising silicate such as magnesium silicate, aluminium silicate, silica dimethylsilicate, hydrophobic fumed silica, polyacrylic acid, salts of polyacrylic acid, derivatives of polyacrylic acid, PEG compounds such as PEG-8 myristate, PEG-30 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-80 glyceryl cocoate, PEG-15 soyamide/IPDI copolymer, PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-150 stearate and mixtures thereof, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum, ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer and mixtures thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition further comprises at least one preserving agent. Examples of suitable preserving agents are phenoxyethanol, ethylhexylglycerin, parabens such as methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben, isobutyl paraben and mixtures thereof, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate and mixtures thereof, or plant extracts with preservative function such as rosemary extracts. For example, said mixture may comprise phenoxyethanol, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben and isobutyl paraben. Examples of suitable chelating agents are a polyphosphate, ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)glycine (NTA), ammonium diethyldithiophosphate (DDPA), disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (Na2H2EDTA), calcium-disodium-ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA), citric acid and salts of citric acid, sodium gluconate, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable wetting agents are primary alcohols such as 1-ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-pentadecanol, cetyl alcohol, 1-heptadecanol, stearyl alcohol, 1-nonadecanol and mixtures thereof, secondary alcohols such as isopropanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanol, 2-heptanol and mixtures thereof, tertiary alcohols such as tert.-butyl alcohol, tert.-amyl alcohol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methylhexan-2-ol, 2-methylheptan-2-ol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-methyloctan-3-ol and mixtures thereof, diols such as 1,2-diols or 1,3-diols, e.g. 1,3-propandiol, urea, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable antioxidants are butylhydroxyanisol (BHA), butylhydroxytoluol (BHT), gallate, carotinoid, polyphenols such as resveratrol, flavonoid and mixtures thereof, derivatives of polyphenols, ascorbic acid and salts thereof, tocopherol and salts thereof, betacarotin, ubichinon, tocotrienol, dihydroquercetin, antioxidants of natural origin, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable pigments are inorganic red pigments such as iron oxide, ferric hydroxide and iron titanate, inorganic brown pigments such as γ-iron oxide, inorganic yellow pigments such as yellow iron oxide and yellow ocher, inorganic black pigments such as black iron oxide and carbon black, inorganic purple pigments such as manganese violet and cobalt violet, inorganic green pigments such as chromium hydroxide, chrome oxide, cobalt oxide and cobalt titanate, inorganic blue pigments such as iron blue and ultramarine, particulate powders such as particulate titanium oxide, particulate cerium oxide and particulate zinc oxide, laked tar dyes, laked natural dyes, and synthetic resin powders combining foregoing powders. The bleaching agent may be selected from one or more of a vitamin B3 compound or its derivative e.g. niacin, nicotinic acid or niacinamide or other well-known bleaching agents e.g. adapalene, aloe extract, ammonium lactate, anethole derivatives, apple extract, arbutin, azelaic acid, kojic acid, bamboo extract, bearberry extract, bletilla tuber, bupleurum falcatum extract, burnet extract, butyl hydroxy anisole, butyl hydroxy toluene, citrate esters, Chuanxiong, Dang-Gui, deoxyarbutin, 1,3-diphenyl propane derivatives, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives, 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithane, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dithane, ellagic acid, escinol, estragole derivatives, Fadeout (Pentapharm), Fangfeng, fennel extract, ganoderma extract, gaoben, Gatuline Whitening (Gattlefosse), genistic acid and its derivatives, glabridin and its derivatives, gluco pyranosyl-1-ascorbate, gluconic acid, glycolic acid, green tea extract, 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3[2H]-furanone, hydroquinone, 4-hydroxyanisole and its derivatives, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydroxycaprylic acid, inositol ascorbate, lemon extract, linoleic acid, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, Melawhite (Pentapharm), moms alba extract, mulberry root extract, 5-octanoyl salicylic acid, parsley extract, phellinus linteus extract, pyrogallol derivatives, 2,4-resorcinol derivatives, 3,5-resorcinol derivatives, rose fruit extract, salicylic acid, Song-Yi extract, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzyl derivatives, tranexamic acid, vitamins like vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin A, dicarboxylic acids, resorcinol derivatives, extracts from plants viz. rubia and symplocos, hydroxycarboxylic acids like lactic acid and their salts e.g. sodium lactate, and mixtures thereof. Vitamin B3 compound or its derivative e.g. niacin, nicotinic acid or niacinamide are the more preferred bleaching agents, most preferred being niacinamide. Niacinamide, when used, is preferably present in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 10 wt.-%, more preferably 0.2 to 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the cosmetic composition. The minerals may be selected from any minerals suitable for the use in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition. For example, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may contain silicates such as talc, mica and/or kaolin. UV-A and/or UV-B filter may be selected from inorganic UV filter and/or organic UV filter. Suitable inorganic UV filter are, for example, selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, hydroxyapatite, cerium oxide, calcium-doped cerium oxide, cerium phosphate, and mixtures thereof. Suitable organic UV filter are, for example, selected from the group comprising cinnamic acid and its salts, derivatives of salicylic acid and its salts, benzophenones, derivatives of aminobenzoic acid and its salts, dibenzoylmethanes, benzylidenecamphor derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, diphenylacrylate derivatives, acrylamide derivatives, benzotriazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, benzalmalonate derivatives, aminobenzoate derivatives, octocrylene, and mixtures thereof. It is appreciated that the cosmetic composition may comprise the at least one further additive and its amount in dependence of the cosmetic composition to be prepared and/or the manufacturer's needs. For example, the cosmetic composition may comprise 0.1 to 10 wt.-% of thickeners, stabilizers, chelating agents, bleaching agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, emollients, and/or skin tanning compounds, and/or 0.1 to 15 wt.-% of preserving agents, fragrances, colorants, antioxidants, minerals, pigments, UV-A and/or UV-B filter wherein the wt.-% is based on the total weight of the cosmetic composition. In one embodiment, the at least one additive comprises, preferably consists of, one additive. Alternatively, the at least one additive comprises, preferably consists of, two or more additives. For example, the at least one additive comprises, preferably consists of, ten to fifteen additives. Preferably, the at least one additive comprises, preferably consists of, two or more additives. The cosmetic and/or skin care composition may be provided in the form of any cosmetic and/or skin care product being applicable to the skin of the face and/or body. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition is selected from an eye make-up product, a facial make-up product, a lip care product, a hand care product, a skin care product, or a combination product thereof. Furthermore, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may have a certain Brookfield viscosity. For the purpose of the present invention, the term “viscosity” or “Brookfield viscosity” refers to Brookfield viscosity. The Brookfield viscosity is for this purpose measured by a Brookfield (Typ RVT) viscometer at 25° C.±1° C. at 100 rpm after 30 seconds using an appropriate spindle and is specified in mPa·s. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition has a Brookfield viscosity in a range from 4 000 to 50 000, preferably from 10 000 to 45 000, more preferably from 15 000 to 40 000, even more preferably from 20 000 to 40 000, and most preferably from 25 000 to 40 000 mPa·s at 25° C. The use of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate as skin appearance modifier in a cosmetic and/or skin care composition may also modify the skin feeling of the user during application or shortly thereafter. Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate further provides skin feel modification. The inventors surprisingly found that a cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprising a surface-reacted calcium carbonate provides the user with an improved skin feel during and/or after the application. In particular, the cosmetic and/or skin care composition can be easily spread on the skin and the application provides the user with a non-sticky, non-greasy and/or a soft skin feeling. Furthermore, the skin feel modification may be altered or more prominent in certain aspects, in case a surface-reacted calcium carbonate is used, wherein at least one active agent is adsorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. Thus, by selecting a specific active agent, the skin feel modification may be further influenced. For example, in case mint oil is absorbed onto and/or absorbed into the surface of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate, the skin feel modification may additionally relate to freshness and/or a pleasant odor. According to one embodiment, the skin feel modification relates to a reduced dry time, greasiness reduction, fluidity, spreadability, homogeneity, tack reduction, and/or resistance, and preferably greasiness reduction and/or spreadability improvement. According to another embodiment, the skin feel modification relates to a fresh feeling, reduced dry time, greasiness reduction, fluidity, spreadability, odor, homogeneity, tack reduction, and/or resistance, and preferably greasiness reduction, spreadability improvement, odor and/or freshness. Preparation of the Cosmetic and/or Skin Care Composition The method for the preparation of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition comprises at least the provision of a surface-reacted calcium carbonate as skin appearance modifier. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate has a volume median particle size d50from 0.1 to 90 μm and is a reaction product of natural ground calcium carbonate or precipitated calcium carbonate with carbon dioxide and one or more H3O+ion donors, wherein the carbon dioxide is formed in situ by the H3O+ion donors treatment and/or is supplied from an external source. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be provided in any suitable liquid or dry form. For example, the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be in form of a powder and/or a suspension. The suspension can be obtained by mixing the surface-reacted calcium carbonate with a solvent, preferably water. The surface-reacted calcium carbonate to be mixed with a solvent, and preferably water, may be provided in any form, for example, as suspension, slurry, dispersion, paste, powder, a moist filter cake or in pressed or granulated form, and preferably is provided as a powder. The term “dispersion” or “suspension” in the meaning of the present invention refers to a system comprising a dispersing medium or solvent and at least one inorganic particulate material, wherein at least a part of the particles of the at least one inorganic particulate material are present as insoluble solids or suspended particles in the dispersing medium or solvent. The suspension can be undispersed or dispersed, i.e. the suspension includes a dispersant, and thus, forms a dispersion, e.g. an aqueous dispersion. Suitable dispersants are known in the art, and may be selected, e.g., from polyelectrolytes, polyhydroxystearic acid, acetylacetone, propylamine, oleic acid, polyacrylates, carboxymethylcellulose based dispersants, and mixtures thereof. The solids content of the suspension, preferably aqueous suspension, of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be from 1 to 85 wt.-%, more preferably from 5 to 75 wt.-%, and most preferably from 10 to 40 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the suspension. In case the surface-reacted calcium carbonate is provided in dry form, the moisture content of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate can be between 0.01 and 5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. The moisture content of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate can be, for example, less than or equal to 1.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate, preferably less than or equal to 0.5 wt.-%, and more preferably less than or equal to 0.2 wt.-%. According to another example, the moisture content of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be between 0.01 and 0.15 wt.-%, preferably between 0.02 and 0.10 wt.-%, and more preferably between 0.03 and 0.07 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. The method for the preparation of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may further comprise the provision of water and/or at least one oil and the mixing of the water and/or at least one oil with the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. The mixing of the water and/or the at least one oil and the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may be carried out in any manner known by the skilled person. The mixing may be carried out under conventional mixing conditions. The skilled man will adapt these mixing conditions (such as the configuration of mixing pallets and mixing speed) according to his process equipment. It is appreciated that any mixing method which would be suitable to form a cosmetic and/or skin care composition may be used. In case, the method further comprises the provision of water and at least one oil, the mixing may be carried out in any order. Preferably, the water and the at least one oil are combined and mixed to form a mixture followed by the addition and mixing of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate. Mixing can be carried out at temperatures typically used for preparing a cosmetic base formulation. Preferably, mixing is carried out at a temperature in the range from 15 to 100° C., more preferably from 20 to 85° C. such as of about 45° C. The method for the preparation of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may further comprise the provision of at least one additive. The combining and mixing of the at least one additive and the surface-reacted calcium carbonate may also be carried out under conventional mixing conditions. The skilled man will adapt these mixing conditions (such as the configuration of mixing pallets and mixing speed) according to his process equipment. It is appreciated that any mixing method which would be suitable to form a cosmetic and/or skin care composition may be used. In case, the method comprises the provision of the surface-reacted calcium carbonate, water and/or at least one oil, and at least one additive, and preferably two or more additives, the combining and mixing may be carried out in any order. For example, the method for the preparation of the cosmetic and/or skin care composition may comprise the steps of:a) providing a surface-reacted calcium carbonate as described herein,b) providing water,c) providing at least one oil,d) providing two or more additives,e) combining and mixing one or more of the two or more additives with water to form a first mixture,f) combining and mixing one or more of the two or more additives with the at least one oil to form a second mixtureg) combining and mixing the first and the second mixture to form a third mixture,h) optionally combining and mixing the third mixture with one or more of the two or more additives, to form a fourth mixture,i) combining and mixing the surface-reacted calcium carbonate with the third mixture of step g) or the fourth mixture of step h). The scope and interest of the invention will be better understood based on the following examples which are intended to illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention and are non-limitative.

11392259

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to an information processing device, a processing method, and a non-transitory recording medium. BACKGROUND ART Some portable terminals have a function of becoming a sleep mode that consumes little power when no operation has been given for a certain time period. In order to use a portable terminal in a sleep mode, operations of canceling the sleep mode and displaying a menu for selecting a function, and of selecting a desired function (application program) through the menu to launch the application program are necessary. Hence, there is a demand to simplify the operation to utilize the function. Patent Literature 1 discloses a portable terminal that has a lock mode. The user cannot use the portable terminal unless canceling the lock mode. CITATION LIST Patent Literature Patent Literature 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-541046 SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem If a portable terminal having both sleep mode and lock mode is utilized, in order to utilize such a portable terminal, the following operations are required. (1) To cancel the sleep mode and display an unlocking screen. (2) To cancel the lock through the unlocking screen. (3) To display a menu for selecting an application. (4) To select a desired application through the menu to launch the application. However, the aforementioned successive operations are bothersome for a user. In addition, performing aforementioned successive operations every time an application program is launched leads to large power consumption. The present disclosure has been made to address the aforementioned problems, and it is an objective of the present disclosure to provide an information processing device, a processing method, and a non-transitory recording medium that have a sleep mode and facilitate use of functions. Solution to Problem An information processing device according to the first aspect of the present disclosure is capable of setting, as an operation mode, a sleep mode in which nothing is displayed on a display, and the information processing device includes: an operation receiver that receives operations given by a user; a setter that sets the operation mode of the information processing device to the sleep mode when the operation receiver receives no operation for a first time period; a displayer that displays, on the display, at least one indicator associated in advance with at least one application program selected in advance from a plurality of application programs executable by the information processing device when the operation mode of the information processing device is set in the sleep mode and the operation receiver receives a first operation; and a launcher that launches, when the operation receiver receives an operation of specifying the indicator, the application program associated with the specified indicator. A processing method according to the second aspect of the present disclosure includes: a setting step for setting an operation mode to a sleep mode when no operation by a user is received for a first time period; a displaying step for displaying, when a first operation is received in the sleep mode, at least one indicator associated in advance with at least one application program selected in advance from a plurality of application program; and a launching step for launching, when an operation of specifying the indicator is received, the application program associated with the specified indicator. A computer-readable non-transitory recording medium according to the third aspect of the present disclosure has stored therein a program that causes a computer to function as: an operation receiver that receives operations given by a user; a setter that sets the operation mode of the computer to the sleep mode when the operation receiver receives no operation for a first time period; a displayer that displays at least one indicator associated in advance with at least one application program selected in advance from a plurality of application programs executable by the computer when the operation mode of the computer is set in the sleep mode and when the operation receiver receives a first operation; and a launcher that launches, when the operation receiver receives an operation of specifying the indicator, the application program associated with the specified indicator. Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present disclosure, an information processing device, a processing method, and a non-transitory recording medium which facilitate use of functions in a sleep mode are provided.

11472619

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to a caseless container tray for shipping a plurality of containers containing one or more substances. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a caseless container tray that can be used to ship a plurality of containers without requiring external packaging or sidewalls to hold the containers in place and/or support the weight of the containers. BACKGROUND Some substances, such as liquids, may be distributed from a manufacturer to a retailer in containers that may easily be handled and transported by the retailer and/or an end consumer. The capacity of these containers may be several gallons or less such that handling and transport of a container does not create an undue burden to the retailer and/or end consumer. Since the capacity of these containers may be several gallons or less, a plurality of containers may be shipped together. SUMMARY In an Example 1, a container tray comprises: a top surface configured to contact and receive base portions of a first plurality of containers, wherein the top surface comprises a plurality of top projections configured to divide the first plurality of containers into a plurality of rows, wherein each row of the plurality of rows is configured to receive at least two containers of the first plurality of containers; and a bottom surface configured to contact and receive spouts of a second plurality of containers, wherein the bottom surface comprises a plurality of bottom projections extending from the bottom surface, wherein a bottom surface of each bottom projection is configured to contact a shoulder portion of a container of the second plurality of containers and wherein each projection surrounds a center portion, wherein each center portion is configured to contact and receive a spout of the spouts. In an Example 2, the container tray of Example 1, wherein the top surface further comprises cavities having inner surfaces that have substantially similar contours as outer surfaces of the plurality of projections extending from the bottom surface. In an Example 3, the container tray of Example 2, further comprising at least one ridge bisecting each of the plurality of cavities, wherein a first ridge of the at least one ridge extends from a first end of a respective cavity to a center portion of the cavity and a second ridge of the least one ridge extends from the center portion to a second end of the respective cavity, wherein the first end is opposite the second end. In an Example 4, the container tray of Example 3, wherein the at least one ridge has a uniform thickness. In an Example 5, the container tray of Example 3, wherein the at least one ridge has a non-uniform thickness. In an Example 6, the container tray of Example 3, wherein the first and second ridges have different thicknesses and/or shapes. In an Example 7, the container tray of Example 3, wherein the at least one ridge has a thickness than is less than a diameter of the center portion. In an Example 8, the container tray of Example 1, wherein the plurality of projections extending from the bottom surface include structures extending from sidewalls of the plurality of projections configured to increase stability of the plurality of projections. In an Example 9, the container tray of Example 1, further comprising sidewalls surrounding and extending from the top surface. In an Example 10, the container tray of Example 9, wherein each sidewall comprises at least one projection extending substantially perpendicular from the sidewall, wherein the at least one projection is configured to create an airgap between the container tray and a second container tray when the container tray and the second container tray are in a stacked configuration. In an Example 11, the container tray of Example 9, wherein the sidewall has a height of less than 1.5 inches. In an Example 12, the container tray of Example 9, wherein the plurality of top projections have a height that is equal to or less than a height of the sidewall. In an Example 13, the container tray of Example 9, wherein corners of the sidewall include a curvature that substantially matches a curvature of the first plurality of containers. In an Example 14, a container tray comprises: a surface having a plurality of rows separated by dividers, wherein each row of the plurality of rows is configured to receive bases of at least two containers and wherein each divider is configured to separate the bases of the at least two containers in a first row of the plurality of rows from bases of containers located in a second row of the plurality of rows; wherein a bottom surface of the surface includes a plurality of projections, wherein the plurality of projections are configured to receive spouts of a second plurality of containers and wherein the plurality of projections form a clearance fit with shoulder portions of the spouts. In an Example 15, the container of Example 14, wherein a top surface of the surface includes a planar surface and cavities extending downward from the planar surface and wherein the cavities have substantially similar contours as the plurality of projections. In an Example 16, the container of Example 15, wherein each cavity includes a center portion that is substantially planar with the planar surface. In an Example 17, the container of Example 15, further comprising at least one ridge bisecting each of the cavities, wherein a first ridge of the at least one ridge extends from a first end of a respective cavity to a center portion of the cavity and a second ridge of the least one ridge extends from the center portion to a second end of the respective cavity, wherein the first end is opposite the second end. In an Example 18, the container tray of Example 17, wherein the at least one ridge has a uniform thickness. In an Example 19, the container tray of Example 17, wherein the at least one ridge has a non-uniform thickness. In an Example 20, the container tray of Example 17, wherein the at least one ridge has a thickness than is less than a diameter of the center portion. While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

11533510

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of video coding, particularly a block partitioning scheme for JVET that allows quadtree partitioning, symmetric binary partitioning, and asymmetric binary partitioning in a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) structure. BACKGROUND The technical improvements in evolving video coding standards illustrate the trend of increasing coding efficiency to enable higher bit-rates, higher resolutions, and better video quality. The Joint Video Exploration Team is developing a new video coding scheme referred to as JVET. Similar to other video coding schemes like HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), JVET is a block-based hybrid spatial and temporal predictive coding scheme. However, relative to HEVC, JVET includes many modifications to bitstream structure, syntax, constraints, and mapping for the generation of decoded pictures. JVET has been implemented in Joint Exploration Model (JEM) encoders and decoders. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides a method of partitioning a video coding block for JVET, the method comprising representing a JVET coding tree unit as a root node in a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) structure that can have a quadtree branching from the root node and binary trees branching from each of the quadtree's leaf nodes using asymmetric binary partitioning to split a coding unit represented by a quadtree leaf node into two child coding units of unequal size, representing the two child coding units as leaf nodes in a binary tree branching from the quadtree leaf node and coding the child coding units represented by leaf nodes of the binary tree with JVET, wherein further partitioning of child coding units split from quadtree leaf nodes via asymmetric binary partitioning is disallowed. The present disclosure also provides a method of partitioning a video coding block for JVET, the method comprising representing a JVET coding tree unit as a root node in a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) structure that can have a quadtree branching from the root node and binary trees branching from each of the quadtree's leaf nodes, splitting a square block represented by a quadtree node with quadtree partitioning into four square blocks of equal size and representing them as quadtree nodes that can represent final coding units or be split again with quadtree partitioning, symmetric binary partitioning, or asymmetric binary partitioning, with symmetric binary partitioning into two blocks of equal size and representing them in a binary tree branching from the quadtree node as child nodes that can represent final coding units or be recursively split again with symmetric binary partitioning, or with asymmetric binary partitioning into two blocks of unequal size and representing them in a binary tree branching from the quadtree node as leaf nodes that represents final coding units and for which further splitting is disallowed, and coding the coding units represented by leaf nodes of the QTBT structure with JVET. The present disclosure also provides a method of decoding a JVET bitstream, the method comprising receiving a bitstream indicating how a coding tree unit was partitioned into coding units according to a quadtree plus binary tree (QTBT) structure that allows quadtree nodes to be split with quadtree partitioning, symmetric binary partitioning, or asymmetric binary partitioning, identifying coding units represented by leaf nodes of the QTBT structure, wherein an indication that a node was split from a quadtree leaf node using asymmetric binary partitioning directly indicates that the node represents a final coding unit to be decoded, and decoding the identified coding units using JVET.

11484832

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to apparatuses and methods drying fly ash, and particularly to apparatuses and methods for drying and reducing carbon in fly ash from coal combustion products (“CCPs”). BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART It is known to use apparatuses and methods to reduce or remove carbon from fly ash derived from CCPs. Conventional apparatuses and methods, however, suffer from one or more disadvantages. For example, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods are not adapted to process “new” CCPs from fresh dry ash, landfilled ash, and/or ponded ash derived from CCPs. As a result, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods are not adapted to process CCPs into usable ash (e.g., class F ash). Conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods are also not sufficiently effective and economical. Conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods also have undesirably low processing rates and capacity and undesirably high energy consumption and transportation costs. Further, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods do not sufficiently minimize carbon content in CCPs, remove water from CCPs, and adjust material gradation. Still further, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods are not sufficiently portable or easily transported. In addition, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods do not produce a high-temperature, oxygen-rich environment which oxidizes and reduces carbon content in CCPs. Conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods also do not utilize hot gas generated by the carbon reduction section in the dryer section of the assembly. Further, conventional carbon reduction assemblies and methods do not include dry sorbent in a baghouse designed for capture and control of mercury oxides or mercury sulfates. It would be desirable, therefore, if an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would be adapted to process “new” CCPs from fresh ash, landfilled ash, and/or ponded ash derived from CCPs. It would also be desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would process CCPs into usable ash (e.g., class F ash). It would be further desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would be more effective and economical. It would be still further desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would improve processing rates and capacity and reduce energy consumption and transportation costs. In addition, it would be desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would minimize carbon content in CCPs, removes water from CCPs, and adjusts material gradation. It would also be desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would be highly portable and easily transported. Further, it would be desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would produce a high-temperature, oxygen-rich environment which oxidizes and reduces carbon content in CCPs. Still further, it would be desirable if such an apparatus and method could be provided that would utilize hot gas generated by the carbon reduction section in the dryer section of the assembly. In addition, it would be desirable if such an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly could be provided that would include dry sorbent in the baghouse designed for capture and control of mercury oxides or mercury sulfates. Advantages of the Preferred Embodiments of the Invention Accordingly, it is an advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that is adapted to process “new” CCPs from fresh ash, landfilled ash, and/or ponded ash derived from CCPs. It is also an advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that processes CCP into usable ash (e.g., class F ash). It is another advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that is more effective and economical. For example, the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein improve processing rates and capacity and reduce energy consumption and transportation costs. It is still another advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that minimizes carbon content in CCPs, removes water from CCPs, and adjusts material gradation. It is yet another advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for carbon reduction assembly that is highly portable and easily transported. In addition, it is an advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that produces a high-temperature, oxygen-rich environment which oxidizes and reduces carbon content in CCPs. It is an additional advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that utilizes hot gas generated by the carbon reduction section in the dryer section of the assembly. It is also an advantage of the preferred embodiments of the invention claimed herein to provide an apparatus and method for a carbon reduction assembly that includes dry sorbent in the baghouse designed for capture and control of mercury oxides or mercury sulfates. Additional advantages of the preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from an examination of the drawings and the ensuing description. Explanation of the Technical Terms The use of the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and similar terms in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The terms “substantially,” “generally,” and other words of degree are relative modifiers intended to indicate permissible variation from the characteristic so modified. The use of such terms in describing a physical or functional characteristic of the invention is not intended to limit such characteristic to the absolute value which the term modifies, but rather to provide an approximation of the value of such physical or functional characteristic. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise specified herein or clearly indicated by context. Terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “attached,” “connected,” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both moveable and rigid attachments or relationships, unless specified herein or clearly indicated by context. The term “operatively connected” is such an attachment, coupling or connection that allows the pertinent structures to operate as intended by virtue of that relationship. The use of any and all examples or exemplary language (e.g., “such as,” “preferred,” and “preferably”) herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and the preferred embodiments thereof, and not to place a limitation on the scope of the invention. Nothing in the specification should be construed as indicating any element as essential to the practice of the invention unless so stated with specificity. Several terms are specifically defined herein. These terms are to be given their broadest reasonable construction consistent with such definitions, as follows: As used herein, the term “classifier” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to classify, separate, or sort particles and mixtures into constituent parts by size and/or density. The term “classifier” includes, without limitation, screens, sieves, air classifiers, cyclones, air-sweep mills, fluidized beds, centrifuges, air elutriation, and the like. As used herein, the term “control unit” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to control or supervise the operation of the assembly, receive and interpret program instructions, send control signals, and/or route data throughout the assembly. The term “control unit” includes, without limitation, control processing units, microprocessors, monitoring processors, SCADA systems, PLC systems, alarm monitoring, algorithms, and the like. As used herein, the term “material inlet device” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to receive material, including wet and dry CCPs, into the assembly. The term “material inlet device” includes, without limitation, hoppers, feeders, gate valves, rotary airlocks, rotary feeders, single/double flap valves, slide/knife gate valves, and the like. As used herein, the term “particle size reduction unit” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to reduce the size of particles, including wet and dry CCPs. The term “particle size reduction unit” includes, without limitation, crushers, grinders, ball mills, rod mills, tower mills, tube mills, pebble mills, pin mills, hammer/screen mills, and the like. As used herein, the term “storage unit” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to store or house material, including fly ash. The term “storage unit” includes, without limitation, silos, bins, rail cars, road transport tankers, bags, tanks, and the like. As used herein, the term “weighing device” means any device, mechanism, assembly or combination thereof that is adapted to weigh material, including fly ash and wet and dry CCPs. The term “weighing device” includes, without limitation, belt scales, load cells, weight belt feeders, optical belt scales, and the like. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus of the invention comprises a carbon reduction assembly adapted for use with wet and dry coal combustion products (“CCPs”). The preferred assembly comprises a direct-fired carbon reduction section. The preferred direct-fired carbon reduction section comprises a dry material inlet device that is adapted to receive the dry CCPs and a direct-fired carbon reduction section burner unit that is disposed upstream from the dry material inlet device and adapted to reduce carbon content in the dry CCPs. The preferred assembly also comprises a direct-fired dryer section. The preferred direct-fired dryer section is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and comprises a wet material inlet device that is adapted to receive the wet CCPs and a direct-fired dryer section drum that is adapted to dry the wet CCPs. The preferred assembly further comprises a control unit that is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and the direct-fired dryer section. In the preferred assembly, an amount of hot gas generated by the direct-fired carbon reduction section is conveyed to the direct-fired dryer section, and the assembly is adapted to produce dry fly ash. The method of the invention comprises a method for removing carbon from fly ash derived from wet and dry CCPs. The preferred method comprises providing a carbon reduction assembly. The preferred carbon reduction assembly comprises a carbon reduction assembly adapted for use with wet and dry coal combustion products (“CCPs”). The preferred assembly comprises a direct-fired carbon reduction section. The preferred direct-fired carbon reduction section comprises a dry material inlet device that is adapted to receive the dry CCPs and a direct-fired carbon reduction section burner unit that is disposed upstream from the dry material inlet device and adapted to reduce carbon content in the dry CCPs. The preferred assembly also comprises a direct-fired dryer section. The preferred direct-fired dryer section is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and comprises a wet material inlet device that is adapted to receive the wet CCPs and a direct-fired dryer section drum that is adapted to dry the wet CCPs. The preferred assembly further comprises a control unit that is operatively connected with the direct-fired carbon reduction section and the direct-fired dryer section. In the preferred assembly, an amount of hot gas generated by the direct-fired carbon reduction section is conveyed to the direct-fired dryer section, and the assembly is adapted to produce dry fly ash. The preferred method also comprises removing carbon from the fly ash derived from wet and dry CCPs.

11326839

The present invention relates to the field of thermal management. This applies in particular to a thermal exchanger for implementing an exchange of thermal energy with at least a first fluid or between a first fluid and a second fluid, an element in the general shape of a polygonal plate for providing a hollow wall of this thermal exchanger, a first set comprising several such assembled elements, a second set comprising the above-mentioned thermal exchanger, with all or part of its characteristics, and a thermally insulating housing containing same, and a thermal management installation provided with said thermal exchanger. The patent application publications EP165179 and WO1989000664 respectively provide for a plate thermal exchanger and a tubular thermal exchanger. A thermal exchanger is therefore known which comprises: at least one first free space for a (first) fluid, at least one (first) thermally conductive wall that:at least locally limits said at least one first free space, so that a heat exchange can occur between said first fluid, andis hollow and encloses a material for storing thermal energy by accumulation of latent heat (such as PCM), in thermal exchange with at least said first fluid, thereby providing a thermal energy storage function. In this context, it may happen that a fluid, such as the first one here, has more to expect in the thermal exchanger, in terms of temperature change, from the material for storing thermal energy than from an exchange with another fluid. In addition, the optimised thermal management of an installation, and trying to avoid unnecessary loss of thermal energy, are considerations to be taken into account. In this case, it is proposed that said first free space should be divided into at least two (sub)-channels in the thermal exchanger, where the two (a priori generally parallel) streams of the first fluid can circulate at the same time, with the thermally conductive wall containing the material for storing thermal energy being then interposed between said two (sub)-channels. It may then also occur that at some point in time, this first fluid is in a position to release, or in need of having to release, a thermal energy that a second fluid may subsequently require, and/or that some fluids are at one time to be heated and at another time to be cooled. It is within this framework that it is proposed here to implement a heat exchange between such first and second fluids, proposing that the thermal exchanger should also comprise: at least one second free space for the second fluid, in such a way that said first and second fluids circulate in the first and second free space(s), respectively, and an additional thermally conductive wall separating said first and second free spaces, in such a way that heat exchange between the first fluid and second fluid occurs through said additional thermally conductive wall. A priori, this additional thermally conductive wall will be devoid of material for storing thermal energy. And to also optimize heat exchange, manufacture and use, it is proposed that the additional thermally conductive wall should also be hollow, i.e. having a double wall in which said at least one second free space for the second fluid will be defined. To manufacture the elements of the thermal exchanger, it is also proposed to start from flat metal plates, press them to form recesses, fill the recesses of one of the plates with the material for storing thermal energy and cover them with the other plate, then fix them a priori by welding. No need for containers for the storage material nor any other parts for closing the recesses or the volumes receiving this material. When it is mentioned that the thermal exchanger includes plates having inner faces with recesses, it may be only one plate folded back on itself. To promote the rigidity of the plates while taking advantage of the bumpy and hollow areas then formed, it is also proposed that said plates should include corrugated plates defining elongated channels forming the recesses where said parts of the material for storing thermal energy are arranged. This will also be an ergonomic, fairly simple realization, which can be obtained by stamping metal plates. A maximum of two plates, without a PCM container, will suffice. Such a solution will guide the fluid into its circulation free space, at two different levels of the thermal exchanger, typically in said first and second circulation free spaces. As a material or materials for storing thermal energy, using at least one PCM material should therefore be favourably considered. In an alternative solution, it is possible, although not considered as preferable here, to use a device operating on the basis of reversible thermochemical reactions provided for in the TCS technology. In any case, it is confirmed that a phase change material (MCP in French; or PCM in English), refers to a material which can change physical state, for instance between liquid and solid state, with a temperature range of, for instance −50° C. to 180° C. Thermal transfer is made by using the Latent Heat thereof. The thermally insulating material(s) mentioned hereunder may be a “simple” insulator such as glass wool, or a foam, for example of polyurethane, or a porous thermally insulating material laid out in a vacuum envelope, to define at least one insulating panel, VIP. “VIP” means a “controlled atmosphere” structure, i.e. either filled with a gas having a thermal conductivity lower than that of the ambient air (26 mW/m·K) or “under vacuum”, i.e. under a pressure lower than the ambient pressure (therefore <105Pa). The cavity wall containing the material for storing thermal energy, and preferably the thermal exchanger itself, could be made of a preferably rubbery flexible material, so as to adapt to the shapes and locations of the applications for which the thermal exchanger will be used. In particular in this case, said hollow wall, and preferably the thermal exchanger itself again, could be tubular. Applications to hoses and other pipes in vehicles in particular are planned, including in confined areas and where weight can be a major criterion. Such a realization could be made from a shape like a flexible flat plate rolled on itself substantially in a cylinder and fixed at its rolled ends to obtain a laterally closed tube. Connections, differentiated for each fluid, would make it possible for said first and second fluids to get in and out. In the centre could circulate a third fluid which could also be in thermal exchange with the first or second fluid which will circulate radially closest to it. In general, for an industrial standard for the manufacture of the element intended for the construction of a hollow wall of the aforementioned thermal exchanger, with all or part of its characteristics, a solution provides an element which comprises two identical parallel plates, two opposite edges of which are bent in the same direction and which each have recesses on the inner face and bumps on the outer face. In one case said storage material will be housed in the face-to-face recesses of the plates, in another case the inter-plate volume will be left empty. With the above-mentioned elements, it will also be possible to create a set wherein these stacked elements, will therefore be fixed together two by two along the folded edges, in order to define between two external faces of two elements arranged face to face, at least one free fluid space. Thus, it will be possible to produce a modular thermal exchanger, with elementary modules that are easy to manufacture, in series, typically by stamping thin light metal plates. The invention also relates to another assembly comprising: the thermal exchanger involved, and a thermally insulating housing containing this thermal exchanger and provided with walls containing at least one thermal insulator, collecting volumes of said at least first fluid being interposed between end openings of each free space and at least some of the walls of the housing through which inlet or outlet connections of said at least first fluid pass. The walls containing the thermal insulator will have a VIP structure if a good compromise between thermal performance/weight/impact is to be achieved. Also concerned is a thermal management installation comprising: the above-mentioned thermal exchanger, with all or part of its characteristics, with this thermal exchanger being arranged at a crossing between a first circuit for the first fluid and a second circuit for the second fluid, in such a way:that outside the thermal exchanger, the first and second fluids circulate independently in functional components (in an internal combustion engine, for example cylinders, an air/water radiator, a cylinder head, etc.) on which one and/or the other of the fluids act or with which they interact,and that, in the thermal exchanger, the first fluid can circulate in the first free space(s) and the second fluid can circulate in the second free space(s), means (such as one or more pump(s)) for circulating the first and second fluids in the first and second circuits respectively, and at least one valve placed at least on the second circuit of the second fluid, for:at a first time (T1) of operation of the installation, allowing the first fluid to circulate alone in the thermal exchanger, without the second fluid, andat a second time (T2) of operation of the installation, allowing the first and second fluids to circulate together in the thermal exchanger.

11440193

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates generally to robots and more particularly to method, device, and system for managing collaboration amongst robots. BACKGROUND Robots are widely used for process execution in the industries. With the advancements in technologies, their number for adoption has increased substantially. In manufacturing industries, they perform a variety of functions such as lifting and movement of objects from a given location, to brushing and cleaning of machine parts. In retail and online shopping, they pick up the objects of choice and package the same in a predefined fashion for dispatch. Based on the nature of the task they perform and the capability, a robot often collaborates with one or more robots to complete the task. The task of each of them is predefined to ensure a smooth hand off and in time completion. In present era, it calls for enormous efforts from the domain expert to define the task till last mile. Even a slight variation in the task is not tolerable, leave alone handling a set of tasks defined on the fly. Although robots can perform this, they don't know the sequence of execution. To make the system more useful, robust and reduce the resources in maintaining so many task specific systems, a method is required to generate the execution workflow adaptively from the task defined to the system. Currently, there is a lack of mechanism to exploit the capabilities of robots and drones to make them work together for completing the tasks. Also, there is a lack of precise communication protocol to allow robots and drones to communicate and collaborate for effective task completion. In addition, there is also a lack of mechanism which generates the optimal ordered sequence of task execution including drones and robots avoiding conflicts, intruder attack and supporting seamless execution with support from other robots and drones. Therefore, there exists a need to develop a method, device and system that provides solution to the aforementioned drawbacks. SUMMARY In one embodiment, a method for managing collaboration amongst robots is disclosed. The method may include assigning a color tag from a set of predefined color tags to each of a plurality of robots, based on associated functional capabilities. The method may further include dynamically creating a plurality of groups for a plurality of tasks based on at least one attribute associated with each of the plurality of tasks and functional capabilities associated with the plurality of robots. The method may include electing a plurality of chief robots for the plurality of groups based on a first predefined logic. The method may include selecting a prime robot from the plurality of chief robots based on a second predefined logic. In another embodiment, a device for managing collaboration amongst robots is disclosed. The device includes a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the memory stores processor instructions, which, on execution, cause the processor to assign a color tag from a set of predefined color tags to each of a plurality of robots, based on associated functional capabilities. The processor instructions further cause the processor to create dynamically a plurality of groups for a plurality of tasks based on at least one attribute associated with each of the plurality of tasks and functional capabilities associated with the plurality of robots. The processor instructions cause the processor to elect a plurality of chief robots for the plurality of groups based on a first predefined logic. The processor instructions further cause the processor to select a prime robot from the plurality of chief robots based on a second predefined logic. In another embodiment, a system for managing collaboration amongst robots is disclosed. The system includes a plurality of robots and a central controller communicatively coupled to each of the plurality of robots, wherein the central controller may be configured to assign a color tag from a set of predefined color tags to each of a plurality of robots, based on associated functional capabilities. The central controller further configured to create dynamically a plurality of groups for a plurality of tasks based on at least one attribute associated with each of the plurality of tasks and functional capabilities associated with the plurality of robots. The central controller further configured to elect a plurality of chief robots for the plurality of groups based on a first predefined logic. central controller further configured to select a prime robot from the plurality of chief robots based on a second predefined logic. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

11504351

The claimed methods and antiaging compositions primarily relate to the rapid reduction of average epigenetic age of an adult human organism and tissues thereof, the expansion of stem cell pools, the restoration of mitochondrial health and the restoration of more youthful function. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Numerous putative sources of aging are known. These include mutations of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, inflammation, glycative cross-linking, the intra and extra cellular accumulation of indigestible materials such as lipofuscin, Aβ and P-tau in the brain and the associated decline in memory, musculoskeletal disorders, and the oxidized cholesterol derivatives in atherosclerotic plaques. These contribute to the aging of the entire organism or substantial parts thereof, and many believe that so many disparate sources of aging interact that aging is inevitable. The shortening of telomeres is often considered another source of aging, but herein is considered to be a calendar or clock that provides cellular expiration dates for an organism that is constantly renewing itself. Without stem cells to replace somatic cells reaching their expiration dates, the organism would enter a Hayflick crisis and die. The Hayflick limit is the number of times somatic cells can divide before reaching senescence, typically 40 to 70 divisions. As this limit is due to the shortening of telomeres, one currently popular solution to the problem is to extend telomeres with supplements such as astragalus extracts containing cycloastragenol. While this may provide short-term health benefits by delaying the Hayflick crisis, it allows cells to continue aging epigenetically, thus becoming ever more dysfunctional. Epigenetics is the study of the meta programing that controls the expression of genes, wherein hundreds of human cell types are programed from selected portions of the underlying nuclear DNA (nDNA) that is otherwise identical for all diploid cells. Nuclear DNA is bound to proteins called histones, and the expression of genes is raised or lowered by histone modifications and nDNA methylation. Histones are primarily modified by methylation, but also by phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation. At least eleven types of modifications are presently known. These modifications form the epigenome—the epigenetic code that lies above the nDNA code and modulates its expression. Errors in the epigenome—epimutations that occur far more frequently than mutations in the underlying nDNA it controls—degrade the proper functioning of cells and result in aging. In addition, somatic cells become senescent (suffering irreversible cell cycle arrest) due to telomeric shortening, nDNA mutations and other damage. Even a small percentage of senescent cells are known to have an outsized negative effect on the organism. They create inflammation and can drive neighboring cells into senescence with chemical signals, referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). While the body removes senescent cells naturally by apoptosis, with age the number of cells reaching senescence steadily increases while stem cell pools decline and the natural processes of clearance and replacement fail to keep up, beginning a vicious cycle wherein epigenetically old senescent cells accumulate at an accelerating rate. Epimutations also occur in the nDNA of stem cells, and are propagated thereby to their progeny by methyltransferases. Just as nDNA picks up aberrant methylation marks, so does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These marks are similarly transferred by methyltransferase and thus are persistent. They may be inherited or added stochastically, or by environmental conditions such as air quality and nutrition. In 2017, Saini, et al. reported that DNA Methyltransferasel (DNMT1) isoform3 methylates the mitochondrial genome. Ultimately mtDNA can become hypermethylated and dysfunctional, with reduced ATP production. Methods and supplements for reducing mtDNA methylation would thus increase ATP and athletic performance, improve organ health, and reduce the severity of many diseases of aging. The least methylated nDNA are found in stem cells. The human organism has stem cells of several types, with variable potential growth possibilities. During fetal development, totipotent stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into any cell of the body and the placenta. Those disappear after a few cycles of replication, leaving the developing fetus with pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells that can develop into any cell of the body, and finally multipotent (adult) stem cells that have more epigenetic nDNA programing than totipotent or pluripotent cells and thus a reduced ability to differentiate into any cell type. Residual pluripotent stem cells in the adult have recently been discovered. All of these, along with more specialized stem cells like satellite cells are herein collectively called stem cells (SCs) unless otherwise specified, while diploid cells with nDNA epigenetically programed to perform as any of the more than two hundred cell types in the body are called somatic cells. Stem cells are present in all or nearly all tissues of the mature organism. With aging, however, the active SC populations fall even while the function of somatic cells is degraded by stochastic changes to the epigenome (epimutations) which occur at a rate many times the mutation rate of the underlying nDNA, thus detuning somatic cells for their specific function. The result is ageing and the myriad dysfunctions that entails. History is replete with attempts to turn back the clock, with the earliest written records dating back at least to the Epic of Gilgamesh in 1,800 BC, wherein the apocryphal Gilgamesh finds and loses a plant that is said to restore youth. While no single substance is known that can reverse the biological clock, the present application discloses methods and antiaging compositions for doing just that. According to a current hypothesis, damage to the epigenetic code is the main cause of aging. Methyl groups define most of the epigenetic pattern, and mutations to this pattern occur relentlessly throughout life due to various environmental conditions and during mitosis. During replication of nuclear DNA (nDNA), the positions of methyl groups are transferred from the parent nDNA strand to the daughter strand by methyltransferases, which operate with relatively poor fidelity compared to the nDNA polymerases that replicates the underlying pattern of nDNA bases. Methylation errors result in an inappropriate genetic expression for a given cell type, thereby detuning cells for their assigned purpose and propagating this dysregulation to daughter cells, with the level of dysregulation increasing with each generation. While the epimutations of most genes are stochastic, some portions of the epigenome have been found that degrade with such regularity that they can serve as an epigenetic clock. Selected methylation sites have been found where the aggregate methylation status correlates well with chronological age. Horvath's clock is one example, which uses several hundred sites. Weidner's clock is another that samples just 3 sites. The age obtained from such clocks reflects only an average age of cells from the body or selected tissues thereof, which generally comprises a mix of epigenetically old and young cells. During differentiation, stem cells take on an epigenetic pattern appropriate to a specific cell type with near zero age. Fetal somatic cells have a low epigenetic age that increases rapidly through childhood and then at a slower and generally linear fashion until death. Reversing the epigenetic age of an organism is thus a goal that many seek. Pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells have recently been found to still exist in the adult. Such cells exist in bone marrow and may supply other tissues via blood circulation. In 2014, Grymula et al. reported that bone marrow provided a source of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), which can mobilize and circulate with blood. They proposed that these VSELs serve as a reserve of immortal pluripotent stem cells that can give rise to adult stem cells, thus refilling adult stem cell pools. VSELs apparently escaped discovery due to their exceedingly small size and failure of techniques then in use to properly extract them. Declining numbers of VSELs are associated with aging. In U.S. Patent Application No. 20190093075, Ratajczak et al. claimed a method of expanding VSELs ex vivo, but a simple method of expanding VSELs and other SCs in vivo would be far more desirable. Stem cells secrete extracellular vesicles that create an environment allowing endogenous stem and progenitor cells to successfully repair damaged tissues, thus expanding stem cell pools would have more than one mode of action in restoring health. This active area of research was reviewed by Börger et al. in 2017. Paracrine factors modulate the behavior of stem cells. In 2018, Huang et al. reported that taurine enhanced neural SC proliferation through a sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, and in 2015 Cheng et al. reported that resveratrol enhanced neural SC proliferation after injury, also through a sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. The replication of stem cells is orchestrated in part by their mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles of ancient bacterial origin that provide energy for cells by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, degrading fatty acids, amino acids, and pyruvate (from glucose) to produce ATP, which is then used by cells as their primary energy source. Mitochondria are present in all human cells except red blood cells. The numbers per cell vary according to the energy needs of particular cell types, but the average cell comprises a thousand or more. The mitochondrial count is in constant flux as mitochondria continuously fission and fuse to form individual units or interconnected thread-like structures within cells. Each mitochondrion typically contains multiple copies of bacterial style DNA loops (mtDNA) that operate outside the nDNA system, but with a good deal of crosstalk. In healthy cells, there is an equilibrium between fission and fusion that serves to mix mitochondrial content during fusion and isolate defective mtDNA during fission so they can be lysosomally degraded. Mitochondrial morphology also serves as a switch for cellular processes. In 2016, Khacho et al. hypothesized that an overall fusion state biases stem cells into symmetric proliferation (self-renewal), producing two daughter stem cells, while a fission state biases stem cells into asymmetric differentiation where one daughter cell remains a stem cell and the other becomes a somatic cell. Without intervention, it has been estimated that more than 80% of stem cell replication is asymmetric. In 2015, Senyilmaz et al. reported that increased stearic acid (C18:0) intake boosted mitochondrial fusion in flies. In 2017, O'Mealey et al. reported that sulforaphane caused mitochondrial hyperfusion in cultured cells. According to Edmond in 2001, common saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids such as stearic and oleic acids do not enter the brain parenchyma, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA do. Stearic acid is thus blocked by the blood brain barrier (BBB), while sulforaphane is not. In 2018, Huang et al. reported that dihydromyricetin promotes mitochondria fusion and biogenesis, and in 2019, Liu et al. reported that dihydromyricetin crosses the BBB and is generally eliminated from the body in about 12 hours. In 2012, Jang et al. showed that a high ratio of oxidized to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) promotes mitochondrial fission, thus increasing NAD+will raise that ratio. While the mitochondria of most cells become fragmented in the presence of high NAD+/NADH ratio, neural cell mitochondria respond anomalously. According to Klimova in Aug. 2019, neurons have a much higher expression of SIRT3, which when stimulated by NAD+precursor NMN, reduce mitochondrial fragmentation. In 2018, Venkei et al. noted that the mitochondria of dividing stem cells become segregated, with the most dysfunctional mitochondria going to the somatic daughter cells where they can be removed by quality control processes. It is hypothesized herein that mitochondrial fusion prevents this segregation and thereby suppresses asymmetric replication. This would be a direct effect rather than the indirect effect of suppression of ROS via mitochondrial fusion postulated by Khacho et al., who suggested that elongated mitochondria reduce ROS in neural stem cells (NSCs), thereby promoting symmetric division. In 2008, Knoblich taught that Drosophila stem cells in contact with other stem cells in a niche primarily replicate asymmetrically. In the elderly, much of the stem cell population in a niche may be senescent or have impaired regenerative capacity, thus a method of overriding asymmetric replication resulting from the presence of neighboring stem cells in a niche would allow the SC pool to be expanded. Mitochondria are energy producing organelles having inner and outer membranes with numerous pores that allow metabolites and ions to pass in a controlled fashion while creating a proton gradient across the inner membrane that can be likened to a battery or capacitor that employs protons instead of electrons. The return flow of protons across the inner membrane is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. It is known in the art that mitochondria of stem cells are kept quiescent by channels that allow the proton gradient to discharge without doing useful work, thereby preventing ATP production in favor of glycolysis, which is considerably less efficient. Such channels are created by uncoupling proteins (UCP), commonly numbered UCP1, UCP2, etc., in the order of discovery. Five homologues are known in mammals. The mitochondria of human stem cells have numerous channels formed of three UCP2 molecules joined around an axis that allow a return flow of protons (H+) through the inner membrane of mitochondria. This proton leakage maintains SC quiescence and limits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In 2011, Zhang et al. showed that UCP2 expression was up to ten times higher in human pluripotent stem cells than in human fibroblasts. They found that UCP2 was repressed during differentiation, by unknown means. While the exact geometry and manner of activity of UPC2 channels is not well understood, NMR studies suggest that three molecules are joined along an axis to produce a passageway therebetween that diverges slightly at the distal ends. The use of fullerenes to prolong life was the subject of U.S. Patent Applications Nos. 20140140985 and 20180271906 by Moussa et al. It was believed by the inventors that C60dissolved in oil scavenged free radicals to prolong the life of rats. This discovery resulted in several companies beginning to sell this product online. And while some users did experience positive results, these tended to fade with time, and after years of use, some complained that they were worse off than before. It is suggested herein that stimulating stem cell mitochondria with C60without controlling mitochondrial morphology or considering stem cell nutrition will ultimately result in asymmetric differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and depletion of stem cell pools, potentially producing a decrease in human longevity rather than an increase. Moussa's rats did not live long enough or receive enough treatments to experience this issue, but those versed in the art recognize that the depletion of functional stem cells is a major source of human aging. U.S. Pat. No. 9,682,150 to Gitterle et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 10,016,509 to Elliott et al. were directed to combinations of C60with phytonutrients and antioxidants mixed into oils, but neither appreciated that fullerenes can be used to restore stem cell pools. Neither appreciated that fullerenes could be used to reduce epigenetic age. In 2014, Yang et al. showed that the water soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene (fullerol) stimulated osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells, while in 2016, Hao et al. found that C60 stimulated brown adipose-derived stem cells. Neither appreciated the mechanism or that fullerenes could be used to restore stem cell pools. For C60 dissolved in olive oil, concentrations less than 1 mg/ml are achieved at room temperature. Much higher concentrations can be obtained in oils and fatty acids by heating to a temperature substantially above room temperature, as discussed by Cataldo in 2008. According to theoretical work by Chistyakov et al. in 2013, C60 can absorb protons and thus become charged. A number of NAD+supplements are discussed by Horn in U.S. Patent Application No. 20180071273. While increasing NAD+tends to increase mitochondrial fission in most cell types, according to Klimova in 2019, the NAD+precursor NMN drives neural mitochondria to fusion via a SIRT3 mechanism. Other SIRT3 promoters are known, such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), methylene blue (MB), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), and Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), all of which are known to promote mitochondrial biogenesis. In 2018, Khdour et al. disclosed a number of MB derivatives that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis. An interrelated source of cellular aging derives from telomeres. Telomeres shorten and otherwise degrade with age due to attack by ROS and erosion during mitosis. Stem cells produce the enzyme telomerase for restoring telomeric length, but most somatic cells substantially lack this enzyme and thus their ability to replicate fails as the number of replications reaches the Hayflick limit. At this point somatic cells cease dividing and become senescent. While the shortening of telomeres is considered a source of aging by some, it has at least two advantages for the adult human organism: first, it halts the proliferation of tumor cells that do not produce telomerase, and second, it halts the replication of epigenetically old cells that would otherwise populate the organism with cells detuned for their tasks by ever growing numbers of epimutations. Thus rescuing near-senescent cells by lengthening telomers can lower telomeric age while detrimentally increasing epigenetic age. It has been found during the present work that use of telomerase supplements can increase epigenetic age rapidly, as old cells no longer become senescent and thus continue to age epigenetically. While in the short term a user might see health benefits due to the reduced load of senescent cells, this will be a temporary improvement. Senescent cells can be driven into apoptosis with senolytic substances. In 2017, Zhu et al. discussed a number of senolytic compounds capable of increasing the natural removal of senescence cells via apoptosis. These include dasatinib, quercetin, navitoclax, piperlongumine, and fisetin. Some adult stem cells are known to require a specific group of nutrients, but it is likely that the nutritional requirements of all stem cell pools are not yet known. In 2014, Kilberg et al. reported that the amino acid requirements of human embryonic cells (hESCs) in vitro included methionine, lysine and leucine. Absent these amino acids, hESCs entered cell arrest and ultimately progressed to apoptosis. In 2014, Shiraki et al. showed that depletion of either methionine or SAMe reduces proliferation and can result in prolonged cell arrest of pluripotent cells leading to apoptosis. The level of methionine in the diet is associated with shortened lifespan, and the currently popular calorie restriction diet for longevity has been said to actually amount to methionine restriction. In 2016, Lee et al. listed a number of pathways whereby methionine restriction might extend lifespan, yet the results are inconsistent and thus unconvincing. SC nutritional requirements have been found to vary. In 2012, Higuera et al. studied the uptake by mesenchymal stem cells of various amino acids and found that the amounts used varied widely according to conditions—whether growing statically on plates or dynamically in a bioreactor, for instance. For a dynamic culture, glutamine, leucine and isoleucine were most used. It is known by those versed in the art that stem cells may be removed from an organism, stimulated in vitro, then returned to the same organism or to a different one—called autologous or allogeneic transplantation, respectively. Such procedures are difficult, dangerous and expensive. While appropriate in certain instances, such as when bone marrow has been destroyed by chemotherapy, they are not appropriate for general epigenetic age reversal, thus the ancient desire to turn back the clock has remained unmet, until now. ABBREVIATIONS ALA Alpha lipoic acid AKG alpha-ketoglutarate ATP Adenosine triphosphate BBB Blood Brain Barrier DHA Docosahexaenoic acid DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone DHM Dihydromyricetin EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid FFA Free fatty acid GH Growth hormone GMS Glycerol monostearate MCT Medium chain triglycerides MB Methylene blue MS1 Mitochondrial switch 1 MS2 Mitochondrial switch 2 MSC Mesenchymal-like stem cell mtDNA Mitochondrial DNA NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAM Nicotinamide NAM+R Nicotinamide plus ribose nDNA Nuclear DNA NMN Nicotinamide mononucleotide NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NSC Neural stem cells PQQ Pyrroloquinoline quinone rRNA Ribosomal RNA ROS Reactive oxygen species SASP Senescence-associated secretory phenotype SC Stem cell Shh Sonic hedgehog SIRT3 Sirtuin-3, a NAD-dependent deacetylase TAC Transit amplifying cell TET Ten-eleven translocation (a type of demethylation enzyme) tRNA Transfer RNA UCP2 Uncoupling protein 2 VSEL Very small embryonic-like stem cell β-GPA β-Guanidinopropionic acid ΔΨm Mitochondrial membrane potential SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The disclosed protocols and antiaging supplements provide for expanding stem cell numbers while reducing the epigenetic age of nDNA, and reducing mtDNA dysfunction of a mammalian organism, especially an adult human subject, and most especially a subject of geriatric age. Age reversal of years per month and mitochondrial dysfunction reversal in a matter of weeks is possible. In one embodiment of the invention, epigenetic age is lowered by first restoring stem cell (SC) pools to a more youthful condition in vivo. SC populations are expanded by self-renewal during which aberrant epigenetic marks are removed from DNA and associated histones, followed by in vivo replacement of senescent cells with differentiated SCs. Stem cells are manipulated with two mitochondrial switches. The first switch is the modification of mitochondrial morphology to fusion, the second is the restoration of ATP production. Properly set, these switches promote self-renewal and refill stem cell niches. Setting the first mitochondrial switch (MS1) to fusion biases SCs to symmetric division (self-renewal). Setting the second mitochondrial switch (MS2) by blocking UCP2 pores of SC mitochondria restores ATP production. Applying the first and second switches drive self-renewal. MS1 is activated by administering therapeutically effective doses of mitochondrial fusion promoters. Nonlimiting examples are stearic acid and/or sulforaphane, or sources thereof. MS2 is activated by administering therapeutically effective doses of UCP2 pore blockers, thus restoring ATP production and banishing quiescence. UCP2 pore blockers include fullerenes and fullerene derivatives, and the C60 fullerene in particular. C60 is preferred as it is known to be non-toxic, and has a predilection for mitochondria. Epigenetic age may be further lowered during self-renewal by administering supplements to promote natural enzymes such as demethylases and deacetylases that remove aberrant epigenetic marks from nDNA and associated histones. Demethylases can be promoted by oral supplementation with ketoglutarates. Nonlimiting examples of ketoglutarate compounds useful in the instant invention include alpha-ketoglutarate, ammonium alpha-ketoglutarate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, calcium alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamine alpha-ketoglutarate, leucine alpha-ketoglutarate, lithium alpha-ketoglutarate, magnesium alpha-ketoglutarate, ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate, potassium alpha-ketoglutarate, sodium alpha-ketoglutarate, and taurine alpha-ketoglutarate. Demethylase activity depends in part on the availability of alpha-ketoglutarate, which is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle. The derivatives may be used at dosages twice that of alpha-ketoglutarate, due to higher molecular weight and slower rates of absorption. In another embodiment of the invention, demethylase promoters are used to remove epigenetic marks from mtDNA during biogenesis of mitochondria, whereby replicated mtDNA loops have reduced methylation and increased ATP production. For maximizing ATP production, MS1 is set to either fission or fusion, and a demethylase promoter is administered, such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, along with a biogenesis promoter. Alternating MS1 between fusion and fission in the presence of demethylase and biogenesis promoters rapidly reduces mitochondrial dysfunction due to hypermethylation and genetic mutations of mtDNA. A preferred biogenesis promoter is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Other known biogenesis promoters include methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue, MB). The promoters of fusion, demethylase and biogenesis can be administered to an organism by any pharmaceutically acceptable route, but preferrable orally. A useful antiaging composition for cleaning up aberrant methylation of mtDNA comprises a biogenesis promoter, a demethylase promoter, and a fusion or fission promoter in an oral dose. An exemplary composition using fusion comprises glycerol monostearate (GMS), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), and alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG). GMS and AKG are preferred due to their rapid absorption. An exemplary composition using fission comprises nicotinamide (NAM), PQQ, and AKG and/or other AKG derivatives. Nicotinamide and AKG are preferred due to rapid absorption. Nicotinamide with ribose is even more effective for fission, and is also rapidly absorbed. Nicotinic acid (niacin) is an alternative to nicotinamide. It may be used alone, or with ribose, and may also be used with nicotinamide, and with nicotinamide and ribose. Doses of either fission or fusion compositions are preferably delivered by oral means, and can be conveniently provided in tablet, capsule or powder form. Administering cell nutrition during SC self-renewal or shortly thereafter has been found to be efficacious. SC nutrition during the following days is also desirable. It is known that SC niches are prevented from overfilling by either terminal differentiation or cell cycle arrest, and administering the correct nutrition biases this homeostatic process to differentiation and replacement of aged somatic cells. Fission promoters may also be used to promote senescent cell replacement, as fission promotes both SC differentiation and senescent cell apoptosis. It is desirable to allow sufficient time between self-renewal (using fusion) and senescent cell apoptosis and replacement (using fission) to allow for SC maturation. One day is generally sufficient. It is thus a principle object of some aspects of the present invention to lower the levels of aberrant epigenetic marks on the chromosomes (nDNA plus associated histones) of an organism. Another principle object of some aspects of the present invention is to proliferate endogenous stem cells in situ using mitochondrial switches. Another principle object of some aspects of the present invention is to replace epigenetically old somatic cells with epigenetically young somatic cells derived from stem cells in restored stem cell pools, thereby reducing the average epigenetic age of the organism. Another object of some aspects of the present invention is to lower cellular populations of genetically and epigenetically damaged mtDNA, thereby increasing ATP production. These together with other objects of the invention and various novel features that characterize the invention are particularized in the claims that form part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.

11461550

FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates broadly to order processing systems for commercial transactions. More specifically, this invention relates to order processing systems to facilitate the ordering or selection of products or services by a customer using natural language. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Speech recognition systems are systems that utilize a machine to identify words or phrases in spoken language and convert them into machine readable text or instructions. Early speech recognition applications included simple tasks such as voice dialing (e.g., “call home” for a phone), simple data entry (e.g., entering a credit card number or account number audibly), speech-to-text processing (e.g., word processors or emails). As speech-to-text recognition systems have become more advanced, the applications amenable to these systems has also advanced. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,318,108 B2 to Gruber et al. is directed to an intelligent automated assistant system that engages with the user in an integrated, conversational manner using natural language dialog, and invokes external services when appropriate to obtain information or perform various actions. Further systems have been developed whereby a device with speech recognition capabilities can control the functions of a variety of secondary devices around the home or at a commercial enterprise. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,698,999 B2 to Mutagi teaches systems and techniques for controlling a secondary device by natural language input using a primary speech-responsive device. The secondary device can be a device not traditionally considered “smart”, such as a desk lamp, which can be turned on and off by natural language inputs to the primary speech-responsive device. Many businesses, including banks, retail stores and restaurants rely on verbal orders from customers. Slow, inaccurate or inefficient capture of verbal orders can frustrate customers and lead to lower sales. This is especially true in fast food restaurants. Fast food restaurants, or quick serve restaurants, are restaurants that specialize in food that can be prepared and served quickly. While many of these types of restaurants have placed an increased focus on the quality of the food served, a principal focus remains serving the customer quickly and accurately for the convenience of the customer. The process begins when the customer engages the restaurant's order processing system, be that an employee taking an order or, more recently, interacting with a touch screen system or other touch-activated physical interface to make order selections. Streamlining the order processing system can dramatically enhance the speed of the over-all process and enhance customer satisfaction, while driving down labor-associated expenditures. Depending on the level of customer traffic, a delay can often result when the restaurant employees are busy fulfilling other service tasks, such as collecting payment and delivering food. This delay can be significantly frustrating to customers wishing to place an order. In addition, significant amounts of time can be devoted to receiving orders by restaurant employees, which can limit their productivity in other areas of their job function. Moreover, the intense time demands on restaurant workers can lead to less pleasant interactions with customers, which can be critically impact the first impression that is created with the ordering process. And the time constraints may lead to missed opportunities for additional sales, such as through the recommendation of complimentary or new products that are available for purchase. Attempts have been made to develop speech-based natural language ordering systems. These systems have numerous limitations that have reduced their acceptance by customers. For example, these systems have had a limited vocabulary and are poor at recognizing words spoken at different speeds or with accents in a manner analogous to that of human capability. They are also poor at recognizing tone, such as tone that could detect growing frustration with the process requiring human intervention. Moreover, these systems often fail to make key associations between products ordered and miss the opportunity to sell or ‘up-sell’ additional items. This can lead to an unwillingness to adopt a system due to concerns over lost revenue opportunities. The present invention overcomes these short-comings as will become apparent in the foregoing description of the artificially-intelligent, natural language order processing system as taught herein. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The preferred embodiment of the invention consists of an artificially intelligent order processing system. Alternative embodiments of the invention comprise methods of deployment of the artificially intelligent order processing system. The present inventor has discovered that when configured as described herein, the artificially intelligent order processing system is useful for any business that interacts with customers through speech or sound. In an embodiment, the present invention comprises a method of training a natural language ordering system. The method comprises the steps of (1) providing an audio stream of customer ordering transactions; (2) slicing the audio stream into short clips (also variously referred to herein as “audio clips”); (3) transcribing the short clips into text using a transcription unit; (4) adding metadata tags to the transcribed text using the transcription unit; (5) training an artificial intelligence network by populating the network with the transcribed text having the metadata tags. The short clips optionally comprise of sentences, phrases, time-limited clips (e.g. 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 4 seconds, 5 seconds, 6 seconds, 8 seconds, 10 seconds, or 15 seconds). In an embodiment, the method further includes the steps of scanning the short clips for a set of predefined parameters or words and providing the short clips having predetermined parameters or words to a transcription unit for transcribing. By keeping certain clips and discarding other clips, the present inventor has discovered that when configured as described herein, the artificially intelligent order processing system avoids overloading the transcription unit. In an embodiment, the transcription unit consists of a crowd source platform. The present inventor has discovered that in the context of invention, crowd source platforms allow for incorporation human perception and transcription of the short clips, without requiring a dedicated staff to review the short clips. In an embodiment, the step of transcribing the short clips in the training phase is performed by a human. The present inventor has discovered that human transcription at the training stage enhances the fidelity of the recognition in later stages. Metadata tags are optionally added during transcription in embodiments. The metadata tags optionally include data on tone or inflection. The present inventor has noted that aspects such as tone or inflection are often difficult to accurately capture and recognize, especially initially, using previously existing speech-to-text processors. In an alternative embodiment, a speech-to-text processor as well known to those skilled in the art is utilized to achieve transcription. In an embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of (1) identifying a word or phrase in the text, such as by using the speech-to-text processor, and providing meaning for the identified word or phrase using a natural language processor. In this manner, the artificially intelligent order processing system optionally attributes meaning from the audio clip to be used to assemble an order. Following attribution of meaning from the words or phrases by the artificially intelligent order processing system, an order can be generated with a business processor using the identified word or phrase from the natural language processor. In addition, the natural language processor is configured or trained in an embodiment to trigger an alert when a warning condition is encountered. Warning conditions optionally comprise utterances such as a word or phrase indicative of customer dissatisfaction or confusion. In an advantageous embodiment, the audio stream used for text transcription is a stream from a customer accessible microphone to a base station, which can then be transmitted to one or more headsets. The method in an embodiment further comprises the step of decreasing the strength of the audio stream prior to transmission to the transcription unit. In another embodiment, the invention comprises a method of speech recognition-based order processing. The method comprises the steps of (1) providing an audio stream of a customer order; (2) providing an order processor having a speech recognition module trained using artificial intelligence programs; (3) converting a word or words in the audio stream to text using the speech recognition module; (4) processing the text communication with the speech recognition module to identify a word or words in the text of the converted audio stream according to a previous spoken word training; (5) providing a natural language processor having order assembly capabilities and exception detection capabilities, wherein the natural language processor receives recognized text from the order processor and creates or modifies an order based upon the recognized text; (6) generating an order with the natural language processor; (7) alerting an auditor of detected exceptions in the order; and (8) transmitting the order to a business processor, wherein the business processor communicates with a point-of-sale system to collect payment and provide notifications to release the ordered product or service. In an advantageous embodiment, the order is processed in real time. In further advantageous embodiments the business processor will receive order information from the NLP and perform the steps of associating the order items with one or more additional menu items or options associated with the order items and querying the customer about the one or more additional menu items or options associated with the order items. The NLP can then update the order based upon the customer response to the query. In this manner, upselling activity can be performed by the artificially intelligent order processing system to generate additional sales to maximize the revenue stream. In addition, the present inventor has noted that in a configuration as described herein, customer satisfaction is increased if the artificially intelligent order processing system is configured to identify typical preferences of a customer. For example, if the customer is ordering a hamburger, the customer might have a preference for how the burger is cooked (e.g. medium or well-done; mustard or no mustard). In addition, if the artificially intelligent order processing system is able to identify the customer, the artificially intelligent order processing system optionally queries the customer based upon past preferences (e.g. hold the onions on the burger or no ice in the drink). It is a further teaching of an embodiment that alert instances or conditions are defined in the artificially intelligent order processing system such that when the alert condition arises an alert to the auditor prompts the auditor to take control of the order processing system or to perform some other corrective action. Lastly, the method as described in this paragraph further comprises the steps of (1) reviewing an order by an auditor by comparing the order generated by the natural language processor to the communication in the audio stream and (2) updating the order based upon auditor review. In another alternative embodiment, the invention comprises a second method of speech recognition-based order processing. The method comprises the steps of (1) providing an audio stream of a customer order to a speech-to text processor; (2) providing an order processor having a speech recognition module trained using artificial intelligence programs; (3) converting a word or words in the audio stream to text using the speech recognition module; (4) processing the text communication with the speech recognition module to identify a word or words in the text of the converted audio stream according to a previous spoken word training; (5) providing a natural language processor having order assembly capabilities and exception detection capabilities, wherein the natural language processor receives recognized text from the order processor and creates or modifies the order based upon the recognized text; (6) generating an order with the natural language processor; (7) providing an audio stream of a customer order to an auditor; (8) providing the generated order to the auditor; (9) performing a comparison of the audio stream of a customer order with the generated order by the auditor; (10) updating the order processor based upon errors detected in the order by the auditor; and (11) transmitting the order to a business processor, wherein the business processor communicates with a point-of-sale system to collect payment and provide notifications to release the ordered product or service. In an advantageous embodiment of the artificially intelligent order processing system the business processor is configured to receive order information from the NLP and perform the steps of (1) associating the order items with one or more additional order items or options associated with the order items and (2) querying the customer about the one or more additional order items or options associated with the order items. The NLP optionally then updates the order based upon the customer response to the query. In an embodiment, a text-to-speech processor is configured to convert queries from the business processor into audio to be communicated to a customer and process the text with the text-to-speech processor to create an audio communication of the query generated by the business processor. In this manner, queries generated by the business processor are utilized to communicate with the customer in association with context-relevant communications mechanisms well understood by those skilled in the art.

11307049

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a national phase application of International Application No. PCT/CN2018/096313, filed on Jul. 19, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELDS The present disclosure relates to the field of artificial intelligence, and more particularly to methods, apparatuses, systems, and storage media for storing and loading visual localization maps. BACKGROUND A visual localization map is a map obtained by visual localization and mapping, which is usually constructed using visual simultaneously localization and mapping (SLAM) technologies. Key frames and map point information are acquired during the construction of the visual localization map. Each key frame has a matched map point. The key frames, the map points and their matching relationship form a typical visual localization map. Due to a complex cross-reference relationship between data elements of the visual localization map, existing solutions typically store and load visual localization map as a complete single map file for use. This brings two problems in practice. First, since only the entire map may be loaded and used, when the visual localization map of a large scene is running, the memory overhead is required to be very large. Second, the visual localization map file is very large, resulting in a long loading time during a cold start of a visual localization system. Therefore, a novel visual localization map storage and loading technology is urgently needed to solve the above problems. SUMMARY The present disclosure is provided in view of the above problems. The present disclosure provides a visual localization map storage method, device and system, and a storage medium, as well as a visual localization map loading method, device and system, and a storage medium. The present disclosure provides a method for visual localization map storage, including: acquiring a visual localization map; extracting key frame abstract information of each key frame of the visual localization map; grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames of the visual localization map into one or more groups; for each of the groups, generating and storing a sub-map-file of the group using the key frame abstract information of the group; generating key frame space index information based on the key frame abstract information of all groups; and generating and storing a master map file according to the key frame space index information for indexing the sub-map-file. In some embodiments, the key frame abstract information may include unique identification numbers of the key frames. In some embodiments, grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map may include: grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the unique identification numbers. In some embodiments, grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the unique identification numbers may include: sorting the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the sizes of the unique identification numbers; and grouping the sorted key frame abstract information, wherein sequence numbers of the key frame abstract information in each group are continuous, and the number of pieces of key frame abstract information in each group is not greater than a grouping threshold. In some embodiments, grouping the sorted key frame abstract information may include: dividing the (S×i+1)thto (S×i+S)thpieces of the sorted key frame abstract information into the (i+1)thgroup, wherein S is equal to the grouping threshold. 0≤i<[MS], and M represents the number of the key frames in the visual localization map; and assigning the ungrouped key frame abstract information to the last group. In some embodiments, the key frame abstract information may include unique identification numbers and three-dimensional world coordinates of the key frames, and the grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map may include: determining the number N of the groups according to the number M of all key frames in the visual localization map; performing spatial clustering on the key frame abstract information of all key frames of the visual localization map according to the three-dimensional world coordinates to obtain N clusters; and grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the N clusters. In some embodiments, the grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the N clusters may include: directly using each of the N clusters as a group. In some embodiments, the determining the number N of the groups according to the number M of all key frames in the visual localization map may include: calculating the number N of the groups by the following formula: N=[M+S-1S], wherein S represents the grouping threshold. In some embodiments, the grouping the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map according to the N clusters may include: filling the key frame abstract information of one of the N clusters in one group one by one, until all key frame abstract information in the cluster is filled, or, the number of the pieces of the key frame abstract information in the group reaches the grouping threshold S, and then, starting to fill the next group; and in the case that unoperated clusters exist in the N clusters, selecting an unoperated cluster closest to a clustering center point of the current operation cluster to repeatedly perform the filling step so as to traverse the N clusters. In some embodiments, the for each group, generating and storing a sub-map-file of the group by using the key frame abstract information of the group may include: extracting key frames corresponding to the key frame abstract information in the group from the visual localization map, and filling the key frames in the sub-map-file of the group; and extracting map points matching the key frame abstract information in the group from the visual localization map, and filling the map points in the sub-map-file of the group. In some embodiments, wherein the key frame abstract information may include three-dimensional world coordinates of the key frames, and the generating key frame space index information based on the key frame abstract information of all groups may include: constructing keywords of the key frame space index information based on the three-dimensional world coordinates of each key frame; and determining an index value of the key frame space index information based on a group number of the key frame abstract information of each key frame. In some embodiments, the for each group, generating and storing a sub-map-file of the group by using the key frame abstract information of the group further may include: calculating a checksum of each sub-map-file. In some embodiments, the generating and storing a master map file according to the key frame space index information may include: constructing map metadata by using the key frame space index information and the checksum; and storing the map metadata, and outputting the same to the master map file. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a visual localization map storage device is further provided, including: an acquisition module, configured to acquire a visual localization map; an extraction module, configured to extract key frame abstract information of each key frame from the visual localization map; a grouping module, configured to group the key frame abstract information of all key frames in the visual localization map; a sub-file generation module configured to, for each group, generate and store a sub-map-file of the group by using the key frame abstract information of the group; an index generation module, configured to generate key frame space index information based on the key frame abstract information of all groups; and a master file generation module configured to generate and store a master map file according to the key frame space index information for indexing the sub-map-file. According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a visual localization map storage system is further provided, including a processor and a memory, wherein computer program instructions are stored in the memory, and wherein the computer program instructions, when run by the processor, are configured to perform the above visual localization map storage method. According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a storage medium is further provided, wherein program instructions are stored on the storage medium, and the program instructions, while being run, are configured to perform the above visual localization map storage method. In addition, according to one aspect of the present disclosure, a visual localization map loading method is further provided, including: acquiring the master map file and the sub-map-files of the visual localization map obtained by using the above visual localization map storage method; performing indexing from the master map file according to the three-dimensional world coordinates of a specific position to acquire group numbers of key frames corresponding to the range information of a predefined local map; and loading corresponding sub-map-files according to the group numbers to construct the local map. In some embodiments, the range information of the predefined local map may include the number of key frames closest to the three-dimensional world coordinates of the current position. In some embodiments, the range information of the predefined local map may include a radius distance using the three-dimensional world coordinates of the current position as the circle center. In some embodiments, the method further may include: releasing a memory space of the sub-map-file that does not correspond to the group number in the local map. In some embodiments, the loading corresponding sub-map-files according to the group numbers to construct the local map further may include: acquiring a checksum of the sub-map-files corresponding to the group numbers from the master map file; and checking the sub-map-files corresponding to the group numbers according to the checksum. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a visual localization map loading device is further provided, including: an acquisition module, configured to acquire the master map file and the sub-map-files of the visual localization map obtained by using the above visual localization map storage method; an indexing module, configured to perform indexing from the master map file according to the three-dimensional world coordinates of a specific position to acquire group numbers of key frames corresponding to the range information of a predefined local map; and a construction module configured to load corresponding sub-map-files according to the group numbers to construct the local map. According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a visual localization map loading system is further provided, including: a processor and a memory, wherein computer program instructions are stored in the memory, and the computer program instructions, when run by the processor, are configured to perform the above visual localization map loading method. According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a storage medium is further provided, wherein program instructions are stored on the storage medium, and the program instructions, while being run, are configured to perform the above visual localization map loading method. According to the visual localization map storage method, device and system and the storage medium, as well as the corresponding loading method, device and system and the storage medium provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure, a single visual localization map file with a large data size is decomposed into a plurality of sub-map-files. Therefore, it is easy to flexibly load and manage the visual localization map according to the application requirements, thereby greatly improving the scalability of the visual localization map, the loading efficiency in the application and the space efficiency during the execution. The above description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present disclosure, and may be implemented according to the contents of the specification, so that the technical means of the present disclosure may be clearly understood. Furthermore, in order that the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure may be more clearly understood, specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below.

11472140

FIELD OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods for repairing through-holes formed in structures, which may include composite materials. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Various portions of certain aircraft are formed of composite materials, such as carbon fiber materials. For example, portions of wings may include composite materials. The composite materials may be sandwiched between metal layers. In order to secure portions of components together, fasteners may be used. As such, through-holes are formed through components. The through-holes are configured to receive and retain portions of the fasteners, such as threaded shafts of bolts. The through-holes extend through the composite materials. Through-hole related discrepancies account for a high percentage (such as in excess of 60%) of rejectable conditions in production and post-production repairs and modifications. In order to repair through-holes within a component that includes a composite material, a through-hole is typically filled with a potting compound. After the through-hole is filled with the potting compound, the component is heat cured. In order to cure the potting compound within the through-hole, heat blankets are positioned on the component proximate to both open ends of the through-hole. For example, a first heat blanket may be positioned on a first side of the component, and a second heat blanket may be positioned on an opposite side of the component. The component is then heat cured for a predetermined time to ensure that the potting compound is heated to a particular finished temperature. In practice, heat curing for layups (that is, structures including layers of different materials) having thicknesses that exceed 0.25 inches typically requires placement of heat blankets on each side of a repair area. Placement of a first heat blanket on an external surface of a repair area is typically easy. That is, the first heat blanket is simply positioned on the external surface. However, placement of the second heat blanket on an opposing internal surface of a repair is typically complicated by the presence of other structures and limited access areas within the component. Therefore, portions of a particular component may need to be disassembled in order to position one or more heating elements thereon and/or therein. In general, a heat curing process using multiple heat blankets may be complicated, time-consuming, and labor intensive. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE A need exists for an efficient method of repairing a composite material, such as within a layup that forms a portion of a component, such as a portion of an aircraft wing. With that need in mind, certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of repairing a through-hole formed in a structure having at least one composite material. The method includes filling at least a portion of the through-hole with a potting compound, inserting a portion of a cartridge heater into the through-hole, and curing the potting compound with the cartridge heater. The method may include plugging a first end of the through-hole. The filling occurs after the plugging. In at least one embodiment, the curing includes concentrating heat energy within an intermediate portion of a shaft of the cartridge heater. The intermediate portion is between a proximal end and a distal end of the shaft. The concentrating may also include generating lesser amounts of heat energy at the proximal end and the distal end than at the intermediate portion. In at least one embodiment, the method includes initially heating the potting compound to set the potting compound within the through-hole. The method may also include drilling a hole through the potting compound that is set within the through-hole. The inserting may include inserting a shaft of the cartridge heater in the hole through the potting compound. The method also includes removing the portion of the cartridge heater from the through-hole after the curing. In at least one embodiment, the method includes drilling a full-size hole through the potting compound within the through-hole of the structure after the curing (and/or the removing). The method may include applying a release agent to the portion of the cartridge heater before the inserting. In at least one embodiment, the filling occurs before the inserting. In at least one other embodiment, the filling occurs after the inserting. In at least one embodiment, the inserting includes inserting the portion of the cartridge heater into the potting compound within the through-hole before the potting compound sets.