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11489675

BACKGROUND Tamper-proofing electronic messages is an important part of electronic communication. Tamper-proofing techniques include techniques directed towards providing channel security (e.g., Transport Layer Security (TLS)) and techniques directed towards electronic message security (e.g., messaging signing, message encryption, etc.). An electronic message that is to be transmitted securely between computing devices often comprises a message header and a payload. The message header comprises a security token (e.g., an authorization provider (AuP) token), while the payload comprises an indication of a programmatic task that is to be performed by a computing device that receives the electronic message. Conventionally, there is no direct correlation between the security token and the payload, which can potentially leave the electronic message vulnerable to tampering. For instance, if a malicious actor obtained access to the security token, the malicious actor can potentially modify the payload of the electronic message to include an indication of a different programmatic task, which is a security risk. In a common scenario, a computing system comprises a client application operated by a user, a service provider application that is to perform a programmatic task requested by the user, and a common security subsystem that generates security tokens. In the computing system, the service provider application is tasked with ensuring that the payload of the electronic message was in fact generated by the client application (and has not been modified by an outside actor), which is a challenging problem, especially in healthcare-related contexts where protected health information (PHI) of patients is potentially at risk for exposure. Several conventional approaches exist that address the above-referenced problem. In a single-use token approach, the client application requests a single-use token from the common security subsystem for each electronic message sent by the client application to the service provider application. The client application then transmits the single-use token to the service provider application along with the electronic message, whereupon the service provider application utilizes the single-use token to verify that the electronic message has not been modified. The single-use token approach is burdensome on network resources as it requires additional communications between the client application and the common security subsystem each time an electric message is sent by the client application. Additionally, resources of the common security subsystem may be burdened, especially when a large number of client applications generate a large number of electronic messages that are to be sent to the service provider application. In a common security subsystem signature approach, the common security subsystem signs each electronic message sent by the client application. The common security subsystem signature approach is also undesirable as it requires additional communications between the client application and the common security subsystem for each electronic message sent by the client application to the service provider application. In a local signing authority (LSA) signature approach, an LSA installed on a client computing device executing the client application signs each electronic message with an electronic signature. The service provider application maintains a list of public keys for each client application that communicates with the service provider application. The service provider application utilizes the list to validate electronic signatures of the electronic messages sent by client applications. The LSA signature approach is undesirable as it requires the service provider application to maintain an active list of electronic signatures for each client application, which is computationally burdensome for the service provider application, especially when a large number of client applications send electronic messages to the service provider application. SUMMARY The following is a brief summary of subject matter that is described in greater detail herein. This summary is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the claims. Described herein are various technologies pertaining to tamper-proofing electronic messages. With more specificity, a computer-implemented technique for injecting a public key into a security token (e.g., an identity provider (IdP) token, an authorization provider (AuP) token) included in an electronic message is described herein. The public key injected in the security token provides a link between a payload of the electronic message that is signed using a private key (which forms a cryptographic key pair with the public key) and the security token. In operation, a computing system comprises a client computing device, a first server computing device, and a second server computing device. The client computing device executes a client application and a local signing authority (LSA). Alternatively, the LSA may be executed by a dedicated server or service in a local network. The first server computing device executes a service provider application. The second server computing device executes a common security subsystem. The client application transmits credentials for a user to the common security subsystem, whereupon the common security subsystem constructs an IdP token based upon the credentials responsive to validating the credentials. The common security subsystem transmits the IdP token to the client application. Responsive to receiving the IdP token, the client application transmits a request for an AuP token (with a provided scope) to the common security subsystem. The request includes the IdP token and an identifier for the client application. The request may also include metadata for the IdP token and/or the client application. The common security subsystem validates the request, constructs the AuP token based upon the request, and transmits the AuP token to the client application. The AuP token comprises a public key of the LSA that executes on the client computing device. The client application constructs a payload responsive to receiving the AuP token from the common security subsystem. The payload includes an indication of a programmatic task that is to be performed by the service provider application (or another application). The client application causes the payload to be received by the LSA, whereupon the LSA signs the payload with a private key of the LSA. The private key and the public key form a cryptographic key pair. The LSA then causes the signed payload to be received by the client application. Responsive to receiving the signed payload, the client application constructs an electronic message and transmits the electronic message to the service provider application. The electronic message comprises the AuP token (which includes the public key) and the signed payload. The service provider application validates the AuP token based upon security data that is accessible to the service provider application. The service provider application then extracts the public key from the AuP token and validates an electronic signature of the signed payload using the extracted public key. Responsive to validating the electronic signature, the service provider application executes the programmatic task. For instance, the service provider application may retrieve and transmit application data to the client application. The above-described technologies present various advantages over conventional technologies pertaining to tamper-proofing electronic messages. First, unlike the single-use token approach and the common security subsystem signature approach, the above-described technologies do not require a common security subsystem to sign an electronic message generated by a client application. Thus, the above-described technologies reduce use of computational resources of the common security subsystem in addition to reducing burdens on network resources that are associated with the common security subsystem signing the electronic message. Second, unlike the LSA signature approach, the above-described technologies do not require the service provider application to maintain a potentially lengthy list of public keys associated with client applications. Thus, the above-described technologies also result in reduced use of computational resources of the service provider application. Third, the above-described technologies reduce configuration complexity of the computing system in comparison to conventional approaches. Additionally, the above-described technologies are well-suited for use in healthcare-related contexts. The above summary presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the systems and/or methods discussed herein. This summary is not an extensive overview of the systems and/or methods discussed herein. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of such systems and/or methods. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

11222307

BACKGROUND The exemplary embodiment relates to inventory tracking and finds particular application in connection with a system and method for evaluating human interactions with inventory in a store. Stores generally have predetermined locations for each type of item on display in the store. Shoppers often interact with items by picking them up to check on features of the item, such as ingredients, components, and the like and may place the item back on the store shelf if they decide not to make a purchase, sometimes in an incorrect location. Store employees may sometimes incorrectly position items or move them to an incorrect location. To maintain inventory, assess shopper interest in products, and to be able to reassure their suppliers that agreements on store shelf placements are being properly maintained, store owners have an interest in monitoring the movement of items in the store. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has been used to detect items on shelves and other display units in stores. Each item may be provided with an RFID tag which communicates information to a reader device via radio-frequency waves or signals. The reader device may be fixed in position or mobile. Several reader devices may be located in a store or warehouse and transmit the information to a monitoring device. Such systems have been used for inventory control and security. Such technology, however, is unable to record shopper-product interactions, such as that a product was picked up, looked at, and then put back onto the shelf or that a product was picked up and put back somewhere else in the store. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE The following references, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference, are mentioned: U.S. Pub. No. 20080077511, published Mar. 27, 2008, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING INVENTORY USING A MOBILE INVENTORY ROBOT, by Zimmerman, describes a mobile inventory robot system for generating an inventory map of a store and a product database by decoding product barcodes from captured images of shelves and detection of matching objects in the images. U.S. Pub. No. 20100156597, published Jun. 24, 2010, entitled REAL-TIME AUTOMATIC RFID INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM, by Stern, et al., describes a system for tracking store items with RFID tags attached using wireless RFID readers and a monitoring server. U.S. Pub. No. 20100219958, published Sep. 2, 2010, entitled INTELLIGENT SHELVING SYSTEM, by Caldwell, et al., describes a shelving system which integrates touch sensors, displays, lighting, and other components into shelves. An RFID tag may be associated with an item on the shelf. U.S. Pub. No. 20120161967, published Jun. 28, 2012, entitled RFID-BASED INVENTORY MONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS WITH SELF-ADJUSTING OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS, by Stern, describes maintaining information reflecting a current inventory of articles based on radio frequency identification (RFID) tag identifying information received from one or more RFID tag readers. U.S. Pub. No. 20120299863, published Nov. 29, 2012, entitled TOUCH SENSOR WITH RFID, by Yilmaz, describes combining an RFID tag with a touch sensor. U.S. Pub. No. 20150363758, published Dec. 17, 2015, entitled STORE SHELF IMAGING SYSTEM, by Wu, et al., describes a store profile generation system with a mobile base and an image capture assembly mounted on the base for acquiring images of product display units in a product facility. Product-related data extracted from the acquired images is used to construct a store profile indicating locations of product labels throughout the product facility. U.S. Pub. No. 20180315116, published Nov. 1, 2018, entitled SYSTEM FOR AUTONOMOUS CONFIGURATION OF PRODUCT DISPLAYS, by Medina, describes using sensors, such as an image capture device, a pressure sensor, a touch sensor, an infrared sensor, a microphone, an RFID sensor, or a motion sensor, in a method for autonomous reconfiguration of product displays. BRIEF DESCRIPTION In accordance with one aspect of the exemplary embodiment, a system for evaluating human interactions with items includes at least one wireless reader which collects data from a set of associated wireless tags in an interrogation zone, the collected data including an identifier for an item associated with each wireless tag and a touch sensor status indicating whether the item is being touched. A computer aggregates the collected data and outputs an evaluation of human interactions with the items based on the data. In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary embodiment, a method for evaluating human interactions with items includes, with at least one wireless reader, collecting data from a set of associated wireless tags in an interrogation zone, the collected data including an identifier for an item associated with each wireless tag and a touch sensor status indicating whether the item is being touched. The collected data is aggregated and an evaluation of human interactions with the items is generated, based on the aggregated data. In accordance with another aspect of the exemplary embodiment, a system for evaluating human interactions with items includes memory which stores instructions for aggregating data acquired from RFID readers, the data including, for each of a plurality of RFID tags associated with a respective item, an identifier for the item and a touch sensor status indicating whether the item is being touched, generating an evaluation of human interactions with the items based on the data, and displaying the evaluation on a display device. A computer processor implements the instructions.

11296489

BACKGROUND In many applications, it may be useful to support electrical boxes and other components. For example, according to some construction standards, electrical boxes may be required to be supported at particular locations, such as at particular distances from certain other structures or components. In addition, some construction standards may require electrical boxes to be supported at particular heights above a floor or at particular distances from certain other structures or components. SUMMARY Some embodiments of the invention provide a box support system for supporting one or more electrical boxes. The box support system can include a box support and a support attachment. The box support can be configured to engage the electrical boxes and can include a box-support mounting interface. The support attachment can include a support-attachment mounting interface that is configured to be manually secured to the box-support mounting interface to secure the support attachment to the box support. One of the box-support mounting interface or the support-attachment mounting interface can be a first mounting interface. The first mounting interface can include a first channel with an open side defined between first and second side walls that extend from opposing end portions of a first connecting wall, and a first insertion slot that extends through the first connecting wall. The other of the box-support mounting interface or the support-attachment mounting interface can be a second mounting interface. The second mounting interface can include a second channel with an open side defined between a third side wall and a fourth side wall that extend from opposing end portions of a second connecting wall. The second channel can be configured to nest with the first channel with the first and second connecting walls positioned in a parallel direction and a first interface arm extending through the first insertion slot. Some embodiments of the invention provide a mounting system for a first support and a second support for electrical components. The mounting system can include a first mounting interface that is integrally formed into the first support and a second mounting interface that is integrally formed into the second support. The first mounting interface can include a first channel and a first insertion slot. The first channel can be configured as a C-shaped channel that includes a first side wall, a second side wall, and a first connecting wall that connects the first and second side walls. The first insertion slot can extend from inside of the first channel to outside of the first channel. The second mounting interface can include a second channel, a first interface arm, and a second interface arm. The second channel can be configured as a C-shaped channel that includes a third side wall, a fourth side wall, and a second connecting wall that connects the third and fourth side walls. The second channel can also be configured to nest within the first channel. The first interface arm can be configured to extend through the first insertion slot when the second channel is nested within the first channel, and the second interface arm can be configured to engage an outside surface of the first channel when the second channel is nested within the first channel. Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of securing a first support for electrical components to a second support for electrical components, using a first mounting interface with a first channel and a first insertion slot, and a second mounting interface with a second channel, a first interface arm, and a second interface arm, the first and second interface arms each extending opposite an opening of the second channel. The method can include steps for inserting the second channel into a nested arrangement with the first channel, inserting the first interface arm into the first insertion slot, and engaging the second interface arm with an outside surface of the first channel. Some embodiments of the invention provide a box support system for supporting multiple electrical boxes. The box support system can include a box support and a support attachment. The box support can be configured to engage the electrical boxes and can include a box-support mounting interface. The support attachment can include a support-attachment mounting interface that is configured to be manually secured to the box-support mounting interface. One of the box-support mounting interface or the support-attachment mounting interface can be configured as a first mounting interface. The first mounting interface can include a support feature with a first support surface, a first side wall, and a second side wall opposite the support surface from the first side wall. The first mounting interface can also include an insertion slot that extends through the support surface. The other of the box-support mounting interface or the support-attachment mounting interface can be configured as a second mounting interface. The second mounting interface can include a first interface arm, a second interface arm, an insertion tab, and a second support surface. The first interface arm can be configured to engage the first side wall of the support feature and the second interface arm can be configured to engage the second side wall of the support feature. The insertion tab can be configured to be inserted into the insertion slot, and the second support surface can be configured to engage the first support surface to oppose movement of the box support in a first direction relative to the support attachment. Some embodiments of the invention provide a mounting system for a first support and a second support for electrical components. The mounting system can include a first mounting interface that is integrally formed into the first support and a second mounting interface that is integrally formed into the second support. The first mounting interface can include a C-shaped channel and an insertion slot. The C-shaped channel can include a first side wall, a second side wall, and a first support surface that connects the first and second side walls. The insertion slot can be formed in the first support surface. The second mounting interface can include a first interface arm, a second interface arm, an insertion tab, and a second support surface. The first interface arm can be configured to engage the first side wall and the second interface arm can be configured to engage the second side wall. The insertion tab can be configured to be inserted into the insertion slot and the second support surface can be configured to engage the first support surface to oppose movement of the second support in a first direction relative to the first support. Some embodiments of the invention provide a mounting interface for a first support for electrical components that is configured to manually engage a C-shaped channel formed on a second support for electrical components. The C-shaped channel can include a first side wall, a second side wall, and a channel support surface that connects the first side wall to the second side wall. The first side wall can extend integrally from a body of the second support. An insertion slot can be in the channel support surface and a locking opening can be formed in at least one of the first side wall or the second side wall. The mounting interface can include a first interface arm, a second interface arm, an insertion tab, and a locking protrusion. The first interface arm can be configured to engage the first side wall and can include a first support surface configured to engage the channel support surface to oppose movement of the first support in a first direction relative to the second support. The second interface arm can be configured to engage the second side wall and can include a second support surface which can be configured to engage the channel support surface to oppose movement of the first support in the first direction relative to the second support. The insertion tab can be configured to be inserted into the insertion slot. The locking protrusion can be formed on at least one of the first interface arm, the second interface arm and the insertion tab. The locking protrusion can be configured to engage the locking opening to oppose movement of the first support in a second direction, opposite the first direction, relative to the second support.

11237483

BACKGROUND The demand for computational power has increased exponentially. This increase in computational power is met by increasing the functional density, i.e., number of interconnected devices per chip, of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs). With the increase in functional density, the size of individual devices on the chip has decreased. The decrease in size of components in ICs has been met with advancements in semiconductor manufacturing techniques such as lithography. For example, the wavelength of radiation used for lithography has decreased from ultraviolet to deep ultraviolet (DUV) and, more recently to extreme ultraviolet (EUV). Further decreases in component size require further improvements in resolution of lithography which are achievable using extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). EUVL employs radiation having a wavelength of about 1-100 nm. One method for producing EUV radiation is laser-produced plasma (LPP). In an LPP based EUV source a high-power laser pulse is focused on small tin droplets to form highly ionized plasma that emits EUV radiation with a peak maximum emission at 13.5 nm. The intensity of the EUV radiation produced by LPP depends on the effectiveness with which the high-powered laser can produce the plasma from the droplets. Synchronizing the pulses of the high-powered laser with generation and movement of the droplets can improve the efficiency of an LPP based EUV radiation source.

11236418

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to methods for gapfill. In particular, the disclosure relates to processes to fill a gap using a sequential deposition-etch-treat process. BACKGROUND The gapfill process is a very important stage of semiconductor manufacturing. The gapfill process is used to fill a high aspect ratio gap (or feature) with an insulating or conducting material. For example, shallow trench isolation, inter-metal dielectric layers, passivation layers, dummy gate, etc. As device geometries shrink (e.g., critical dimensions<20 nm) and thermal budgets are reduced, void-free filling of high aspect ratio spaces (e.g., AR>10:1) becomes increasingly difficult due to limitations of conventional deposition processes. Most deposition methods deposit more material on the top region than on the bottom region of a structure. The process often forms a mushroom shape film profile. As a result, the top part of a high aspect ratio structure sometimes pinches off prematurely leaving seams/voids within the structure's lower portions. This problem more prevalent in small features. One approach to gap fill is high-density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP CVD). HDP CVD is a directional (bottom-up) CVD process that is used for high aspect ratio gap-fill. The method deposits more material at the bottom of a high aspect ratio structure than on its sidewalls. It accomplishes this by directing charged dielectric precursor species downward, to the bottom of the gap. The directional aspect of the deposition process produces some high momentum charged species that sputter away bottom fill. The sputtered material tends to redeposit on the sidewalls. Limitations due to overhang formation become ever more severe as the width of the gap to be filled decreases and the aspect ratio increases. Another approach to gapfill high AR features is by use of a flowable CVD process. A flowable CVD process usually requires complicated deposition-cure-treatment processing. Therefore, there is a need in the art for gapfill methods that can deposit films in high aspect ratio structures. SUMMARY One or more embodiments of the disclosure are directed to processing methods comprising providing a substrate having a substrate surface with a plurality of features formed therein. Each feature extends a distance from the substrate surface and having a bottom and at least one sidewall. A first film is deposited in the at least one feature so that the first film forms on the bottom of the feature and on the sidewalls of the feature near the substrate surface. The first film is etched from the sidewalls of the feature. The first film in the bottom of the feature is treated to form a second film in the feature. Additional embodiments of the disclosure are directed to gapfill methods. A substrate having a substrate surface with a plurality of features formed therein is provided. Each feature extends a distance from the substrate surface and having a bottom and at least one sidewall. A first film comprising silicon is deposited in the at least one feature so that the first film forms on the bottom of the feature and on the sidewalls of the feature near the substrate surface. The first film is etched from the sidewalls of the feature. The first film in the bottom of the feature is treated to form a second film in the feature. The second film comprises one or more of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. Further embodiments of the disclosure are directed to gapfill methods comprising providing a substrate having a substrate surface with a plurality of features formed therein. Each feature extends a distance from the substrate surface and having a bottom and at least one sidewall. The substrate is exposed to a silicon precursor and a reactant to deposit a first film comprising silicon in the at least one feature so that the first film forms on the bottom of the feature and on the sidewalls of the feature near the substrate surface. The silicon precursor comprises one or more of silane, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, a higher order silane or dichlorosilane. The reactant comprises a plasma comprising one or more of hydrogen or nitrogen. The first film is formed to a depth in the range of about 1 Å to about 50 Å. The substrate is exposed to an etchant comprising a plasma comprising one or more of H2, HCl or Cl2to etch the first film from the sidewalls of the feature. The first film in the bottom of the feature is treated to form a second film comprising one or more of silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride in the feature. Treating the film comprises exposing the substrate to a plasma comprising one or more of Ar, He, H2, O2, N2O, O3, H2O, NH3or N2. The deposition, etch and treating processes are repeated to fill the feature.

11435758

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0093818, filed on Aug. 1, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field The present disclosure relates to an electronic control system. More particularly, this disclosure relates to an electronic control system including a plurality of blade processors and a plurality of backplanes. 2. Description of the Related Art With the intelligence of automobiles, there is a growing interest in an electronic control system, and it is necessary to more effectively provide this electronic control system. In addition, an autonomous driving vehicle refers to a vehicle on which an autonomous driving apparatus capable of recognizing an environment around the vehicle and a condition of the vehicle, and thus controlling the driving of the vehicle is mounted. As researches on the autonomous driving vehicle are carried out, researches on various services that may increase the convenience of a user by using the autonomous driving vehicle are being carried out together. SUMMARY The disclosed embodiments are intended to disclose an electronic control system. Technical problems to be dealt with by the present embodiment are not limited to the aforementioned technical problems, and other technical problems may be inferred from the following embodiments. According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electronic control system for a vehicle, including: a plurality of blade processors configured to implement different functions in a vehicle; and a plurality of backplanes that house the plurality of blade processors for electrical connection between the plurality of blade processors, in which a first backplane among the plurality of backplanes may separately house at least one blade processor configured to implement a wireless communication function, among the plurality of blade processors. According to another embodiment, there is provided a backplane assembly for housing a plurality of blade processors, including: a first backplane that separately houses at least one blade processor configured to implement a wireless communication function, among a plurality of blade processors; and a second backplane that houses a blade processor other than the at least one blade processor among the plurality of blade processors. According to still another embodiment, there is provided a vehicle including: electronic devices; and an electronic control system configured to perform control of the electronic devices, in which the electronic control system includes a plurality of blade processors configured to implement different functions through the electronic devices; and a plurality of backplanes that house a plurality of blade processors for electrical connection between the plurality of blade processors, and in which a first backplane among the plurality of backplanes may separately house at least one blade processor configured to implement a wireless communication function, among the plurality of blade processors. The specific matters of other embodiments are included in the detailed description and drawings. According to the present disclosure, in a system with a plurality of backplanes, the electronic control system may more easily manage noise due to a wireless communication function through a backplane that separately houses a blade processor configured to implement the wireless communication function, so that it is possible to increase stability. Specifically, since noise may be generated in the process of implementing a wireless communication function by the blade processor, and the generated noise may result a malfunction in another blade processor, it is possible to prevent the malfunction of the other blade processor through a backplane that separately houses the blade processor configured to implement the wireless communication function. The effects of the invention are not limited to the aforementioned effects, and other effects that have not been mentioned may be apparently understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the claims.

11269044

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present application relates to determining an angle of arrival with respect to a wireless signal, and more particularly toward determining an angle of arrival (AOA) for communications. BACKGROUND AOA can be computed by comparing the phase of RF signals output from two antennas. Conventional techniques for comparing the RF signals rely in phase locked receivers to compare phase or a single signal commutated receiver to compare the phase during subsequent intervals during a single dedicated section of a message packet communicated in the RF signals. One conventional type of AOA computation device uses a single dedicated section of the payload of a message packet with a duration in the range of a few microseconds. There are several downsides to this approach. First, the single dedicated section may not be standardized for the communication protocol used to generate the message packet, leaving some devices incapable of understanding the data within the message packet due to the single dedicated section. Second, the single dedicated section may reduce the time allowed for data transmission (e.g., it takes up a portion of the payload). To avoid significant reduction, the single dedicated packet in conventional systems is short in duration, leaving only a brief window for AOA to be determined and therefore the AOA determination can be prone to error. Third, as the single dedicated section becomes shorter, the processing bandwidth becomes larger and so noise-induced errors are likely to increase. For at least these reasons, conventional phase-based AOA systems are often incompatible with devices that implement a particular communication protocol that has been adapted for AOA determinations. Additionally, these conventional systems are often unable to achieve a workable compromise between the size of the single dedicated section and the size of the payload or data in accordance with the communication protocol. SUMMARY A system and method are provided for determining an AOA based on RF signals output from at least two antennas. The RF signals may be representative of an electromagnetic wave received by the at least two antennas. The AOA determination may be based on a phase measurement of the RF signals for an arbitrary length of a standard communications packet received in accordance with a communications protocol. The phase measurement may be determined without compromising the data packet with a dedicated section and for an arbitrary period of time to enhance the accuracy of the phase measurement. This way, the phase measurement can be obtained with respect to any device capable of communicating in accordance with the communications protocol. In one embodiment, the system may be based on a single, commutated receiver that compares received phase on subsequent sections of a message packet transmitted in accordance with the communications protocol. In one embodiment, the system may use multiple phase-locked receivers to compare the received phase from both receivers. In one embodiment, a system is provided for determining an angle of arrival for frequency modulated communications. The system may include a first antenna, a second antenna, and a controller. The first antenna may be capable of wirelessly receiving the frequency modulated communications to generate a first frequency modulated output. The second antenna may be separated by a distance from the first antenna, and capable of wirelessly receiving the frequency modulated communications to generate a second frequency modulated output. The first frequency modulated output and the second frequency modulated output are indicative of the frequency modulated communications arriving at the first and second antennas at different times. The controller may be configured to determine a phase difference between the first and second frequency modulated outputs received by the first and second antennas, where the phase difference is determined based on unmodulated forms determined from the first and second frequency modulated outputs, and where the phase difference is determined irrespective of frequency modulations in the first and second frequency modulated outputs. In one embodiment, a method is provided for determining an angle of arrival for frequency modulated communications. The method may include generating a first frequency modulated output based on wireless receipt of the frequency modulated communications in a first antenna, and generating a second frequency modulated output based on wireless receipt of the frequency modulated communications in a second antenna, wherein the second antenna is separated by a distance from the first antenna. The method may also include producing first and second unmodulated forms of the first and second frequency modulated outputs. A phase difference may be determined based on the first and second unmodulated forms such that the phase difference is determined irrespective of frequency modulations in the first and second frequency modulated outputs. In one embodiment, a system is provided for determining an angle of arrival for a wireless communication signal. The system may include a first antenna capable of wirelessly receiving a first arbitrary length of the wireless communication signal to facilitate generation of a first frequency modulated segment. The system may include a second antenna separated by a distance from said first antenna, and capable of wirelessly receiving a second arbitrary length of the wireless communication signal to facilitate generation of a second frequency modulated segment. The first frequency modulated segment and the second frequency modulated segment may arrive at the first and second antennas at different times, and the first and second modulated segments include frequency modulations representative of data. The system may include a controller configured to determine a phase difference between the first and second frequency modulated segments received by the first and second antennas, where the phase difference is determined based on unmodulated forms of the first and second frequency modulated segments and irrespective of the frequency modulations representative of data. In one embodiment, a system is provided for determining an angle of arrival for modulated communications. The system may include a first antenna, a second antenna, and a controller. The first antenna may be capable of wirelessly receiving the modulated communications to generate a first modulated output. The second antenna may be separated by a distance from the first antenna, and may be capable of wirelessly receiving the modulated communications to generate a second modulated output. The first modulated output and the second modulated output may be indicative of the modulated communications arriving at the first and second antennas at different times, and where the modulated communications include a plurality of dedicated portions during which one or more characteristics of the modulated communications are pre-determined. The controller may be configured to determine a phase difference between the first and second modulated outputs received by the first and second antennas, wherein the phase difference is determined based on one or more samples of the first and second modulated outputs during periods corresponding to the plurality of dedicated portions. In one embodiment, a method is provided for determining an angle of arrival for modulated communications. The method may include generating a first modulated output based on wireless receipt of the modulated communications in a first antenna, and generating a second modulated output based on wireless receipt of the modulated communications in a second antenna. The second antenna may be separated by a distance from the first antenna. The method may include sampling the first and second modulated outputs corresponding to at least a portion of a plurality of dedicated sections of the modulated communications, and determining a phase difference based on samples of the first and second modulated outputs. In one embodiment, a transmission device is provided for facilitating determining an angle of arrival for a wireless communication signal transmitted from the transmission device. The transmission device may include an antenna array configured to transmit the wireless communication signal via an electromagnetic waveform provided to remote device. The antenna array may include one or more antennas. The transmission device may include a communication interface including a transmitter configured to transmit a plurality of message packets in the wireless communication signal. The plurality of message packets may include a dedicated portion during which one or more characteristics of the wireless communication signal are pre-determined, and where presence of the dedicated portion in the wireless communication signal facilitates determining an angle of arrival for the wireless communication signal relative to the remote device. The one or more characteristics may be pre-determined prior to transmission of the dedicated portion. As an example, the communication interface may determine the one or more characteristics in conjunction with transmitting a message packet that includes the dedicated portion. The one or more characteristics may be communicated in the data packet prior to transmission of the dedicated portion. The communication interface may be configured to dynamically vary the one or more characteristics of the dedicated portion such that the one or more characteristics for a first dedicated portion of a first message packet are different form the one or more characteristics for a second dedicated portion of a second message packet. The communication interface may be configured to communicate dedicated portion information pertaining to the one or more characteristics to the remote device prior to transmission of the dedicated portion. Before the embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of operation or to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention may be implemented in various other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in alternative ways not expressly disclosed herein. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including” and “comprising” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items and equivalents thereof. Further, enumeration may be used in the description of various embodiments. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the use of enumeration should not be construed as limiting the invention to any specific order or number of components. Nor should the use of enumeration be construed as excluding from the scope of the invention any additional steps or components that might be combined with or into the enumerated steps or components.

11478394

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority benefit of China application serial no. 108125766, filed on Jul. 22, 2019. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to a management system, and more particularly, relates to an exoskeleton wear management system and an exoskeleton wear management method for an exoskeleton device. BACKGROUND With the advancement of technology, there are different types of exoskeleton devices (a.k.a. powered exoskeleton devices) on the market. The exoskeleton device can be worn on a user (e.g., installed on upper limbs or/and lower limbs of the user). The limbs of the user on which the exoskeleton device is worn can conduct exercises by an auxiliary force provided by the exoskeleton device to increase exercise capacity for the limbs of the user. However, because the current process of wearing the exoskeleton device often needs to be performed by a professional, the general public or the user cannot correctly wear the exoskeleton device. As a result, applicability and use efficiency of the exoskeleton device are reduced. In particular, if the exoskeleton device is not correctly worn, the exoskeleton device may perform an incorrect output to decrease work efficiency and increase risk of the user. Therefore, how to make the exoskeleton device allow the user to correctly wear the exoskeleton device without needing operation and correction of the professional so as to increase applicability and use efficiency of the exoskeleton device, thereby increase work efficiency of the exoskeleton device and reduce risk of using the exoskeleton device is the goal to be achieved by persons skilled in the art. SUMMARY The invention provides an exoskeleton wear management system and an exoskeleton wear management method, which can prompt the user of a position of a component among a plurality of components of an exoskeleton device that currently needs to be adjusted so the user can correctly wear the exoskeleton device to thereby improve use efficiency. An embodiment of the invention provides an exoskeleton wear management system adapted to an exoskeleton device worn on a user. The exoskeleton wear management system includes an exoskeleton wear management device and a sensing system. The exoskeleton wear management device is coupled to the exoskeleton device. The sensing system is installed on the exoskeleton device and coupled to the exoskeleton wear management device, and the sensing system is configured to continuously sense a current posture of the exoskeleton device to output inertial data corresponding to the current posture to the exoskeleton wear management device. The exoskeleton wear management device includes an output device, a storage device and a processor. The storage device stores an exoskeleton wear management code module. The processor is configured to access and execute the exoskeleton wear management code module to realize an exoskeleton wear management method. The processor is configured to receive first inertial data from the sensing system and determine whether the user is in a sitting posture according to the first inertial data, wherein in response to determining that the user is in the sitting posture, the processor is further configured to receive second inertial data, and determine whether a left leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to a left leg of the user and a right leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to a right leg of the user according to the second inertial data. In response to determining that the left leg component of the exoskeleton device in not parallel to the left leg of the user, the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting left leg component message; in response to determining that the right leg component of the exoskeleton device in not parallel to the right leg of the user, the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting right leg component message; and in response to determining that the left leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to the left leg of the user and the right leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to the right leg of the user, the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt a left leg component and right leg component correctly-worn message. An embodiment of the invention provides an exoskeleton wear management system adapted to an exoskeleton device worn on a user. The exoskeleton wear management system includes an exoskeleton wear management device and a sensing system. The exoskeleton wear management device is coupled to the exoskeleton device. The sensing system includes a plurality of image scanning devices. The plurality of image scanning devices are installed on the exoskeleton device and coupled to the exoskeleton wear management device, wherein each of the plurality of image scanning devices is configured to continuously perform an image scanning operation, and transmit a corresponding message to the exoskeleton wear management device according to a result of the image scanning operation. The exoskeleton wear management device includes an output device, a storage device and a processor. The storage device stores an exoskeleton wear management code module. The processor is configured to access and execute the exoskeleton wear management code module to realize an exoskeleton wear management method. The processor is configured to determine whether the left knee joint component and the right knee joint component of the exoskeleton device are correctly installed on a corresponding left knee joint position and a corresponding right knee joint position according to a plurality of first messages received from the plurality of image scanning devices. In response to not receiving a left knee joint position confirmed message from a left knee joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of first messages, the processor is further configured to determine that the left knee joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left knee joint position, and the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting left knee joint component message; in response to not receiving a right knee joint position confirmed message from a right knee joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of first messages, the processor is further configured to determine that the right knee joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding right knee joint position, and the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting right knee joint component message; in response to receiving the left knee joint position confirmed message and the right knee joint position confirmed message, the processor is further configured to determine that the left knee joint component and the right knee joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left knee joint position and the corresponding right knee joint position, and determine whether the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component of the exoskeleton device are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position according to a plurality of second messages received from the plurality of image scanning devices. In response to not receiving a left hip joint position confirmed message from a left hip joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of second messages, the processor is further configured to determine that the left hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position, and the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting left hip joint component message; in response to not receiving a right hip joint position confirmed message from a right hip joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of second messages, the processor is further configured to determine that the right hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left right joint position, and the processor is further configured to instruct the output device to prompt an adjusting right hip joint component message; in response to receiving the left hip joint position confirmation message and the right hip joint position confirmation message, the processor is further configured to determine that the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position respectively. In addition, in response to determining that the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position respectively, the processor instructs the output device to prompt a wearing-completed message. An embodiment of the invention provides an exoskeleton wear management method adapted to an exoskeleton wear management system. The exoskeleton wear management system is configured to manage an exoskeleton device worn on a user, wherein the exoskeleton wear management system includes an exoskeleton wear management device and a sensing system. The method includes receiving first inertial data from the sensing system and determining whether the user is in a sitting posture according to the first inertial data; in response to determining that the user is in the sitting posture, receiving second inertial data, and determining whether a left leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to a left leg of the user and a right leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to a right leg of the user according to the second inertial data; in response to determining that the left leg component of the exoskeleton device in not parallel to the left leg of the user, prompting an adjusting left leg component message; in response to determining that the right leg component of the exoskeleton device in not parallel to the right leg of the user, prompting an adjusting right leg component message; and in response to determining that the left leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to the left leg of the user and the right leg component of the exoskeleton device is parallel to the right leg of the user, prompting a left leg component and right leg component correctly-worn message. An embodiment of the invention provides an exoskeleton wear management method adapted to an exoskeleton wear management system. The exoskeleton wear management system is configured to manage an exoskeleton device worn on a user, wherein the exoskeleton wear management system includes an exoskeleton wear management device and a sensing system, wherein the sensing system includes a plurality of image scanning devices. The method includes determining whether the left knee joint component and the right knee joint component of the exoskeleton device are correctly installed on a corresponding left knee joint position and a corresponding right knee joint position according to a plurality of first messages received from the plurality of image scanning devices; in response to not receiving a left knee joint position confirmed message from a left knee joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of first messages, determining that the left knee joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left knee joint position, and prompting an adjusting left knee joint component message; in response to not receiving a right knee joint position confirmed message from a right knee joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of first messages, determining that the right knee joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding right knee joint position, and prompting an adjusting right knee joint component message; in response to receiving the left knee joint position confirmed message and the right knee joint position confirmed message, determining that the left knee joint component and the right knee joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left knee joint position and the corresponding right knee joint position, and determining whether the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component of the exoskeleton device are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position according to a plurality of second messages received from the plurality of image scanning devices; in response to not receiving a left hip joint position confirmed message from a left hip joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of second messages, determining that the left hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position, and prompting an adjusting left hip joint component message; in response to not receiving a right hip joint position confirmed message from a right hip joint image scanning device among the plurality of image scanning devices in the plurality of second messages, determining that the right hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left right joint position, and prompting an adjusting right hip joint component message; in response to receiving the left hip joint position confirmation message and the right hip joint position confirmation message, determining that the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position respectively; and in response to determining that the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position respectively, prompting a wearing-completed message. In an embodiment of the invention, the sensing system further includes an inertial sensor array and an angle sensor array, wherein in response to determining that the left hip joint component and the right hip joint component are correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position and the corresponding right hip joint position respectively, the exoskeleton wear management method further includes performing an exoskeleton output correction operation. The exoskeleton output correction operation includes prompting a stand-up request message; determining whether the user is in a standing posture according to inertial data received from the inertial sensor array; in response to determining that the user is in the standing posture, receiving a plurality of angle data from the angle sensor array, wherein the plurality of angle data include a left hip joint angle value, a right hip joint angle value, a left knee joint angle value and a right knee joint angle value; calculating a plurality of angle difference data according to the plurality of angle data and a plurality of historical angle data in a historical database in the storage device, wherein the plurality of historical angle data include a historical left hip joint angle value, a historical right hip joint angle value, a historical left knee joint angle value and a historical right knee joint angle value, and the plurality of angle difference data include a left hip joint angle difference, a right hip joint angle difference, a left knee joint angle difference and a right knee joint angle difference; in response to one of the plurality of angle difference data greater than a corresponding allowable threshold, prompting a standing posture abnormal message; and in response to all of the plurality of angle difference data not greater than the allowable threshold, adjusting a plurality of output forces of the exoskeleton device corresponding to the plurality of angle difference data according to the plurality of angle difference data, and updating the plurality of historical angle data according to the plurality of angle data. In an embodiment of the invention, the exoskeleton wear management device further includes an exoskeleton adjusting system. The exoskeleton adjusting system further includes a left stepper motor and a right stepper motor. The exoskeleton wear management method further includes in response to determining that the left hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position, controlling the left stepper motor to change a length of the left leg component; in response to determining that the right hip joint component is not correctly installed on the corresponding right hip joint position, controlling the right stepper motor to change a length of the right leg component; during a period in which the length of the left leg component is changed, in response to receiving the left hip joint position confirmed message, determining that the left hip joint component is correctly installed on the corresponding left hip joint position, and controlling the left stepper motor to stop changing the length of the left leg component; and during a period in which the length of the right leg component is changed, in response to receiving the right hip joint position confirmed message, determining that the right hip joint component is correctly installed on the corresponding right hip joint position, and controlling the right stepper motor to stop changing the length of the right leg component. Based on the above, according to whether a plurality of components of the exoskeleton device are correctly installed on a plurality of corresponding predetermined positions, the exoskeleton wear management system and the exoskeleton wear management method provided by one embodiment of the invention can prompt the user of one or more components among the plurality of components that need to be adjusted. In addition, the exoskeleton wear management system and the exoskeleton wear management method provided by another embodiment of the invention can directly and automatically adjust the position(s) of the one or more components that need to be adjusted and correct the output of the exoskeleton. As a result, the user can correctly wear the exoskeleton device so that applicability, use efficiency and work efficiency of the exoskeleton device are increased and risk of using the exoskeleton device is reduced. To make the aforementioned more comprehensible, several embodiments accompanied with drawings are described in detail as follows.

11472944

FIELD Aspects of the present disclosure provide compositions including coated carbon fibers, metal substrates having compositions disposed thereon, vehicle components having a metal substrate, methods for manufacturing a vehicle component by contacting a carbon fiber material with a polysilazane or a dibromocarbene and depositing a composition of the present disclosure onto a metal substrate. BACKGROUND Coatings that prevent metal corrosion are of importance in many industries. Metal corrosion costs U.S. industries more than $200 billion annually. Metal surfaces are important in aircraft design because they offer improved toughness as compared to ceramics. Advanced joining techniques such as laser and friction welding, automated riveting techniques, and high-speed machining also make metallic structures more affordable than ceramics. Corrosion of a metal surface can be inhibited or controlled by introducing a protective layer onto the metal surface. Fibers, such as carbon fibers, are used in material coating layers on aircraft because of their strength. However, when carbon fibers, such as graphite, from composites come in contact with an active metal material, such as aluminum, corrosion can be initiated through a galvanic interaction where oxygen reduced at the graphite surface encourages corrosion/oxidation of the metal surface. To ameliorate this interaction, the metal is separated from the carbon fiber coating using one or more insulating fiberglass layers, typically containing glass/epoxy or aramid/epoxy. However, use of fiberglass barriers increases cost of material, fabrication costs, production rate losses, and increases the weight of the overall structure it becomes a part of, such as an aircraft. There is a need for carbon fiber coatings that do not promote corrosion of a metal substrate and methods for manufacturing vehicle components having carbon fiber coatings disposed thereon. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides a composition including a carbon fiber material comprising one or more of dibromocyclopropyl or polysilazane disposed thereon; and a thermosetting polymer or a thermoplastic polymer. In other aspects, a metal substrate includes a composition of the present disclosure disposed thereon. A vehicle component can include a metal substrate of the present disclosure. The present disclosure further provides a method for manufacturing a vehicle component including contacting a carbon fiber material with a polysilazane or a dibromocarbene to form a coated carbon fiber material; and mixing the coated carbon fiber material with a thermosetting polymer or a thermoplastic polymer to form a composition. In other aspects, a method includes depositing a composition of the present disclosure onto a metal substrate.

11253728

TECHNICAL FIELD Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to radiotherapy treatment systems, and, specifically, to methods and systems for using magnetic field localization to determine the end point of one or more charged particle beams of radiation administered during radiotherapy. BACKGROUND Radiation therapy (also referred to as radiotherapy) may be used in the treatment of cancer or other pathologies. Radiotherapy involves delivering a prescribed dose of radiation to a target region of a patient, for example, to a tumor or other cancerous tissue. The target region may be imaged prior to the administration of radiotherapy, and a treatment plan may be formulated based on, e.g., the size, location, and/or orientation of the target and the surrounding structures, among other things. A radiotherapy delivery device may then be used to deliver radiation in the form of one or more charged particle beams to the target region of the patient, in accordance with the treatment plan. Accurate delivery of radiation to a patient promotes the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy treatment. Accordingly, prior to treatment, attenuation of a charged particle beam within the patient is predicted in order to determine where radiation will and will not be delivered to the body during treatment. Accurate determination of the location of the distal edge of a charged particle beam allows healthcare providers to assess how much dose was delivered to a patient and where the dose was delivered. The intended location of the distal end of the beam and the dose delivered may be selected to ensure that surrounding healthy cells are not harmed or killed. If the charged particle beams delivered during radiotherapy have end points that are positioned in different locations than intended, then surrounding healthy structures may receive radiation instead of, or in addition to, the intended target region, and/or the target region may receive a different dose of radiation than intended. As a result, it is desirable to know the location of the actual, in vivo end point of a charged particle beam during treatment and to know how the actual location compared to the predicted end point location. Further, it may be desirable to assess the beam end point location during treatment so that the radiotherapy treatment may be altered or stopped if the actual, in vivo beam end point is not in the intended location. Currently available technology for determining the actual, in vivo beam end point location of a charged particle beam may lack accuracy and may not provide information in a timely manner to be a useful assessment tool during treatment. For example, positron emission tomography (PET) may be used to determine tissue activation by a radiation particle beam in vivo. Yet, activation of the tissue may not provide a sufficiently accurate representation of the dose distribution of a charged particle beam or of the end terminus of the particle beam. Additionally, PET information may not be accessible in a timely manner. For example, it may take several minutes or more to acquire PET data. Accordingly, a need exists for systems and methods that allow for the accurate, real-time determination of the location of the end point of a charged particle beam during the administration of radiotherapy. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to radiotherapy systems. An exemplary radiotherapy system may comprise a radiotherapy output configured to deliver a charged particle beam to a patient. The system may also comprise a detector array. The detector array may have an axis that extends parallel to an axis along which the charged particle beam is delivered by the radiotherapy output. The detector array may comprise a plurality of detectors configured to detect a magnetic field generated by the charged particle beam during delivery of the charged particle beam from the radiotherapy output. Various embodiments of the system may include one or more of the following features. The radiotherapy output may be configured to deliver a proton beam. In some aspects, the plurality of detectors may comprise at least one of a superconducting quantum interference device, a laser-pumped detector, or a magnetometer, and at least one detector of the plurality of detectors may be oriented so that a planar surface of the at least one detector is oriented at an angle transverse to the axis of detector array. The plurality of detectors may be interdigitated relative to one another. The system may include a plurality of detector arrays, the detector array may be a two-dimensional detector array, and/or the plurality of detectors may be movably mounted on the detector array. Embodiments of the present disclosure are also directed to systems for measuring an end point of a charged particle beam during radiotherapy treatment. An exemplary system may comprise at least one computer configured to receive a signal indicative of a magnetic field detected by a detector, and, based on the received signal, determine an in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam. The at least one computer may also be configured to continue, modify, or stop the radiotherapy treatment based on the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam. Various embodiments of the system may include one or more of the following features. The at least one computer system may further be configured to compare the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam to an intended location of the end point of the charged particle beam calculated prior to delivery of the charged particle beam. In some aspects, the at least one computer system may also be configured to stop or modify the radiotherapy treatment if the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam is outside of a threshold level of error relative to the intended location of the end point of the charged particle beam, and continue the radiotherapy treatment if the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam is within the threshold level of error relative to the intended location of the end point of the charged particle beam. The at least one computer system may also be configured to update at least one of a stopping power map, a record of the plan as-delivered, or a treatment record to include the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam. Further, the at least one computer system may be configured to modify a future radiotherapy treatment session based on the in vivo location of the end point of the charged particle beam. Embodiments of the present disclosure are also directed to a radiotherapy system comprising a detector array having a length positioned parallel to an axis along which a charged particle beam is delivered. The detector array may comprise a plurality of detectors configured to detect a magnetic field generated by the charged particle beam. The plurality of detectors may also be spaced apart from one another along the length of the detector array and along the axis along which the charged particle beam is delivered. Various embodiments of the system may include one or more of the following features. The plurality of detectors may comprise at least one of a superconducting quantum interference device, a laser-pumped detector, or a magnetometer. The at least one detector of the plurality of detectors may be oriented so that a planar surface of the at least one detector is oriented at an angle transverse to an axis of the detector array. The plurality of detectors may also extend along a width of the detector array, and/or the plurality of detectors may be interdigitated relative to one another. In some aspects, the detector array may be a first detector array, and the system may further comprise a second detector array. The second detector array may be positioned orthogonal to the first detector array. Additional objects and advantages of the embodiments will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the embodiments. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the claims. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

11224594

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Smoking has been determined to be a contributory or causative factor in a number of diseases including respiratory diseases such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung infections and lung cancer, but also in various cardiac pathologies. Most regular smokers become addicted to, or dependent upon, the pharmacological effects of nicotine in tobacco smoke. Generally, the physical manifestation of nicotine addiction is described as the cravings for smoking, or more specifically, as nicotine cravings. A common strategy in overcoming nicotine addiction in general, and nicotine cravings in particular, is the mimicking of cigarette smoking's effects, followed by gradual reduction and, eventually, by complete elimination. The most important and immediate effect of smoking is the absorption of nicotine into the smoker's blood, an effect which can be effectively mimicked by the administration of nicotine doses. By gradually reducing the doses, until complete elimination, nicotine addiction can be treated. The level of nicotine concentration in the blood of the smoker is a factor considered in designing a nicotine replacement therapy. People who are addicted to nicotine, usually from smoking cigarettes or other tobacco leaf products, typically require high blood levels of nicotine to satisfy their craving for nicotine. As demonstrated inFIG. 1, typical peak venous blood levels of nicotine following the inhalation of a single cigarette reaches 10-15 ng/mL. To attain those blood levels using dry powder formulations containing nicotine, formulations need up to 30% nicotine with a minimum of 8% nicotine, as demonstrated inFIG. 1and further described for example in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0292519. While inhaling this powder at 28% nicotine concentration delivers nicotine blood levels comparable to those attained by smoking a cigarette, a 30% nicotine composition is generally harsher to inhale, and the high blood level it produces may in fact reinforce rather than reduce the addiction to nicotine. Other dry powder formulations of nicotine used, and delivery approaches to match blood levels associated with cigarette smoking in order to attain nicotine craving reduction, have been described in the art, for example by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,799,576, 8,256,433 and 5,746,227. Typical formulations in the art contain nicotine bound to excipients, i.e. each and every particle of the formulation would comprise nicotine and excipients. The period of time it takes from nicotine delivery to the lungs until a given nicotine blood concentration is achieved is also an important factor to be considered in designing a particulate nicotine formulation for delivery by inhalation. Various forms of non-inhaled nicotine delivery attempted to match the kinetics of achieving cigarette blood levels of nicotine with varied success. For example, the kinetics curve of nicotine uptake via non-inhalation typically takes typically 20-30 minutes. Many of these nicotine replacement products are therefore not found to adequately satisfy the nicotine craving of smokers, which is reflected in the high failure rate of smoking cessation attempts. While nicotine uptake via inhalation is much faster (typically 10-20 seconds) than non-inhalation routes, there are several other drawbacks to traditional, inhalable nicotine formulations. For example, size distribution of the particles used is a factor to be considered if the nicotine replacement therapy is centered on inhaled delivery of a dry particulate formulation. It is believed that cigarette smoke contains approximately 4000 chemical compounds and has a range of particle sizes from less than 0.1 micron to approximately 0.5 micron to hundreds of micron in diameter. During inhalation, it is known that most particles larger than 10-12 micron in size typically can't make the turn in the oral cavity to enter the lower respiratory tract and instead impact the back of the throat. While particles less than 5 micron in size are generally considered respirable and can thus enter the lower respiratory tract, the majority of particles less than 1 micron in size do not settle in the alveoli, and are thus expelled during subsequent exhalation. Consequently, exhaled particles of this size range (less than about 1 micron) are commonly characterized as “second hand smoke.” The state of the art in the development of products designed to replace traditional cigarettes, is to replicate or match the particles found in cigarettes. For example, such replacement technologies include e-cigarettes that produce nicotine vapor, ultrasonically produced nicotine aerosol droplets or nicotine oral sprays. These replacement cigarette technologies typically produce particles that are less than 0.5 micron in size, and very large particles that are greater than 10-12 micron in size. However, each of these technologies suffer from the same result—not all of the inhaled nicotine and associated compounds remain in the lungs and the balance is either exhaled into the environment or ingested. Unfortunately, this means that the public must still contend with the same problem of users of these technologies producing what is effectively second hand smoke, and accordingly these technologies are increasingly being banned in selected public spaces. Thus, there is a need in the art for inhalable dry powder nicotine formulations and methods of use that can more quickly and consistently satisfy nicotine cravings while delivering an overall lower concentration of nicotine into the bloodstream. Ideally, such formulations and methods of use would uniquely target particle retention within the airways of the lungs while reducing or eliminating exhalable nicotine by a subject. The present invention satisfies these needs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A method of reducing nicotine cravings in a subject is described. The method includes the step of administering to the subject by inhalation a dry powder formulation comprising between 0.1-2.0 mg of nicotine delivered as particles, at a concentration of between 0.5% and 10%, such that the subject's nicotine craving sensations are reduced at a peak nicotine blood level of less than about 5 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the nicotine particles comprise at least one nicotine salt. In another embodiment, the at least one nicotine salt is nicotine tartrate. In another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one sugar. In another embodiment, the formulation includes nicotine particles that are substantially between about 2-5 microns in size. In another embodiment, the percentage of nicotine in the formulation is about 1.5%. In another embodiment, the percentage of nicotine in the formulation is about 2.5%. In another embodiment, the percentage of nicotine in the formulation is about 5%. In another embodiment, the percentage of nicotine in the formulation is about 10%. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings at a peak nicotine blood level of less than about 3.5 ng/mL. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings at a peak nicotine blood level of less than about 2.5 ng/mL. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings in less than about 30 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings in less than about 20 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings in less than about 15 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation reduces nicotine cravings in less than about 10 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect in less than about 8 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect in less than about 6 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect in less than about 5 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect in less than about 4 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect in less than about 3 seconds from inhalation. In another embodiment, the formulation achieves a sensed nicotine effect prior to the nicotine reaching the brain via the bloodstream. Also described is a kit for reducing nicotine cravings in a subject. The kit includes at least one dose of a dry powder formulation comprising between 0.1-2.0 mg nicotine particles at a concentration of between 0.5% and 10%, and an instruction material for the subject to achieve a peak nicotine blood level of less than about 5 ng/mL via inhalation of the dry powder formulation. In one embodiment, the kit further includes a second dose of the dry powder formulation that has a different amount of nicotine particles compared to the first dry powder formulation dose. In another embodiment, the kit further includes a second dose of the dry powder formulation that has a different concentration of nicotine particles compared to the first dry powder formulation dose. In another embodiment, the kit further includes a dry powder inhaler. Also described is a dry powder formulation suitable for inhalation. The formulation includes between 0.1-2.0 mg nicotine particles at a concentration of between 0.5% and 10% nicotine particles within the formulation, wherein the nicotine particles are substantially between about 1-10 micron in size. In one embodiment, the nicotine particles are substantially between about 2-5 micron in size. In another embodiment, less than about 10% of the nicotine particles are less than about 1 micron in size. In another embodiment, less than about 10% of the nicotine particles are less than about 2 micron in size. In another embodiment, at least about 90% of the nicotine particles are less than about 10 micron in size. In another embodiment, at least about 90% of the nicotine particles are less than about 5 micron in size. In another embodiment, less than about 10% of the nicotine particles are less than about 1 micron in size and wherein at least about 90% of the nicotine particles are less than about 10 micron in size. In another embodiment, less than about 10% of the nicotine particles are less than about 2 micron in size and wherein at least about 90% of the nicotine particles are less than about 5 micron in size. Also described is another dry powder formulation suitable for inhalation. The formulation includes a nicotine based component comprising between 0.1-2.0 mg nicotine particles at a concentration of between 0.5% and 10% nicotine particles within the formulation, wherein the nicotine particles are substantially between about 1-10 micron in size, and a cough suppressant component comprising between 0.1-5% of the formulation, wherein the cough suppressant component comprises particles substantially between about 5-10 micron in size. In one embodiment, the cough suppressant component comprises menthol or mint. In another embodiment, the nicotine based component particles are substantially between about 2-5 micron in size and the cough suppressant component particles are substantially between about 5-8 micron in size. In another embodiment, the cough suppressant component has particles substantially between about 10-200 micron in size. In another embodiment, the cough suppressant component having particles substantially between about 10-200 micron in size comprises menthol or mint. In another embodiment, the formulation includes a flavor component having particles substantially between about 10-1000 micron in size. In another embodiment, the flavor component comprises menthol or mint.

11313157

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0056315, filed on May 14, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD The present disclosure relates to a latch assembly for opening and closing a luggage room of a vehicle. BACKGROUND The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. A trunk of a sedan type vehicle is opened and closed through a trunk lid, and the rear of a vehicle such as a Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) or a van is opened and closed through a tailgate. The trunk lid and the tailgate are disposed at the rear of the vehicle to close a space for loading a cargo (hereinafter referred to as a luggage room), and a latch assembly fastened to a striker installed in the vehicle is provided on the trunk lid and the tailgate. The latch assembly operates a pawl for restraining or releasing a claw for which a drive motor grips the striker, thereby cinching or releasing the latch assembly. A plurality of gears such as a worm gear and a worm wheel are installed between the drive motor and the pawl, and the drive motor has a structure exposed to the outside of the latch assembly in order to install the gears. We have discovered that power transmission efficiency is reduced due to an increased number of gears installed between the drive motor and the pawl and an increased number of components accordingly. In addition, we have found that since the drive motor is exposed to the outside of the latch assembly, the size of the latch assembly increases. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides a latch assembly for opening and closing a luggage room of a vehicle, which reduces the number of gears installed between a drive motor and a pawl, thereby improving the power transfer efficiency. The present disclosure also provides a latch assembly for opening and closing a luggage room of a vehicle, which installs a drive motor so as not to be protruded to the outside of the latch assembly. In one form of the present disclosure, a latch assembly for opening and closing a luggage room of a vehicle includes: a base installed on an end portion of an opening and closing member configured to open and close the luggage room of the vehicle, and having a striker fixed to a vehicle body drawn in and out; a power conversion mechanism configured to convert a rotational force of a drive motor into a linear motion; a claw configured to grip and restrain the striker when the opening and closing member is closed; a pawl configured to inhibit rotation of the claw so that the claw maintains a state of having the striker restrained; an error lever installed to rotate with the pawl and configured to rotate so that the pawl is separated from the claw when the power conversion mechanism makes the linear motion; and a link mechanism configured to rotate the claw so that the claw grips the striker, when the power conversion mechanism makes the linear motion in an opposite direction. In one form, the link mechanism includes: a first link having a first end rotatably installed around the rotary shaft of the claw, and a second link having a first end hinge-connected to a second end of the first link. In another form, the second link has a second end elastically supported toward the inside of the claw, and the second link has a claw restraint pin, which enters the claw to restrain the claw when becoming a half lock state, and installed at the second end of the second link. The power conversion mechanism includes: a screw shaft configured to be rotated by the drive motor, and a holder screw-coupled to the screw shaft and configured to rotate the error lever while moving along an axial direction of the screw shaft. In one form, a rotary shaft of the drive motor and the screw shaft are disposed in parallel with each other. In another form, the holder is formed with a cinching-release pin, which contacts the error lever to push the error lever to be spaced apart from the claw for releasing the striker, and pushes and rotates the first link so that the claw becomes a full lock state where the claw fully restrains the striker from a half lock state of the striker. The base is formed with a guide member configured to guide the linear motion of the cinching-release pin. The guide member is a guide plate on which a cinching-release pin guide groove is formed to guide the cinching-release pin. The guide member is a motor housing fastened to the base, and formed with a slot along the axial direction of the screw shaft so as to guide the cinching-release pin while covering the drive motor. The error lever is formed with a bent part on which the claw contacts the cinching-release pin for releasing the striker. The error lever is formed with a claw restraint pin guide groove that accommodates the claw restraint pin and in which the claw restraint pin is disposed outside the claw or contacts the claw to rotate the claw. The first link is formed with a contact part, and the cinching-release pin pushes the contact part to rotate the first link, such that the striker becomes a full lock state from a half lock state. The claw is formed with an operating surface contacting the claw restraint pin, when the claw restraint pin rotates the claw so as to be the full lock state from the half lock state. When the claw becomes an off state where the striker is separated from the claw through the half lock state from the full lock state, or the claw becomes the full lock state through the half lock state from the off state, the drive motor moves the cinching-release pin to its original position. The end portion of the pawl spaced apart from the claw is formed with a locking part formed to be bent, the outside end portion of the error lever is formed with an operating part contacting the locking part when the error lever rotates outwards from the base, the operating part pushes the locking part to rotate the pawl at the time of releasing the striker from the claw, and the locking part pushes the operating part to rotate the error lever when the claw full locks the striker. The drive motor is fixed inside the base, and the drive motor and the power conversion mechanism are engaged with a portion adjacent to the end portion of the base. The base is provided with at least one switch configured to sense the rotating state of the claw. According to the latch assembly for opening and closing the luggage room of the vehicle of the present disclosure having the above configuration, it is possible to reduce the number of gears and links installed between the drive motor and the pawl, thereby reducing the number of components and reducing the size thereof. In addition, it is possible to dispose the motor inside the base without being protruded to the outside of the base, thereby reducing the size thereof. In addition, it is possible to improve the power transmission efficiency by the spindle configured to convert the rotational motion into the linear motion, and increasing the reliability of the cinching and releasing operations. Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

11438059

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to sensing signals using multiple pulses of electromagnetic radiation. In a specific embodiment, the invention relates more particularly to acoustic sensing using multiple optical pulses. The telecommunications industry now uses optical fiber optic cables to form the vast majority of its network backbone. With advances in technology, a single cable bundle can carry many thousands or even millions of telephone conversations. With more recent demands for increased bandwidth for data and Internet traffic, the lack of redundancy within these networks has become a cause for concern. If a link within a network fails, there may be a significant cost to the network operator in both customer dissatisfaction and lost revenue. Such failures may occur, for example, when excavations associated with construction sever an optical fiber cable. Accordingly, the protection of these buried resources is a high priority for network operators. Practices have evolved to protect the fiber when work is scheduled in the vicinity of the fiber. However, unforeseen network failures still occur due to physical damage to the fiber plant. A buried fiber alarm system that is able to detect and characterize acoustic signatures along the length of a fiber route would serve as a threat warning system for network operators. This would allow operators of the network to take action before critical failure, possibly avoiding damage to the cable entirely. It would also allow network traffic to be rerouted before service was lost. A sensor of this nature would also find application in many wide-ranging fields, such as structural monitoring and the protection of other vulnerable services such as oil and gas transmission pipelines. Furthermore, such a technology would be ideally suited to improvements in perimeter security. A security sensor of this nature would be unobtrusive and, if buried around the perimeter of a sensitive facility, would be virtually impossible to locate and disable. Certain optical sensor configurations would even remain operational if the fiber that is part of the sensor configuration were to be cut around the perimeter, allowing not only the detection of a cut, but also enabling determination of the location of the cut. Much work has been done in the field of fiber optic based acoustic sensors. Perhaps the most sensitive techniques involve interferometric sensors. However, determining the location of the disturbance, and isolating a section of fiber from a persistent, non-threatening, disturbance, proves difficult due to the nature of these devices. Limited success has however been achieved using loop architectures, but due to the reciprocal nature of the loop configuration multiple disturbances of an unknown nature prove virtually impossible to separate and locate independently. This problem extends to any forward-propagating differential time-delay method. Perhaps the most useful, truly-distributed, sensing technique employed in the field of fiber sensors is that of optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR), a schematic representation of which is shown inFIG. 1. A number of varied methods and applications have been disclosed in the literature but the basic distributed scheme involves a short pulse of light, typically 10-1000 ns in duration, which is launched into a fiber, usually a single mode fiber. InFIG. 1, the pulse is launched from source101, through isolator,102, switch103and coupler104. As the light propagates along the fiber under test (FUT),108, a small fraction will be scattered by the tiny random fluctuations in the refractive index of the glass (scatter sites). Some of this scattered light is captured by the fiber and guided back toward the launch end of the fiber. This backscattered light, and its intensity as a function of time and hence distance along the fiber, can then be directly detected by, for example, a PIN diode detector,105, through coupler104. The backscattered signal may be recovered and displayed on oscilloscope106. InFIG. 1, 107is a device or apparatus to prevent unwanted reflection from the unused port of the 3 dB coupler104.FIG. 2is a schematic representation of the backscattered signal showing a discontinuity,201, associated with optical loss at a splice. Other detection methods have been disclosed such as optical heterodyne, homodyne and optical amplification methods such as SOA (Solid-state optical amplification) and EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplification). Unlike optical amplification techniques, optical heterodyne and homodyne methods require a coherent source and hence are termed coherent-OTDR or C-OTDR. Typically, the basic OTDR technique has found application in the measurement and characterization of waveguide features, such as the attenuation of the fiber, splice positions and loss, measurement of reflective markers and the certification of telecommunication installations. A representative C-ODTR technique is shown inFIG. 3. In this FIG, like items fromFIG. 1are labeled as inFIG. 1. The major difference in this technique is that a sample of the launch light and the backscattered light combine at the 3 dB coupler,104, just before the detectors,105, resulting in interference at the detectors,105. A differential detector109may then be used to recover the backscatter intensity for exemplary analysis at oscilloscope106. In the mid 1980s it was noted that the use of a coherent excitation pulse (i.e. when the coherence length of the source is much greater than the pulse length Tc>L) in OTDR raised some interesting issues (Healey, P. “Fading in Heterodyne ODTR”, Electronic Letters, 20(1), pg 30, (1984)). It was noted that in the exemplary arrangement ofFIG. 3the backscattered trace is no longer a predictable, logarithmically falling signal, due to fiber loss, but that this predicted trace is modulated by a random variable. This random variable is due in part to the fact that the intensity of the light arriving on the detector at any specific time is the coherent addition of the light scattered from many discrete scatter sites. This “fading” mechanism is comparable to laser speckle, a random interference pattern caused by the interference of light scattering from different positions over the area of a spatially coherent beam. It was also noted that due to mechanical (such as vibration) and temperature changes, this random pattern is altered from pulse to pulse as the distribution of the scatter sites at a given location is also altered. This phenomenon was not exploited for sensing a change in the variables associated with the environment in which the fiber is located. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,847 the same phenomenon is described, and is suggested for use in sensing of strain disturbances along the length of a standard single mode fiber, specifically for the detection of intrusion across a perimeter. In that patent there is described a system that generates a coherent pulse of light from a coherent source. This pulse is then directly launched along the fiber under test. The backscattered radiation is then detected by a square-law detection system, allowing the intensity of the backscattered signal to be observed. By detecting the change in this intensity for a given fiber section, information about the acoustic signal acting on the fiber can be recovered. In U.S. Patent Publication 20050196174, “a method and apparatus is provided for obtaining status information from a given location along an optical transmission path. The method begins by generating a continuous wave (cw) probe signal having a prescribed frequency that is swept over a prescribed frequency range. The cw probe signal is transmitted over the optical path and a returned C-OTDR signal, in which status information concerning the optical path is embodied, is received over the optical path. A receiving frequency within the prescribed frequency range of the returned C-OTDR signal is detected to obtain the status information. The detecting step includes the step of sweeping the receiving frequency at a rate equal to that of the prescribed frequency. A period associated with the receiving frequency is temporally offset from a period associated with the prescribed frequency.” The fading problem discussed above remains in the disclosed method. In published GB Patent Application 2222247A there is disclosed a “distributed fiber optic sensor system”. In the disclosed system, pulses of light which are shifted in relation to one another are transmitted along a fiber. A pulse of light having a first frequency is scattered or reflected from a first location along the optical fiber and combined, after guidance back to a detecting element, with light scattered by the second pulse from a second location along the optical fiber. In addition to the fact that this disclosure states that it involves the analysis of scattering from different sections of a fiber, the publication discloses only a single difference between the frequencies of the first and second pulses. Although these techniques seem useful, there are several limitations in the disclosed systems. The most crucial limitation is reliability in detecting a threat, since missed detection would cause concern in many applications. The methods described above rely on a statistically random variable. Hence, at a given time, at any given position along the fiber under test, the signal recovered from the coherent addition of scattering from within the pulse has a finite probability of being close to zero. In a real world application this would leave this part of the fiber unprotected. Due to the natural slow drift of the environmental variables, this “faded” fiber section would eventually drift back to a situation where it would again return a signal; however the “black out period” is still a major concern. Another concern is that the signal returned from such a sensor is extremely non-linear and it may be difficult to identify an acoustic disturbance since the acoustic signature is distorted by the generation of harmonics associated with this non-linear response. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved optical fiber, acoustic detection technique. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention involves an improved electromagnetic-wave, time-domain-reflectometry technique that may be used, in one specific embodiment, to detect acoustic waves in the vicinity of buried optical fibers. In a specific application of the invention, such acoustic waves may foretell impending damage to the buried optical fiber, such as by improper excavation. The technique, in one embodiment, involves launching into a medium, a plurality of groups of pulse-modulated electromagnetic-waves. The frequency separation between the electromagnetic waves in two pulses within a first group is different from the frequency separation between the electromagnetic waves in two pulses within a second group. A beat signal between the pulses of light that are scattered by the medium is then detected, and, in one embodiment, that signal may be used to determine a characteristic of the environment in which the medium is located. For example, if the medium is a buried optical fiber into which optical pulses have been launched in accordance with the invention, the presence of acoustic waves within the region of the buried fiber can be detected. These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

11250369

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The following description relates to the measurement and assessment of virtual networking data, and in more particular, to computerized systems and methods for detecting the exposure and impact of an entity within one or more virtual networking platforms. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Brands or companies often provide discounted or free merchandise to athletes for promoting their brand or company. Many factors may determine which athlete or group of athletes a brand or company will choose for promoting their products. At least one aspect used to make this determination is the general value and marketability of an athlete. Additionally, athletes are competitive, not only with respect to their sports, but also with respect to popularity, fame, and value. The value and marketability of an athlete is typically used by athletes, fans, critics, media, and companies to determine their impact within a sport. Typically, a measurement of the familiarity and appeal of an athlete, brand, company, celebrity, or television show that is used is a Q Score. The higher the Q Score, the more highly regarded the person is among the group that is familiar with them. Q Scores and other variants are primarily used by the media, marketing, advertising, and public relations industries. Q Score respondents are typically given the following choices for each person or item being surveyed: one of my favorites; very good; good; fair, poor; and never heard of. The score is calculated by dividing the percentage of respondents who answer “one of my favorites” by the total percentage of respondents who are familiar with the subject matter multiplied by 100. Accordingly, a level of the marketability of an athlete is typically determined by surveying a number of individuals within a group. In the modern age of social networks and electronic media, the Q Score or impact an athlete or other entity has may often depend on how prevalent they are in the virtual world. Whether through media content, virtual networking connections, or other interaction, it may be possible to measure electronic data relevant to the athlete which can then be compiled and processed to output a value of the athlete within the virtual world. This measurement however, is often difficult to obtain, due to different data formats, the difficulty of parsing through the voluminous amount of data online, authentication and verification of data, and the constraints the virtual networking platforms put on data feeds. Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the invention, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claims. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system for analyzing and quantifying an impact of an entity's presence within a virtual networking environment. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the system, among others, can be implemented as follows. At least one virtual networking platform has at least one account associated with the entity. An application programming interface (API) provides a data feed from the at least one virtual networking platform. A server has a processor in communication with the API to receive the data feed from the at least one virtual networking platform and extract a plurality of factors at least partially from the data feed. The plurality of factors quantified with a plurality of calculators include: a commitment score calculator extracting commitment factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a commitment score based on a weighted sum of the commitment factors, wherein the commitment factors include a time period of activity of the entity on the at least one virtual networking platform; a performance score calculator extracting performance factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a performance score based on a weighted sum of the performance factors, wherein the performance factors include a numerical value indicative of success within a field of activity of the entity; a reach score calculator extracting reach factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a reach score based on a weighted sum of the reach factors a portion of the plurality of reach factors received from the data feed. The reach factors comprise at least one of: a total audience of the entity on the virtual networking platform; an audience growth of the entity on the virtual networking platform over a predetermined period of time; a total travel coverage of the entity over a predetermined period of time; a number of interactions of the entity on the virtual networking platform; and a level of activity of interactions between the entity on the virtual networking platform and other entities on the virtual networking platform. At least one display dashboard is accessible on the server from a computing device of the 3rdparty, the at least one display dashboard visually displaying a marketability assessment of the entity on the virtual networking platform, wherein the marketability assessment is based on a weighted sum of at least one of the commitment score, the performance score, and the reach score, and wherein the display dashboard visually displays the marketability assessment in proximity to at least one ranking of entities selected from the group consisting of: entity performance, brand promotion, and social media performance. The present disclosure can also be viewed as providing a system for analyzing and quantifying an impact of an entity's presence within a virtual networking environment to provide a marketability assessment of the entity to a 3rdparty. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the system, among others, can be implemented as follows. At least one social media platform has at least one account associated with the entity. An application programming interface (API) provides a data feed from the at least one social media platform. A server has a processor in communication with the API to receive the data feed from the at least one social media platform and extract a plurality of factors at least partially from the data feed. The plurality of factors are quantified with a plurality of calculators comprising: an entity score calculator extracting entity score factors at least partially from the data feed to derive the entity's impact using a ratio of at least one of a commitment score, a performance score, and a reach score, wherein the reach score is determined from reach factors extracted at least partially from the at least one social media platform, and wherein the reach factors comprise at least one of: a total audience of the entity on the social media platform; an audience growth of the entity on the social media platform over a predetermined period of time; a total travel coverage of the entity over a predetermined period of time; a number of interactions of the entity on the social media platform; and a level of activity of interactions between the entity on the social media platform and other entities on the social media platform; a hierarchy calculator extracting hierarchy factors at least partially from the entity score to derive a hierarchy level of the entity, wherein the entity score calculator adjusts the entity score using the hierarchy level calculated by the hierarchy calculator. At least one display dashboard is accessible on the server from a computing device of the 3rdparty, the at least one display dashboard visually displaying a marketability assessment of the entity on the social media platform, wherein the marketability assessment is based on the entity score, and wherein the display dashboard visually displays the marketability assessment in proximity to at least one ranking of entities selected from the group consisting of: entity performance, brand promotion, and social media performance. The present disclosure can also be viewed as providing a system for analyzing and quantifying an impact of an entity's presence within a virtual networking environment to provide an impact scorecard of the entity to a 3rdparty. Briefly described, in architecture, one embodiment of the system, among others, can be implemented as follows. At least one virtual networking platform has at least one account associated with the entity. An application programming interface (API) provides a data feed from the at least one virtual networking platform. A server has a processor in communication with the API to receive the data feed from the at least one virtual networking platform and extract a plurality of factors at least partially from the data feed. The plurality of factors are quantified with a plurality of calculators comprising: a commitment score calculator extracting commitment factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a commitment score based on a weighted sum of the commitment factors, wherein the commitment factors include a time period of activity of the entity on the at least one virtual networking platform; a performance score calculator extracting performance factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a performance score based on a weighted sum of the performance factors, wherein the performance factors include a numerical value indicative of success within a field of activity of the entity; and a reach score calculator extracting reach factors at least partially from the data feed to derive a reach score based on a weighted sum of the reach factors a portion of the plurality of reach factors received from the data feed. A virtual networking platform sync module has an authentication system, a token management system, an account sync system, and a post sync system, wherein at least one of the commitment scores, the performance score, and the reach score are updated after a period of time using the virtual networking platform sync module. At least one display dashboard is accessible on the server from a computing device of the 3rdparty. The at least one display dashboard visually displays a total impact scorecard for the entity on the virtual networking platform, wherein the display dashboard visually displays the marketability assessment. Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

11411416

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not Applicable STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not Applicable THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT Not Applicable INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC OR AS A TEXT FILE VIA THE OFFICE ELECTRONIC FILING SYSTEM Not Applicable STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR DISCLOSURES BY THE INVENTOR OR JOINT INVENTOR Not Applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention The disclosure relates to charger devices and more particularly pertains to a new charger device for wirelessly charging an electronic device in a vehicle. (2) Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98 The prior art relates to charger devices including a console for a vehicle that has wireless charging capabilities for charging an electronic device. The prior art discloses a variety of storage consoles that are positionable between seats of a vehicle for storing objects in a variety of novel orientations. The prior art discloses a variety of holding devices for holding an electronic device in a preferred orientation within a vehicle. The prior art discloses a tray that is slidably integrated into a dashboard of a vehicle and that includes wireless charging capabilities. Additionally, the prior art discloses a variety of wireless charging devices. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An embodiment of the disclosure meets the needs presented above by generally comprising a box that is integrated into a dashboard of a vehicle. In this way the box is accessible to a driver of the vehicle. A charging unit is integrated into the box and the charging unit is in wireless communication with the electronic device when the electronic device is positioned in the box. The charging unit broadcasts a charging signal to wirelessly charge the electronic device. There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the disclosure in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the disclosure that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. The objects of the disclosure, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the disclosure, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure.

11416993

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to image processing, and more particularly, relates to methods and systems for image splicing. BACKGROUND Medical imaging equipment, such as digital radiography (DR) equipment is becoming increasingly popular. A medical imaging equipment generally includes a source that emits a sound wave or a ray to a patient and a detector that receives the sound wave or ray reflected by or passed through the patient and generates a corresponding reading. The reading may be reconstructed into an image. However, the source may only cover a portion of the patient at each time the patient is scanned and the images corresponding to all the portions being individually may have to be spliced in order to generate a whole image of the patient. There are some conventional splicing methods for X-ray images based on features, gray levels or transform domains. However, the existing splicing methods may have high complexity and low efficiency in detecting feature points in the images. In addition, matched point pairs generated by the conventional splicing methods may include many inaccurate point pairs. The inaccuracy of the point pairs may cause inaccuracy in the splicing of the images, which may affect the clinical diagnosis of the patient. SUMMARY According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a system is provided. The system may include at least one storage and at least one processor configured to communicate with the at least one storage. The at least one storage may include a set of instructions or programs. When the at least one processor executes the set of instructions or programs, the at least one processor may be directed to perform one or more of the following operations. The at least one processor may acquire a first image and a second image. The at least one processor may determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image and determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image. The at least one processor may match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. The at least one processor may determine a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs. The at least one processor may generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may decompose the first image and the second image. The at least one processor may generate a first difference image corresponding to the decomposed first image, and a second difference image corresponding to the decomposed second image. The at least one processor may generate a plurality of extreme points based on the first difference image and grayscale values thereof. The at least one processor may generate a plurality of extreme points based on the second difference image and grayscale values thereof. The at least one processor may determine the plurality of first feature points and the plurality of second feature points based on the plurality of extreme points. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may determine an offset between the first image and the second image based on respective positions of the plurality of point pairs in the first image and the second image. The at least one processor may determine the third region and the fourth region based on the offset. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may select one of the first image and the second image as a reference image. Upon selecting the first image as the reference image, the at least one processor may adjust the grayscale of the second region in the second image based on the grayscale of the first region in the first image. Upon selecting the second image as the reference image, the at least one processor may adjust the grayscale of the first region in the first image based on the grayscale of the second region in the second image. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may generate a plurality of initial point pairs based on the plurality of first feature points and the plurality of second feature points. The at least one processor may select the plurality of point pairs from the plurality of initial point pairs. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may acquire first coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the first image. The at least one processor may acquire second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image. The at least one processor may determine coordinate differences between the first coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs. The at least one processor may generate a histogram based on the coordinate differences and the observation times of coordinate differences. The at least one processor may select, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to the largest observation time of the coordinate differences of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may acquire first coordinates of each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the first image. The at least one processor may acquire second coordinates of the each of the plurality of initial point pairs in the second image. The at least one processor may determine a slope between the first coordinates and the second coordinates for the each of the plurality of initial point pairs. The at least one processor may generate a histogram based on the slopes and the observation times of slopes. The at least one processor may select, from the plurality of initial point pairs, the plurality of point pairs that correspond to the largest observation time of the slopes of the plurality of initial point pairs based on the histogram. In some embodiments, the at least one processor may divide the third region into a plurality of first sub-regions. The at least one processor may divide the fourth region into a plurality of second sub-regions. The at least one processor may match the plurality of first sub-regions and the plurality of second sub-regions to generate a plurality of sub-region pairs. The at least one processor may determine whether the number of the plurality of sub-region pairs is greater than a threshold. Upon the determination that the number of the plurality of sub-region pairs is greater than the threshold, the at least one processor may splice the first image and the second image to generate the third image. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method may include one or more of the following operations. A processor may acquire a first image and a second image. The processor may determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image and determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image. The processor may match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. The processor may determine a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs. The processor may generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable medium is provided. The computer readable medium may include executable instructions or programs. When executed by at least one processor, the executable instructions or programs may cause the at least one processor to effectuate a method. The method may include one or more of the following operations. The at least one processor may acquire a first image and a second image. The at least one processor may determine a plurality of first feature points in a first region of the first image and determine a plurality of second feature points in a second region of the second image. The at least one processor may match the plurality of first feature points with the plurality of second feature points to generate a plurality of point pairs. The at least one processor may determine a third region on the first image and a fourth region on the second image based on the plurality of point pairs. The at least one processor may generate a third image based on the first image and the second image, wherein the third region of the first image may overlap with the fourth region of the second image in the third image. Additional features will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by production or operation of the examples. The features of the present disclosure may be realized and attained by practice or use of various aspects of the methodologies, instrumentalities and combinations set forth in the detailed examples discussed below.

11487155

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present disclosure relates to a backlight module and a display device, and more particularly, to a backlight module capable of avoiding forming bright lines in an edge area thereof and a display device having the same. 2. Description of the Prior Art With the advancement of science and technology, electronics with liquid crystal display devices, such as cell phones, tablets, laptops, etc., have become indispensable items in modern life. Since the liquid crystal itself does not emit light, the liquid crystal display device requires a backlight module to provide light source. Please refer toFIG. 1, which is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional backlight module1. The light source3cannot be seen in this view angle. Herein, the light source3is drawn in dotted line for showing the relative positions of the light source3and the optical plate2. The backlight module1includes an optical plate2, a light source3, at least one optical film5and an outer frame6. Herein, the light source3is a LED light bar which includes a plurality of LEDs4. Most of the light rays emitted from the LEDs4are guided by the optical plate2to uniformly emit from a light-emitting surface S1of the optical plate2. However, a few light rays, such as the light ray L0, emit from a side surface S2of the optical plate2and are reflected by the outer frame6to pass through the optical film5from an end surface S3of the optical film5to a surface S4of the optical film5. As a result, a bright line is formed in an edge area E of the optical film5, and the image quality of the liquid crystal display device is affected thereby. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a backlight module includes an optical plate, a light source and at least one optical film. The optical plate includes a light-emitting surface, a bottom surface and a side surface. The bottom surface is opposite to the light-emitting surface. The side surface is connected between the light-emitting surface and the bottom surface. The light source faces to the bottom surface or the side surface of the optical plate. The optical film is disposed above the light-emitting surface and includes a main body and at least one refractive part. The main body includes a first surface, a second surface and at least one end surface. The second surface is opposite to the first surface. The end surface is connected between the first surface and the second surface. The refractive part is disposed on the end surface. The refractive part includes a plurality of microstructures and a substrate. The substrate is adhered to the end surface, and the microstructures are distributed in the substrate. According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a backlight module includes a frame, an optical plate, a light source and at least one optical film. The frame includes a back plate and a lateral wall. The lateral wall surrounds the back plate. The optical plate includes a light-emitting surface, a bottom surface and a side surface. The bottom surface is opposite to the light-emitting surface. The side surface is connected between the light-emitting surface and the bottom surface. The light source faces to the bottom surface or the side surface of the optical plate. The optical film is disposed above the light-emitting surface and includes a main body and at least one refractive part. The main body includes a first surface, a second surface and at least one end surface. The second surface is opposite to the first surface. The end surface is connected between the first surface and the second surface. The refractive part is disposed on the end surface. An inner surface of the lateral wall includes a first area and a second area. The first area is corresponding to the optical film. The second area is corresponding to the optical plate. A surface roughness of the first area is greater than a surface roughness of the second area. According to further another embodiment of the present disclosure, a backlight module includes a frame, an optical plate, a light source and at least one optical film. The frame includes a back plate and a lateral wall. The lateral wall surrounds the back plate. The optical plate includes a light-emitting surface, a bottom surface and a side surface. The bottom surface is opposite to the light-emitting surface. The side surface is connected between the light-emitting surface and the bottom surface. The light source faces to the bottom surface or the side surface of the optical plate. The optical film is disposed above the light-emitting surface and includes a main body and at least one refractive part. The main body includes a first surface, a second surface and at least one end surface. The second surface is opposite to the first surface. The end surface is connected between the first surface and the second surface. The refractive part is disposed on the end surface. An inner surface of the lateral wall includes a first area and a second area. The first area is corresponding to the optical film. The second area is corresponding to the optical plate. A reflectivity of the first area is smaller than a reflectivity of the second area. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, a display device includes the aforementioned backlight module and a display panel. The display panel is disposed above the backlight module. These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings.

11386244

BACKGROUND Technical Field The present disclosure relates to fence panels, and more particularly, to the design and construction of fence panels, fence panel components and fences constructed therefrom. Description of the Related Art Fences are ubiquitous in modern society, used in a vast range of applications, to mark and accent boundaries, provide security, and control movement of people and animals. Thousands of miles of new and replacement fences are installed every year in the U.S., and utilize vast amounts of construction-related natural resources. FIG. 1shows a landscape with a fence100extending along portions thereof. The fence100shown inFIG. 1comprises two major segments, or runs,102. A run is a section or portion of a fence that extends between natural dividing points such as corners, gates, buildings, etc. Except where a fence is attached to a building, each run102generally has a main post104aat each end and line posts104spaced between the main posts. Each pair of adjacent posts104has a fence panel106coupled between them. Each panel106comprises horizontal elements, or rails,108, and vertical elements, or fence boards,110. Although each of the fence panels106are shown as straight sections with horizontal rails108, it is appreciated that rails108may be installed at oblique angles relative to the posts104to adapt, for example, to various land topographies or obstacles. Typically, fence construction and installation involves a number of steps. In some cases, a site survey is done to determine the precise location of the fence and to prevent the all-too-common (and potentially very expensive) occurrence of installing a fence a few inches or feet beyond the actual property line. A contractor visits the site to estimate the materials and labor required to build and install the fence. In addition to simply measuring linear feet required, elements such as topography and obstructions must be reviewed and accounted for. If the fence location has not been marked by the owner or surveyor, the contractor may mark the location during the initial visit, or during a later visit. Installation is scheduled, and materials are ordered and delivered to the site. Depending on the scope of the project, the locations and spacing of the fence posts may be determined and laid out in advance, by a landscape architect, for example, or left to the installation crew to determine on site. In either case, the spacing of the posts is limited by the material available, and typically is selected to make best use of that material. For example, 96 inch lumber is commonly used to frame wooden fences, so the maximum distance between posts cannot exceed 96 inches. On the other hand, if the contractor uses 96 inch lumber, it would be wasteful to set the posts 60 inches apart, which would result in about three feet of waste from every framing rail. However, because of other considerations, some waste is unavoidable. It is generally preferable to evenly space the posts of a given run of fence, to provide an attractive and unified appearance. Inasmuch as such a run will rarely be evenly divisible by eight feet, each post will be something less than eight feet apart. Additionally, if the terrain includes changes in elevation which the bottom and/or top rail must follow, the length of the angled framing rails between two posts that are at different heights may be much greater than the lateral distance between the posts, which reduces the maximum permissible horizontal distance between any of the posts of that run. Furthermore, it can be difficult, or at least time consuming, to precisely position a post to within a fraction of an inch, so a margin of an inch or two is generally provided. Thus, the posts may be spaced anywhere from a couple of inches to a couple of feet less than the maximum allowable distance. Finally, when building fences from natural materials such a wood, it is not uncommon for individual pieces to be unsuitable, because of, for example, a knot in a position that unacceptably weakens a part, or an excessively warped board, etc. For all of these reasons, some material waste is expected and allowed for in the original estimate when calculating the materials for the frame rails, and, for similar reasons, when calculating materials for fence boards and posts. Once the materials and crew are at the site, and with post locations marked, the post holes are dug, and the posts are installed. Each post hole may be partially backfilled with gravel to improve drainage, and the post is then stood in the hole and held in place by several stakes driven into the ground around the post and braces of scrap lumber nailed to the stakes and the sides of the post. A concrete footing is poured into the hole around the post and allowed to set, and the stakes are later removed. With all the posts in place and the footings set sufficiently to remove the braces, frame rails are cut to fit, and attached to the posts, extending between adjacent posts along the bottom and top of the fence. Fence boards are then cut to length and attached to the frame rails. Parallel and consistently spaced fence boards along the entire fence run is important, because differences in spacing will become very obvious to an observer when there is daylight behind the fence. Because of variations in the spacing of the posts, it is often necessary to rip fence boards lengthwise to maintain the correct spacing in some of the panels of a fence run. Additionally, the lengths of the fence boards may vary considerably. For example, the ground line between posts can have obstructions or changes in elevation that the installer adjusts for in the length of the fence boards in order to maintain a straight line at the top of the fence while still maintaining proper spacing or ground clearance at the bottom. Additionally, many fences include decorative features along the top, such as arches or waves, in which case the builder may extend the fence boards above the desired finish line, and cut the fence boards to follow the desired shape, after installation. The posts are also cut down to the final length after installation, and post caps or finials are often attached to the tops. After the fence is installed, it is usually painted or stained to protect the wood and extend its useful life. If properly executed using good quality material, a fence that is built and installed as described above can be very attractive, and can last for many years. However, it will be noted that there is a significant amount of waste that is produced. Not only does such waste result in higher material costs, it increases shipping costs because it must be transported to the site and later removed, it increases landfill use and fees, and wastes otherwise valuable resources. In view of the expense, labor, and waste associated with installing a fence that is custom-built on site, another method of building and installing fences has been introduced. Pre-manufactured fence panels are becoming more available, and increasingly can be found in a wide variety of materials, including wood, vinyl, composite, aluminum, steel, concrete, etc., and in a wide variety of designs. Pre-manufactured panels or kits are typically sold from retail lumber and hardware outlets. The panels and kits are provided in standard sizes and are ready for installation. One common panel size, of the many available, is six feet tall by eight feet long. The installer digs the post holes at intervals of eight feet plus the width of a fence post, and places the first post, with stakes and braces to hold it plumb while the concrete sets, as described above. However, the installer also attaches the first fence panel to the post, and may attach the second post to the first panel at the same time, installing both posts together. The installer then progresses post-by-post, attaching a panel between each pair of posts before pouring the footing around the second of the pair, bracing each post and shimming up each panel to ensure that the post is held plumb and the fence level until the post footings are sufficiently hardened, which may be several days because of the mass of the fence being supported. This process ensures that the spacing between the posts is correct for the eight-foot panels. At the end of a fence run, if the last post is less than eight feet from the previous one, the installer cuts a fence panel to fit in the remaining space. Alternatively, the installer may install all of the posts first, but this requires significant care to ensure that the distance between the posts is exactly correct. Otherwise, it may be necessary to trim the panel to fit, or shim the post to fill a gap. In contrast to site built fencing, pre-manufactured fence panels can be produced efficiently, inexpensively, and at a consistent, predictable quality. Because they are produced in a manufacturing facility, waste can be significantly reduced, and the waste that is produced is more likely to be recycled either internally to produce other products or externally rather than sent to a landfill. Material handling methods and automated machines for material optimization allow utilization of all lengths of raw materials. The factory can obtain lumber that has not been cut to standard lengths, but is the full length of the log, or stem, from which it was milled. Scrap that won't work on one fence panel or design can be diverted and used for another. Flaws and defective lumber can be detected automatically, and can often be cut out, allowing the remaining material to be salvaged. This optimization and defective-material/scrap management process is much more environmentally friendly than site-built fence processes, especially as it relates to reducing the production, and increasing the productive recycling, of waste lumber. As tree trunks don't come in perfect length increments, the factory can bring in material in lengths determined by the actual tree trunks and optimize those random lengths via computer to best utilize the material, and minimize waste. The panels can be primed or finished in spray booths or dip tanks in large volumes, using better quality control, wasting less material, and reducing or eliminating the environmental impact that arises from on-site finishing. Overall, fences built using pre-manufactured fence panels can be made more efficiently, less expensively, and to higher and more consistent quality standards, with less waste and less environmental impact, than fences custom-built on site. Further, post sleeve positioning apparatuses and methods have been developed to facilitate the efficient positioning and construction of post sleeves, fence posts, and fences. Prior post sleeve installation devices have included a standing structure, a structure coupled to the standing structure and configured to support a post sleeve below the standing structure, and a mechanism configured to enable selective translation of the support structure in three axes and rotation around a vertical axis. Locks have been provided to lock the post sleeve at a selected position and orientation relative to the standing structure. A beam extending from one installation device to another has been used to measure or control the relative spacing, orientation, and elevation of associated post sleeves, and related data has been collected for off-site manufacture of custom fence panels. Additionally, a repository has been provided, to which the data is transmitted for retention, and from which the data can be retrieved for manufacture of replacement fence panels. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,861,434, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BRIEF SUMMARY A method may be summarized as comprising: presenting a visual representation of a fence run including a plurality of fence panels; providing a user interface for receiving user input of fence run characteristics and/or modifying the fence run characteristics; and dynamically updating the visual representation of the fence run based at least in part on changes made to the fence run characteristics by the user, wherein dynamically updating the visual representation of the fence run includes overlaying a set of lines over the visual representation of the fence run, wherein a first one of the lines is indicative of a target fence height specified by the user. A second one of the lines may be indicative of a designed fence height, a third one of the lines may be indicative of a minimum fence height, and a fourth one of the lines may be indicative of a maximum fence height. The method may further comprise providing a user interface for allowing the user to modify the fence run characteristics based on the visual representation including the overlaid set of lines. A computing device may be summarized as comprising: a memory configured to store computer instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the computer instructions to: generate a visual representation of a plurality of fence posts in a fence run, the plurality of fence posts including at least a first fence post and a second fence post, the visual representation providing a first minimum height for the first fence post, a first distance from a reference location to the first fence post, a second minimum height for the second fence post, and a second distance from the reference location to the second fence post; display the visual representation to a user; display a graphical user interface to the user for receiving information associated with the first fence post and the second fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, at least a first input that signifies that the first minimum height and the first distance have been marked at a location at which the first fence post is to be installed and at least a second input that signifies that the second minimum height and the second distance have been marked at a location at which the second fence post is to be installed. The at least one processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: modify the visual representation of the plurality of fence posts in the fence run based on the input received from the user; and display the modified visual representation of the plurality of fence posts in the fence run to the user. A computing device may be summarized as comprising: a memory configured to store computer instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the computer instructions to: generate a visual representation of a plurality of fence posts in a fence run, the plurality of fence posts including at least a first fence post and a second fence post; display the visual representation to a user; display a graphical user interface to the user for receiving information associated with at least the first fence post; receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a first input specifying a measured height from a reference elevation to a target bottom of fence panels adjacent to the first fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a second input specifying a measured height from the reference elevation to a top of the first fence post. The at least one processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: modify the visual representation of the plurality of fence posts based on the inputs received from the user; and display the modified visual representation of the plurality of fence posts to the user. The at least one processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: display a graphical user interface to the user for receiving information associated with at least the second fence post; receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a third input specifying a measured height from the reference elevation to a target bottom of fence panels adjacent to the second fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a fourth input specifying a measured height from the reference elevation to a top of the second fence post. The processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to receive, from the user, a fifth input specifying a measured horizontal distance between a corner of the first fence post and a corner of the second fence post. The processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to present a prompt to the user to install a horizontal element that extends from the first fence post to the second fence post, wherein the horizontal element defines the reference elevation. The reference elevation may be a first reference elevation and the processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a measurement of a vertical height between the first reference elevation and a second reference elevation; receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a fifth input specifying a measured height from the second reference elevation to a target bottom of fence panels adjacent to a third fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, a sixth input specifying a measured height from the second reference elevation to a top of the third fence post. A computing device may be summarized as comprising: a memory configured to store computer instructions; and at least one processor configured to execute the computer instructions to: generate a visual representation of a fence post in a fence run, the visual representation providing a designed height of the fence post and a difference between the designed height of the fence post and a measured height of the fence post; display the visual representation to a user; display a graphical user interface to the user for receiving information associated with the fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, at least a first input that signifies that the difference between the designed height of the fence post and the measured height of the fence post has been marked on the fence post. The at least one processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: modify the visual representation of the fence post in the fence run based on the input received from the user; and display the modified visual representation of the fence post in the fence run to the user. The processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: generate the visual representation of the fence post in the fence run, the visual representation providing a difference between a designed height of an edge of a fence component designed to be coupled to the fence post and the measured height of the fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, at least a second input that signifies that the difference between the designed height of the edge of the fence component and the measured height of the fence post has been marked on the fence post. The edge of the fence component may be a top edge of a fence rail designed to be coupled to the fence post. The fence rail may be a first fence rail and the processor may be further configured to execute the computer instructions to: generate the visual representation of the fence post in the fence run, the visual representation providing a difference between a designed height of a top edge of a second fence rail designed to be coupled to the fence post and the measured height of the fence post; and receive, from the user via the graphical user interface, at least a third input that signifies that the difference between the designed height of the top edge of the second fence rail and the measured height of the fence post has been marked on the fence post.

11530805

FIELD Various exemplary embodiments relate to indoor light fixtures, for example recessed downlights. BACKGROUND Recessed lighting fixtures or downlights provide lighting for a space, such as a building or room, and are aesthetically pleasing since the fixtures are advantageously recessed in the ceiling. Typically, these recessed downlights vary in structure depending on whether they are installed in new construction or in existing ceilings. Conventional downlights include a socket assembly electrically connected to a lamp, a trim or frame member, and hanger bars for mounting the light to a pair of joists in a ceiling or a suspended T-bar ceiling. New construction downlight luminaires are typically positioned in a ceiling structure prior to installation of the ceiling. As such, replacement of the lighting fixture must be done from above the ceiling. Additionally, installation requires tools to secure the hanger bars to the joist supports and/or to secure the fixture to the ceiling. Installation in existing ceilings requires the removal of ceiling material and the installation and securement of individual components in the ceiling. SUMMARY According to an exemplary embodiment, a universal junction box includes an upper body having a first connecting feature. A lower body releasably connects to the upper body having a second connecting feature configured to mate with the first connecting feature. The upper body and lower body forming a housing to receive an electrical connection. A first mounting feature is configured to selectively secure the housing to an associated frame or to an unassociated frame or other support structure. The first mounting feature includes a foot extending from the lower body. The foot has an opening extending therethrough. The foot can be received in a projection of an associated frame or a fastener can extend through the opening to secure the junction box to a non-associated frame. According to an exemplary embodiment, a downlight subassembly includes a junction having an upper body releasably connected to a lower body. The junction box has a first mounting feature. A power supply is connected to the junction box. The power supply includes one or more circuits configured to receive input power from a line voltage supply and modify the input power to an output power associated with a light emitter. An associated frame is configured to receive the junction box. The associated frame has a second mounting feature configured to mate with the first mounting feature. The junction box is configured to secure to the associated frame or to an unassociated frame. According to another embodiment, a universal junction box includes an upper body having a first connecting feature, an upper wall, and an upper side wall. A lower body releasably connects to the upper body. The lower body has a second connecting feature configured to mate with the first connecting feature, a lower wall, and a lower side wall. A first mounting feature is configured to selectively secure the housing to an associated frame or to an unassociated frame or other support structure. The first connecting feature and the second connecting feature secure the upper body and lower body with a tool-less procedure.

11455210

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to semiconductor memory and methods, and more particularly, error detection and correction in memory. BACKGROUND Memory devices are typically provided as internal, semiconductor, integrated circuits and/or external removable devices in computers or other electronic devices. There are many different types of memory including volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory can require power to maintain its data and can include random-access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), among others. Non-volatile memory can provide persistent data by retaining stored data when not powered and can include NAND flash memory, NOR flash memory, read only memory (ROM), and resistance variable memory such as phase change random access memory (PCRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), magnetic random access memory (MRAM), and programmable conductive memory, among others. Memory devices can be utilized as volatile and non-volatile memory for a wide range of electronic applications in need of high memory densities, high reliability, and low power consumption. Non-volatile memory may be used in, for example, personal computers, portable memory sticks, solid state drives (SSDs), digital cameras, cellular telephones, portable music players such as MP3 players, and movie players, among other electronic devices. Resistance variable memory devices can include resistance variable memory cells that can store data based on the resistance state of a storage element (e.g., a memory element having a variable resistance). As such, resistance variable memory cells can be programmed to store data corresponding to a target data state by varying the resistance level of the memory element. Resistance variable memory cells can be programmed to a target data state (e.g., corresponding to a particular resistance state) by applying sources of an electrical field or energy, such as positive or negative electrical pulses (e.g., positive or negative voltage or current pulses) to the cells (e.g., to the memory element of the cells) for a particular duration. A state of a resistance variable memory cell can be determined by sensing current through the cell responsive to an applied interrogation voltage. The sensed current, which varies based on the resistance level of the cell, can indicate the state of the cell. Various memory arrays can be organized in a cross-point architecture with memory cells (e.g., resistance variable cells) being located at intersections of a first and second signal lines used to access the cells (e.g., at intersections of word lines and bit lines). Some resistance variable memory cells can comprise a select element (e.g., a diode, transistor, or other switching device) in series with a storage element (e.g., a phase change material, metal oxide material, and/or some other material programmable to different resistance levels). Some resistance variable memory cells, which may be referred to as self-selecting memory cells, can comprise a single material which can serve as both a select element and a storage element for the memory cell.

11423025

BACKGROUND The present invention relates generally to database management systems, and more specifically, to direct data loading of middleware-generated records to database management systems. The ability to act quickly and decisively in today's increasingly competitive marketplace is important to the success of organizations. The volume of information that is available to corporations is rapidly increasing and frequently overwhelming. Those organizations that will effectively and efficiently manage these massive volumes of data, and use the information to make business decisions, will realize a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Such competitive advantage can be achieved by using a Database Management System (DBMS), which stores large volumes of data to support diverse workloads and heterogeneous applications. The DBMS is beneficial to business transaction processing and decision making, and can incorporate strategies that promote keeping the data highly available. The DBMS is a database program that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes the data, and provides ways the data can be modified or extracted by users or other programs. The DBMS provides a query language and report writer that allows users to interactively interrogate the relational database. These essential components give users access to all management information as needed. The DBMS applies entered text to the database as criteria to identify and report records in the database that meet the criteria. Entering the text into the fields of the DBMS requires the user to have an understanding of the DBMS and how the DBMS represents the data in the database. For example, for a given search term, the user must know which field in the DBMS is appropriate for searching that term. For a search query with multiple search terms, the user must be familiar with multiple fields in the DBMS, and how those fields will interact to limit or otherwise define a search. Also, the user must know the hierarchical structure between database tables and the keys for linking the tables together. A common goal of DBMSs is to provide high performance in terms of transaction throughput and transaction latency to minimize hardware cost, wait time and increase the number of transactions per unit of time. Even with large investments in hardware, achieving the desired performance is often expensive and sometimes not possible. Another common goal of DBMSs is to reduce complexity with respect to the application development process and thus save time and money, as well as reduce the risk of errors. However, conventional DBMSs are built around the assumption that data loading is a “one-time deal.” Data loading is considered an offline process out of the critical path, with the user defining a schema and loading the majority of the data in “one go” before submitting any queries. When this architectural design assumption is combined with the explosive data growth, the result is the emergence of data loading as a bottleneck in the data analysis pipeline of DBMSs. Nevertheless, some analytics need data loading to DBMS in advance. Middleware can be beneficial if a DBMS provides a simple application programming interface (API) for analytics. However, middleware can also present overheads when data loading takes place. Thus, data loading in DBMSs can cause bottlenecks. Approaches are thus necessary to reduce data loading in DBMS. SUMMARY In accordance with an embodiment, a method is provided for reducing data loading overhead of middleware to facilitate direct data loading to a database management system (DBMS). The method includes, while data loading, sending external-writes to a memory-based DBMS if corresponding internal-writes are for vertices, exporting all the external-writes to a disk-based DBMS as an export file, and sending an external-read for vertices to an in-memory DBMS if the middleware requires data. The method further includes, at the end of data loading, generating files for raw data of the disk-based DBMS from the export file and sending the generated raw files to the disk-based DBMS. In accordance with another embodiment, a system is provided for reducing data loading overhead of middleware to facilitate direct data loading to a database management system (DBMS). The system includes a memory and one or more processors in communication with the memory configured to, while data loading, send external-writes to a memory-based DBMS if corresponding internal-writes are for vertices, export all the external-writes to a disk-based DBMS as an export file, and send an external-read for vertices to an in-memory DBMS if the middleware requires data. The system, at the end of data loading, further generates files for raw data of the disk-based DBMS from the export file and sends the generated raw files to the disk-based DBMS. In accordance with yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer-readable program for reducing data loading overhead of middleware to facilitate direct data loading to a database management system (DBMS) is presented. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium performs the steps of, while data loading, sending external-writes to a memory-based DBMS if corresponding internal-writes are for vertices, exporting all the external-writes to a disk-based DBMS as an export file, and sending an external-read for vertices to an in-memory DBMS if the middleware requires data. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium performs the steps of, at the end of data loading, generating files for raw data of the disk-based DBMS from the export file and sending the generated raw files to the disk-based DBMS. In accordance with an embodiment, a method is provided for reducing data loading overhead of middleware to facilitate direct data loading to a database management system (DBMS). The method includes receiving an internal-write in an export extension of the middleware, determining whether the internal-write is for vertices, sending the internal-write to an in-memory DBMS when the internal write is for vertices, and appending the internal-write to a recovery file. In accordance with another embodiment, a method is provided for reducing data loading overhead of middleware to facilitate direct data loading to a database management system (DBMS). The method includes receiving an internal-read in an export extension of the middleware, sending the internal-read to an in-memory DBMS to receive a result, determining whether the result includes a record, and if the result is free of a record, sending the internal-read to a disk-based DBMS. The advantages of the present invention include reducing data loading via middleware. The advantages of the present invention further include more efficient central processing unit (CPU) utilization and more efficient input/output (I/O) bandwidth utilization. Data loading is an upfront investment that DBMSs have to undertake in order to be able to support efficient query execution. Given the amount of data gathered by applications today, it is important to minimize the overhead of data loading to prevent data loading from becoming a bottleneck in the data analytics pipeline. This results in a higher storage capacity, faster processing, and better transfer speed of the unstructured data. Further advantages include higher quality, reduced cost, clearer scope, faster performance, fewer application errors, and fewer data errors. In one preferred aspect, while data loading, the sending of the external-writes step further includes exporting the internal-writes as a recovery file. In another preferred aspect, at a start of data loading, if the recovery file exists, generate the external-writes to the memory-based DBMS from the recovery file and send the generated external-writes to the memory-based DBMS. In yet another preferred aspect, while data loading, the sending of the external-read step further includes sending the external-read to the disk-based DBMS if the in-memory DBMS does not fetch any. In yet another preferred aspect, an export extension of the middleware supports both disk-based DBMS and memory-based DBMS. In yet another preferred aspect, an export extension of the middleware processes the internal-writes and internal reads. In yet another preferred aspect, if internal-writes are not for vertices, the internal-writes are appended to the export file. It should be noted that the exemplary embodiments are described with reference to different subject-matters. In particular, some embodiments are described with reference to method type claims whereas other embodiments have been described with reference to apparatus type claims. However, a person skilled in the art will gather from the above and the following description that, unless otherwise notified, in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject-matter, also any combination between features relating to different subject-matters, in particular, between features of the method type claims, and features of the apparatus type claims, is considered as to be described within this document. These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

11497011

BACKGROUND Technical Field The present disclosure relates to a base station, a terminal apparatus, a first terminal apparatus, a method, a program, a recording medium and a system. Background Art In 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), development of specifications of New Radio (NR) which is a fifth generation mobile communication system is ongoing. NR is much different from Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is an existing mobile communication system, and, in NR, transmission and reception bandwidths of respective terminal apparatuses may be different (for example, see NPL 1, 2 and 3). Furthermore, in a general mobile communication system, a terminal apparatus transmits, in uplink, hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) information indicating whether data received in downlink is correctly decoded or not. In NR, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) is used as a physical channel for transmitting uplink control information (UCI) including this HARQ-ACK information. For example, PLT 1 discloses that a base station determines a PUCCH resource dynamically from among candidates which a terminal apparatus is notified of in advance and notifies the terminal apparatus of the PUCCH resource. A PUCCH used in NR is expected to have structure similar to PUCCH format 1/1a/1b used in LTE. One of specific common points is support for frequency hopping in a slot. When frequency hopping is performed in transmission of such a PUCCH, it may be necessary to perform retuning of a transmission band within an uplink system band because maximum transmission bandwidths of respective terminal apparatuses may be different in NR for example as described in NPL 1. Specifically, a terminal apparatus whose maximum transmission bandwidth is smaller than an uplink system bandwidth may need to perform frequency hopping using both edges of an uplink system band by performing above described retuning. Here, a time period between 50 microseconds and 200 microseconds is needed for retuning with change of a center frequency, for example as described in NPL 4. CITATION LIST Patent Literature [PTL 1] JP 2014-504061 T Non Patent Literature [NPL 1] RAN WG1 “LS on UE RF Bandwidth Adaptation in NR”, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #87. Reno, USA, 14-18 Nov. 2016. R1-1613663[NPL 2] RAN WG1 NR Ad-Hoc #2 “Bandwidth part configuration and frequency resource allocation”, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 NR Ad-Hoc #2. Qingdao, P.R. China 27-30 Jun. 2017. R1-1710164[NPL 3] RAN WG1 “Further views on wider bandwidth operations for NR”, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #89. Hangzhou, P.R. China 15-19 May 2017. R1-1708494[NPL 4] RAN WG4 “Reply LS on UE RF Bandwidth Adaptation in NR”, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting #88bis. Spokane, USA, 3-7 Apr. 2017. R1-1704179 (R4-1702029) SUMMARY Technical Problem However, in order to perform retuning, insertion of a guard period is needed, for example. As a result, communication resource usable for transmission of a PUCCH is decreased, which may cause reduction of coverage. An example object of the present disclosure is to provide a base station, a terminal apparatus, a first terminal apparatus, a method, a program, a recording medium and system enables a first terminal apparatus to transmit a physical uplink control channel to a base station without retuning regardless of a bandwidth part used by the first terminal apparatus. Solution to Problem According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a base station includes a communication processing unit configured to communicate with a first terminal apparatus in an active uplink bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the active uplink bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the base station is configured to transmit, to the first terminal apparatus, first control information identifying a relative resource of a physical uplink control channel within the active uplink bandwidth part, the relative resource being a resource for the first terminal apparatus to use for transmission of the physical uplink control channel. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a terminal apparatus includes a communication processing unit configured to communicate with a base station in an active uplink bandwidth part of an uplink system band, wherein the terminal apparatus is configured to receive, from the base station, first control information identifying a relative resource of a physical uplink control channel within the active uplink bandwidth part, the relative resource being a resource to use for transmission of the physical uplink control channel. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a base station includes a communication processing unit configured to communicate with a first terminal apparatus in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a first terminal apparatus includes a communication processing unit configured to communicate with a base station in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a first method includes communicating with a first terminal apparatus in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a second method includes communicating with a base station in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a first program is a program that causes a processor to execute communicating with a first terminal apparatus in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a second program is a program that causes a processor to execute communicating with a base station in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a first recording medium is a non-transitory computer readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program that causes a processor to execute communicating with a first terminal apparatus in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a second recording medium is a non-transitory computer readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program that causes a processor to execute communicating with a base station in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. According to one example aspect of the present disclosure, a system includes a base station including a communication processing unit configured to communicate with a first terminal apparatus in a bandwidth part of an uplink system band, the bandwidth part being used by the first terminal apparatus, and the first terminal apparatus including a communication processing unit configured to communicate with the base station in the bandwidth part, wherein the bandwidth part includes a physical uplink control channel region used by the first terminal apparatus. Advantageous Effects of Disclosure According to an example aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible for a first terminal apparatus to transmit a physical uplink control channel to a base station without retuning regardless of a bandwidth part used by the first terminal apparatus. Note that the present disclosure may exert other advantageous effects instead of the above advantageous effects or together with the above advantageous effects.

11415247

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority of Chinese patent application No. 201721492391.9, filed on Nov. 10, 2017, which is incorporated herewith by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to a tube fixing assembly, and more particular to an in-tube fixing assembly for fixing an object inside or at an end of a tube. 2. The Prior Arts In general, there are at least two types of tube fixing assembly for fixing an object, such as a tube sleeve or a tube plug, inside or at an end of a tube to prevent the object from falling off. One is an in-tube fixing assembly and the other is a tube external-fixation assembly. A conventional tube external-fixation assembly accomplishes a fixation by: first, inserting an object inside or at an end of a tube, and then penetrating a screw through a wall of the tube and the object from outside the tube. A disadvantage of such a fixation manner is that a head of the screw protrudes outside the tube. If an outer tube is to be sleeved on an exterior of the tube, the head of the screw will hinder the tube from being smoothly sleeved into the outer tube. As such, in order to smoothly sleeve the outer tube on the exterior of the tube, it is often needed to increase a diameter of the outer tube or to pre-form with a recess on the tube at a position where the head of the screw is inserted. However, both solutions will definitely affect the volume of the product, thereby resulting in an increase in the material cost, the manufacturing cost, the delivery cost, and thus an unnecessary waste. A conventional in-tube fixing assembly generally accomplishes a fixation by: disposing an auxiliary member having elasticity, such as a plum-shaped tube inner rout inside the tube at an appropriate position, and then fixing the object with the plum-shaped tube inner nut by a screw member. A disadvantage of such a fixation manner is that an additional auxiliary member is needed, thereby resulting in an increase in not only the material cost, but also the manufacturing cost. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to overcome the problem of the cost increase resulting from the increase in the volume of the product and additional auxiliary members of the conventional tube fixing assembly, the present invention provides an in-tube fixing assembly, in which a screw member is inserted into a tube from an opened end of the tube and is meanwhile inserted into an object or a fixing member that is fixed inside or at the end of the tube by the engagement of the screw member with an inner wall of the tube. Such a fixing structure, which provides a fixation from inside to outside of the tube, does not affect the volume of the product and also does not need additional auxiliary members. Moreover, it is simple in operation and low in manufacturing cost for such fixing structure to achieve the purpose of fixation. To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, an in-tube fixing assembly according to the present invention comprises: a primary tube having an inner space and an inner wall defining the inner space; a fixing member inserted partially or wholly into the inner space from an opened end of the primary tube and provided with at least one through hole at an appropriate position, the through hole provided with an accommodation part extending in a direction from the through hole toward the inner wall of the primary tube by a predetermined angle; and at least one screw member, one end of which is defined as an operation end and the other end defined as an insertion end, a diameter of the screw member configured to gradually decrease from the operation end to the insertion end, wherein the screw member is inserted into the through hole in a direction from the opened end to the inner space of the primary tube, such that when the insertion end is rotatably inserted into the accommodation part from the through hole, the insertion end of the screw member abuts against the inner wall of the primary tube to form a small recess thereon, the small recess and the accommodation part respectively form a first engaging thread and a second engaging thread, that are complementary to a shape of the screw member. A beneficial effect of the present invention is that such a fixing is accomplished by inserting the screw member into the inner space from the opened end and further by mutually engaging the screw member with the inner wall. When an external force parallel to the primary tube is applied on the fixing member, since the insertion end of the screw member and the small recess are tightly engaged by the first engaging thread formed thereon, the fixing member can prevent from being detached from the primary tube due to the external force. If the fixing member needs to be detached from the inside or the end of the primary tube, that can be done by simply rotating and pulling out the screw member.

11513612

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates in general to the field of portable information handling system input devices, and more particularly to an information handling system hybrid multiple sensor keyboard. Description of the Related Art As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems. Portable information handling systems integrate processing components, a display and a power source in a portable housing to support mobile operations. Portable information handling systems allow end users to carry a system between meetings, during travel, and between home and office locations so that an end user has access to processing capabilities while mobile. Tablet configurations typically expose a touchscreen display on a planar housing that both outputs information as visual images and accepts inputs as touches. Convertible configurations typically include multiple separate housing portions that couple to each other so that the system converts between closed and open positions. For example, a main housing portion integrates processing components and a keyboard and rotationally couples with hinges to a lid housing portion that integrates a display. In a clamshell position, the lid housing portion rotates approximately ninety degrees to a raised position above the main housing portion so that an end user can type inputs at the keyboard while viewing the display. After usage, convertible information handling systems rotate the lid housing portion over the main housing portion to protect the keyboard and display, thus reducing the system footprint for improved storage and mobility. Generally, end users prefer that portable information handling systems have a minimal size and weight to improve portability. An end user typically selects a system based upon the size of the integrated display, which generally fills the length and width of the lid housing portion, and then performs a tradeoff between system performance and housing thickness, also known as Z-height. A thicker housing offers a larger internal space in which to place processing components, such as central processing unit (CPU) and memory, to accommodate larger components and improved thermal management, such as a larger heat sink and cooling fan. One way to reduce Z-height is to reduce the size of the keyboard, such as by reducing key vertical travel. Some information handling systems use integrated keyboards that have keys with no movement, such as a display that presents a virtual keyboard having key inputs detected by touch, such as with a capacitive touch sensor. Other systems reduce the vertical movement of the keys so that the keyboard consumes less Z-height. A difficulty with this approach is that end users tend to prefer physical feedback of a key press when using a keyboard so that too short of a vertical key movement can result in a poor end user experience. Another difficulty that can arise with systems having a reduced footprint in length and width is that the keyboard shrinks to a size that cramps an end user's fingers when typing inputs. Generally, the keyboard width is restricted at the sides of the housing so that a border is placed between the end of the keyboard and the housing edge. The border provides room to include ports along the housing edge, such as USB and display ports. In addition, the border improves the appearance of the system when in a closed position by hiding the keys from view. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, a need has arisen for a system and method which provides a hybrid multiple sensor keyboard. In accordance with the present invention, a system and method are provided which substantially reduce the disadvantages and problems associated with previous methods and systems for integrating a keyboard in an information handling system housing. A keyboard includes a first set of keys that detect inputs when depressed by an end user towards an underlying membrane and a second set of keys that detect inputs when a force is applied to a key and without regard to movement of the key. More specifically, a portable information handling system processes information with processing components disposed in a housing. A keyboard integrated in the housing accepts end user typed inputs at moveable keys having inputs sensed by a contact sensor and fixed keys having inputs sensed by a pressure sensor. A haptic actuator disposed below each fixed key provides haptic feedback when an input is detected by pressure sensor. A membrane disposed under both the fixed keys and moveable keys integrates the contact sensors and pressure sensors in a contiguous flexible printed circuit and includes or interfaces with a pressure controller to manage pressure sensor inputs and a contact controller to manage contact sensor inputs. In one embodiment, the keyboard disposes fixed keys at opposing ends and moveable keys between the fixed keys so that the keyboard consumes less vertical Z-height at the opposing ends. The reduced keyboard Z-height provides additional space along the perimeter of the information handling system housing to incorporate components, such as communication ports, and allows the keyboard to extend across the entire width of the housing. The present invention provides a number of important technical advantages. One example of an important technical advantage is that a keyboard detects inputs with both fixed and moveable keys. By integrating the keyboard into a portable information handling system so that fixed keys are located where components need greater Z-height, additional vertical room is provided under the fixed keys, such as to accommodate ports disposed along a side surface of the information handling system housing. By minimizing the vertical space needed for the keyboard along the edge of the information handling system housing, the keyboard may be extended from edge to edge across the housing width so that a larger keyboard with improved key spacing is available and provides the end user with an improved input experience. Where opposing sides of a keyboard have fixed keys and a central region of the keyboard has moveable keys, an end user has movement as a primary feedback for keys that are most commonly used and haptic actuation as feedback for keys that are less commonly used so that the end user's typing interactions provide optimal typed inputs while the keyboard consumes minimal vertical Z-height in critical regions. Further, fixed keys at the information handling system housing perimeter provide improved aesthetics with the housing in a closed position.

11293746

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention broadly relates to an optical method and device for evaluating a mechanical property of a material. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present applicant has developed an optical palpation technique, which is disclosed in PCT international patent application no. PCT/AU2016/000019. The disclosed optical palpation (OP) technique developed can be used to distinguish between different material types, such as stiffer material or softer healthy. For example, the material may be biological tissue. In OP, a sensing layer is compressed against tissue material. The sensing layer deforms (changes thickness) based on the forces between the sensing layer and the tissue. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to measure the layer thickness, particularly, the thickness before and after compression. Strain is estimated across the field of view. Stress or force is determined from the strain and a pre-characterised stress-strain response of the material. The present invention provides further improvement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of evaluating a mechanical property of a material, the method comprising:providing the material;providing a device for evaluating the mechanical property of the material, the device comprising:a sensing layer having a thickness, a sensing surface and an opposite surface, the sensing layer being deformable such that, when the sensing surface is in direct or indirect contact with the material and a suitable load is applied across both the sensing layer and at least a portion of the material, the sensing layer deforms and the sensing surface moves relative to the opposite surface;a source of electromagnetic radiation in optical communication with the sensing layer, the source being arranged for generating electromagnetic radiation having a coherence length that is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the sensing layer or longer than the thickness of the sensing layer; anda detector for detecting the electromagnetic radiation and being in optical communication with the sensing layer and arranged for receiving the electromagnetic radiation after the electromagnetic radiation is reflected at the interface at the sensing surface of the sensing layer;the method further comprising:positioning the sensing layer relative to the material such that the sensing surface is in direct or indirect contact with the material;applying the suitable load across both the sensing layer and at least a portion of the material whereby the sensing layer deforms and the interface at the sensing surface moves relative to a condition in which no load is applied;directing the electromagnetic radiation to the interface at the sensing surface such that at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation is reflected at the interface at whereby a first signal is generated;directing electromagnetic radiation along a second optical pathlength to generate a second signal;allowing the first signal and the second signal to interfere and detecting an intensity associated with a resultant interference signal using the detector; anddetermining information concerning the mechanical property of the material from the detected intensity of the interference signal. The step of determining information concerning the mechanical property may comprise determining a relative position of the interface at the sensing surface, with the length of the second optical path being fixed prior to application of the load and with no variation in the length of the second optical path being required to measure a distance that an external layer boundary or internal boundary has moved due to the application of the suitable load. The step of directing the electromagnetic radiation to the interface at the sensing surface may comprise directing the electromagnetic radiation into and through the sensing layer to the sensing surface. The method in accordance with a specific embodiment of the present invention may further comprise determining a change in thickness of the sensing layer, the sensing layer having a predetermined known relaxed thickness being the thickness that the layer has when no load is applied, the change in thickness of the sensing layer being determined using the known relaxed thickness and a change in relative position of the interface at the sensing surface as a consequence of the deformation when the load is applied. The step of determining information concerning the mechanical property of the material may comprise determining the change in thickness of the sensing layer from the detected intensity of the interference signal and determining the mechanical property of the material from the determined change in thickness of the sensing layer. The method typically comprises determining the change in thickness of the sensing layer from a single interference signal. Alternatively, the method may comprise determining the change in thickness of the sensing layer from two interference signals, which may be generated by from reflections at top and bottom interfaces of the sensing layer. The inventors have realised that knowledge concerning the deformation (change in thickness) of the sensing layer is sufficient to perform an optical palpation measurement. Consequently, it is not required to scan the entire depth of the sensing layer (as performed with OCT, which usually uses a broadband light source having a coherence length much shorter than the layer thickness) and a device for evaluating the mechanical property of the material may be simpler than an OCT device. For example, depending on the thickness of the sensing layer when it is uncompressed, there is no need for a broadband light source and a simpler narrower band light source (such as an LED) having a longer coherence length can be used. In addition, the optical detection can occur locally on a handheld implementation of the device for use in surgery, the detection time can be reduced and the device may be much smaller compared to an OCT system. Determining information concerning the mechanical property of the material may comprise determining a change in an optical pathlength difference between the first signal and the second signal from a measured intensity of the detected interference signal in response to the suitable load applied to the sensing layer and the material. Further, determining the information concerning the mechanical property may comprise determining the information from the determined change in optical pathlength difference. The inventors have recognized that the intensity of the detected interference signal from a specular reflector in the first optical path length as a function of the change in optical pathlength difference between the first signal and second may be considered as a Gaussian function for most light sources. There is consequently a relationship between change in sensing layer thickness and detected intensity. The thickness of the sensing layer (or a change in the thickness) can consequently be determined without the need for a depth-scanning (or depth sectioning) apparatus (such as an OCT apparatus). The mechanical property may be elasticity or viscoelasticity and determining information concerning the mechanical property of the material may comprise determining stress experienced by the sensing layer based on the determined change in optical pathlength difference. The source may be arranged for generating electromagnetic radiation having a coherence length that provides an interference signal for a range of different thicknesses of the sensing layer without adjusting the length of the second optical path. The source of electromagnetic radiation may have a coherence length ranging from approximately the layer thickness to a few multiples of the layer thickness. For example, the source of electromagnetic radiation may have a coherence length greater than 30, 50, 70, 100 or 200 μm. The opposite surface of the sensing layer may be a stationary surface that is stationary relative to a housing portion of the device when the suitable load is applied across both the sensing layer and at least a portion of the material. Alternatively, the opposite surface of the sensing layer may be moved or vibrated in a known manner. Directing the electromagnetic radiation along the second optical path to generate the second signal may comprise directing the electromagnetic radiation to an interface at the opposite surface of the sensing layer and generating the second signal may comprise reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the interface at the opposite surface. Alternatively, directing the electromagnetic radiation along the second optical pathlength to generate the second signal may comprise directing the electromagnetic radiation to a mirror and generating the second signal may comprise reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the mirror. Detecting an intensity associated with the interference signal may also comprise detecting a time average of intensity and the method may comprise analysing the detected average intensity such that a change in thickness of the sensing layer can be determined at least largely independent from an angle of tilt between an optical pathlength and a relative orientation of the sensing layer, and/or from a focus condition of an optical signal at the sensing layer. The device for evaluating the mechanical property of the material may further comprise a scanning mirror for scanning the first signal across the sensing surface of the sensing layer and the method may be conducted such that an image or a map of the sensing surface can be obtained, the image or map including features that are indicative of a distribution of the deformation across the sensing layer. The device may alternatively comprise a vibrating or rotating optical fibre for scanning the first signal across the sensing surface of the sensing layer and the method may be conducted such that an image or a map of the sensing surface can be obtained, the image or map including features that are indicative of a distribution of the deformation across the sensing layer. In another embodiment, the device comprises a plurality of optical fibres arranged to direct the electromagnetic radiation into the sensing layer to the sensing surface such that at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation is reflected at the sensing surface to generate the first signal. In this embodiment, the method is conducted such that an image or a map of the sensing surface can be obtained. The device for evaluating the mechanical property of the material may be a handheld device. The handheld device may be a finger-mounted or glove-based device. Further, the device may comprise a wireless transmitter and may be arranged to transmit data in a wireless manner, for example for reception by a computer to process the data. The step of directing electromagnetic radiation may comprise generating an oscillating signal of the electromagnetic radiation. Generating the oscillating signal may comprise applying an oscillation or vibration to the mirror and/or the sensing layer. The device may further comprise polarisation controllers and polarisation filters to control a polarisation state of the first signal and of the second signal. Detecting an intensity of a resultant interference signal may comprise detecting respective intensities associated with at least two polarisations. The detector may comprise a polarising beam splitter arranged to split an optical signal indicative of the detected electromagnetic radiation into at least two signals having the respective polarisations. The detector may further comprise respective detector portions for independent detection of the at least two signals having the respective polarisations. The method may comprise analysing the detected light intensities having the respective polarisations in a manner such that a change in thickness of the sensing layer can be determined at least largely independent from an angle of tilt between an optical pathlength and a relative orientation of the sensing layer and/or a focus condition of the signal at the sensing layer. Alternatively, detecting an intensity of a resultant interference signal may comprise detecting a time average of respective intensities associated with respective interference signals having respective phase contents. In a further embodiment, determining information concerning the mechanical property of the material comprises determining a strain of the material as a result of the applied suitable load. In a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a handheld device for evaluating a mechanical property a material, the device comprising:a sensing layer having a thickness, an exposed sensing surface and an opposite surface, the sensing layer being deformable such that, when the sensing surface is in direct or indirect contact with the material and a suitable load is applied across both the sensing layer and at least a portion of the material, the sensing layer deforms and the sensing surface moves relative to the opposite surface;a source of electromagnetic radiation in optical communication with the sensing layer, the source being arranged for generating electromagnetic radiation having a coherence length that is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the sensing layer or longer than the thickness of the sensing; anda detector for detecting the electromagnetic radiation and being in optical communication with the sensing layer, the detector being arranged for detecting electromagnetic radiation reflected at the interface at the sensing surface of the sensing layer;wherein the device comprises:a first optical pathlength in use providing a first signal, the first signal being a signal that is reflected at the sensing surface of the sensing layer; anda second optical pathlength in use providing second signal; andwherein the detector is positioned to detect both the first signal and the second signal whereby the detector detects in use an intensity associated with an interference signal and information concerning the mechanical property can be determined from the intensity of the interference signal. The handheld device may be a finger-mounted or glove-based device. The device may comprise a wireless transmitter and may be arranged to transmit data in a wireless manner, for example for reception by a computer to process the data. The sensing layer may have a thickness ranging from a few micrometres to a few centimetres, such as from 10 μm to 3 cm when it is uncompressed, and consequently the sensing surface and the opposite surface may be separated from each other by a distance ranging from a few micrometres to a few centimetres, such as from 10 μm to 3 cm when the sensing layer is uncompressed. The sensing layer may comprise, or may be formed from, translucent or transparent deformable material such as a gel, an elastomer. The sensing layer may be a surgical sheath comprising a plastic material. The source of electromagnetic radiation may be arranged for generating electromagnetic radiation having a coherence length that provides an interference signal for a range of different thicknesses of the sensing layer without adjusting the length of the second optical path. The source of electromagnetic source may have a coherence length ranging from the thickness of the sensing layer to a length that corresponds to a multiple of the thickness of the sensing layer. For example, the source of electromagnetic radiation may have a coherence length greater than 30, 50, 70, 100 or 200 μm The thickness of the uncompressed sensing layer and the coherence length of the source used are typically chosen such that a variation in the intensity of the interference signal can be detected upon applying a suitable load across the sensing layer. A sensing layer having a relatively small thickness such as 10 μm and a light source having a corresponding relatively short coherence length may be used (similar to the coherence length of the broadband light source used in OCT). However, if the sensing layer is thicker and may for example have a thickness of a few centimetres, a light source having corresponding longer coherence length may be used. The opposite surface of the sensing layer may be a stationary surface that is stationary relative to a housing portion of the device when the suitable load is applied across both the sensing layer and at least a portion of the material. Alternatively, the opposite surface of the sensing layer may be moved or vibrated in a known manner. The second optical pathlength may comprise an interface at the opposite surface of the sensing layer whereby the second optical pathlength is arranged to generate the second signal by reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the interface at the opposite surface. Alternatively, the second optical pathlength may comprise a mirror and may be arranged to generate the second signal by reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the mirror, which may be stationary relative to a housing portion of the device. Alternatively, the mirror may be moved or vibrated in a known manner. The device may further comprise a scanning mirror for scanning the first signal across the sensing surface of the sensing layer such that an image or map of the sensing surface can be obtained. In one embodiment, the device comprises an oscillation or vibration element positioned at the mirror and/or the sensing layer for generation an oscillating electromagnetic radiation signal. The device may further comprise polarisation controllers and polarisation filters to control a polarisation state of the first signal and of the second signal. The second signal may be linearly polarised. The first signal may be circularly polarised. The detector may comprise a polarising beam splitter arranged to split an optical signal indicative of the detected first signal and second signal into at least two signals having respective polarisations. The detector may comprise respective detector portions for independent detection of the at least two signals having the respective polarisations. The invention will be more fully understood from the following description of specific embodiments of the invention. The description is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings.

11320465

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The technical field relates to power units, and more particularly, to the inspection of the power units. Description of Related Art A conventional method of inspecting power units is to check whether the output current of the power unit can reach the expected current value as a reference to determine the performance of the power unit. The existing method of inspecting power units have the problems of the process being too long, accuracy being too low, and the overcurrent protection being too easily triggered during inspection. Additionally, in the case of inspecting power units with an existing current sharing method, which is to arrange a plurality of power units to be connected to a signal bus as a feedback medium for current sharing, due to the effects of current sharing, the existing method of inspecting power units is unable to adjust the output current of the power units through adjusting the reference voltage of the voltage control circuit of the power units. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present disclosed example provides a method of inspecting power units with the ability to raise the output current through a direct control command for inspecting the performance of the power unit. In one of the exemplary embodiments, a method of inspecting power units for a plurality of power units connected to a signal bus is provided. Each power unit comprises a power module and a controller, and the method comprises the following steps: disconnecting one of the power units from the signal bus, wherein the power unit being disconnected has an output current; providing a control command from the controller for raising the output current; measuring the output current after the control command is provided; and determining an inspection result of the power unit by comparing the measured output current with a target current value corresponding to the control command. The present disclosed example can effectively reduce inspection time, improve inspection accuracy and eliminate the current effects of current sharing during inspection.

11494688

FIELD The embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to learning extract, transform, and load mappings by example. BACKGROUND The proliferation of computing and connected devices has generated vast amounts of data that requires management. One aspect of data management that is often performed by a human, such as a data scientist, is extract, transform, and load (“ETL”) or extract, load, and transform (“ELT”), which will be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure. Generally, ETL is one step of a larger data migration process that moves data from a source schema to a target schema. This migration process often has multiple layers, such as table/column mappings, extraction and loading rules/mappings (e.g., join conditions, unit of work determination, and the like), post-migration and/or pre-migration transformations, to name a few. As a result, while other aspects of data management have become agile and efficient, ETL can be a cumbersome process when leveraging modern day conventional techniques. SUMMARY The embodiments of the present disclosure are generally directed to systems and methods for learning extract, transform, and load mappings by example that substantially improve upon the related art. In some embodiments, a plurality of features can be extracted from a source schema and a target schema, the features comprising at least columns of a plurality of tables of the source schema and the target schema. Example ETL mappings can be provided to a machine learning algorithm, wherein the example ETL mappings comprise definitions for extracting data from one or more tables of the source schema and loading the extracted data into one or more tables of the target schema. Using the machine learning algorithm and based on the source schema, target schema, and extracted features, one or more ETL rules can be predicted that define logic for extracting data from the source schema and loading the extracted data into the target schema. Additional ETL mappings can be generated based on the predicted ETL rules, the source schema, the target schema, and the extracted features, the additional ETL mappings providing additional definitions for extracting data from one or more tables of the source schema and loading the extracted data into one or more tables of the target schema. Features and advantages of the embodiments are set forth in the description which follows, or will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosure.

11471695

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to targeted phototherapy treatment of skin conditions and more particularly to a device that dispenses a dose of light into a plurality of dosages of varying intensity levels (energy/unit area) of light that contact an individual's skin to determine an optimum therapeutic dose of phototherapy that can be administered to the individual to aid in the treatment of a skin condition. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Methods and apparatuses for targeted phototherapy (e.g., narrow-band, 308 nm excimer lasers dispensing ultraviolet light energy are known as an effective and safe treatment for various dermatoses (e.g., psoriasis, vitiligo, leukoderma, atopic dermatitis, and alopecia areata). Psoriasis, vitiligo and other skin conditions affect millions of people. These dermatoses can range from mild to severe and can lead to substantial morbidity, psychological stress and can have a profound negative impact on the quality of life of an individual suffering from a skin condition. Although available therapies can reduce the extent and severity of these diseases and improve an individual's quality of life, reports have indicated dissatisfaction with the effectiveness, cost, and inconvenience of current treatment modalities. A common treatment modality for individuals with psoriasis or vitiligo is to receive phototherapy administered at phototherapy centers. At these centers, individuals are exposed to narrowband (NB) or broadband (BB), UVB light (290-320 nm), or a therapy of psoralen plus ultraviolet light (320-400 nm) within an A range (PUVA). Ultraviolet light reduces the symptoms of psoriasis through immunomodulatory mechanisms. The treatment of atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata with UV light has also been studied, but not to the same degree. Treatment for leukoderma and vitiligo rely on UV light to help re-pigment the skin due to a lack of melanin/melanocytes. With conventional UVB phototherapy, dosing is predicated on either an individual's Fitzpatrick Skin Type (i.e., skin color and darkness) in conjunction with the thickness of the psoriatic plaque or on a measurement of an individual's minimum erythemal dose (MED). An individual's minimum erythemal dose is the dose of UVB that generates a significant red erythemal skin response in normal/healthy tissue. Dosing higher than an individual's minimum erythemal dose tolerance level can result in undesirable (i.e., more severe) tissue reactions, and even blistering. However, neither of these two methods of determining an individual's appropriate dosing protocol is therapeutically optimal and typically results in dosing at levels that are far too conservative which in turn results in a reduced therapeutic benefit. This is because using the Fitzpatrick Skin Type is merely a guess at an individual's maximum tolerable dose (MTD) (based on historical norms that do not apply to many individuals) and the fundamental limitations of the minimum erythemal dose method that only measures the tolerance of the healthy/normal tissue, not the diseased tissue being treated. In either case, many individuals are regularly administered sub-optimal UVB dosing when clinicians, recognizing that current dosing paradigms are only a crude guess, initiate dosing at even lower levels than might be expected. They do so to avoid unintentional dosing at higher levels than the minimum erythemal dose that might be above an individual's minimal blistering dose (MBD) leading to extreme erythema, blistering, and possible injury. This problem is enhanced by the fact that the optimum dose (i.e., MTD, a dose that is near, but just lower than the MBD) can vary greatly for each individual, making it very difficult, if not impossible, to correctly gauge an individual's optimal dose. As such, the lack of having an objective means of determining an individual's minimal blistering dose prevents clinicians from dosing more effectively at an individual's optimum dose level, which could significantly lower the total number of required UVB treatment sessions to obtain the desired clinical outcome. As a result of the typically high number of treatment sessions required, the use of phototherapy is commonly limited due to the overall inconvenience of the therapy. Poor compliance with the necessary regimen of regular treatment sessions is common because of the time, travel and the cost, in many cases, to effectively treat the disease. Other less effective therapies (e.g., topical prescriptions and over-the-counter topical creams) are often an individual's more convenient fallback option. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a dosimetry device that aids in determining an individual's optimum dose of phototherapy to aid in the treatment of a skin condition by quickly and easily measuring the individual's phototherapeutic tolerance by assessing the individual's minimum blistering dose in order to then treat a skin condition at or near the individual's maximum tolerable dose. By treating a skin condition at or near an individual's maximum tolerable dose, the overall number of treatment sessions required to place an individual's skin condition into remission can be greatly reduced. In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to a dosimetry device that is connectable to a phototherapy apparatus for applying targeted phototherapy to a treatment area (e.g., on skin tissue). The device comprises a housing and an optical matrix arranged within the housing that includes a plurality of at least one of absorptive, reflective and/or partially transmissive regions, which each permit a different intensity of light (expressed as percentages of an incident of a light beam) and/or range of light to pass therethrough. In an embodiment, the light that is dispensed from a phototherapy apparatus is UVB light. In an embodiment, the optical matrix can be connected to the housing. In an embodiment, the optical matrix can be formed within the housing. In an embodiment, the optical matrix can include at most nine regions. In an embodiment, the optical matrix can include five regions. In an embodiment, the intensity of light passing through the regions can range from about 20% in one region up to about 100% in another region. In an embodiment, the intensity of light passing through the regions ranges from about 0% in one region up to about 90% in another region. In an embodiment, the optical matrix is substantially square and can be about 2 cm by 2 cm with each region sized to be approximately about 5 mm by 5 mm. In an embodiment, each of the regions of the optical matrix are square, rectangular, circular, or ovoid. In an embodiment, the optical matrix can be comprised of a plurality of UVB reflective coatings. In an embodiment, the reflective coatings are configured for an output UVB light of about 308 nm. In an embodiment, each of the regions of the optical matrix includes at least one metallic or a dielectric coating. In an embodiment, each of the regions of the optical matrix includes a different filter. In an embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of analyzing a maximum tolerable dose of phototherapy that is capable of being applied to skin tissue to aid in the treatment of a skin condition. The method comprises the steps of providing a dosimetry apparatus that comprises a housing and an optical matrix arranged within the housing that includes a plurality of at least one of absorptive, reflective and/or partially transmitting regions to permit varying transmissions of light to pass therethrough, connecting the dosimetry apparatus to a phototherapy apparatus that is configured to disperse UVB light, arranging the phototherapy apparatus at or near the treatment area and transmitting the UVB light from the phototherapy apparatus and through the regions of the optical matrix such that varying doses of the UVB light will be applied simultaneously or sequentially to the various areas under treatment. In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step of analyzing the treatment area subsequent to applying the UVB light to the treatment area, for example, approximately 24 to 48 hours after the UVB light is applied thereto, to assess the minimum blistering dose of the skin being treated. In an embodiment, the method can further comprise the step of applying a maximum tolerable dose of the UVB light to the treatment area thereby allowing the application of the optimum therapeutic dose without blistering the treated area.

11261948

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the U.S. National Stage of international Application No. PCT/EP2019/057270, filed Mar. 22, 2019, which designated the United States and has been published as International Publication No. WO 2019/180219 A1 and which claims the priority of German Patent Application, Serial No. 10 2018 106 788.7, filed Mar. 22, 2018, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an electromotive furniture drive comprising a lift spindle and a drive motor, wherein the lift spindle and an output shaft of the drive motor are arranged in a common plane, and wherein the output shaft is coupled to the lift spindle via a gear assembly with an intermediate shaft. Electromotive furniture drives are used in furniture, for example, bedroom furniture or resting furniture such as beds, sofa beds or armchairs, in order to be able to conveniently adjust at least one movable furniture part relative to another furniture part, for example by pivoting it. In a bed, for example, a back or leg section can be raised or lowered relative to a middle section of the bed. Furniture drives with a lift spindle, often also referred to as spindle drives, are particularly suitable as linear drives whose output member can be moved linearly in relation to a main body of the furniture drive. Often two tubular profiles are provided which can be inserted one into the other, a standpipe and a lifting tube, wherein the lift spindle is arranged rotatably but stationary in relation to the standpipe and a spindle nut is coupled to the lifting tube in order to move the lifting tube out of or into the standpipe when the lift spindle is turned. In alternative designs, it may be provided that the lift spindle is designed to be displaceable but rotationally fixed and the spindle nut is driven by the drive motor and mounted rotatably but fixedly. However, a design with a stationary spindle and a movable standpipe or lifting tube that can be moved into each other is usually the more compact arrangement. A furniture drive having a lift spindle and a drive motor with output shaft is known from the publication DE 102 54 127 A1, in which the output shaft and the lift spindle are arranged parallel to each other in a common plane. The output shaft of the drive motor is coupled to the lift spindle via a double worm gear. For this purpose, a first worm is arranged on the output shaft of the drive motor, which engages with a worm wheel of an intermediate shaft. The intermediate shaft has a second worm which meshes with a worm wheel mounted on the lift spindle. The intermediate shaft is aligned perpendicular to the direction of the output shaft and the lift spindle, A special feature of the gear unit is that it has two transmission lines in which two identically designed intermediate shafts transmit the rotary motion of the first worm to the worm wheel of the lift spindle. One of the intermediate shafts is arranged on each side of the plane in which the output shaft of the drive motor and the lift spindle are disposed. The two intermediate shafts themselves are either arranged parallel to each other or extend outwards in a V-shape as seen from the drive motor. In principle, the diameter of the motor represents a lower limit for the expansion of the furniture drive in a direction perpendicular to said plane in which the output shaft of the drive motor and the lift spindle lie. If, when the intermediate shafts are arranged in accordance with publication DE 102 54 127 A1, the diameter of the worm wheels of the intermediate shafts is greater than half the diameter of the motor housing, the edges of the worm wheels of the intermediate shafts project beyond the motor housing in a direction perpendicular to the said plane and determine the minimum extension of the housing of the furniture drive in this direction. However, due to the desired transmission ratio between the drive motor and the lift spindle, and in order to achieve a good engagement between the worm and worm wheel, a diameter of the worm wheels cannot be selected to be arbitrarily small. It is an object of the present invention to create an electromotive furniture drive of the type mentioned above in which the largest possible worm gears can be used in the gear assembly without these gears opposing a compact design of the electromotive furniture drive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This object is solved by an electromotive furniture drive with the features of independent claim. Advantageous designs and further developments are the subject matter of the dependent claims. An electromotive furniture drive of the type mentioned above is characterized in that the intermediate shaft of the gear assembly intersects the plane in which the lift spindle and the output shaft lie, between the lift spindle and the output shaft. The intermediate shaft lies correspondingly transversely between the lift spindle and the output shaft and thus also transversely in the (gear) housing and engages in the lift spindle and output shaft on different sides of the latter. The available space can thus be better utilized, allowing the housing and thus also the furniture drive to be constructed in a particularly compact way. In an advantageous design of the electromotive furniture drive, the gear assembly is designed as a double worm gear, wherein the intermediate shaft has an intermediate wheel in which a worm of the output shaft of the drive motor engages and another worm which engages in a spindle wheel of the lift spindle. Alternatively, the gear assembly can be a combination of a worm gear and a helical gear, wherein the intermediate shaft has an intermediate wheel in which a worm of the output shaft of the drive motor engages and a helical gear which engages a helical gear of the lift spindle. Preferably, the intermediate shaft intersects the plane at an angle of 30° to 75° and particularly preferably from 35° to 45°. Due to the inclined position of the intermediate shaft in the housing, the intermediate wheel is also arranged at an angle to housing sides, which means that the intermediate wheel can be designed larger than if it lies in a plane parallel or perpendicular to a housing side. In a further advantageous design, the electromotive furniture drive has a housing in which the gear assembly is accommodated and from which, on one side, a motor housing of the drive motor and a standpipe protrude parallel to one another, wherein a lifting tube is mounted in the standpipe so as to be linearly displaceable and is coupled to a spindle nut which interacts with the lift spindle. Preferably, the housing has two parallel longitudinal sides which are spaced apart from each other, wherein a diameter of the intermediate wheel is greater than or equal to half the distance between the longitudinal sides. The spacing of the longitudinal sides, i.e. the expansion of the housing in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal sides, can thus in one configuration essentially correspond to one dimension of the motor housing in this direction. In other words, the housing can be designed so narrow in this direction that it is not or only slightly wider than the motor housing. In another advantageous design, the output shaft is located centrally between the parallel longitudinal sides, whereas the lift spindle is located eccentrically between the parallel longitudinal sides. This provides more space on the side where the intermediate shaft interacts with the lift spindle, for example to be able to support the intermediate shaft in the housing. In another advantageous design of the electromotive furniture drive, the housing is constructed in two parts and has an upper and a lower part. The drive motor and a standpipe are arranged on the upper part. The lower part is placed on the upper part on a side opposite these components. The lower part comprises a fork head or a comparable connection possibility of the electromotive furniture drive. The fork head or the connection possibility is preferably designed with the lower part and is in alignment with the lifting tube. In another advantageous design of the electromotive furniture drive, the intermediate shaft is mounted with bearing journals in plain bearings, with bearing shells formed in the upper and lower parts. Preferably, a half-shell-shaped bearing shell in the upper part and a half-shell-shaped bearing shell in the lower part complement each other to form a plain bearing for one of the bearing journals. This type of bearing for the intermediate shaft saves space and therefore has little or no effect on the size of the housing. It is also cost-effective and the intermediate shaft is easy to install. In another advantageous design of the electromotive furniture drive, the upper part of the housing has a raised dome in the area of the standpipe, into which the standpipe is positively inserted at the side. Any transverse forces acting on the standpipe (i.e. forces acting transversely to the lifting direction of the lifting tube) can thus be transferred to the housing. The standpipe only needs to be connected to the housing with regard to its longitudinal direction by means of positive locking that is as accurate as possible. This is preferably achieved by the standpipe having at least one transverse groove in an outer wall, wherein a clamping ring is placed around the standpipe which engages in the at least one transverse groove. The clamping ring is placed around the standpipe and the latter is pushed into the upper part of the (still open) housing with the clamping ring. In the upper part there is a recess which positively accommodates the clamping ring, preferably on all sides along its circumference. The lower part of the housing, which is then placed on top, is designed in such a way that it reaches up to the clamping ring at at least one, preferably several points in the lifting direction and thus also holds it in the lifting direction by positive locking. In one design, the clamping ring can be formed from two sections which can be inserted into each other in order to insert the clamping ring around the standpipe and in its at least one transverse groove. In a design that is alternative thereto, the clamping ring is made up of two sections which are connected in a foldable manner to each other by a hinge.

11368859

BACKGROUND Cellular communication devices use various network radio access technologies to communicate wirelessly with geographically distributed base stations. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is an example of a widely implemented radio access technology, which is used within 4th-Generation (4G) communication systems. New Radio (NR) is a newer radio access technology that is used in 5th-Generation (5G) communication systems. Standards for LTE and NR radio access technologies have been developed by the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for use within cellular communication networks by wireless communication carriers. Note that the terms 4G and LTE are often used interchangeably when referencing certain 4G systems and components. Also, NR radio access technology may at times be referred to as 5G radio access technology. A configuration defined by the 3GPP in the 5G NR specification, referred to as Non-Standalone Architecture (NSA), allows the simultaneous use of 4G and 5G systems for communications with a cellular communication device. NSA uses dual-network connectivity, in which a communication device uses both an LTE radio and an NR radio for downlink receptions from and uplink transmissions to corresponding LTE and NR base stations. An LTE carrier is used for control-plane signaling and for user-plane communications. An NR carrier is used for additional user-plane bandwidth as well as for data download or transmission throughput. In a scenario such as this, the LTE carrier is said to “anchor” the communication session. Communication devices such as smartphones often have a status bar that shows, among other things, the current signal strength and/or signal quality of the current wireless connection with a base station. In addition, the status bar may include a network technology symbol that indicates the network type that is currently available to the device. For example, the network technology symbol might comprise a “4G LTE” symbol when LTE communications are available, and a “5G” symbol when 5G communications are available. The device is typically configured to display a symbol corresponding to the highest-capability radio access technology that is currently available to the device.

11467137

BACKGROUND Technical Field The present invention relates to a liquid chromatograph and an analysis execution method. Description of Related Art A liquid chromatograph has been known as a device that separates a substance included in a sample into different components. For example, in a liquid chromatograph described in JP 2015-017924 A, a sample to be analyzed is introduced into a column. Further, an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent are supplied to the column while being mixed. The sample that has been introduced into the column is eluted into compounds based on a difference in chemical property or composition and then is detected by a detector. A chromatogram is created based on a result of detection by the detector. In the liquid chromatograph, it is necessary to select each of parameters of an analysis method appropriately based on a sample to be analyzed such that the sample is separated without peaks of a chromatogram overlapping with each other. Here, the parameters of the analysis method include an injection amount of a sample, the type of a column, the temperature in the column, a detection wavelength or a pH of a mobile phase, for example. SUMMARY As described above, because influencing a result of analysis of a sample, the pH of a mobile phase is required to be measured accurately in order for an analysis method to be set appropriately. However, in a liquid chromatograph, it may be difficult to measure the pH of a mobile phase accurately without interfering with an accurate analysis of a sample. An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid chromatograph and an analysis execution method that enables accurate measurement of a pH of a mobile phase without interfering with an accurate analysis of a sample. One aspect of the present invention relates to a liquid chromatograph comprising a first flow path, a second flow path, a first aqueous solvent supplier that supplies an aqueous solvent, a flow path switch valve that is switchable between a first flow path state where the aqueous solvent supplied by the first aqueous solvent supplier is guided to the first flow path and a second flow path state where the aqueous solvent supplied by the first aqueous solvent supplier is guided to the second flow path, a pH meter that is provided in the first flow path and measures a pH of the aqueous solvent flowing through the first flow path when the flow path switch valve is in the first flow path state, a sample supplier that supplies a sample to be analyzed at a position farther downstream than the flow path switch valve, a separation column into which the solvent that has passed through the second flow path and the sample supplied by the sample supplier are introduced, and a detector that detects the sample that has passed through the separation column. Another aspect of the present invention relates to an analysis execution method including supplying an aqueous solvent using an aqueous solvent supplier, guiding the aqueous solvent supplied by the aqueous solvent supplier to a first flow path when a flow path switch valve is in a first flow path state, measuring a pH of the aqueous solvent guided to the first flow path using a pH meter provided in the first flow path, guiding the aqueous solvent supplied by the aqueous solvent supplier to a second flow path when the flow path switch valve is in a second flow path state, supplying a sample to be analyzed at a position farther downstream than the flow path switch valve, and introducing the solvent that has passed through the second flow path and the supplied sample into a separation column, and detecting the sample that has passed through the separation column. With the present invention, it is possible to measure the pH of a mobile phase accurately without interfering with an accurate analysis of the sample. Other features, elements, characteristics, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure with reference to the attached drawings.

11338300

The present application is a National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/JP2016/084844 filed on Nov. 24, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority to International Application No. PCT/JP2016/065808, filed on May 27, 2016 in Japan, the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. FIELD The present disclosure relates to a device for disrupting cell walls and/or cell membranes of microorganisms, algae and the like, and to a method of using the device. BACKGROUND Microorganisms, algae and the like present in organic sludge and the like contain a variety of useful resources (for example, proteins, fats and carbohydrates). However, the recovery of such useful resources requires disruption of cell walls and/or cell membranes (hereunder also referred to simply as “cell walls and the like”) composing the microorganisms and the like. Because the cell walls and the like composing microorganisms and the like are formed of extremely strong membranes, disruption of the cell walls and the like generally requires advanced techniques and complicated equipment. The conventional methods and equipment have consequently led to increased running cost. For example, PTL 1 discloses a sludge disrupting device that disrupts sludge generated by biological treatment of organic sewage, the device comprising a rotating disc that rotates at high speed and driving means that drives the rotating disc, and further comprising a fixed disc facing the rotating disc and having a sludge inlet at the center section, wherein a disc gap of at least about 5 mm is provided between the fixed disc and the rotating disc, and the sludge is disrupted primarily by the rotational shearing force of the rotating disc. PTL 2 discloses a sludge treatment process wherein sludge generated in waste water treatment is subjected to a sludge decomposition step to decompose the sludge, and then to ultrasonic treatment in an ultrasonic treatment step and treatment in a methane fermentation step. CITATION LIST Patent Literature [PTL 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 3731204[PTL 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-336898 SUMMARY Technical Problem It is desirable to utilize microorganisms, algae and the like for production of biogases (such as methane and hydrogen) and oils; recovery of components such as CO2, phosphorus and nitrogen; and production of foods and cosmetics. For example, there is a demand for achieving volume reduction, conversion to resources and returning to green space, for sludge containing microorganisms, algae and the like. As a result, there is a strong demand for technology for continuously disrupting and degrading microorganisms, algae and the like, and efficiently digesting and/or recovering their components at low cost. For example, digestion of organic sludge from excess sludge of activated sludge concentration tanks is carried out via solubilization and hydrolysis of microorganisms and the like in the sludge, producing water and carbon dioxide. However, since the rate-determining steps are elution of the intracellular macromolecular substances such as proteins, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates present in microorganisms, and low molecularization of the substances by hydrolysis, it has required several days of prolonged digestion to digest organic sludge in activated sludge concentration tanks. Consequently, techniques are desired for disrupting cell walls and the like of microorganisms and the like in sludge and achieving low molecularization and solubilization, in order to increase the digestion efficiency of excess sludge and initial sedimentation sludge in activated sludge concentration tanks. Conventional techniques for disrupting cell walls and the like and achieving low molecularization and solubilization include high energy disruption methods using ultrasonic waves; chemical decomposition methods such as ozone oxidation and alkali treatment; and mechanical disruption methods using a homogenizer or mill. Means for heating to 50° C. or higher are also sometimes employed to facilitate disruption of cell walls and the like. However, methods utilizing ultrasonic waves, ozone or alkalis are problematic from the standpoint of equipment maintenance control, and increased cost. Mechanical disruption methods with a homogenizer or mill have low treatment efficiency and therefore require large and complicated equipment, thus likewise being problematic in terms of increased cost. The present disclosure therefore provides a device that can economically and efficiently disrupt cell walls and the like of microorganisms and the like, and a method of using the device. Solution to Problem According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device comprising a fixed disc, a rotating disc, a rotating shaft for driving of the rotating disc, a pressure reducing means and a housing, wherein at least one pair of the fixed disc and the rotating disc are disposed facing each other, the center section of the fixed disc has a hollow section that is larger than the outer diameter of the rotating shaft passing through the center section, shearing force generated between the rotating disc and the fixed disc is applied to a target fluid having a water content of 89% or higher that has been loaded into the device, and the pressure inside the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device is reduced to no greater than −0.08 MPa by the pressure reducing means. According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device comprising a fixed disc, a rotating disc, a rotating shaft for driving of the rotating disc, pressure reducing means based on suction force from a land pump and/or a submersible pump, and a housing, wherein at least one pair of the fixed disc and the rotating disc are disposed facing each other, the center section of the fixed disc has a hollow section that is larger than the outer diameter of the rotating shaft passing through the center section, shearing force generated between the rotating disc and the fixed disc is applied to a target fluid having a water content of 89% or higher that has been loaded into the device and, when a land pump is used, the land pump is situated after the discharge port of the device, or when a submersible pump is used, the submersible pump is situated at the discharge port end after the final fixed disc in the device. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of reducing sludge volume, comprising a step of treating sludge with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of preparing fertilizer from sludge, the method comprising a step of treating sludge with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above and a step of converting the treated sludge obtained from the step of treating sludge, to fertilizer. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of preparing a culture solution from sludge, the method comprising a step of treating sludge with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above and a step of collecting the treated separated liquid obtained from the step of treating sludge, as a culture solution. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a deodorizing method comprising a step of treating sewage and/or sludge, or an odorous food, with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of fermenting for obtaining biogas, the method comprising a step of treating sludge with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above and a step of supplying the treated sludge and/or treated separated liquid obtained from the step of treating sludge, to a biogas fermenter. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for producing a food, beverage, drug, supplement or cosmetic, the method comprising a step of treating a target substance containing at least one component selected from the group consisting of fungi, microorganisms, algae and plants (hereunder also referred to “as microorganism groups”), with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above. According to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for recovering an oil, the method comprising a step of treating a target substance (for example, sludge) containing at least one kind of oil component selected from the group consisting of fungi, microorganisms, algae and plants, with the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device described above. Advantageous Effects of Invention Since the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device of the present disclosure need only comprise a simple construction including at least a fixed disc, a rotating disc, a rotating shaft for driving of the rotating disc, pressure reducing means and a housing, it is possible to provide a low-cost device with easy equipment maintenance control. For disruption of cell walls and the like, conventional devices have required an additional equipment for alkali treatment or for heating treatment at 50° C. or higher. However, since the cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device of the present disclosure comprises a pressure reducing means, it does not require provision of equipment for alkali treatment or for heating treatment at 50° C. or higher. As a result, it is possible to drastically lower running costs compared to conventional devices and equipment. The cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device of the present disclosure can be used in a method of reducing sludge volume, a method of preparing fertilizer from sludge, a method of preparing a culture solution from sludge, a deodorizing method, a method of fermenting for obtaining biogas, a method for producing a food, beverage, drug, supplement or cosmetic or a method for recovering an oil. The cell wall or cell membrane disrupting device of the present disclosure can sufficiently disrupt cell walls and the like without adversely affecting the active ingredients in the microorganisms and the like, thus allowing the efficiency of each of the aforementioned methods to be improved. The preceding description should not be construed as disclosing all of the embodiments of the invention nor all of the advantages of the invention.

11467952

SUMMARY The present disclosure relates generally to systems for testing software on an enterprise network, and more specifically to systems implementing an API driven, modular, continuous testing framework for testing disparate software that produces uniform reports on the enterprise network. BACKGROUND Typically, automation and networking engineers have to use multiple test frameworks for different types of tests and for different application architectures. The interfaces are different for these different frameworks, and the test frameworks generate test reports in different formats and in different user interfaces. These disparate test reports often have to be stored, for example, in repositories for audit purposes, and differences in the report formats may make it difficult to aggregate and efficiently store the reports and perform trend analysis or a detailed investigation of system tendencies in response to various application behaviors. Further, when operating in a Continuous Integration, Continuous Delivery, and Continuous Testing (CI/CD/CT) pipeline, the test results and reports must be manually converted and entered according to a compatible (CI/CD/CT) format, requiring additional time and expense to convert while making the systems susceptible to data inaccuracies and inconsistencies. As a result, it is often difficult to integrate multiple automated testing frameworks into a single CI/CD/CT pipeline. Accordingly, there is a need for improved devices, systems, and methods that can consolidate testing from among several different applications, frameworks and architectures onto a single platform for reporting results in a uniform format. The disclosed systems and methods are directed to these and other considerations. SUMMARY Disclosed embodiments provide technology for an API driven continuous testing platform extensible for all types of testing and for all types of software applications. To accomplish this, in some embodiments, a test platform is provided with a test engine and a collection of test agents that inspect one or more assorted software applications adhering to different test frameworks. As a consequence, administrators need only deploy one single testing platform for all types of software applications and all types of testing for use by one or more developers. Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, the disclosed technology may include a system for providing an API-driven continuous test platform. In some embodiments, the system may include one or more processors, a test engine, one or more test agents, a database for storing the one or more test agents, and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, are configured to cause the system to perform various functions. For example, the system may prepare, according to a configuration file (e.g., a JSON Java test file, or a formatted file listing all testSets), a first test configuration including a first selection of the one or more test agents (e.g., functional test agents or performance test agents). Further, in one or more embodiments, the system may execute, using the test engine, the first test configuration to produce one or more first test results, and store the one or more first test results using the database (e.g., a cloud-based database, a relational database service (RDS), an Amazon Web Services (AWS) database, or a combination of databases). In various embodiments, the system may process, using a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline (e.g., COVE, Jenkins, RevUP, Bogie, Hyperloop), the first test results by performing at least one CI/CD process of various CI/CD processes based on the first test results. In one or more embodiments, the various CI/CD processes may include one or more of: updating a central code base of an enterprise production environment (e.g., a corporate network, educational network, data center network, government network, military network, or backbone network), rejecting at least one code snippet processed by the test engine during execution of the first test configuration (e.g., by deletion, quarantine, sandboxing, or black-holing), and marking the first test results as inconclusive. In another aspect, the disclosed technology may also include a system having one or more processors, a test platform, a production environment executing a central code base (e.g., a corporate network, educational network, data center network, government network, military network, or backbone network), and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, are configured to cause the system to perform various functions. For example, the system may prepare, according to a configuration file (e.g., a JSON Java test file, or a formatted file listing all testSets), a first test configuration for testing a code snippet, the first test configuration optionally including a first selection of one or more test frameworks (e.g., RestAssured, Karate, RubyCucumber, Postman, Mocha, Protractor, Selenium, JMeter, WRK, Hercules, Behave, Puppeteer) on the test platform. In various embodiments the system may execute, using a test engine on the test platform, the first test configuration to produce one or more first test results. Additionally, the system may automatically incorporate, using a CI/CD pipeline (e.g., COVE, Jenkins, RevUP, Bogie, Hyperloop), the first test results into the production environment by updating (e.g., by recompiling, replacing, side-loading, formatting, or re-writing) the central code base to incorporate the code snippet. In yet another aspect, the disclosed technology may also include a system having one or more processors, a CI/CD agent, a CI/CD protocol (e.g., COVE, Jenkins, RevUP, Bogie, Hyperloop), and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, are configured to cause the system to perform various functions. For example, the system may launch, by the CI/CD agent and in accordance with the CI/CD protocol, a test engine and one or more test agents (e.g., functional test agents or performance test agents). In various embodiments, the system may prepare, according to a first test configuration, a first selection of one or more test agents including one or more test frameworks (e.g. RestAssured, Karate, RubyCucumber, Postman, Mocha, Protractor, Selenium, JMeter, WRK, Hercules, Behave, Puppeteer). In one or more embodiments, the system may process, by the test engine and in concert with the first selection of one or more test agents, the first test configuration to produce one or more first test results. Further, the system may generate, using the CI/CD agent and according to the one or more first test results, a second test configuration (e.g., based on a JSON Java test file, or a formatted file listing all testSets). Further features of the disclosed design, and the advantages offered thereby, are explained in greater detail hereinafter with reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are indicated be like reference designators.

11281696

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Planning systems typically utilize a large multidimensional data space for representing complex systems or organizations. The data space can easily include billions of cells requiring calculations. Formulas for calculating cell values include references to other cell values, creating a complex network of references. Despite this high level of complexity, it is desirable for planning systems to be interactive tools that produce computation results very quickly, creating a problem when too many computations are required. Often, the time to perform all the computations required for the planning system is significant and too long for interactive use.

11422381

BACKGROUND Field This disclosure relates generally to a coherently combined fiber laser amplifier system and, more particularly, to a coherently combined fiber laser amplifier system including a beam shaper array assembly having spaced apart beam shaper arrays, where one of the beam shaper arrays includes close-packed tiled beam shaper cells that each convert a round Gaussian or other low fill factor beam to a high fill factor beam and the other beam shaper array also includes close-packed tiled beam shaper cells that each stop the expansion of one of the high fill factor beams, while minimizing lost power due to clipping. Discussion High power laser amplifiers have many applications, including industrial, commercial, military, etc. Designers of laser amplifiers are continuously investigating ways to increase the power of the laser amplifier for these and other applications. One known type of laser amplifier is a fiber laser amplifier that employs a doped fiber that receives a seed beam and a pump beam that amplifies the seed beam and generates the high power laser beam, where the fiber has an active core diameter of about 10-20 μm or larger. Fiber laser amplifiers are useful as energy sources for directed energy weapons because of their high efficiency, high power scalability and excellent beam quality. Improvements in fiber laser amplifier designs have increased the output power of the fiber amplifier to approach its practical power and beam quality limit. To further increase the output power some fiber laser systems employ multiple fiber laser amplifiers that combine the amplified beams in some fashion to generate higher powers. A design challenge for fiber laser amplifier systems of this type, especially those employed in directed energy weapons that direct a high energy beam on a target, is to combine the beams from a plurality of fiber amplifiers in a manner so that the beams provide a single beam output having a uniform phase over the beam diameter such that the beam can be focused to a small focal spot. Focusing the combined beam to a small spot at a long distance (far-field) defines the quality of the beam. There are two approaches to scaling beam combiner laser weapons systems to higher powers. One approach is known as spectral beam combining (SBC), where multiple lasers of different wavelengths are combined on a diffraction grating or other dispersive optic into a single beam. The other approach is known as coherent beam combining (CBC), where multiple mutually coherent lasers are locked in phase with one another and combined into a single beam either by overlapping in the near field using a beam splitter, or by tiling side by side to form a composite beam, a configuration that is colloquially referred to as a “phased array”. Of the different beam combining approaches, the phased array approach is unique in that it provides added utility beyond simply higher power with good beam quality. By changing the relative phases (“piston”) between the side-by-side laser tiles, a composite wavefront across the tiled beam can be synthesized. This synthesized wavefront can provide either high speed beam steering by applying a linear phase ramp across the array elements, or more generally can compensate any downstream wavefront aberration by imposing the conjugate wavefront on the composite tiled beam. This can enable aim-point maintenance on a high speed moving target despite high platform jitter, and can also enable the formation of a near diffraction limited spot on a distant target despite large intervening atmospheric turbulence and aero-optic aberrations. In this regard, the capability is essentially similar to that of a beam control system using a traditional deformable mirror (DM), but without the need for DM hardware and with orders of magnitude faster actuation capability. DMs are typically limited in their actuation speed to acoustic-class (multi-kHz) speeds due to the need to physically deform a mirror surface, while phased array pistons can be actuated at GHz-class speeds using commercially fiber-coupled waveguide electro-optic modulators. These high speeds can be desirable for active compensation of rapidly varying wavefront disturbances, particularly those arising from aero-optic effects on moving air platforms. It is desirable in these types of fiber array amplifiers to provide an array of fiber beams having a high spatial fill factor, which for flat-top beams is defined as the fraction of the combined beam area occupied by the high power beams. For the case of beams with non-flat-top profiles, the fill factor can be more generally defined as 1-σp2/(4P2), where P is the average laser intensity and σp2is the variance of the laser intensity across the combined beam area. The fiber beam emitters in these systems emit a beam typically having a round near-Gaussian profile, although other non-Gaussian profiles are possible, and the beams are arranged in an array next to each other. The fiber beams are then collimated by collimating optics, where spaces between the beams cause optical power to be generated in spatial sidelobes that are likely to be off-target in the far-field. Therefore, it is desirable to fill the entire aperture of the telescope that projects the combined beam on the target by increasing the fill factor to obtain the smallest possible spot in the far-field. The known fiber amplifier systems typically employ lenses that collimate the round Gaussian beams to increase the fill factor. However, high fill factor beam arrays whose elements have near-Gaussian profiles exhibit high clipping losses since the wings of the beams are blocked by neighboring elements. Thus, there is a need for beam shaper arrays with higher fill factors and lower clipping losses than is possible using simple lenses and near-Gaussian beams.

11388514

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 119, of German application DE 10 2019 213 809, filed Sep. 11, 2019; the prior application is herewith incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The invention relates to a method for operating a hearing device and to a corresponding hearing device. A hearing device is used to reproduce sounds for a user of the hearing device. To this end, the user wears the hearing device on or in his or her ear. To output sounds, the hearing device has a receiver. In some embodiments, the hearing device also has at least one microphone to pick up sounds from the surroundings and then to output the sounds to the user. The sounds are typically additionally modified by the hearing device in the process, e.g. in order to compensate for a hearing loss in the user. In general, however, a hearing device is understood in the present case to mean not just hearing devices for users with impaired hearing, but also headphones and the like. A hearing device can have for example active noise cancellation, ANC for short, by means of which ambient sounds are cancelled, so that the user of the hearing device perceives his or her surroundings to be quieter than they actually are. However, this regularly leads to the user also selecting his or her voice volume when speaking to be correspondingly low, so that he or she is more difficult for interlocutors to understand, especially on account of the additional ambient sounds. A similar effect can also arise in a hearing device with a beamformer if ambient sounds are masked for the user by means of very narrow focusing of the beamformer. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Against this background, it is an object of the invention to improve the intelligibility of a user of a hearing device that has noise cancellation, particularly in loud surroundings. To this end, an improved method for operating a hearing device and a corresponding hearing device are intended to be specified. The object is achieved according to the invention by a method having the features according to the independent method claim and by a hearing device having the features according to the independent device claim. Advantageous embodiments, developments and variants are the subject of the subclaims. The explanations in connection with the method also apply mutatis mutandis to the hearing device, and vice versa. The method is used for operating a hearing device. The hearing device is operated in specific surroundings, which are also referred to as present surroundings, at a given time. These surroundings are primarily characterized by ambient sounds, i.e. the sounds in the vicinity of the user, e.g. background sound, other human beings, machine or plant sounds and the like, but specifically possibly also noise. Any sounds are also referred to as sound signals. To output possibly modified ambient sounds to the user, the hearing device has a receiver. The receiver, when used as intended, is inserted into an ear of the user, for example, or is worn on or behind the ear, the output sounds then being directed into the ear e.g. via a sound tube of the hearing device. In the present case, noise cancellation of the hearing device is activated, so that ambient sounds, specifically noise, are reduced for a user of the hearing device, i.e. the level of the sounds is decreased. The ambient sounds pass by the hearing device into the auditory canal of the user, for example, specifically pass by an earmold of the hearing device, and are therefore inherently not picked up and output again by the hearing device, but rather bypass the hearing device. The hearing device accordingly has noise cancellation, which is also expediently able to be switched on and off and, depending on requirements, is automatically or manually activable or activated by the user, in particular in the presence of noise. The noise cancellation preferably distinguishes between interference, for example background sounds, noise and the like, and wanted sounds, for example voice or music, and is in a form such that interference is reduced in comparison with wanted sounds. The method involves a desired value for the voice volume of the user being determined for the present surroundings. The desired value is also referred to as desired volume and indicates that level that is preferably reached by the user in the present surroundings in order to ensure adequate intelligibility, in particular for other people in the surroundings and specifically for interlocutors of the user. The desired value selected and used in specific surroundings is ascertained either as part of the method or outside of the method in a separate calibration method and then e.g. stored in a memory of the hearing device and retrieved by the hearing device when required. The desired value is preferably user-specific and is then determined individually for the applicable user, so that different desired values may be obtained for different users. Further, the method involves an actual value for the voice volume, i.e. an actual volume, of the user being measured. This is accomplished by using a microphone, which is in particular a part of the hearing device. In other words: the voice of the user is picked up by means of the microphone, and the level of the voice is then measured. The actual value therefore indicates by and large how loudly the user is actually speaking. If the actual value is lower than the desired value, the hearing device takes a measure to prompt the user to speak more loudly. However, it is fundamentally left to the user himself or herself to also react appropriately to the measure, that is to say to actually also speak more loudly and thereby to match the actual value to the desired value. It is initially sufficient for the measure to be fundamentally suitable for consciously or unconsciously prompting the user to increase his or her voice volume relative to the present voice volume. It is accordingly essential to the method that it is detected when the user is speaking too softly and that the hearing device reacts thereto, whereas the actual measure as a reaction to speaking too softly is initially unimportant. It is accordingly a core concept of the invention in particular to initially compare the actual value and the desired value in order to establish whether the user of the hearing device is speaking too softly for the present surroundings. If this is the case, an attempt is then made to prompt the user to speak more loudly by means of a suitable measure. This advantageously at least partially compensates for the effect of a reduced voice volume on account of noise cancellation. This significantly improves the intelligibility of the user for interlocutors of the user in particularly loud environments, since the voice volume of the user is optimally matched to the present surroundings despite the noise cancellation. Use of the method is appropriate specifically when the noise cancellation is switched on, since the effect of softer speaking arises predominantly in this case. The matching of the voice volume is undertaken by the user himself or herself, either consciously or unconsciously, i.e. the hearing device itself contributes to increasing the voice volume not directly, but rather merely indirectly by using the measure to prompt the user to effect such an increase in the voice volume. Various measures are fundamentally suitable for this purpose, a few particularly preferred instances of which are described more specifically below. Fundamentally, the method therefore contains three steps. A first step involves the desired value being determined, i.e. the present surroundings of the user are examined and the voice volume of the user that is necessary in order to render the user intelligible in the present surroundings is ascertained. In other words: an examination of the surroundings is performed with the aim of determining a desired volume for the user. This involves, in a suitable embodiment, the volume of ambient sounds, specifically preferably noise, being measured and then taken into consideration. In other words: the level of the ambient sounds is used to characterize the present surroundings. In a particularly suitable embodiment, this is accomplished by measuring the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR for short, of the voice of the user in relation to the ambient sounds. The SNR thus then indicates the volume of the ambient sounds relative to the voice volume of the user. Alternatively or additionally, an embodiment in which the surroundings are classified by means of a classifier, i.e. are assigned to a class, and the desired value is then determined by selecting the desired value on the basis of the class is also suitable. A second step involves the present voice volume of the user being determined, i.e. the actual value. This expediently involves own voice detection, OVD for short, being used, i.e. own voice detection is used to selectively isolate the user's own voice and then to determine the volume of the voice, that is to say the voice volume, particularly reliably. The own voice detection is in particular a part of the hearing device. The first and second steps can be carried out in any order and also simultaneously, and in each case either as a one-off or recurrently. A third step involves the actual value and the desired value being taken as a basis for taking a measure that prompts, to be more precise: is intended to prompt, the user to increase the actual volume so as to bring himself or herself closer to or to reach the desired volume. In particular, this is accomplished by forming the difference between the desired value and the actual value and then taking this difference as a basis for prompting or not prompting the measure. Accordingly, in a manner of speaking automatic control is implemented in which the voice volume of the user is a controlled variable and in which, on the basis of the difference between the actual and desired volumes, the measure outputs a manipulated variable in order to influence the user and hence the controlled variable. The method is preferably performed in a conversation situation in which the user is alternately speaking with one or more other people. In those phases in which the user himself or herself is speaking, the actual value is then expediently measured and then immediately or later compared with the desired value in order to trigger the measure if necessary. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the noise cancellation is active noise cancellation, also referred to as ANC for short. When the active noise cancellation is switched on, the ambient sounds are picked up by a microphone of the hearing device and compensated for by the noise cancellation by means of additional anti-sounds such that the ambient sounds are reduced in the perception of the user, that is to say have a decreased level. Expediently, the noise cancellation for the ambient sounds distinguishes between noise, which is attenuated, and wanted sounds, which are not attenuated or at least attenuated less relative to the noise. As an alternative or in addition to active noise cancellation, a beamformer is also suitable as noise cancellation, which, by focusing on a subsector of the surroundings, reduces or masks out such ambient sounds as are outside the subsector. In this respect, a distinction is drawn here between noise signals and wanted signals, in particular on the basis of the direction from which the respective ambient sound comes. Preferably, the desired value is determined, using a function, on the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio, namely on the basis of the actual volume of the user in relation to the volume of the ambient sounds. The signal-to-noise ratio is also referred to simply as SNR for short and indicates the ratio of the level of the user's own voice to the level of the ambient sounds. The function is in a form such that a higher desired value is used as the SNR decreases, i.e. in particular also as the volume of the ambient sounds increases. The volume of the ambient sounds is expediently measured in such phases in which the user himself or herself is not speaking. It is alternatively possible and suitable to measure while the user is speaking, in which case the user's own voice is attenuated or filtered out accordingly. The desired value for the present surroundings is therefore determined by virtue of the SNR of the present surroundings being ascertained, for which purpose in particular the actual value and the volume of the ambient sounds are measured, and by virtue of the function also being used to calculate the desired value for the ascertained SNR or to look up said desired value in a database. The function is accordingly expediently stored as a computation rule or as a table in a memory in particular of the hearing device. By and large, the desired value is therefore selected, depending on the surroundings, such that the level of the user's own voice in comparison with the level of the ambient sounds is taken into consideration when determining the desired value. The louder the user's own voice in comparison with the surroundings, the less requirement there is to take the measure. Accordingly, the function is in a form such that a higher desired value is determined and therefore prespecified for a lower SNR, so that the user is thus also intended to speak more loudly in louder surroundings. Preferably, the function is in the form of a Lombard increase curve. The Lombard increase curve is user-dependent and indicates for the respective user how the voice volume of said user behaves as a function of the SNR if no noise cancellation is activated. In other words: the Lombard increase curve indicates the individual, natural matching of the voice volume to the volume of the ambient sounds. In a particularly preferred embodiment, above a limit SNR (i.e. limit signal-to-noise ratio) the desired value used is a quiescent value that corresponds to an average voice volume of the user in quiet surroundings, and below the limit SNR the desired value is determined from the quiescent value using the function. The function is then therefore used to determine the desired value only if the surroundings have a specific minimum volume relative to the voice volume of the user. It is assumed that below this minimum volume and hence above the limit SNR the ambient sounds are so soft that the user speaks at his or her average voice volume in quiet surroundings and that this is then also adequate for these surroundings. The limit SNR accordingly defines two ranges, namely a soft range above the limit SNR and a loud range below the limit SNR, so that all surroundings are thus distributed over two types, as it were, namely quiet and loud surroundings. In the soft range, i.e. for quiet surroundings, the average voice volume of the user in quiet surroundings is adequate, which means that there is no need for measures to correct the voice volume and such a measure is also not taken. It is assumed that the user speaks at his or her average voice volume. The desired value used is accordingly the quiescent value, as it were, to which the actual value then usually also corresponds, which means that there is no need for a measure. In the loud range, i.e. in loud surroundings, on the other hand, the average voice volume of the user in quiet surroundings is not adequate to be heard sufficiently in the correspondingly loud surroundings, since the noise cancellation is preferably activated in loud surroundings, which means that there is then the risk of the user speaking too softly, this being checked by measuring the actual value and comparing it with the desired value. If the user is actually speaking too softly, the applicable measure is taken. In the loud range, it also holds in particular that as the surroundings become louder a higher voice volume is also needed, which means that the function increases accordingly in this range as the SNR becomes lower, and thus an ever higher voice volume of the user is demanded. The quiescent value is user-dependent and is therefore expediently individually prespecified for the user and, to this end, measured in a suitable manner. Moreover, in particular the limit SNR is dependent on the quiescent value, since the higher the quiescent value the louder the ambient sounds can be without a measure to prompt louder speaking needing to be taken. Accordingly, the limit SNR is also user-dependent. Depending on the user, the loud range is then sometimes reached for different SNRs. In a two-dimensional graph of the desired value as a function of the SNR the quiescent value then results in a horizontal curve in the soft range for high SNRs, whereas in the loud range it then results in a curve that rises toward lower SNRs, which sets out from the quiescent value, as a result of which the quiescent value thus by and large forms a minimum. Since the function may also be user-dependent, the limit SNR is then accordingly also dependent on the function. In general, however, the limit SNR is obtained in particular as a point of intersection between the quiescent value and the function, namely as that SNR at which the desired value, which is prespecified using the function, exceeds the quiescent value, that is to say if the average voice volume in quiet surroundings corresponds to the voice volume that is at least necessary. Expediently, a soft transition at the point of intersection is in a form such that the measure is absolutely not taken abruptly when the limit SNR is reached or exceeded, but rather the measure is taken much more gradually with increasing intensity, beginning with arrival at or a drop below the limit SNR or already a little, e.g. 3 dB, above the limit SNR. In this way, the soft and loud ranges are then not distinctly separate from one another, but rather there is a crossfade between the two ranges, which is more agreeable for the user. It is fundamentally possible to simply prespecify the desired value and, to this end, depending on the embodiment, to prespecify particularly the function, the quiescent value or both. Preferably, however, the desired value is measured individually for the user before or during operation of the hearing device. This has the advantage that the individual voice characteristic of the user is automatically taken into consideration as well. By way of example, not every user also speaks at the same volume for given ambient sounds. Such a difference is then advantageously taken into consideration by measuring the desired value. The desired value is measured either by means of the hearing device itself or separately therefrom in a calibration method, e.g. using a measurement system configured in a suitable manner therefor, e.g. by an audiologist. Essentially, the desired value does not necessarily have to be measured during the method; instead, it is sufficient for the desired value to be determined during the method and, to this end, to be e.g. calculated or looked up in a database on the basis of the present surroundings. Expediently, a calibration method is performed in advance of actual use in a fitting session for adjusting the hearing device to suit the user, the calibration method involving the desired value initially being measured, i.e. particularly the function or the quiescent value or both, depending on the embodiment. Preferably, the quiescent value is measured as an average voice volume of the user in quiet surroundings. Quiet surroundings are understood to mean in particular surroundings with a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 10 dB. The average voice volume is then calculated as a mean value from multiple measurements of the voice volume in quiet surroundings. In a suitable embodiment, the quiescent value is measured during operation of the hearing device, in particular continuously or recurrently at regular intervals. In general, but specifically when the quiescent value is measured during operation, own voice detection is advantageously used in order to ensure that the volume of the user's own voice is actually determined and the measurement is not distorted by alien voices. The own voice detection is accordingly in a form in particular such that it highlights the user's own voice in comparison with other ambient sounds. Preferably, the function is measured in advance of regular operation of the hearing device and in a calibration method e.g. during a fitting session and is then e.g. stored in the hearing device for later determination of the desired value during operation. The Lombard increase curve is measured for example by virtue of the user being played ambient sounds at different volume by means of headphones and the voice volume of the user being measured during this. In a preferred embodiment, the surroundings are classified by means of a classifier and assigned to a class, and the desired value is determined by virtue of said desired value being selected on the basis of the class. The classifier is in particular a part of the hearing device. The classifier in particular analyzes the ambient sounds and determines the class therefrom, e.g. own voice, alien voice, voice in quiet surroundings, voice with noise, music, only noise or the like. The desired value associated with a respective class is expediently stored in a memory and is then retrieved by the hearing device and used. Expediently, the classifier is configured to classify the present surroundings either as loud or quiet surroundings, so that the desired value is then determined in loud surroundings using the function as described and corresponds to the quiescent value in quiet surroundings. In a preferred embodiment, the actual value is determined by virtue of the voice volume being measured by means of an external microphone of the hearing device and in an own voice phase, in which the user himself or herself is speaking. The external microphone, when the hearing device is used as intended, is arranged outside the ear canal of the user and regularly accommodated in a housing of the hearing device. The housing is worn on, in or behind the ear. The external microphone is preferably used during operation of the hearing device to pick up the ambient sounds for the purpose of amplification and output to the user. The embodiment with an external microphone and measurement of the actual value during an own voice phase is based on the consideration that the level of the user's own voice, that is to say the actual value, can be measured particularly reliably in such an own voice phase. Expediently, this involves own voice detection being used, which reduces all other sounds apart from the user's own voice and hence increases the accuracy of the measurement of the actual value. In particular, the own voice phase is also detected by means of own voice detection. The own voice detection is in particular a part of the hearing device. In a preferred embodiment, the actual value is determined by virtue of the voice volume being measured by means of an internal microphone of the hearing device in the ear canal of the user. An internal microphone is also referred to as a structure-borne sound microphone and has the advantage that, in contrast to an external microphone, it picks up the user's own sounds, above all the voice of the user, in amplified fashion. As a result, an internal microphone is particularly suited to accurate measurement of the actual value. A combination with own voice detection as described in connection with an external microphone above is also advantageous in this instance. Insofar as the desired value is measured, the same microphone is expediently used for this as for measuring the actual value. In addition to the measurement of the actual value, a background level is expediently also measured, i.e. the volume of the ambient sounds, preferably outside an own voice phase. Preferably, an average background level is measured by virtue of the background level being averaged over time. As was already indicated earlier on, various measures are suitable for prompting the user to increase the voice volume. A few particularly advantageous measures are described more precisely below. In a suitable embodiment, multiple instances of the measures are combined with one another. In an advantageous embodiment, the measure contains the user's own voice being output to said user at reduced volume. The voice of the user is processed by the hearing device in the same way as all other ambient sounds and amplified on the basis of a prespecified gain profile. In order to prompt the user to speak more loudly, the user's own voice is output more softly than would be usual on the basis of the actual gain profile for the user. In particular the volume of his or her own voice is reduced relative to the ambient sounds. This is based on the observation that one's own voice volume is normally adjusted by any speaker on the basis of the perception of his or her own voice volume, that is to say that the voice that is heard usually serves as feedback for adjusting the voice volume. If it is difficult to hear oneself, it can be assumed that other people can also hear one only with difficulty. This individual feedback mechanism is then used to prompt the user to increase his or her voice volume, possibly even unconsciously. The user's own voice is expediently output to the user correspondingly more softly as the difference between the desired value and the actual value increases. To reduce the volume of the user's own voice, for example a spatial filter is placed in the speaking direction of the user, which means that ambient sounds from the speaking direction, i.e. primarily the user's own voice, are thus output to the user with less intensity than ambient sounds from other directions. Spatial filtering of the mouth area of the user is particularly expedient, which means that an interlocutor in front of the user particularly does not become softer but rather as far as possible just the user's own voice has its volume reduced. The spatial filtering is preferably implemented by means of beamforming, i.e. by means of directional processing of the sounds that are picked up by the hearing device. Sounds from the mouth area of the user are reduced by a directional filter placed in the mouth area. The directional filter is also referred to as a “spatial notch”. In an advantageous embodiment, the measure contains the noise cancellation being reduced or deactivated. Suitably, detection of a conversation situation, e.g. by means of a classifier as already described, results in the noise cancellation being automatically reduced or deactivated. In general, the ambient sounds are then thus rejected to a lesser extent or no longer at all, which means that, by making use of the feedback mechanism described above, the user independently increases the voice volume in order to adapt himself or herself to the now subjectively louder ambient sounds. Expediently, the noise cancellation is reduced to a correspondingly greater extent as the difference between the desired value and the actual value increases. So as not to completely relinquish the effect of noise cancellation particularly in loud surroundings, the noise cancellation is expediently not reduced or deactivated as a whole, but rather merely selectively for one or more frequency ranges, so that maximum effective noise cancellation then continues to take place in the remaining frequency ranges. In an advantageous embodiment, the measure comprises the hearing device itself, or indirectly via an external device, outputting advice to the user that the user is speaking too softly. The external device is e.g. a smartphone coupled to the hearing device via a data connection. The measure accordingly contains the output of advice or the transmission of an applicable command to the external device to output advice. The advice is for example visual, audible or haptic advice, e.g. a vibration, a text message or a light signal. Whether the user heeds the advice is left to the user himself or herself, however; instead, what is relevant is that the user is actively informed about his or her excessively low voice volume in some form. In the long term, this even possibly results in a learning effect such that the user automatically speaks more loudly when noise cancellation is active, and a measure by the hearing device is then no longer necessary. In an advantageous embodiment, the measure comprises the hearing device outputting a psychoacoustic additional sound to the user. The additional sound is output to the user in particular via a receiver of the hearing device. This is based on the consideration of, as an alternative to the already described passing of already existing ambient sounds or the reduction of the user's own voice, additionally producing a sound that subjectively increases the volume of the ambient sounds in the present surroundings for the user in comparison with the actual volume. Expediently, the additional sound is output at a level that is selected and set on the basis of the difference between the desired value and the actual value. The psychoacoustic additional sound is distinguished in particular by virtue of it producing a subliminal, that is to say subjectively unperceived, sensation of loudness. The psychoacoustic additional sound is in a form in particular such that it is not sensed as a nuisance by the user per se but still contributes to the loudness perceived by the user, which means that the user then speaks more loudly than without the additional sound in accordance with the aforementioned feedback mechanism. Suitable psychoacoustic additional sounds are for example single or combined low-frequency tones, i.e. in particular sound signals at a frequency of below 20 Hz, i.e. such tones that are not consciously heard but still contribute to the sound pressure and hence to the perceived volume. A suitable psychoacoustic additional sound is likewise modulated noise, e.g. white noise or pink noise, which is likewise typically not perceived as a nuisance and also does not adversely influence speech intelligibility. A hearing device according to the invention has a control unit, also referred to as a controller. The control unit is configured to perform a method as described above. Preferably, the control unit is accommodated in a housing of the hearing device, and the housing is worn by the user on, in or behind the ear when the hearing device is used as intended. The noise cancellation and, if present, the own voice detection and the classifier are each implemented by an applicable computing unit, the respective computing units each expediently being integrated in the control unit of the hearing device. The hearing device is preferably a hearing device for compensating for a hearing deficiency in the user, i.e. the hearing device is configured to modify the ambient sounds in order to counteract the hearing deficiency. To this end, the ambient sounds are typically amplified by means of an amplification unit of the hearing device or frequency-shifted by means of a compressor of the hearing device, or a combination of these. The modification is effected on the basis of frequency, in particular. The amplification unit and the compressor are in particular parts of the control unit. Essentially, the concepts described are also, conversely, analogously applicable to a situation in which the user speaks too loudly and is then intended to be prompted by a suitable measure to speak more softly. In an expedient embodiment, the hearing device accordingly takes a measure to prompt the user to speak more softly if the actual value is higher than a second desired value, which is in particular above the desired value described hitherto, which is then a first desired value. The first and second desired values therefore define three ranges, namely a first range in which the user speaks too softly, a second range in which the speaking volume of the user is neither too soft nor too loud, and a third range in which the user speaks too loudly. Depending on the range that the actual value is in, the hearing device then performs a suitable measure in order to prompt the user to adapt his voice volume accordingly. The measures already cited can analogously also be applied to the case in which a speaker is too loud. By way of example, the user then has his own voice output more loudly. Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a method for operating a hearing device, and a hearing device, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

11419777

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not Applicable STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the medical field, and more specifically to an apparatus and method for traction positioning for arthroscopic surgery and other joint distraction procedures. 2. Background of Related Art Arthroscopy is an orthopaedic surgical procedure on joints in which examination and treatment is performed using an endoscope that is inserted through a small incision. Arthroscopy is frequently used for the knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, foot, and hip. Arthroscopy and other joint distraction procedures are commonly performed using a traction boom device. These devices typically use a rope and pulley system that connects to a surgery patient and pulls on and positions the patient in a manner that allows proper examination and treatment of the affected area of the body. Existing traction boom devices require weights or sandbags to position surgery patients, which have several limitations and issues. For example, using traction device weights necessitates spending time, space, and other resources locating and storing the weights. At times, nurses and other support staff must leave the operating room in the middle of a procedure to locate more weights. The weights can be heavy and must be lifted in order to connect them onto the traction boom device, thereby risking injury to nurses and support staff. The use of weights with traction boom devices also make it difficult to control and measure the amount of tension applied to the surgery patient. Existing traction boom devices attach to the long side of operating tables, which creates other issues and limitations. For example, placement on the long side of the operating table requires removal and relocation of the traction boom device to the opposite side of the operating table during contralateral procedures. The traction boom device's location on the long side of the operating table can also interfere with safely moving patients between the operating table and the pre-operative or post-operative gurney, which requires removal of the device from the operating table prior to moving the patient onto and off the operating table. The present invention improves these problems by using a hand gripped tension adjustment device that incrementally adjusts the tension in a traction rope, without the use of weights or sandbags, giving the operator better control over the amount of tension applied to the surgery patient. A tension gauge and display allow for precise measurements in the tension. The present invention also attaches to the end of the operating table thereby eliminating the need to detach the traction boom device during contralateral procedures and prior to moving the surgery patient onto and off the operating table. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention discloses a surgical traction system for use in arthroscopic surgery or other joint distraction procedures. Unlike the prior art, the present invention does not require the use of weights and attaches to the short end of an operating table. The surgical traction system has a surgical table, bracket assembly, boom structure, tension adjustment device, and traction rope. The bracket assembly comprising of a base arm and two side arms mounts onto a short side wall of the surgical table. The boom structure comprising of a boom arm and support leg mounts onto the bracket assembly. A first guide member is connected to a first end of the boom arm and a second end of the boom arm is hingeably connected to a second guide member with a hinge pin. The second guide member is fixably connected to the support leg. The hinge pin allows the boom arm to rotate in a plane that is coplanar or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support leg. The support leg comprises an upper member and lower member. A first gear assembly is positioned at the bottom end of the upper member of the support leg. Activation of the first gear assembly rotates the upper member of the support leg about its longitudinal axis and relative to the lower member of the support leg, which adjusts the position of the first end of the boom arm. A base housing mounts to the bottom end of the lower member of the support leg and a second gear assembly is housed within the base housing. Activation of the second gear assembly will vertically move the lower member of the support leg, which adjusts the height of the boom arm. The tension adjustment device is comprised of a mounting member, first and second friction plates, springs, a tension adjustment lever, a release lever, a cam cleat, and a strain gauge system. The mounting member slidably mounts onto the upper member of the support leg of the boom structure thereby allowing the tension adjustment device to move up and down the support leg. The first friction plate is in frictional contact with the support leg. A camming surface is positioned at the upper end of the tension adjustment lever and bears against the first friction plate and a spring biases the first friction plate against the camming surface. When the tension adjustment lever is activated the camming surface rotates upward and pushes against the first friction plate causing the first friction plate to increase frictional contact with the support leg. The increase in frictional contact causes the first friction plate to grip the support leg and further rotation of the lever and camming surface causes incremental downward movement of the tension adjustment device on the support leg. The second spring of the tension adjustment device biases the second friction plate against the support leg creating frictional contact with the second friction plate and the support leg, which acts to prevent vertical movement of the tension adjustment device along the support leg when the tension adjustment lever is not activated. When the tension adjustment lever is activated, the frictional contact between the second friction plate and support leg is insufficient to prevent the tension adjustment device from moving vertically down the support leg because the force created by the frictional contact between the first friction plate and the support leg overcomes the force created by the frictional contact between the second friction plate and the support leg. Activation of the release lever reduces or eliminates the frictional contact between the second friction plate and the support leg allowing the tension adjustment device to unlock and move freely up and down the support leg when the tension adjustment lever is not activated. The cam cleat mounts to the strain gauge system and is positioned to receive the traction rope. The strain gauge system is attached to the mounting member and consists of a strain gauge, readable display, controller, and power supply. The strain gauge measures the tension in the traction rope. The first guide member, the second guide member, and the cam cleat create a pathway for mounting and connecting the traction rope to the boom structure and tension adjustment device. One end of the traction rope can be attached to a surgery patient. The other end of the traction rope can be attached to the cam cleat. Activation of the tension adjustment lever of the first handle moves the tension adjustment device vertically down the longitudinal axis of the support leg in small increments thereby increasing tension in the traction rope. The increased tension adjusts the positioning of the surgery patient.

11454649

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to an integrated pogo pin for which an integrated housing is possible. BACKGROUND ART Generally, a pogo pin is a component that is widely used not only in an apparatus for testing a semiconductor wafer, an LCD module, an image sensor, a semiconductor package, and the like, but also in various sockets, a connection unit for a battery in a mobile phone, and the like. FIG. 1is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a pogo pin6in the related art. The pogo pin6includes an upper probe tip12, a lower probe tip13, a coil spring14, and a pin body11. The upper probe tip12is a metal body that is brought into contact with an external terminal of an element (for example, a semiconductor package) subject to testing. The lower probe tip13is a metal body that is brought into contact with a contact pad of a test board. The coil spring14is arranged between the upper probe tip12and the lower probe tip13and makes it possible to make elastic contact with each of the upper and lower probe tips12and13. The pin body11accommodates a lower end of the upper probe tip12, an upper end of the lower probe tip13, and the coil spring14. FIG. 2is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a socket30for testing the semiconductor package, which accommodates a plurality of pogo pins6that makes it possible to make electrical connection between an external terminal3aof an element3subject to testing and a contact pad5a(for example, a metal wiring line) of a test board5. As illustrated, with the socket30for testing the semiconductor package, the plurality of pogo pins5are arranged a predetermined distance apart within an insulating body1in order to protect the plurality of pogo pins5against deformation and external physical impact. When performing testing, the upper probe tip12is brought into the external terminal3aof the element2subject to testing, and the lower probe tip13is brought into contact with the contact pad5aof the test board5. The upper probe tip12and the lower probe tip13are elastically supported on the coil spring14within the pogo pin6, and thus the semiconductor package3and the test board5are electrically connected to each other, thereby precisely testing the semiconductor package. With a gradual increase in miniaturization, integration, and high performance of the semiconductor package, there is an increasing need to reduce the size of the pogo pin6for testing the semiconductor package. Specifically, the shorter a distance between each of the external terminals3aof the semiconductor package3, the smaller a diameter of the pogo pin6needs to be. In order to minimize electrical resistance between the semiconductor package and the test board5, there is a need not only to minimize a length of the pogo pin6, but also to decrease a thickness of the insulating body1supporting the pogo pin6. The pogo pin6with a compact structure has a problem of maintaining a state of electrical contact among the upper probe tip12, an external cylindrical body12, and the lower probe tip13and a state of connection between the pogo pin6and the insulating body1. DISCLOSURE Technical Problem An objective of the present disclosure, which was conceived to solve the above-mentioned problem, is to provide a pogo pin configured to possibly minimize an external diameter and a length thereof in such a manner as to find application in large-scale integration and/or high performance. Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a pogo pin with an integrated structure, which is capable of providing the shortest signal path between an upper probe tip and a lower probe tip, minimizing a loss of an electrical signal, and thus improving signal quality. Still another of the present disclosure is to provide a pogo pin with a simple integrated structure, which is capable of being easily manufactured and improving the durability thereof. Technical Solution In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, according to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an integrated pogo pin including: a casing portion rolled up to have a C-shaped cross section; an upper elastic portion extending to a length from a first side surface of the casing portion in a first spiral direction toward an upper-end opening along an inner circumferential surface thereof; an upper probe portion arranged on a non-stationary end of the upper elastic portion and rolled up to a shape of a cylinder in such a manner as to possibly reciprocate upward and downward within the upper-end opening in the casing portion; a lower elastic portion extending to a length from the first side surface of the casing portion in a second spiral direction toward a lower-end opening along the inner circumferential surface thereof; and a lower probe portion arranged on a non-stationary end of the lower elastic portion and rolled up to the shape of the cylinder in such a manner as to possibly reciprocate upward and downward within the lower-end opening in the casing portion, wherein the inner circumferential surface of the casing portion having the C-shaped cross section is positioned a distance away from an outer circumferential surface of the upper probe portion. In the integrated pogo pin, the upper elastic portion may be formed as a lengthwise extending body with a first thickness, and the lower elastic portion may be formed as a lengthwise extending body with a second thickness. In the integrated pogo pin, the second thickness may be smaller than the first thickness. In the integrated pogo pin, a first width of the casing portion may be selectively the same as or greater than a second width of the upper probe portion. The integrated pogo pin may further include one or more protrusions, protruding toward the outside thereof, on an external surface of the casing portion. In the integrated pogo pin, an intersection point of a stationary end of the upper elastic portion and a stationary end of the lower elastic portion may be a point, positioned at a height smaller than half a height of the casing portion, on a first side surface thereof. In the integrated pogo pin, a lower side surface of the upper probe portion may be positioned below an upper side surface of the casing portion, and the upper probe portion reciprocating upward and downward may be configured in such a manner as to deviate from or be separated from an internal space in the casing portion. In the integrated pogo pin, correspondingly, an upper side surface of the lower probe portion may be positioned above a lower side surface of the casing portion, and the lower probe portion reciprocating upward and downward may be configured in such a manner as to deviate from or be separated from the internal space in the casing portion. The integrated pogo pin may be a single component that results from integrally connecting the casing portion, the upper elastic portion, the upper probe portion, the lower elastic portion, and the lower probe portion to each other. Features and advantages of the present disclosure will become further apparent from the following detailed description that is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings. Instead of being interpreted as having an ordinary meaning defined in a dictionary, terms and words used in the present specification and claims should be interpreted as having meanings and concepts that are consistent with the technical idea of the present disclosure, on the principle that an inventor can define terms and concepts to describe his/her invention with reasonable clarity, deliberateness, and precision. Advantageous Effects As described above, according to the present disclosure, an integrated pogo pin capable of shortening a signal path and improving signal quality can be provided. Particularly, according to the present disclosure, there is no need to include a spring-surrounding cylindrical pin body that has been used in the related art. Thus, an external diameter of the integrated pogo pin can be minimized. Accordingly, a plurality of the integrated pogo pins can be arranged in a predetermined pattern in a more compact manner on a large-scale integrated electronic component or the like. According to the present disclosure, the upper probe portion, the lower probe portion, and the casing portion can be formed as a single component, thereby simplifying and streamlining a manufacturing process. Accordingly, the possible mass production of the integrated pogo pins can bring down the manufacturing cost. Furthermore, according to the present disclosure, the casing portion is rolled up to have the C-shaped cross section, in such a manner that the external diameter of the integrated pogo pin can vary with an external force. Thus, it is possible that the integrated pogo pin is easily inserted into and removed from a pin hole in an insulating housing. Moreover, according to the present disclosure, it is possible that an integrated housing, that is, a housing having a single body, accommodates and handles a plurality of the pogo pins that are arranged.

11454955

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 119, of European application Nos. EP 14164027.6, filed Apr. 9, 2014, and EP 14186007.2, filed Sep. 23, 2014; the prior applications are herewith incorporated by reference in their entireties. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process and to a system for controlling a manufacturing plant with an MES system, through the execution of a given workflow meeting given customer requirements. In the world of industrial automation of today, in order to increase competitiveness, manufacturing companies need to simultaneously reduce time-to-market, increase process visibility and production flexibility, optimize forecasting and scheduling, and reduce scrap, stock levels and downtimes; all while ensuring optimal quality and production efficiency across all global facilities. Hence in order to meet these demanding goals, manufacturing companies require an integrated IT infrastructure that helps them in coordinating production on a global scale and, if necessary, in real time. The Manufacturing Execution System (MES) is generally known as the IT layer that integrates the business systems (e.g. ERP) and production control systems. The applicant Siemens Corporation (Siemens Aktiengesellschaft of Munich, Germany) offers a broad range of MES products, under its SIMATIC® product family. As defined by the Manufacturing Enterprise Solutions Association (MESA International), the MES system “is a dynamic information system that drives effective execution of manufacturing operations”, by managing “production operations from point of order release into manufacturing to point of product delivery into finished goods” and by providing “mission critical information about production activities to others across the organization and supply chain via bi-directional communication.” The international standard for developing MES systems is commonly referred as ISA-95 or S95. The functions that an MES system usually includes are resource allocation and status, dispatching production orders, data collection/acquisition, quality management, maintenance management, performance analysis, operations/detail scheduling, document control, labor management, process management and product tracking. Thus, the goal of MES systems developed by software suppliers is to provide manufacturing companies (the customers) with tools for measuring and controlling production activities with the aim of boosting profitability, increasing productivity, improving quality and process performance to manufacturing plants. As used herein, a software application is a set of software components developed by software developers to perform some useful actions within an MES system, e.g. monitoring values coming from plant process or controlling a plant device. Typically, at engineering or configuration time, system engineers or system integrators flexibly customize MES applications according to the specific manufacturing plant requirements. Instead, at runtime, MES applications are utilized by end-users who may be plant operators or line responsible personnel. The system engineers, during the configuration phase, are required to define logics intended as a set of operations that are running on the MES platform in order to control manufacturing plant operations. With the term logics, in the MES field, it is typically meant a set of functionalities or operations executed on the MES system. During configuration, system engineers typically use an application, herein-after called plant designer, to represent the manufacturing plant in a digital manner. In an MES product, having a plant design phase is useful for classifying the physical equipment that will be used in the production logic of the workflow. The plant is modeled through an object oriented architecture where equipment objects are the MES entities virtually representing the equipment pieces of the plant. Moreover, the system engineers are required to define through the plant designer the needed plant logics through workflows or rule of production, where a logic is generically defined as an automated procedure for executing a given operation; e.g., logics for maintenance, automation logics (e.g. through PLCs), logics on the product material, logics for order management, logics for line automation and so on. As used herein, the term workflow means a set of ordered steps for executing a logical operation; where a step may be a logic performing a well-defined task or a call to another workflow. Thus, in known plant modeling techniques, an equipment object is a collector of data without logics. For example, an equipment object may be represented as a record of a database table where each of the record fields represents an equipment property, e.g. status, weight, dimension, temperature and other equipment characteristics. In some known prior art techniques, workflow and business rules can be created but they are distinct entities with respect to the plant and equipment management and thus they are, unfortunately, not organized according to the equipment structure. In some other more advanced prior art techniques, logics can be categorized based on the plant representation, e.g. by adding rules inside equipment objects. This advantageously enables logic characterization but, unfortunately, still has the drawback of not enabling equipment characterization, i.e. characterizing an equipment object with well-known characteristics. Hence, in all the above-mentioned prior art techniques, there is still no connection between the production logics and the equipment objects beyond the mere aggregation and, unfortunately, another main drawback is also that an equipment object cannot be characterized by runtime capabilities. Another drawback is that workflows and rules are good for representing simple logics but, unfortunately, they can become quite burdensome—both to execute and to maintain—in complex cases where a great amount of steps and actions are required. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a process and a system for controlling a manufacturing plant with an MES system which overcomes the above-mentioned and other disadvantages of the heretofore-known devices and methods of this general type and which provides for a process and a system wherein equipment objects are provided with a set of specific characteristics, comprising also functionalities, emulating an Object oriented paradigm. With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a method and a system for controlling a manufacturing plant with an MES system, through the execution of a given workflow meeting given customer requirements. The invention comprising the following steps:a) providing an application for modeling a representation of the manufacturing plant through a set of equipment objects and through at least one workflow, said application hereinafter called plant designer; wherein an equipment object is a collector of information;b) providing a complex entity for expanding the characteristics of an equipment object, such complex entity hereinafter called plugin; the plugin exposing an interface comprising a configuration, a set of property elements, a set of functionality elements;the method further comprising the following steps to be performed at engineering time:c) designing a set of plugins usable by the set of equipment objects;d) for at least one equipment object, associating at least one plugin;e) through the plant designer, defining a given workflow according to given customer requirements, said given workflow comprising at least one interaction with at least one element of at least one plugin associated to an equipment object;the method further comprising the following step to be performed at runtime:f) executing the given workflow and performing the at least one interaction with the at least one element of the at least one plugin of the associated equipment object. In accordance with an added feature of the invention, an equipment object may preferably be a record of a database table. In accordance with an additional feature of the invention, a plugin interface may additionally comprise an event element. In accordance with a further feature of the invention, when a plugin element is a functionality, the interaction is a call to the functionality. In accordance with again an added feature of the invention, when a plugin element is a property, the interaction is an action of assessing the property. In accordance with again an additional feature of the invention, when a plugin element is a property, the interaction is an action of firing the event. With the above and other objects in view there is also provided, in accordance with the invention, a computer program element can be provided, comprising non-transitory computer program code for performing steps according to the above mentioned process when loaded in a digital processor of a computing device. Additionally, a computer program product stored on a computer usable medium can be provided, comprising computer readable program code for causing a computing device to perform the mentioned process. With invention embodiments, it is provided a model for managing equipment objects which conveniently unifies the plant design model with the logic definition model. In accordance with novel embodiments of the invention, equipment entities may be advantageously enriched with logics functionalities which can be called from a workflow. With invention embodiments, equipment objects can be designed with a set of specific capabilities, emulating an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm, where each equipment object has a well-defined set of functionalities. In fact, the plant design enables to enrich the equipment objects by adding plug-in based entities for performing actions on workflow scenarios. Hence, with the plugin executable logic, an equipment object can be seen as a complex object that can be adapted in order to meet a great number of requirements of manufacturing scenario and that can be used in the same way as a real OOP object. With invention embodiments, a set of equipment objects may advantageously be characterized by a given category of exposed functionalities and/or properties, e.g. a set of equipment objects for moving a given material, a set of equipment objects which require maintenance etc. In accordance with preferred features of the invention, the runtime logic and the plant model description defined at engineering time are associated in the same equipment object entities and have the same lifecycle and/or version. For example, a system integrator may first define an equipment object and then a logic through a plugin. Once the plugin is associated to the equipment object, in software upgrades they are dealt together. In addition, the system engineer can develop a standalone module comprising a set of plugins for a specific customer project and she/he can conveniently reuse it in other projects without particular concern about integration and distribution issues. A plugin can be defined independently from a specific equipment object and can be used by several of them. Embodiments of the invention provide advantages in terms of the development process and in terms of work breakdown. In fact, thanks to its flexible level of granularity, from a work organization point of view the plug-in development can be adapted to the project needs. In accordance with a further feature of the invention, plugins may be provided within a coded library which may advantageously be developed in a performing programming language, improving performance and reducing the logic complexity. Hence, software developers and system engineers are enabled to design the plugin functionalities in a programming language, e.g. C#, C++ or JavaScript, in addition to the option of using a high-level design language such as workflows or business rules, which become burdensome when logics are complex and require a great amount of steps and actions. Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims. Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in controlling a manufacturing plant with an MES system, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

11486244

TECHNICAL FIELD This present disclosure relates to determining a mud weight window during wellbore drilling. BACKGROUND During wellbore drilling, drilling mud is used, for example, to provide hydrostatic pressure within the wellbore to prevent incursion of formation fluids into the wellbore during drilling; to provide hydrostatic pressure to prevent collapse of formation rock at the wall of the wellbore; to cool the drill bit; and to flush away drill cuttings. Pressure applied by the drilling mud is monitored and controlled in order to prevent collapse of the formation rock, such as when the drilling mud pressure falls below a collapse threshold, and fracture of the formation rock, such as when the drilling mud pressure exceeds a fracture threshold. SUMMARY Some systems and methods for controlling a drilling mud weight include: drilling a wellbore to determine a rock type of a formation rock and the presence of fractures in the formation rock; selecting a drained solution or undrained solution based on the determined rock type and fracture nature of the formation rock; selecting a poroelastic model or dual-poroelastic model based on whether the formation rock includes fractures; selecting a combined solution based on the selected drained or undrained solution and the selected poroelastic or dual-poroelastic model; determining in-situ stresses, pore pressure, and mechanical properties of the formation rock; applying wellbore trajectory parameters, the determined in-situ stresses, pore pressure, and mechanical properties of the formation rock to the combined solution to determine effective stresses; calculating a mud weight window by combining the determined effective stresses with a shear failure criterion and a tensile failure criterion; and controlling a weight of mud used in a drilling operation based on the mud weight window. Some computer-implemented methods performed by one or more processors for automatically controlling a drilling mud weight include the following operations: determining a rock type of a formation rock and the presence of fractures in the formation rock; selecting a drained solution or undrained solution based on the determined rock type and fracture nature of the formation rock; selecting a poroelastic model or dual-poroelastic model based on whether the formation rock includes fractures; selecting a combined solution based on the selected drained or undrained solution and the selected poroelastic or dual-poroelastic model; determining in-situ stresses, pore pressure, and mechanical properties of the formation rock; applying wellbore trajectory parameters, the determined in-situ stresses, pore pressure, and mechanical properties of the formation rock to the combined solution to determine effective stresses; calculating a mud weight window by combining the determined effective stresses with a shear failure criterion and a tensile failure criterion; and controlling a weight of mud used in a drilling operation based on the mud weight window. Embodiments of these systems and methods can include one or more of the following features. In some embodiments, selecting a drained solution or undrained solution based on the determined rock type and fracture nature of the formation rock comprises selecting a drained solution when the rock type of the formation rock is determined to be a conventional rock type. In some embodiments, selecting a drained solution or undrained solution based on the determined rock type and fracture nature of the formation rock comprises selecting an undrained solution when the rock type of the formation rock is determined to be an unconventional rock type. In some embodiments, selecting a poroelastic model or dual-poroelastic model based on whether the formation rock includes fractures comprises selecting the poroelastic model when fractures are determined to be absent from the formation rock. In some embodiments, selecting a poroelastic model or dual-poroelastic model based on whether the formation rock includes fractures comprises selecting the dual-poroelastic model when fractures are determined to be present in the formation rock. In some embodiments, calculating a mud weight window by combining the determined effective stresses with a shear failure criterion and a tensile failure criterion comprises calculating a time-dependent mud weight window. In some cases, calculating a time-dependent mud weight window comprises using the Drucker-Prager criterion to determine the time-dependent mud weight window. The details of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

11355893

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based on and claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-185002 filed on Sep. 26, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a terminal crimping device and a terminal crimping method which crimp and connect a terminal fitting to an end of an electric wire. BACKGROUND In manufacturing wire harnesses, there is a crimping process of crimping terminal fittings to ends of electric wires using a crimping machine installed on a working table (for example, refer to JP-H06-223646). As the crimping machine used in this crimping process, a multi-crimping device is known which includes a plurality of pairs of anvils and crimpers corresponding to a plurality of types of terminal fittings, moves the selected pair of anvil and crimper to a common crimping position, and crimps a terminal fitting which is a processing target to an electric wire (for example, refer to JP-A-2005-135822 and JP-A-H10-012349). SUMMARY Incidentally, the terminal fittings fed to the crimping machine of the related art are generally fed from a reel wound in a state of a chain terminal. For this reason, when various types of terminal fittings are crimped to the electric wires, a feeder or a reel for feeding the terminal fittings should be installed for each type of terminal fitting, resulting in an increase in size of the device. One or more embodiments of the present invention have been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a terminal crimping device and a terminal crimping method capable of crimping a plurality of terminal fittings, and furthermore making the device small. One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a terminal crimping device defined in the following items (1) and (2). (1) A terminal crimping device for crimping a terminal fitting disposed at a crimping position to an electric wire, the terminal crimping device including: an anvil disposed below the crimping position; a crimper disposed above the crimping position; a pressing mechanism configured to press down the crimper to crimp the terminal fitting to the electric wire using the anvil and the crimper; and a terminal feeding mechanism configured to feed the terminal fitting to the crimping position, wherein a terminal magazine in which a plurality of terminal holders configured to respectively hold various types of the terminal fittings are arranged is detachably installed on the terminal feeding mechanism, and wherein the terminal feeding mechanism moves the terminal magazine to convey the terminal fittings held on the terminal holders to the crimping position. (2) The terminal crimping device according to (1) above including: a multi-applicator including a plurality of pairs, each of the pairs including the anvil and the crimper, configured to crimp a plurality of types of the terminal fittings to the electric wires, wherein the multi-applicator is configured such that the pair of anvil and crimper corresponding to the terminal fitting fed to the crimping position is selected to be disposed at the crimping position. According to the terminal crimping device having the above configuration (1), the terminal magazine in which the various terminal fittings are held on the plurality of terminal holders is mounted on the terminal feeding mechanism, and thereby the various terminal fittings held on the terminal holders are conveyed to the crimping position and are sequentially crimped to the electric wires. Therefore, there is no need to install a plurality of feeders for feeding the terminal fittings and a plurality of reels around which a chain terminal is wound for each type of terminal fittings, so that the terminal crimping device can be reduced in size, and an installation space can be reduced. According to the terminal crimping device having the above configuration (2), among the plurality of pairs of anvils and crimpers provided in the multi-applicator, the pair of anvil and crimper corresponding to each of the terminal fittings to be crimped is selected, and each of the terminal fittings fed to the crimping position is crimped to the electric wire by the selected anvil and crimper. Therefore, the plurality of types of terminal fittings can be rapidly crimped to the electric wires, and productivity and quality can be improved even in the production of many kinds in small quantities. One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a terminal crimping method defined in the following item (3). (3) A terminal crimping method including: holding a terminal fitting to be crimped to an electric wire on at least one terminal holder mounted in a terminal magazine; moving the terminal magazine in which the terminal fitting is held on the terminal holder toward a crimping position along a terminal conveying direction; and clamping an electric wire connecting part of the terminal fitting disposed at the crimping position on an end of the electric wire from which a conductor is exposed with a pair of anvil and crimper. According to the terminal crimping method of (3) above, the terminal magazine in which the various terminal fittings are held on the plurality of terminal holders is moved to the crimping position, and thereby the terminal fittings are sequentially crimped to the electric wires. Therefore, there is no need to install a plurality of feeders for feeding the terminal fittings and a plurality of reels around which a chain terminal is wound for each type of terminal fittings, so that the terminal crimping device can be reduced in size, and an installation space can be reduced. According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to provide a terminal crimping device and a terminal crimping method capable of crimping a plurality of terminal fittings, and furthermore making the device small. One or more embodiments of the present invention have been briefly described above. Further, a detailed embodiment of the invention is described below with reference to the attached drawings, and thereby details will be further clarified.

11472029

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to path shaping robotic systems, including systems for robotic band interconnection and disconnection. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There are many cases in which physical devices are used in a variety of settings involving groups of people and/or objects, such as in the formation of posts and lines to demark crowd control areas or permitted pathways for movement. These provide regions which may be fluid, and tend to require manpower to continually reconfigure them. The posts themselves provide opportunities for gathering/inferring/presenting/rendering/conveying information which may be optical, visual, or otherwise. Robotic devices of this sort may serve a variety of purposes in both gathering/inferring/presenting/rendering/conveying information and demarking areas. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A preferred robotic semantic system may include one or more smart posts each having a base (which may optionally include a plurality of wheels or casters in the case of a mobile smart post), a power section, a trunk section, a structure fixation and manipulation portion, a control section, a clipping area, a portion supporting one or more antennas, and an optical sensor portion. Other modules may be incorporated with such smart posts including a copter module (e.g. for aerial transportation) and a display module (e.g. for providing semantic augmentation). In one example of the invention, the smart post includes all or a subset of the components listed above in a manner in which they are integrated into a generally unified structure, such as a single pole or post having a hollow center and in which the listed components are attached or inserted into the post. In other versions, the components described above are generally assembled separately, such that they are produced as modules which are joined together to form the post. Thus, each of the above sections or regions or portions may be separately formed modules which are joined together, or may be separate portions of a unitary post or similar structure. In the discussion which follows, for the sake of simplicity each of the foregoing will be referred to as a module; it should be understood, however, that the same description applies to other embodiments in which the module is a portion or section of the smart post, and not necessarily a discrete module. It is to be understood that the post may use any number of modules of any type. In an example, a post may comprise multiple power modules and/or multiple antenna elements modules and/or multiple cameras modules. One example of the invention includes a semantic robotic system comprising a plurality of communicatively coupled devices which use a plurality of semantic routes and rules and variable semantic coherent inferences based on such routes and rules to allow the devices to perform semantic augmentation. In some versions, the devices comprise semantic posts. In some preferred versions, the devices comprise autonomous robotic carriers. In some examples of the invention, the devices comprise semantic composable modules. In preferred versions of the invention, the devices comprise semantic units. In some versions, the semantic system includes a semantic gate. In some examples, the semantic system comprises a semantic cyber unit. In a preferred implementation of the invention, the semantic posts implement crowd control. In one example, the semantic posts implement guiding lanes. In some examples, the semantic units perform signal conditioning. In some versions of the invention, the signal conditioning is based on semantic wave conditioning, preferably based on semantic gating. In some examples, the system performs video processing. In some examples of the invention, the system performs semantic augmentation on video artifacts. In preferred versions, the system may form semantic groups of posts and physically connect them through physical movement of the semantic posts motor components. Preferably, the system uses concern factors in order to determine coherent inferences. In some examples, the system forms a semantic group based on semantic resonance. Preferably, the system invalidates a semantic group based on semantic decoherence. In some examples, the system performs semantic learning based on the inference of semantic resonance. In some versions, the system performs semantic learning based on the inference of semantic decoherence. Preferably, the system learns semantic rules based on semantic resonance. In preferred versions, the system learns damping factor rules. Preferably, the system learns semantic gating rules. In some examples, the system learns a hysteresis factor based on semantic analysis. In preferred versions, the system performs semantic augmentation using a variety of augmentation modalities. In some examples, the system performs semantic augmentation comprising semantic displaying. Preferably, the system performs semantic augmentation on particular devices based on ad-hoc semantic coupling. In some examples, the system performs semantic augmentation based on challenges and/or inputs. In some examples, the system performs semantic encryption. In some examples, the system performs semantic gating based on semantic inferences related to at least one video frame. In preferred versions, the system uses semantic groups to form composite carriers. In some examples, the devices comprise semantic meshes. In some cases, the devices comprise biological sensors. In preferred examples, the biological sensors comprise at least one medical imaging sensor.

11254951

The sequence listing that is contained in the file named “CRVCP0155USD1.ST25.txt”, which is 133,755 bytes in size (as measured in Microsoft Windows®) and was created on Aug. 26, 2021, is filed herewith by electronic submission and is incorporated by reference herein. The invention relates to artificial nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame, a 3′-untranslated region element (3′-UTR element) and optionally a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation-signal. The invention relates further to a vector comprising a 3′-UTR element, to a cell comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector and to a kit comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector and/or the pharmaceutical composition, preferably for use in the field of gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. Gene therapy and genetic vaccination belong to the most promising and quickly developing methods of modern medicine. They may provide highly specific and individual options for therapy of a large variety of diseases. Particularly, inherited genetic diseases but also autoimmune diseases, cancerous or tumour-related diseases as well as inflammatory diseases may be the subject of such treatment approaches. Also, it is envisaged to prevent early onset of such diseases by these approaches. The main conceptual rational behind gene therapy is appropriate modulation of impaired gene expression associated with pathological conditions of specific diseases. Pathologically altered gene expression may result in lack or overproduction of essential gene products, for example, signalling factors such as hormones, housekeeping factors, metabolic enzymes, structural proteins or the like. Altered gene expression may not only be due to mis-regulation of transcription and/or translation, but also due to mutations within the ORF coding for a particular protein. Pathological mutations may be caused by e.g. chromosomal aberration, or by more specific mutations, such as point or frame-shift-mutations, all of them resulting in limited functionality and, potentially, total loss of function of the gene product. However, misregulation of transcription or translation may also occur, if mutations affect genes encoding proteins which are involved in the transcriptional or translational machinery of the cell. Such mutations may lead to pathological up- or down-regulation of genes which are—as such—functional. Genes encoding gene products which exert such regulating functions, may be, e.g., transcription factors, signal receptors, messenger proteins or the like. However, loss of function of such genes encoding regulatory proteins may, under certain circumstances, be reversed by artificial introduction of other factors acting further downstream of the impaired gene product. Such gene defects may also be compensated by gene therapy via substitution of the affected gene itself. Genetic vaccination allows evoking a desired immune response to selected antigens, such as characteristic components of bacterial surfaces, viral particles, tumour antigens or the like. Generally, vaccination is one of the pivotal achievements of modern medicine. However, effective vaccines are currently available only for a limited number of diseases. Accordingly, infections that are not preventable by vaccination still affect millions of people every year. Commonly, vaccines may be subdivided into “first”, “second” and “third” generation vaccines. “First generation” vaccines are, typically, whole-organism vaccines. They are based on either live and attenuated or killed pathogens, e.g. viruses, bacteria or the like. The major drawback of live and attenuated vaccines is the risk for a reversion to life-threatening variants. Thus, although attenuated, such pathogens may still intrinsically bear unpredictable risks. Killed pathogens may not be as effective as desired for generating a specific immune response. In order to minimize these risks, “second generation” vaccines were developed. These are, typically, subunit vaccines, consisting of defined antigens or recombinant protein components which are derived from pathogens. Genetic vaccines, i.e. vaccines for genetic vaccination, are usually understood as “third generation” vaccines. They are typically composed of genetically engineered nucleic acid molecules which allow expression of peptide or protein (antigen) fragments characteristic for a pathogen or a tumor antigen in vivo. Genetic vaccines are expressed upon administration to a patient after uptake by target cells. Expression of the administered nucleic acids results in production of the encoded proteins. In the event these proteins are recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system, an immune response is triggered. As can be seen from the above, both methods, gene therapy and genetic vaccination, are essentially based on the administration of nucleic acid molecules to a patient and subsequent transcription and/or translation of the encoded genetic information. Alternatively, genetic vaccination or gene therapy may also comprise methods which include isolation of specific body cells from a patient to be treated, subsequent ex vivo transfection of such cells, and re-administration of the treated cells to the patient. DNA as well as RNA may be used as nucleic acid molecules for administration in the context of gene therapy or genetic vaccination. DNA is known to be relatively stable and easy to handle. However, the use of DNA bears the risk of undesired insertion of the administered DNA-fragments into the patient's genome potentially resulting mutagenic events such as in loss of function of the impaired genes. As a further risk, the undesired generation of anti-DNA antibodies has emerged. Another drawback is the limited expression level of the encoded peptide or protein that is achievable upon DNA administration because the DNA must enter the nucleus in order to be transcribed before the resulting mRNA can be translated. Among other reasons, the expression level of the administered DNA will be dependent on the presence of specific transcription factors which regulate DNA transcription. In the absence of such factors, DNA transcription will not yield satisfying amounts of RNA. As a result, the level of translated peptide or protein obtained is limited. By using RNA instead of DNA for gene therapy or genetic vaccination, the risk of undesired genomic integration and generation of anti-DNA antibodies is minimized or avoided. However, RNA is considered to be a rather unstable molecular species which may readily be degraded by ubiquitous RNAses. In vivo, RNA degradation contributes to the regulation of the RNA half-life time. That effect was considered and proven to fine tune the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression (Friedel et al., 2009. Conserved principles of mammalian transcriptional regulation revealed by RNA half-life, Nucleic Acid Research 37(17): 1-12). Accordingly, each naturally occurring mRNA has its individual half-life depending on the gene from which the mRNA is derived and in which cell type it is expressed. It contributes to the regulation of the expression level of this gene. Unstable RNAs are important to realize transient gene expression at distinct points in time. However, long-lived RNAs may be associated with accumulation of distinct proteins or continuous expression of genes. In vivo, the half-life of mRNAs may also be dependent on environmental factors, such as hormonal treatment, as has been shown, e.g., for insulin-like growth factor I, actin, and albumin mRNA (Johnson et al., Newly synthesized RNA: Simultaneous measurement in intact cells of transcription rates and RNA stability of insulin-like growth factor I, actin, and albumin in growth hormone-stimulated hepatocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 88, pp. 5287-5291, 1991). For gene therapy and genetic vaccination, usually stable RNA is desired. This is, on the one hand, due to the fact that it is usually desired that the product encoded by the RNA sequence accumulates in vivo. On the other hand, the RNA has to maintain its structural and functional integrity when prepared for a suitable dosage form, in the course of its storage, and when administered. Thus, efforts were made to provide stable RNA molecules for gene therapy or genetic vaccination in order to prevent them from being subject to early degradation or decay. It has been reported that the G/C-content of nucleic acid molecules may influence their stability. Thus, nucleic acids comprising an increased amount of guanine (G) and/or cytosine (C) residues may be functionally more stable than nucleic acids containing a large amount of adenine (A) and thymine (T) or uracil (U) nucleotides. In this context, WO02/098443 provides a pharmaceutical composition containing an mRNA that is stabilised by sequence modifications in the coding region. Such a sequence modification takes advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code. Accordingly, codons which contain a less favourable combination of nucleotides (less favourable in terms of RNA stability) may be substituted by alternative codons without altering the encoded amino acid sequence. This method of RNA stabilization is limited by the provisions of the specific nucleotide sequence of each single RNA molecule which is not allowed to leave the space of the desired amino acid sequence. Also, that approach is restricted to coding regions of the RNA. As an alternative option for mRNA stabilisation, it has been found that naturally occurring eukaryotic mRNA molecules contain characteristic stabilising elements. For example, they may comprise so-called untranslated regions (UTR) at their 5′-end (5′-UTR) and/or at their 3′-end (3′-UTR) as well as other structural features, such as a 5′-cap structure or a 3′-poly(A) tail. Both, 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR are typically transcribed from the genomic DNA and are, thus, an element of the premature mRNA. Characteristic structural features of mature mRNA, such as the 5′-cap and the 3′-poly(A) tail (also called poly(A) tail or poly(A) sequence) are usually added to the transcribed (premature) mRNA during mRNA processing. A 3′-poly(A) tail is typically a monotonous sequence stretch of adenosine nucleotides added to the 3′-end of the transcribed mRNA. It may comprise up to about 400 adenosine nucleotides. It was found that the length of such a 3′-poly(A) tail is a potentially critical element for the stability of the individual mRNA. Also, it was shown that the 3′-UTR of α-globin mRNA may be an important factor for the well-known stability of α-globin mRNA (Rodgers et al., Regulated α-globin mRNA decay is a cytoplasmic event proceeding through 3′-to-5′ exosome-dependent decapping, RNA, 8, pp. 1526-1537, 2002). The 3′-UTR of α-globin mRNA is apparently involved in the formation of a specific ribonucleoprotein-complex, the α-complex, whose presence correlates with mRNA stability in vitro (Wang et al., An mRNA stability complex functions with poly(A)-binding protein to stabilize mRNA in vitro, Molecular and Cellular biology, Vol 19, No. 7, July 1999, p. 4552-4560). An interesting regulatory function has further been demonstrated for the UTRs in ribosomal protein mRNAs: while the 5′-UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs controls the growth-associated translation of the mRNA, the stringency of that regulation is conferred by the respective 3′-UTR in ribosomal protein mRNAs (Ledda et al., Effect of the 3′-UTR length on the translational regulation of 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine mRNAs, Gene, Vol. 344, 2005, p. 213-220). This mechanism contributes to the specific expression pattern of ribosomal proteins, which are typically transcribed in a constant manner so that some ribosomal protein mRNAs such as ribosomal protein S9 or ribosomal protein L32 are referred to as housekeeping genes (Janovick-Guretzky et al., Housekeeping Gene Expression in Bovine Liver is Affected by Physiological State, Feed Intake, and Dietary Treatment, J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 90, 2007, p. 2246-2252). The growth-associated expression pattern of ribosomal proteins is thus mainly due to regulation on the level of translation. Irrespective of factors influencing mRNA stability, effective translation of the administered nucleic acid molecules by the target cells or tissue is crucial for any approach using nucleic acid molecules for gene therapy or genetic vaccination. As can be seen from the examples cited above, along with the regulation of stability, also translation of the majority of mRNAs is regulated by structural features like UTRs, 5′-cap and 3′-poly(A) tail. In this context, it has been reported that the length of the poly(A) tail may play an important role for translational efficiency as well. Stabilizing 3′-elements, however, may also have an attenuating effect on translation. It is the object of the invention to provide nucleic acid molecules, which may be suitable for application in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. Particularly, it is the object of the invention to provide an mRNA species, which is stabilized against preterm degradation or decay without exhibiting significant functional loss in translational efficiency. It is also an object of the invention to provide an artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an mRNA, which is characterized by enhanced expression of the respective protein encoded by said nucleic acid molecule. One particular object of the invention is the provision of an mRNA, wherein the efficiency of translation of the respective encoded protein is enhanced. Another object of the present invention is to provide nucleic acid molecules coding for such a superior mRNA species, which may be amenable for use in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for use in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. In summary, it is the object of the present invention to provide improved nucleic acid species which overcome the above discussed disadvantages of the prior art by a cost-effective and straight-forward approach. The object underlying the present invention is solved by the claimed subject matter. For the sake of clarity and readability the following definitions are provided. Any technical feature mentioned for these definitions may be read on each and every embodiment of the invention. Additional definitions and explanations may be specifically provided in the context of these embodiments. Adaptive immune response: The adaptive immune response is typically understood to be an antigen-specific response of the immune system. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is usually maintained in the body by “memory cells”. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. In this context, the first step of an adaptive immune response is the activation of naïve antigen-specific T cells or different immune cells able to induce an antigen-specific immune response by antigen-presenting cells. This occurs in the lymphoid tissues and organs through which naïve T cells are constantly passing. The three cell types that may serve as antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Each of these cells has a distinct function in eliciting immune responses. Dendritic cells may take up antigens by phagocytosis and macropinocytosis and may become stimulated by contact with e.g. a foreign antigen to migrate to the local lymphoid tissue, where they differentiate into mature dendritic cells. Macrophages ingest particulate antigens such as bacteria and are induced by infectious agents or other appropriate stimuli to express MHC molecules. The unique ability of B cells to bind and internalize soluble protein antigens via their receptors may also be important to induce T cells. MHC-molecules are, typically, responsible for presentation of an antigen to T-cells. Therein, presenting the antigen on MHC molecules leads to activation of T cells, which induces their proliferation and differentiation into armed effector T cells. The most important function of effector T cells is the killing of infected cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and the activation of macrophages by Th1 cells, which together make up cell-mediated immunity, and the activation of B cells by both Th2 and Th1 cells to produce different classes of antibody, thus driving the humoral immune response. T cells recognize an antigen by their T cell receptors which do not recognize and bind the antigen directly, but instead recognize short peptide fragments e.g. of pathogen-derived protein antigens, e.g. so-called epitopes, which are bound to MHC molecules on the surfaces of other cells. Adaptive immune system: The adaptive immune system is essentially dedicated to eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth. It typically regulates the adaptive immune response by providing the vertebrate immune system with the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens (to generate immunity), and to mount stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered. The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all of the progeny (offspring) of such a cell will then inherit genes encoding the same receptor specificity, including the Memory B cells and Memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived to specific immunity. Adjuvant/adjuvant component: An adjuvant or an adjuvant component in the broadest sense is typically a pharmacological and/or immunological agent that may modify, e.g. enhance, the effect of other agents, such as a drug or vaccine. It is to be interpreted in a broad sense and refers to a broad spectrum of substances. Typically, these substances are able to increase the immunogenicity of antigens. For example, adjuvants may be recognized by the innate immune systems and, e.g., may elicit an innate immune response. “Adjuvants” typically do not elicit an adaptive immune response. Insofar, “adjuvants” do not qualify as antigens. Their mode of action is distinct from the effects triggered by antigens resulting in an adaptive immune response. Antigen: In the context of the present invention “antigen” refers typically to a substance which may be recognized by the immune system, preferably by the adaptive immune system, and is capable of triggering an antigen-specific immune response, e.g. by formation of antibodies and/or antigen-specific T cells as part of an adaptive immune response. Typically, an antigen may be or may comprise a peptide or protein, which may be presented by the MHC to T-cells. In the sense of the present invention an antigen may be the product of translation of a provided nucleic acid molecule, preferably an mRNA as defined herein. In this context, also fragments, variants and derivatives of peptides and proteins comprising at least one epitope are understood as antigens. In the context of the present invention, tumour antigens and pathogenic antigens as defined herein are particularly preferred. Artificial nucleic acid molecule: An artificial nucleic acid molecule may typically be understood to be a nucleic acid molecule, e.g. a DNA or an RNA, that does not occur naturally. In other words, an artificial nucleic acid molecule may be understood as a non-natural nucleic acid molecule. Such nucleic acid molecule may be non-natural due to its individual sequence (which does not occur naturally) and/or due to other modifications, e.g. structural modifications of nucleotides, which do not occur naturally. An artificial nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA molecule, an RNA molecule or a hybrid-molecule comprising DNA and RNA portions. Typically, artificial nucleic acid molecules may be designed and/or generated by genetic engineering methods to correspond to a desired artificial sequence of nucleotides (heterologous sequence). In this context an artificial sequence is usually a sequence that may not occur naturally, i.e. it differs from the wild type sequence by at least one nucleotide. The term “wild type” may be understood as a sequence occurring in nature. Further, the term “artificial nucleic acid molecule” is not restricted to mean “one single molecule” but is, typically, understood to comprise an ensemble of identical molecules. Accordingly, it may relate to a plurality of identical molecules contained in an aliquot. Bicistronic RNA, multicistronic RNA: A bicistronic or multicistronic RNA is typically an RNA, preferably an mRNA, that typically may have two (bicistronic) or more (multicistronic) open reading frames (ORF). An open reading frame in this context is a sequence of codons that is translatable into a peptide or protein. Carrier/polymeric carrier: A carrier in the context of the invention may typically be a compound that facilitates transport and/or complexation of another compound (cargo). A polymeric carrier is typically a carrier that is formed of a polymer. A carrier may be associated to its cargo by covalent or non-covalent interaction. A carrier may transport nucleic acids, e.g. RNA or DNA, to the target cells. The carrier may—for some embodiments—be a cationic component. Cationic component: The term “cationic component” typically refers to a charged molecule, which is positively charged (cation) at a pH value typically from 1 to 9, preferably at a pH value of or below 9 (e.g. from 5 to 9), of or below 8 (e.g. from 5 to 8), of or below 7 (e.g. from 5 to 7), most preferably at a physiological pH, e.g. from 7.3 to 7.4. Accordingly, a cationic component may be any positively charged compound or polymer, preferably a cationic peptide or protein, which is positively charged under physiological conditions, particularly under physiological conditions in vivo. A “cationic peptide or protein” may contain at least one positively charged amino acid, or more than one positively charged amino acid, e.g. selected from Arg, His, Lys or Orn. Accordingly, “polycationic” components are also within the scope exhibiting more than one positive charge under the conditions given. 5′-cap: A 5′-cap is an entity, typically a modified nucleotide entity, which generally “caps” the 5′-end of a mature mRNA. A 5′-cap may typically be formed by a modified nucleotide, particularly by a derivative of a guanine nucleotide. Preferably, the 5′-cap is linked to the 5′-terminus via a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage. A 5′-cap may be methylated, e.g. m7GpppN, wherein N is the terminal 5′ nucleotide of the nucleic acid carrying the 5′-cap, typically the 5′-end of an RNA. Further examples of 5′cap structures include glyceryl, inverted deoxy abasic residue (moiety), 4′,5′ methylene nucleotide, 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide, 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide, L-nucleotides, alpha-nucleotide, modified base nucleotide, threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide, acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide, acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide, acyclic 3,5 dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety, 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety, 1,4-butanediol phosphate, 3′-phosphoramidate, hexylphosphate, aminohexyl phosphate, 3′-phosphate, 3′phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety. Cellular immunity/cellular immune response: Cellular immunity relates typically to the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In more general terms, cellular immunity is not based on antibodies, but on the activation of cells of the immune system. Typically, a cellular immune response may be characterized e.g. by activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are able to induce apoptosis in cells, e.g. specific immune cells like dendritic cells or other cells, displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface. Such cells may be virus-infected or infected with intracellular bacteria, or cancer cells displaying tumor antigens. Further characteristics may be activation of macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens and stimulation of cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses. DNA: DNA is the usual abbreviation for deoxy-ribonucleic acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotides. These nucleotides are usually deoxy-adenosine-monophosphate, deoxy-thymidine-monophosphate, deoxy-guanosine-monophosphate and deoxy-cytidine-monophosphate monomers which are—by themselves—composed of a sugar moiety (deoxyribose), a base moiety and a phosphate moiety, and polymerise by a characteristic backbone structure. The backbone structure is, typically, formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar moiety of the nucleotide, i.e. deoxyribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer. The specific order of the monomers, i.e. the order of the bases linked to the sugar/phosphate-backbone, is called the DNA sequence. DNA may be single stranded or double stranded. In the double stranded form, the nucleotides of the first strand typically hybridize with the nucleotides of the second strand, e.g. by A/T-base-pairing and G/C-base-pairing. Epitope: (also called “antigen determinant”) can be distinguished in T cell epitopes and B cell epitopes. T cell epitopes or parts of the proteins in the context of the present invention may comprise fragments preferably having a length of about 6 to about 20 or even more amino acids, e.g. fragments as processed and presented by MHC class I molecules, preferably having a length of about 8 to about 10 amino acids, e.g. 8, 9, or 10, (or even 11, or 12 amino acids), or fragments as processed and presented by MHC class II molecules, preferably having a length of about 13 or more amino acids, e.g. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or even more amino acids, wherein these fragments may be selected from any part of the amino acid sequence. These fragments are typically recognized by T cells in form of a complex consisting of the peptide fragment and an MHC molecule, i.e. the fragments are typically not recognized in their native form. B cell epitopes are typically fragments located on the outer surface of (native) protein or peptide antigens as defined herein, preferably having 5 to 15 amino acids, more preferably having 5 to 12 amino acids, even more preferably having 6 to 9 amino acids, which may be recognized by antibodies, i.e. in their native form. Such epitopes of proteins or peptides may furthermore be selected from any of the herein mentioned variants of such proteins or peptides. In this context antigenic determinants can be conformational or discontinuous epitopes which are composed of segments of the proteins or peptides as defined herein that are discontinuous in the amino acid sequence of the proteins or peptides as defined herein but are brought together in the three-dimensional structure or continuous or linear epitopes which are composed of a single polypeptide chain. Fragment of a sequence: A fragment of a sequence may typically be a shorter portion of a full-length sequence of e.g. a nucleic acid molecule or an amino acid sequence. Accordingly, a fragment, typically, consists of a sequence that is identical to the corresponding stretch within the full-length sequence. A preferred fragment of a sequence in the context of the present invention, consists of a continuous stretch of entities, such as nucleotides or amino acids corresponding to a continuous stretch of entities in the molecule the fragment is derived from, which represents at least 5%, 10%, 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, and most preferably at least 80% of the total (i.e. full-length) molecule from which the fragment is derived. G/C modified: A G/C-modified nucleic acid may typically be a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, based on a modified wild-type sequence comprising a preferably increased number of guanosine and/or cytosine nucleotides as compared to the wild-type sequence. Such an increased number may be generated by substitution of codons containing adenosine or thymidine nucleotides by codons containing guanosine or cytosine nucleotides. If the enriched G/C content occurs in a coding region of DNA or RNA, it makes use of the degeneracy of the genetic code. Accordingly, the codon substitutions preferably do not alter the encoded amino acid residues, but exclusively increase the G/C content of the nucleic acid molecule. Gene therapy: Gene therapy may typically be understood to mean a treatment of a patient's body or isolated elements of a patient's body, for example isolated tissues/cells, by nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein. It typically may comprise at least one of the steps of a) administration of a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, directly to the patient—by whatever administration route—or in vitro to isolated cells/tissues of the patient, which results in transfection of the patient's cells either in vivo/ex vivo or in vitro; b) transcription and/or translation of the introduced nucleic acid molecule; and optionally c) re-administration of isolated, transfected cells to the patient, if the nucleic acid has not been administered directly to the patient. Genetic vaccination: Genetic vaccination may typically be understood to be vaccination by administration of a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antigen or an immunogen or fragments thereof. The nucleic acid molecule may be administered to a subject's body or to isolated cells of a subject. Upon transfection of certain cells of the body or upon transfection of the isolated cells, the antigen or immunogen may be expressed by those cells and subsequently presented to the immune system, eliciting an adaptive, i.e. antigen-specific immune response. Accordingly, genetic vaccination typically comprises at least one of the steps of a) administration of a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, to a subject, preferably a patient, or to isolated cells of a subject, preferably a patient, which usually results in transfection of the subject's cells either in vivo or in vitro; b) transcription and/or translation of the introduced nucleic acid molecule; and optionally c) re-administration of isolated, transfected cells to the subject, preferably the patient, if the nucleic acid has not been administered directly to the patient. Heterologous sequence: Two sequences are typically understood to be ‘heterologous’ if they are not derivable from the same gene. I.e., although heterologous sequences may be derivable from the same organism, they naturally (in nature) do not occur in the same nucleic acid molecule, such as in the same mRNA. Humoral immunity/humoral immune response: Humoral immunity refers typically to antibody production and optionally to accessory processes accompanying antibody production. A humoral immune response may be typically characterized, e.g., by Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation. Humoral immunity also typically may refer to the effector functions of antibodies, which include pathogen and toxin neutralization, classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination. Immunogen: In the context of the present invention, an immunogen may be typically understood to be a compound that is able to stimulate an immune response. Preferably, an immunogen is a peptide, polypeptide, or protein. In a particularly preferred embodiment, an immunogen in the sense of the present invention is the product of translation of a provided nucleic acid molecule, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein. Typically, an immunogen elicits at least an adaptive immune response. Immunostimulatory composition: In the context of the invention, an immunostimulatory composition may be typically understood to be a composition containing at least one component which is able to induce an immune response or from which a component, which is able to induce an immune response, is derivable. Such immune response may be preferably an innate immune response or a combination of an adaptive and an innate immune response. Preferably, an immunostimulatory composition in the context of the invention contains at least one artificial nucleic acid molecule, more preferably an RNA, for example an mRNA molecule. The immunostimulatory component, such as the mRNA may be complexed with a suitable carrier. Thus, the immunostimulatory composition may comprise an mRNA/carrier-complex. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory composition may comprise an adjuvant and/or a suitable vehicle for the immunostimulatory component, such as the mRNA. Immune response: An immune response may typically be a specific reaction of the adaptive immune system to a particular antigen (so called specific or adaptive immune response) or an unspecific reaction of the innate immune system (so called unspecific or innate immune response), or a combination thereof. Immune system: The immune system may protect organisms from infection. If a pathogen succeeds in passing a physical barrier of an organism and enters this organism, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. If pathogens evade this innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. According to this, the immune system comprises the innate and the adaptive immune system. Each of these two parts typically contains so called humoral and cellular components. Immunostimulatory RNA: An immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA) in the context of the invention may typically be an RNA that is able to induce an innate immune response. It usually does not have an open reading frame and thus does not provide a peptide-antigen or immunogen but elicits an immune response e.g. by binding to a specific kind of Toll-like-receptor (TLR) or other suitable receptors. However, of course also mRNAs having an open reading frame and coding for a peptide/protein may induce an innate immune response and, thus, may be immunostimulatory RNAs. Innate immune system: The innate immune system, also known as non-specific (or unspecific) immune system, typically comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system may recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but unlike the adaptive immune system, it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. The innate immune system may be, e.g., activated by ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or other auxiliary substances such as lipopolysaccharides, TNF-alpha, CD40 ligand, or cytokines, monokines, lymphokines, interleukins or chemokines, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, LT-beta, TNF-alpha, growth factors, and hGH, a ligand of human Toll-like receptor TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, a ligand of murine Toll-like receptor TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12 or TLR13, a ligand of a NOD-like receptor, a ligand of a RIG-I like receptor, an immunostimulatory nucleic acid, an immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA), a CpG-DNA, an antibacterial agent, or an anti-viral agent. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more such substances. Typically, a response of the innate immune system includes recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines; activation of the complement cascade; identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells; activation of the adaptive immune system; and/or acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents. Cloning site: A cloning site is typically understood to be a segment of a nucleic acid molecule, which is suitable for insertion of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame. Insertion may be performed by any molecular biological method known to the one skilled in the art, e.g. by restriction and ligation. A cloning site typically comprises one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites). These one or more restrictions sites may be recognized by restriction enzymes which cleave the DNA at these sites. A cloning site which comprises more than one restriction site may also be termed a multiple cloning site (MCS) or a polylinker. Nucleic acid molecule: A nucleic acid molecule is a molecule comprising, preferably consisting of nucleic acid components. The term nucleic acid molecule preferably refers to DNA or RNA molecules. It is preferably used synonymous with the term “polynucleotide”. Preferably, a nucleic acid molecule is a polymer comprising or consisting of nucleotide monomers, which are covalently linked to each other by phosphodiester-bonds of a sugar/phosphate-backbone. The term “nucleic acid molecule” also encompasses modified nucleic acid molecules, such as base-modified, sugar-modified or backbone-modified etc. DNA or RNA molecules. Open reading frame: An open reading frame (ORF) in the context of the invention may typically be a sequence of several nucleotide triplets, which may be translated into a peptide or protein. An open reading frame preferably contains a start codon, i.e. a combination of three subsequent nucleotides coding usually for the amino acid methionine (ATG), at its 5′-end and a subsequent region, which usually exhibits a length which is a multiple of 3 nucleotides. An ORF is preferably terminated by a stop-codon (e.g., TAA, TAG, TGA). Typically, this is the only stop-codon of the open reading frame. Thus, an open reading frame in the context of the present invention is preferably a nucleotide sequence, consisting of a number of nucleotides that may be divided by three, which starts with a start codon (e.g. ATG) and which preferably terminates with a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TGA, or TAG). The open reading frame may be isolated or it may be incorporated in a longer nucleic acid sequence, for example in a vector or an mRNA. An open reading frame may also be termed “protein coding region”. Peptide: A peptide or polypeptide is typically a polymer of amino acid monomers, linked by peptide bonds. It typically contains less than 50 monomer units. Nevertheless, the term peptide is not a disclaimer for molecules having more than 50 monomer units. Long peptides are also called polypeptides, typically having between 50 and 600 monomeric units. Pharmaceutically effective amount: A pharmaceutically effective amount in the context of the invention is typically understood to be an amount that is sufficient to induce a pharmaceutical effect, such as an immune response, altering a pathological level of an expressed peptide or protein, or substituting a lacking gene product, e.g., in case of a pathological situation. Protein A protein typically comprises one or more peptides or polypeptides. A protein is to typically folded into 3-dimensional form, which may be required for to protein to exert its biological function. Poly(A) sequence: A poly(A) sequence, also called poly(A) tail or 3′-poly(A) tail, is typically understood to be a sequence of adenosine nucleotides, e.g., of up to about 400 adenosine nucleotides, e.g. from about 20 to about 400, preferably from about 50 to about 400, more preferably from about 50 to about 300, even more preferably from about 50 to about 250, most preferably from about 60 to about 250 adenosine nucleotides. A poly(A) sequence is typically located at the 3′end of an mRNA. In the context of the present invention, a poly(A) sequence may be located within an mRNA or any other nucleic acid molecule, such as, e.g., in a vector, for example, in a vector serving as template for the generation of an RNA, preferably an mRNA, e.g., by transcription of the vector. Polyadenylation: Polyadenylation is typically understood to be the addition of a poly(A) sequence to a nucleic acid molecule, such as an RNA molecule, e.g. to a premature mRNA. Polyadenylation may be induced by a so-called polyadenylation signal. This signal is preferably located within a stretch of nucleotides at the 3′-end of a nucleic acid molecule, such as an RNA molecule, to be polyadenylated. A polyadenylation signal typically comprises a hexamer consisting of adenine and uracil/thymine nucleotides, preferably the hexamer sequence AAUAAA. Other sequences, preferably hexamer sequences, are also conceivable. Polyadenylation typically occurs during processing of a pre-mRNA (also called premature-mRNA). Typically, RNA maturation (from pre-mRNA to mature mRNA) comprises the step of polyadenylation. Restriction site: A restriction site, also termed restriction enzyme recognition site, is a nucleotide sequence recognized by a restriction enzyme. A restriction site is typically a short, preferably palindromic nucleotide sequence, e.g. a sequence comprising 4 to 8 nucleotides. A restriction site is preferably specifically recognized by a restriction enzyme. The restriction enzyme typically cleaves a nucleotide sequence comprising a restriction site at this site. In a double-stranded nucleotide sequence, such as a double-stranded DNA sequence, the restriction enzyme typically cuts both strands of the nucleotide sequence. RNA, mRNA: RNA is the usual abbreviation for ribonucleic-acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotides. These nucleotides are usually adenosine-monophosphate, uridine-monophosphate, guanosine-monophosphate and cytidine-monophosphate monomers which are connected to each other along a so-called backbone. The backbone is formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar, i.e. ribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer. The specific succession of the monomers is called the RNA-sequence. Usually RNA may be obtainable by transcription of a DNA-sequence, e.g., inside a cell. In eukaryotic cells, transcription is typically performed inside the nucleus or the mitochondria. In vivo, transcription of DNA usually results in the so-called premature RNA which has to be processed into so-called messenger-RNA, usually abbreviated as mRNA. Processing of the premature RNA, e.g. in eukaryotic organisms, comprises a variety of different posttranscriptional-modifications such as splicing, 5′-capping, polyadenylation, export from the nucleus or the mitochondria and the like. The sum of these processes is also called maturation of RNA. The mature messenger RNA usually provides the nucleotide sequence that may be translated into an amino-acid sequence of a particular peptide or protein. Typically, a mature mRNA comprises a 5′-cap, a 5′-UTR, an open reading frame, a 3′-UTR and a poly(A) sequence. Aside from messenger RNA, several non-coding types of RNA exist which may be involved in regulation of transcription and/or translation. Sequence of a nucleic acid molecule: The sequence of a nucleic acid molecule is typically understood to be the particular and individual order, i.e. the succession of its nucleotides. The sequence of a protein or peptide is typically understood to be the order, i.e. the succession of its amino acids. Sequence identity: Two or more sequences are identical if they exhibit the same length and order of nucleotides or amino acids. The percentage of identity typically describes the extent to which two sequences are identical, i.e. it typically describes the percentage of nucleotides that correspond in their sequence position with identical nucleotides of a reference-sequence. For determination of the degree of identity, the sequences to be compared are considered to exhibit the same length, i.e. the length of the longest sequence of the sequences to be compared. This means that a first sequence consisting of 8 nucleotides is 80% identical to a second sequence consisting of 10 nucleotides comprising the first sequence. In other words, in the context of the present invention, identity of sequences preferably relates to the percentage of nucleotides of a sequence which have the same position in two or more sequences having the same length. Gaps are usually regarded as non-identical positions, irrespective of their actual position in an alignment. Stabilized nucleic acid molecule: A stabilized nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule, preferably a DNA or RNA molecule that is modified such, that it is more stable to disintegration or degradation, e.g., by environmental factors or enzymatic digest, such as by an exo- or endonuclease degradation, than the nucleic acid molecule without the modification. Preferably, a stabilized nucleic acid molecule in the context of the present invention is stabilized in a cell, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. The stabilization effect may also be exerted outside of cells, e.g. in a buffer solution etc., for example, in a manufacturing process for a pharmaceutical composition comprising the stabilized nucleic acid molecule. Transfection: The term “transfection” refers to the introduction of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA (e.g. mRNA) molecules, into cells, preferably into eukaryotic cells. In the context of the present invention, the term “transfection” encompasses any method known to the skilled person for introducing nucleic acid molecules into cells, preferably into eukaryotic cells, such as into mammalian cells. Such methods encompass, for example, electroporation, lipofection, e.g. based on cationic lipids and/or liposomes, calcium phosphate precipitation, nanoparticle based transfection, virus based transfection, or transfection based on cationic polymers, such as DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine etc. Preferably, the introduction is non-viral. Vaccine: A vaccine is typically understood to be a prophylactic or therapeutic material providing at least one antigen, preferably an immunogen. The antigen or immunogen may be derived from any material that is suitable for vaccination. For example, the antigen or immunogen may be derived from a pathogen, such as from bacteria or virus particles etc., or from a tumor or cancerous tissue. The antigen or immunogen stimulates the body's adaptive immune system to provide an adaptive immune response. Vector: The term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule, preferably to an artificial nucleic acid molecule. A vector in the context of the present invention is suitable for incorporating or harboring a desired nucleic acid sequence, such as a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame. Such vectors may be storage vectors, expression vectors, cloning vectors, transfer vectors etc. A storage vector is a vector, which allows the convenient storage of a nucleic acid molecule, for example, of an mRNA molecule. Thus, the vector may comprise a sequence corresponding, e.g., to a desired mRNA sequence or a part thereof, such as a sequence corresponding to the open reading frame and the 3′-UTR of an mRNA. An expression vector may be used for production of expression products such as RNA, e.g. mRNA, or peptides, polypeptides or proteins. For example, an expression vector may comprise sequences needed for transcription of a sequence stretch of the vector, such as a promoter sequence, e.g. an RNA polymerase promoter sequence. A cloning vector is typically a vector that contains a cloning site, which may be used to incorporate nucleic acid sequences into the vector. A cloning vector may be, e.g., a plasmid vector or a bacteriophage vector. A transfer vector may be a vector, which is suitable for transferring nucleic acid molecules into cells or organisms, for example, viral vectors. A vector in the context of the present invention may be, e.g., an RNA vector or a DNA vector. Preferably, a vector is a DNA molecule. Preferably, a vector in the sense of the present application comprises a cloning site, a selection marker, such as an antibiotic resistance factor, and a sequence suitable for multiplication of the vector, such as an origin of replication. Preferably, a vector in the context of the present application is a plasmid vector. Vehicle: A vehicle is typically understood to be a material that is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a compound, such as a pharmaceutically active compound. For example, it may be a physiologically acceptable liquid, which is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a pharmaceutically active compound. 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR): Generally, the term “3′-UTR” refers to a part of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, which is located 3′ (i.e. “downstream”) of an open reading frame and which is not translated into protein. Typically, a 3′-UTR is the part of an mRNA which is located between the protein coding region (open reading frame (ORF) or coding sequence (CDS)) and the poly(A) sequence of the mRNA. In the context of the invention, the term 3′-UTR may also comprise elements, which are not encoded in the template, from which an RNA is transcribed, but which are added after transcription during maturation, e.g. a poly(A) sequence. A 3′-UTR of the mRNA is not translated into an amino acid sequence. The 3′-UTR sequence is generally encoded by the gene, which is transcribed into the respective mRNA during the gene expression process. The genomic sequence is first transcribed into pre-mature mRNA, which comprises optional introns. The pre-mature mRNA is then further processed into mature mRNA in a maturation process. This maturation process comprises the steps of 5′capping, splicing the pre-mature mRNA to excise optional introns and modifications of the 3′-end, such as polyadenylation of the 3′-end of the pre-mature mRNA and optional endo-/or exonuclease cleavages etc. In the context of the present invention, a 3′-UTR corresponds to the sequence of a mature mRNA, which is located between the stop codon of the protein coding region, preferably immediately 3′ to the stop codon of the protein coding region, and the poly(A) sequence of the mRNA. The term “corresponds to” means that the 3′-UTR sequence may be an RNA sequence, such as in the mRNA sequence used for defining the 3′-UTR sequence, or a DNA sequence, which corresponds to such RNA sequence. In the context of the present invention, the term “a 3′-UTR of a gene”, such as “a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene”, is the sequence, which corresponds to the 3′-UTR of the mature mRNA derived from this gene, i.e. the mRNA obtained by transcription of the gene and maturation of the pre-mature mRNA. The term “3′-UTR of a gene” encompasses the DNA sequence and the RNA sequence (both sense and antisense strand and both mature and immature) of the 3′-UTR. 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR): A 5′-UTR is typically understood to be a particular section of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is located 5′ of the open reading frame of the mRNA. Typically, the 5′-UTR starts with the transcriptional start site and ends one nucleotide before the start codon of the open reading frame. The 5′-UTR may comprise elements for controlling gene expression, also called regulatory elements. Such regulatory elements may be, for example, ribosomal binding sites. The 5′-UTR may be post-transcriptionally modified, for example by addition of a 5′-CAP. In the context of the present invention, a 5′-UTR corresponds to the sequence of a mature mRNA, which is located between the 5′-CAP and the start codon. Preferably, the 5′-UTR corresponds to the sequence, which extends from a nucleotide located 3′ to the 5′-CAP, preferably from the nucleotide located immediately 3′ to the 5′-CAP, to a nucleotide located 5′ to the start codon of the protein coding region, preferably to the nucleotide located immediately 5′ to the start codon of the protein coding region. The nucleotide located immediately 3′ to the 5′-CAP of a mature mRNA typically corresponds to the transcriptional start site. The term “corresponds to” means that the 5′-UTR sequence may be an RNA sequence, such as in the mRNA sequence used for defining the 5′-UTR sequence, or a DNA sequence, which corresponds to such RNA sequence. In the context of the present invention, the term “a 5′-UTR of a gene” is the sequence, which corresponds to the 5′-UTR of the mature mRNA derived from this gene, i.e. the mRNA obtained by transcription of the gene and maturation of the pre-mature mRNA. The term “5′-UTR of a gene” encompasses the DNA sequence and the RNA sequence of the 5′-UTR. By the inventive embodiments such a 5′-UTR may be provided 5′-terminal to the ORF. Its length is typically less than 500, 400, 300, 250 or less than 200 nucleotides. In other embodiments its length may be in the range of at least 10, 20, 30 or 40, preferably up to 100 or 150, nucleotides. 5′Terminal Oligopyrimidine Tract (TOP): The 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) is typically a stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides located in the 5′ terminal region of a nucleic acid molecule, such as the 5′ terminal region of certain mRNA molecules or the 5′ terminal region of a functional entity, e.g. the transcribed region, of certain genes. The sequence starts with a cytidine, which usually corresponds to the transcriptional start site, and is followed by a stretch of usually about 3 to 30 pyrimidine nucleotides. For example, the TOP may comprise 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or even more nucleotides. The pyrimidine stretch and thus the 5′ TOP ends one nucleotide 5′ to the first purine nucleotide located downstream of the TOP. Messenger RNA that contains a 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract is often referred to as TOP mRNA. Accordingly, genes that provide such messenger RNAs are referred to as TOP genes. TOP sequences have, for example, been found in genes and mRNAs encoding peptide elongation factors and ribosomal proteins. TOP motif: In the context of the present invention, a TOP motif is a nucleic acid sequence which corresponds to a 5′TOP as defined above. Thus, a TOP motif in the context of the present invention is preferably a stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides having a length of 3-30 nucleotides. Preferably, the TOP-motif consists of at least 3 pyrimidine nucleotides, preferably at least 4 pyrimidine nucleotides, preferably at least 5 pyrimidine nucleotides, more preferably at least 6 nucleotides, more preferably at least 7 nucleotides, most preferably at least 8 pyrimidine nucleotides, wherein the stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides preferably starts at its 5′end with a cytosine nucleotide. In TOP genes and TOP mRNAs, the TOP-motif preferably starts at its 5′end with the transcriptional start site and ends one nucleotide 5′ to the first purin residue in said gene or mRNA. A TOP motif in the sense of the present invention is preferably located at the 5′end of a sequence, which represents a 5′UTR, or at the 5′end of a sequence, which codes for a 5′UTR. Thus, preferably, a stretch of 3 or more pyrimidine nucleotides is called “TOP motif” in the sense of the present invention if this stretch is located at the 5′end of a respective sequence, such as the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, or the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described herein. In other words, a stretch of 3 or more pyrimidine nucleotides, which is not located at the 5′-end of a 5′UTR or a 5′UTR element but anywhere within a 5′UTR or a 5′UTR element, is preferably not referred to as “TOP motif”. TOP gene: TOP genes are typically characterised by the presence of a 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract. Furthermore, most TOP genes are characterized by a growth-associated translational regulation. However, also TOP genes with a tissue specific translational regulation are known. As defined above, the 5′UTR of a TOP gene corresponds to the sequence of a 5′UTR of a mature mRNA derived from a TOP gene, which preferably extends from the nucleotide located 3′ to the 5′-CAP to the nucleotide located 5′ to the start codon. A 5′UTR of a TOP gene typically does not comprise any start codons, preferably no upstream AUGs (uAUGs) or upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Therein, upstream AUGs and upstream open reading frames are typically understood to be AUGs and open reading frames that occur 5′ of the start codon (AUG) of the open reading frame that should be translated. The 5′UTRs of TOP genes are generally rather short. The lengths of 5′UTRs of TOP genes may vary between 20 nucleotides up to 500 nucleotides, and are typically less than about 200 nucleotides, preferably less than about 150 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 100 nucleotides. Exemplary 5′UTRs of TOP genes in the sense of the present invention are the nucleic acid sequences extending from the nucleotide at position 5 to the nucleotide located immediately 5′ to the start codon (e.g. the ATG) in the sequences according to SEQ ID Nos. 1-1363 of the patent application WO2013/143700, whose disclosure is incorporated herewith by reference. In this context, a particularly preferred fragment of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene is a 5′UTR of a TOP gene lacking the 5′TOP motif. The terms “5′UTR of a TOP gene” or “5′-TOP UTR” preferably refer to the 5′UTR of a naturally occurring TOP gene. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprisinga. at least one open reading frame (ORF); andb. at least one 3′-untranslated region element (3′-UTR element) comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. The term “3′-UTR element” refers to a nucleic acid sequence, which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence that is derived from a 3′-UTR or from a variant of a 3′-UTR. A “3′-UTR element” preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which represents a 3′-UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a 3′-UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule. Accordingly, in the sense of the present invention, preferably, a 3′-UTR element may be the 3′-UTR of an mRNA, preferably of an artificial mRNA, or it may be the transcription template for a 3′-UTR of an mRNA. Thus, a 3′-UTR element preferably is a nucleic acid sequence, which corresponds to the 3′-UTR of an mRNA, preferably to the 3′-UTR of an artificial mRNA, such as an mRNA obtained by transcription of a genetically engineered vector construct. Preferably, a 3′-UTR element in the sense of the present invention functions as a 3′-UTR or codes for a nucleotide sequence that fulfils the function of a 3′-UTR. The term “ribosomal protein gene” typically refers to a gene encoding a ribosomal protein. As used herein, the term refers to any ribosomal protein gene, irrespective of the species, from which it is derived. Specifically, the term refers to an eukaryotic ribosomal protein gene. Furthermore, in the context of the invention, the term “ribosomal protein gene” may also refer to a gene, which is similar to a ribosomal protein gene, either structurally or functionally. In particular, the term also comprises “ribosomal protein-like” genes, pseudogenes and genes sharing sequence or structural features, particularly in their 3′-UTR region, with a ribosomal protein gene. Preferably, the term refers to a vertebrate ribosomal protein gene, more preferably to a mammalian ribosomal protein gene, even more preferably to a primate ribosomal protein gene, in particular to a human ribosomal protein gene. Further, the term “ribosomal protein gene” also encompasses a rodent ribosomal protein gene, in particular a murine ribosomal protein gene. Examples of ribosomal protein genes in the meaning of the invention include, but are not limited to, ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9), ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4), ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5), ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6), ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7), ribosomal protein L7a (RPL7A), ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11), ribosomal protein L12 (RPL12), ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13), ribosomal protein L23 (RPL23), ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18), ribosomal protein L18a (RPL18A), ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19), ribosomal protein L21 (RPL21), ribosomal protein L22 (RPL22), ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A), ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17), ribosomal protein L24 (RPL24), ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26), ribosomal protein L27 (RPL27), ribosomal protein L30 (RPL30), ribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A), ribosomal protein L28 (RPL28), ribosomal protein L29 (RPL29), ribosomal protein L31 (RPL31), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A), ribosomal protein L37 (RPL37), ribosomal protein L37a (RPL37A), ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38), ribosomal protein L39 (RPL39), ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0), ribosomal protein, large, P1 (RPLP1), ribosomal protein, large, P2 (RPLP2), ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), ribosomal protein S3A (RPS3A), ribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X), ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1 (RPS4Y1), ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5), ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), ribosomal protein S7 (RPS7), ribosomal protein S8 (RPS8), ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), ribosomal protein S10 (RPS10), ribosomal protein S11 (RPS11), ribosomal protein S12 (RPS12), ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), ribosomal protein S15 (RPS15), ribosomal protein S15a (RPS15A), ribosomal protein S16 (RPS16), ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20), ribosomal protein S21 (RPS21), ribosomal protein S23 (RPS23), ribosomal protein S25 (RPS25), ribosomal protein S26 (RPS26), ribosomal protein S27 (RPS27), ribosomal protein S27a (RPS27a), ribosomal protein S28 (RPS28), ribosomal protein S29 (RPS29), ribosomal protein L15 (RPL15), ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2), ribosomal protein L14 (RPL14), ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14), ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), ribosomal protein L10a (RPL10A), ribosomal protein L35 (RPL35), ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A), ribosomal protein L36 (RPL36), ribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A), ribosomal protein L41 (RPL41), ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8), ribosomal protein L34 (RPL34), ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17), ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 (UBA52), Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV) ubiquitously expressed (FAU), ribosomal protein L22-like 1 (RPL22L1), ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17), ribosomal protein L39-like (RPL39L), ribosomal protein L10-like (RPL10L), ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL), ribosomal protein L3-like (RPL3L), ribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L), ribosomal protein L26-like 1 (RPL26L1), ribosomal protein L7-like 1 (RPL7L1), ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene (RPL13AP), ribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 8 (RPL37AP8), ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5 (RPS10P5), ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 11 (RPS26P11), ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 (RPL39P5), ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 6 (RPLP0P6) and ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 14 (RPL36P14). Preferably, the term “ribosomal protein gene” refers to one of the aforementioned genes, which is derived from a mammalian, preferably fromHomo sapiensorMus musculus. Preferably, the at least one open reading frame and the at least one 3′-UTR element are heterologous. The term “heterologous” in this context means that two sequence elements comprised by the artificial nucleic acid molecule, such as the open reading frame and the 3′-UTR element, are not occurring naturally (in nature) in this combination. Preferably, the 3′-UTR element is derived from a different gene than the open reading frame. For example, the ORF may be derived from a different gene than the 3′-UTR element, e.g. encoding a different protein or the same protein but of a different species etc. Preferably, the open reading frame does not code for a ribosomal protein. In a preferred embodiment, the ORF does not encode a human ribosomal protein or a plant (in particularArabidopsis) ribosomal protein, in particular human ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), human ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL) orArabidopsisribosomal protein S16 (RPS16). In a further preferred embodiment, the open reading frame (ORF) does not encode ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL) or ribosomal protein S16 (RPS16). In specific embodiments it is preferred that the open reading frame does not code for a reporter protein, e.g., selected from the group consisting of globin proteins (particularly beta-globin), luciferase protein, GFP proteins or variants thereof, for example, variants exhibiting at least 70% sequence identity to a globin protein, a luciferase protein, or a GFP protein. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the open reading frame (ORF) does not encode a reporter gene or is not derived from a reporter gene, wherein the reporter gene is preferably not selected from group consisting of globin proteins (particularly beta-globin), luciferase protein, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and GFP proteins or variants thereof, preferably not selected from EGFP, or variants of any of the above genes, typically exhibiting at least 70% sequence identity to any of these reporter genes, preferably to a globin protein, a luciferase protein, or a GFP protein. Even more preferably, the 3′-UTR element is heterologous to any other element comprised in the artificial nucleic acid as defined herein. For example, if the artificial nucleic acid according to the invention comprises a 3′-UTR element from a given gene, it does preferably not comprise any other nucleic acid sequence, in particular no functional nucleic acid sequence (e.g. coding or regulatory sequence element) from the same gene, including its regulatory sequences at the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the gene's ORF. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises an ORF, a 3′-UTR and a 5′-UTR, all of which are heterologous to each other, e.g. they are recombinant as each of them is derived from different genes (and their 5′ and 3′ UTR's). In another preferred embodiment, the 3′-UTR is not derived from a 3′-UTR of a viral gene or is of non-viral origin. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element is functionally linked to the ORF. This means preferably that the 3′-UTR element is associated with the ORF such that it may exert a function, such as an enhancing or stabilizing function on the expression of the encoded peptide or protein or a stabilizing function on the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the ORF and the 3′-UTR element are associated in 5′→3′ direction. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises the structure 5′-ORF-(optional)-linker-3′-UTR element-3′, wherein the linker may be present or absent. For example, the linker may be one or more nucleotides, such as a stretch of 1-50 or 1-20 nucleotides, e.g., comprising or consisting of one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites). Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element comprises a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a eukaryotic ribosomal protein gene, preferably from the 3′-UTR of a vertebrate ribosomal protein gene, more preferably from the 3′-UTR of a mammalian ribosomal protein gene, even more preferably from the 3′-UTR of a primate ribosomal protein gene, in particular of a human ribosomal protein gene, or from the 3′-UTR of a rodent ribosomal protein gene, in particular of a murine ribosomal protein gene. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one 3′-UTR element comprises or corresponds to a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from the 3′-UTR sequence of a transcript selected from the group consisting of NM_000661.4, NM_001024921.2, NM_000967.3, NM_001033853.1, NM_000968.3, NM_000969.3, NM_001024662.1, NM_000970.3, NM_000971.3, NM_000972.2, NM_000975.3, NM_001199802.1, NM_000976.3, NM_000977.3, NM_033251.2, NM_001243130.1, NM_001243131, NM_000978.3, NM_000979.3, NM_001270490.1, NM_000980.3, NM_000981.3, NM_000982.3, NM_000983.3, NM_000984.5, NM_000985.4, NM_001035006.2, NM_001199340.1, NM_001199341.1, NM_001199342.1, NM_001199343.1, NM_001199344.1, NM_001199345.1, NM_000986.3, NM_000987.3, NM_000988.3, NM_000989.3, NM_000990.4, NM_001136134.1, NM_000991.4, NM_001136135.1, NM_001136136.1, NM_001136137.1, NM_000992.2, NM_000993.4, NM_001098577.2, NM_001099693.1, NM_000994.3, NM_001007073.1, NM_001007074.1, NM_000996.2, NM_000997.4, NM_000998.4, NM_000999.3, NM_001035258.1, NM_001000.3, NM_001002.3, NM_053275.3, NM_001003.2, NM_213725.1, NM_001004.3, NM_001005.4, NM_001256802.1, NM_001260506.1, NM_001260507.1, NM_001006.4, NM_001267699.1, NM_001007.4, NM_001008.3, NM_001009.3, NM_001010.2, NM_001011.3, NM_001012.1, NM_001013.3, NM_001203245.2, NM_001014.4, NM_001204091.1, NM_001015.4, NM_001016.3, NM_001017.2, NM_001018.3, NM_001030009.1, NM_001019.4, NM_001020.4, NM_001022.3, NM_001146227.1, NM_001023.3, NM_001024.3, NM_001025.4, NM_001028.2, NM_001029.3, NM_001030.4, NM_002954, NM_001135592.2, NM_001177413.1, NM_001031.4, NM_001032.4, NM_001030001.2, NM_002948.3, NM_001253379.1, NM_001253380.1, NM_001253382.1, NM_001253383.1, NM_001253384.1, NM_002952.3, NM_001034996.2, NM_001025071.1, NM_001025070.1, NM_005617.3, NM_006013.3, NM_001256577.1, NM_001256580.1, NM_007104.4, NM_007209.3, NM_012423.3, NM_001270491.1, NM_033643.2, NM_015414.3, NM_021029.5, NM_001199972.1, NM_021104.1, NM_022551.2, NM_033022.3, NM_001142284.1, NM_001026.4, NM_001142285.1, NM_001142283.1, NM_001142282.1, NM_000973.3, NM_033301.1, NM_000995.3, NM_033625.2, NM_001021.3, NM_002295.4, NM_001012321.1, NM_001033930.1, NM_003333.3, NM_001997.4, NM_001099645.1, NM_001021.3, NM_052969.1, NM_080746.2, NM_001001.4, NM_005061.2, NM_015920.3, NM_016093.2, NM_198486.2, NG_011172.1, NG_011253.1, NG_000952.4, NR_002309.1, NG_010827.2, NG_009952.2, NG_009517.1, NM_052835.3, NM_011287.2, NM_001162933.1, NM_009076.3, NM_009438.5, NM_025974.2, NM_025586.3, NM_001002239.3, NM_009077.2, NM_029751.4, NM_009078.2, NM_019647.6, NM_009079.3, NM_022891.3, NM_024218.4, NM_011975.3, NM_009081.2, NM_009082.2, NM_009083.4, NM_053257.3, ENSMUST00000081840 (NM_172086.2), NM_026724.2, NM_025592.3, NM_025589.4, NM_026069.3, NM_009084, NM_026055.1, NM_026594.2, NM_001163945.1, NM_024212.4, NM_016980.2, NM_011290.5, NM_011291.5, ENSMUST00000102898 (NM_013721.3), NM_025433.3, NM_012053.2, NM_011292.2, NM_007475.5, NM_018853.3, NM_026020.6, NM_025963.3, NM_013725.4, NM_011295.6, NM_020600.4, NM_009091.2, NM_170669.2, NM_013647.2, NM_009092.3, NM_008503.5, NM_026147.5/ENSMUST00000138502, NM_207635.1, NM_024266.3, NM_013765.2, NM_024277.2, NM_026467.3, NM_012052.2, NM_016959.4, ENSMUST00000071745, NM_009095.2, NM_009096.3, NM_011300.3, NM_011029.4, NM_018860.4, NM_001277113.1, NM_001277114.1, NM_001271590.1, NM_007990, NM_025919, NM_016738, NM_026517, NM_207523, NM_009080, NM_011289, NM_013762, NM_021338, NM_018730, NM_019865, NM_023372.2, NM_026533.3, NM_009092, NM_011296, NM_023133, ENSMUST00000059080 (NM_025587.2), NM_024175, NM_027015, NM_016844, NM_009093.2, NM_009094, NM_009098, NM_029767, and NM_019883. The phrase “nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene” preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence, which is based on the 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene or on a fragment or part thereof. This phrase includes sequences corresponding to the entire 3′-UTR sequence, i.e. the full length 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene. Preferably, a fragment of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, which represents at least 5%, 10%, 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. Such a fragment, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment as described herein. Preferably, the fragment retains a regulatory function for the translation of the ORF linked to the 3′-UTR or fragment thereof. The term “3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene” preferably refers to the 3′-UTR of a naturally occurring ribosomal protein gene. The terms “variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene” and “variant thereof” in the context of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene refers to a variant of the 3′-UTR of a naturally occurring ribosomal protein gene, preferably to a variant of the 3′-UTR of a vertebrate ribosomal protein gene, more preferably to a variant of the 3′-UTR of a mammalian ribosomal protein gene, even more preferably to a variant of the 3′-UTR of a primate ribosomal protein gene, in particular a human ribosomal protein gene as described above. Such variant may be a modified 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. For example, a variant 3′-UTR may exhibit one or more nucleotide deletions, insertions, additions and/or substitutions compared to the naturally occurring 3′-UTR from which the variant is derived. Preferably, a variant of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene is at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identical to the naturally occurring 3′-UTR the variant is derived from. Preferably, the variant is a functional variant as described herein. The phrase “a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene” preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is based on a variant of the 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene or on a fragment or part thereof as described above. This phrase includes sequences corresponding to the entire sequence of the variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, i.e. the full length variant 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the variant 3′-UTR sequence of a ribosomal protein gene. Preferably, a fragment of a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. Such a fragment of a variant, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment of a variant as described herein. The terms “functional variant”, “functional fragment”, and “functional fragment of a variant” (also termed “functional variant fragment”) in the context of the present invention, mean that the fragment of the 3′-UTR, the variant of the 3′-UTR, or the fragment of a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene fulfils at least one, preferably more than one function of the naturally occurring 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene of which the variant, the fragment, or the fragment of a variant is derived. Such function may be, for example, stabilizing mRNA and/or enhancing, stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an mRNA and/or increasing protein expression or total protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell. Preferably, the function of the 3′-UTR concerns the translation of the protein encoded by the ORF. More preferably, the function comprises enhancing translation efficiency of the ORF linked to the 3′-UTR or fragment or variant thereof. It is particularly preferred that the variant, the fragment, and the variant fragment in the context of the present invention fulfil the function of stabilizing an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR, and/or the function of enhancing, stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR, and/or the function of increasing protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR. A reference 3′-UTR may be, for example, a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Furthermore, a functional variant, a functional fragment, or a functional variant fragment of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene preferably does not have a substantially diminishing effect on the efficiency of translation of the mRNA which comprises such variant, fragment, or variant fragment of a 3′-UTR compared to the wild type 3′-UTR from which the variant, the fragment, or the variant fragment is derived. A particularly preferred function of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene in the context of the present invention is the enhancement, stabilization and/or prolongation of protein production by expression of an mRNA carrying the functional fragment, functional variant or functional fragment of a variant as described above. Preferably, the efficiency of the one or more functions exerted by the functional variant, the functional fragment, or the functional variant fragment, such as mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing efficiency and/or the protein production increasing efficiency, is increased by at least 5%, more preferably by at least 10%, more preferably by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 30%, more preferably by at least 40%, more preferably by at least 50%, more preferably by at least 60%, even more preferably by at least 70%, even more preferably by at least 80%, most preferably by at least 90% with respect to the mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing efficiency and/or the protein production increasing efficiency exhibited by the naturally occurring 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene from which the variant, the fragment or the variant fragment is derived. In the context of the present invention, a fragment of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or of a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene preferably exhibits a length of at least about 3 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 5 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 70 nucleotides. Preferably, such fragment of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or of a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene is a functional fragment as described above. In a preferred embodiment, the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or a fragment or variant thereof exhibits a length of between 3 and about 500 nucleotides, preferably of between 5 and about 150 nucleotides, more preferably of between 10 and 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of between 15 and 90, most preferably of between 20 and 70. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. increases the stability of an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective nucleic acid (reference nucleic acid) lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective nucleic acid lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention prolongs protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective nucleic acid lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the protein expression and/or total protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective nucleic acid lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention does not negatively influence translational efficiency of an nucleic acid compared to the translational efficiency of a respective nucleic acid lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Even more preferably, the translation efficiency is enhanced by the 3′-UTR in comparison to the translation efficiency of the protein encoded by the respective ORF in its natural context. The term “respective nucleic acid molecule” or “reference nucleic acid molecule” in this context means that—apart from the different 3′-UTRs—the reference nucleic acid molecule is comparable, preferably identical, to the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising the 3′-UTR element. The term “stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production” from an artificial nucleic acid molecule such as an artificial mRNA preferably means that the protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule such as the artificial mRNA is stabilized and/or prolonged compared to the protein production from a reference nucleic acid molecule such as a reference mRNA, e.g. comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR, preferably in a mammalian expression system, such as in HeLa or HDF cells. Thus, protein produced from the artificial nucleic acid molecule such as the artificial mRNA is observable for a longer period of time than what may be seen for a protein produced from a reference nucleic acid molecule. In other words, the amount of protein produced from the artificial nucleic acid molecule such as the artificial mRNA measured over time undercuts a threshold value at a later time point than the amount of protein produced from a reference nucleic acid molecule such as a reference mRNA measured over time. Such a threshold value may be, for example, the amount of protein measured in the initial phase of expression, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hours post initiation of expression, such as post transfection of the nucleic acid molecule. For example, the protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule such as the artificial mRNA—in an amount which is at least the amount observed in the initial phase of expression, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post initiation of expression, such as post transfection of the nucleic acid molecule—is prolonged by at least about 5 hours, preferably by at least about 10 hours, more preferably by at least about 24 hours compared to the protein production from a reference nucleic acid molecule, such as a reference mRNA, in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, e.g. in HeLa or HDF cells. Thus, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention preferably allows for prolonged protein production in an amount which is at least the amount observed in the initial phase of expression, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post initiation of expression, such as post transfection, by at least about 5 hours, preferably by at least about 10 hours, more preferably by at least about 24 hours compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR. In preferred embodiments, the period of protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is extended at least 1.5 fold, preferably at least 2 fold, more preferably at least 2.5 fold compared to the protein production from a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR. This effect of prolonging protein production may be determined by (i) measuring protein amounts, e.g. obtained by expression of an encoded reporter protein such as luciferase, preferably in a mammalian expression system such as in HeLa or HDF cells, over time, (ii) determining the time point at which the protein amount undercuts the amount of protein observed, e.g., at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post initiation of expression, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post transfection of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, and (iii) comparing the time point at which the protein amount undercuts the protein amount observed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours post initiation of expression to said time point determined for a nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR. Preferably, this stabilizing and/or prolonging effect on protein production is achieved, while the total amount of protein produced from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. within a time span of 48 or 72 hours, is at least the amount of protein produced from a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Thus, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule which allows for prolonged and/or stabilized protein production in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, e.g. in HeLa or HDF cells, as specified above, wherein the total amount of protein produced from said artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. within a time span of 48 or 72 hours, is at least the total amount of protein produced, e.g. within said time span, from a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Thus, “stabilized protein expression” preferably means that there is more uniform protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention over a predetermined period of time, such as over 24 hours, more preferably over 48 hours, even more preferably over 72 hours, when compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule, for example, an mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR. Accordingly, the level of protein production, e.g. in a mammalian system, from the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a 3′-UTR element according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, preferably does not drop to the extent observed for a reference nucleic acid molecule, such as a reference mRNA as described above. For example, the amount of a protein (encoded by the ORF) observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 6 hours post transfection of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention into a cell, such as a mammalian cell, may be comparable to the amount of protein observed 48 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 48 hours post transfection. Thus, the ratio of the amount of protein encoded by the ORF, such as of a reporter protein, e.g., luciferase, observed at 48 hours post initiation of expression, e.g. 48 hours post transfection, to the amount of protein observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 6 hours post transfection, is preferably at least about 0.4, more preferably at least about 0.5, more preferably at least about 0.6, even more preferably at least about 0.7. Preferably, the ratio is between about 0.4 and about 4, preferably between about 0.65 and about 3, more preferably between about 0.7 and 2 for a nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. For a respective reference nucleic acid molecule, e.g. an mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR, said ratio may be, e.g. between about 0.05 and about 0.3. Thus, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising an ORF and a 3′-UTR element as described above, wherein the ratio of the (reporter) protein amount, e.g. the amount of luciferase, observed 48 hours after initiation of expression to the (reporter) protein amount observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, preferably in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, e.g. in HeLa cells, is preferably above about 0.4, more preferably above about 0.5, more preferably above about 0.6, even more preferably above about 0.7, e.g. between about 0.4 and about 4, preferably between about 0.65 and about 3, more preferably between about 0.7 and 2, wherein preferably the total amount of protein produced from said artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. within a time span of 48 hours, is at least the total amount of protein produced, e.g. within said time span, from a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising an ORF and a 3′-UTR element as described above, wherein the ratio of the (reporter) protein amount, e.g. the amount of luciferase, observed 72 hours after initiation of expression to the (reporter) protein amount observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, preferably in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, e.g. in HeLa cells, is preferably above about 0.4, more preferably above about 0.5, more preferably above about 0.6, even more preferably above about 0.7, e.g. between about 0.4 and 1.5, preferably between about 0.65 and about 1.15, more preferably between about 0.7 and 1.0, wherein preferably the total amount of protein produced from said artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. within a time span of 72 hours, is at least the total amount of protein produced, e.g. within said time span, from a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. “Increased protein expression” or “enhanced protein expression” in the context of the present invention preferably means an increased/enhanced protein expression at one time point after initiation of expression or an increased/enhanced total amount of expressed protein compared to the expression induced by a reference nucleic acid molecule. Thus, the protein level observed at a certain time point after initiation of expression, e.g. after transfection, of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. after transfection of an mRNA according to the present invention, for example, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 hours post transfection, is preferably higher than the protein level observed at the same time point after initiation of expression, e.g. after transfection, of a reference nucleic acid molecule, such as a reference mRNA comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR. In a preferred embodiment, the maximum amount of protein (as determined e.g. by protein activity or mass) expressed from the artificial nucleic acid molecule is increased with respect to the protein amount expressed from a reference nucleic acid comprising a reference 3′-UTR or lacking a 3′-UTR. Peak expression levels are preferably reached within 48 hours, more preferably within 24 hours and even more preferably within 12 hours after, for instance, transfection. In one embodiment, “increased total protein production” or “enhanced total protein production” from an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention refers to an increased/enhanced protein production over the time span, in which protein is produced from an artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, e.g. in HeLa or HDF cells in comparison to a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR or comprising a reference 3′-UTR. According to a preferred embodiment, the cumulative amount of protein expressed over time is increased when using the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention. According to the invention, an artificial nucleic acid molecule is provided, which is characterized by increased expression of the encoded protein in comparison to a respective nucleic acid molecule lacking the at least one 3′-UTR element or comprising a reference 3′-UTR (“reference nucleic acid”) comprising a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene In order to assess the in vivo protein production by the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule, the expression of the encoded protein is determined following injection/transfection of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule into target cells/tissue and compared to the protein expression induced by the reference nucleic acid. Quantitative methods for determining protein expression are known in the art (e.g. Western-Blot, FACS, ELISA, mass spectometry). Particularly useful in this context is the determination of the expression of reporter proteins like luciferase, Green fluorescent protein (GFP), or secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). Thus, an artificial nucleic acid according to the invention or a reference nucleic acid is introduced into the target tissue or cell, e.g. via transfection or injection. Several hours or several days (e.g. 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 hours) post initiation of expression or post introduction of the nucleic acid molecule, a target cell sample is collected and measured via FACS and/or lysed. Afterwards the lysates can be used to detect the expressed protein (and thus determine the efficiency of protein expression) using several methods, e.g. Western-Blot, FACS, ELISA, mass spectrometry or by fluorescence or luminescence measurement. Therefore, if the protein expression from an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention is compared to the protein expression from a reference nucleic acid molecule at a specific time point (e.g. 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 hours post initiation of expression or post introduction of the nucleic acid molecule), both nucleic acid molecules are introduced separately into target tissue/cells, a sample from the tissue/cells is collected after a specific time point, protein lysates are prepared according to the particular protocol adjusted to the particular detection method (e.g. Western Blot, ELISA, etc. as known in the art) and the protein is detected by the chosen detection method. As an alternative to the measurement of expressed protein amounts in cell lysates—or, in addition to the measurement of protein amounts in cell lysates prior to lysis of the collected cells or using an aliquot in parallel—protein amounts may also be determined by using FACS analysis. If the total amount of protein for a specific time period is to be measured, tissue or cells can be collected after several time points after introduction of the artificial nucleic acid molecule (e.g. 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post initiation of expression or post introduction of the nucleic acid molecule; usually from different test animals), and the protein amount per time point can be determined as explained above. In order to calculate the cumulative protein amount, a mathematical method of determining the total amount of protein can be used, e.g. the area under the curve (AUC) can be determined according to the following formula: A⁢⁢U⁢⁢C=∫ab⁢f⁡(x)⁢⁢d⁡(x) In order to calculate the area under the curve for total amount of protein, the integral of the equation of the expression curve from each end point (a and b) is calculated. Thus, “total protein production” preferably refers to the area under the curve (AUC) representing protein production over time. Said increase in stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, said increase in stability of protein production, said prolongation of protein production and/or said increase/enhancement in protein expression and/or total protein production is preferably determined by comparison with a respective reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 3′-UTR, e.g. an mRNA lacking a 3′-UTR, or a reference nucleic acid molecule comprising a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF as describe above. The mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing effect and efficiency and/or the protein production increasing effect and efficiency of the variants, fragments and/or variant fragments of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene as well as the mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing effect and efficiency and/or the protein production increasing effect and efficiency of the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be determined by any method suitable for this purpose known to skilled person. For example, artificial mRNA molecules may be generated comprising a coding sequence/open reading frame (ORF) for a reporter protein, such as luciferase, and no 3′-UTR, a 3′-UTR derived from a naturally occurring ribosomal protein gene, a 3′-UTR derived from a reference gene (i.e., a reference 3′-UTR, such as a 3′-UTR naturally occurring with the ORF), as 3′-UTR a variant of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, as 3′-UTR a fragment of a naturally occurring ribosomal protein gene, or as 3′-UTR a fragment of a variant of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. Such mRNAs may be generated, for example, by in vitro transcription of respective vectors such as plasmid vectors, e.g. comprising a T7 promoter and a sequence encoding the respective mRNA sequences. The generated mRNA molecules may be transfected into cells by any transfection method suitable for transfecting mRNA, for example they may be electroporated into mammalian cells, such as HELA cells, and samples may be analyzed certain time points after transfection, for example, 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours post transfection. Said samples may be analyzed for mRNA quantities and/or protein quantities by methods well known to the skilled person. For example, the quantities of reporter mRNA present in the cells at the sample time points may be determined by quantitative PCR methods. The quantities of reporter protein encoded by the respective mRNAs may be determined, e.g., by Western Blot, ELISA assays, FACS analysis or reporter assays, such as luciferase assays, depending on the reporter protein used. The effect of stabilizing protein expression and/or prolonging protein expression may be, for example, analyzed by determining the ratio of the protein level observed 48 hours post transfection and the protein level observed 6 hours post transfection. Preferably, the value of that ratio is greater than 1, i.e. the protein expression at the later time point is greater than the protein expression at the earlier time point. If the value for that ratio is lower than 1, the protein is more stable the closer said value is to 1. Such measurements may, of course, also be performed at 72 or more hours and the ratio of the protein level observed 72 hours post transfection and the protein level observed 6 hours post transfection may be determined to determine stability of protein expression. In a preferred embodiment, the 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is derived from the 3′-UTR region of a gene encoding a ribosomal protein, preferably from the 3′-UTR region of ribosomal protein L9 (RPL9), ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4), ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5), ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6), ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7), ribosomal protein L7a (RPL7A), ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11), ribosomal protein L12 (RPL12), ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13), ribosomal protein L23 (RPL23), ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18), ribosomal protein L18a (RPL18A), ribosomal protein L19 (RPL19), ribosomal protein L21 (RPL21), ribosomal protein L22 (RPL22), ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A), ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17), ribosomal protein L24 (RPL24), ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26), ribosomal protein L27 (RPL27), ribosomal protein L30 (RPL30), ribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A), ribosomal protein L28 (RPL28), ribosomal protein L29 (RPL29), ribosomal protein L31 (RPL31), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A), ribosomal protein L37 (RPL37), ribosomal protein L37a (RPL37A), ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38), ribosomal protein L39 (RPL39), ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0), ribosomal protein, large, P1 (RPLP1), ribosomal protein, large, P2 (RPLP2), ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), ribosomal protein S3A (RPS3A), ribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X), ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1 (RPS4Y1), ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5), ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), ribosomal protein S7 (RPS7), ribosomal protein S8 (RPS8), ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), ribosomal protein S10 (RPS10), ribosomal protein S11 (RPS11), ribosomal protein S12 (RPS12), ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), ribosomal protein S15 (RPS15), ribosomal protein S15a (RPS15A), ribosomal protein S16 (RPS16), ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20), ribosomal protein S21 (RPS21), ribosomal protein S23 (RPS23), ribosomal protein S25 (RPS25), ribosomal protein S26 (RPS26), ribosomal protein S27 (RPS27), ribosomal protein S27a (RPS27a), ribosomal protein S28 (RPS28), ribosomal protein S29 (RPS29), ribosomal protein L15 (RPL15), ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2), ribosomal protein L14 (RPL14), ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14), ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), ribosomal protein L10a (RPL10A), ribosomal protein L35 (RPL35), ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A), ribosomal protein L36 (RPL36), ribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A), ribosomal protein L41 (RPL41), ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8), ribosomal protein L34 (RPL34), ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17), ribosomal protein SA (RPSA) or ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17). In an alternative embodiment, the 3′-UTR element may be derived from a gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a gene selected from ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 (UBA52), Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV) ubiquitously expressed (FAU), ribosomal protein L22-like 1 (RPL22L1), ribosomal protein L39-like (RPL39L), ribosomal protein L10-like (RPL10L), ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL), ribosomal protein L3-like (RPL3L), ribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L), ribosomal protein L26-like 1 (RPL26L1), ribosomal protein L7-like 1 (RPL7L1), ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene (RPL13AP), ribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 8 (RPL37AP8), ribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5 (RPS10P5), ribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 11 (RPS26P11), ribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 (RPL39P5), ribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 6 (RPLP0P6) and ribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 14 (RPL36P14). Furthermore, the 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is preferably derived from the 3′-UTR region of a gene selected from the group consisting of ribosomal protein S4-like (RPS41), putative 60S ribosomal protein L13a, putative 60S ribosomal protein L37a-like protein, putative 40S ribosomal protein S10-like, putative 40S ribosomal protein S26-like 1, putative 60S ribosomal protein L39-like 5, or 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0-like. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is derived from the 3′-UTR region of a gene encoding a ribosomal protein, preferably from the 3′-UTR region of ribosomal protein L3 (RPL3), ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11), ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13), ribosomal protein L23 (RPL23), ribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A), ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26), ribosomal protein L27 (RPL27), ribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A), ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38), ribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X), ribosomal protein S8 (RPS8), ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13), ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), ribosomal protein S21 (RPS21), ribosomal protein S23 (RPS23), ribosomal protein S27 (RPS27), ribosomal protein S28 (RPS28), ribosomal protein S29 (RPS29), ribosomal protein L36 (RPL36), ribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A), ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18) or ribosomal protein S17 (RPS17). In another preferred embodiment, the 3′-UTR element may be derived from a gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a gene selected from ubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 (UBA52), Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV) ubiquitously expressed (FAU) and ribosomal protein L22-like 1 (RPL22L1). Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the nucleic acid sequence of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as to the nucleic acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 10 to 115 or the corresponding RNA sequence: Homo sapiensribosomal protein L9 (RPL9)(SEQ ID NO: 10)gatctaagagttacctggctacagaaagaagatgccagatgacacttaagacctacttgtgatatttaaatgatgcaataaaagacctattgatttggaccttcttcttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L3 (RPL3)(SEQ ID NO: 11)tgccaggaacagattttgcagttggtggggtctcaataaaagttattttccactgacHomo sapiensribosomal protein L4 (RPL4)(SEQ ID NO: 12)actataaatttgattattccataaaggtcaaatcattttggacagatcttttgaataaagacctgattatacaggcagtgagaaacatgHomo sapiensribosomal protein L5 (RPL5)(SEQ ID NO: 13)acccagcaattttctatgattttttcagatatagataataaacttatgaacagcaactHomo sapiensribosomal protein L6 (RPL6)(SEQ ID NO: 14)atgtcttaagaacctaattaaatagctgactacHomo sapiensribosomal protein L7 (RPL7)(SEQ ID NO: 15)ggtgtctaccatgattatttttctaagctggttggttaataaacagtacctgctctcaaattgaaatHomo sapiensribosomal protein L7a (RPL7A)(SEQ ID NO: 16)atgtacactgttgagttttctgtacataaaaataattgaaataatacaaattttccttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L11 (RPL11)(SEQ ID NO: 17)attcccgtttctatccaaaagagcaataaaaagttttcagtgaaatgtgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L12 (RPL12)(SEQ ID NO: 18)gcacaaaggaaaacatttcaataaaggatcatttgacaactggtggHomo sapiensribosomal protein L13 (RPL13)(SEQ ID NO: 19)agccctcctggggacttggaatcagtcggcagtcatgctgggtctccacgtggtgtgtttcgtgggaacaactgggcctgggatggggcttcactgctgtgacttcctcctgccaggggatttggggctttcttgaaagacagtccaagccctggataatgctttactttctgtgttgaagcactgttggttgtttggttagtgactgatgtaaaacggttttcttgtggggaggttacagaggctgacttcagagtggacttgtgttttttattttaaagaggcaaggttgggctggtgctcacagctgtaatcccagcactttgaggttggctgggagttcaagaccagcctggccaacatgtcagaactactaaaaataaagaaatcagccatgatggtgctgcacacttgtagttgcagctcctgggaggcagaggtgagggatcacttaacccaggaggcagaggctgcactgagccaggatcacgccactgcactctagcctgggcaacagtgagactgtctcaaaaaaaaaaaaagagacagggtcttcggcacccaggctggagtacagtgccacaatcatggctcactgcagtcttgaactcatggcctcaagcagtcctccctcagcctcccaagtagaggggtttataggcacgagaccctgcacccaacctagagttgcatttttaagcaaagcagtttctagttaatgtagcatcttggactttggggcgtcattcttaagcttgttgtgcccggtaaccatggtcctcttgctctgattaacccttccttcaatgggcttcttcacccagacaccaaggtatgagatggccctgccaagtgtcggcctctcctgttaaacaaaaacattctaaagccattgttcttgcttcatggacaagaggcagccagagagagtgccagggtgccctggtctgagctggcatccccatgtcttctgtgtccgagggcagcatggtttctcgtgcagtgctcagacacagcctgccctagtcctaccagctcacagcagcacctgctctccttggcagctatggccatgacaaccccagagaagcagcttcagggaccgagtcagattctgttttgtctacatgcctctgccgggtgccggtattgaggcacccagggagctgttactggcgtggaaataggtgatgctgctacctctgctgctgcactcacagccacacttgatacacgatgacaccttgatgtttggaaacatctaaacatctagtagatgacttgcaggctgttggctaccagtttcctgtctgaggtgtatatgttaacttcgtgatcagtttgtatgtttgggactcttgtcctatgtaaagttaaggtgggccgggtgcagtggctcacgcctgtaatcctaacactgggaggccgaggcgggtggatcacctgatggtgaaacctcatctctactgaaaatacaaaaattagctgagtggtgacacacgcctgtaatcccagctacttggtaggcttgaacccaggaggcagagattgcagtgagccgagctgcaccactgtgctccagcctgggtgacagcgagactcagtctcaaaaaaagttgtacaaggtggatggttggaagcttgagcctaggctcgaatccctctcacgtgagagggcctgaagatttctggtggattccaacctggctgaagactggccgtggggggtgcaggggtctccagcgctctgccctccagcctgcttcctccctgcccacaccgcactaggggaagggcctttcctgctgcctgcggggccgcacctggagtaggtaatgccatgtggtgacgtgaatggagcagaggtctgtgccccatcacaccgccttgctgtttttactgtgggacaaaagcactctgatctgcgtgttccgggggccctcctaccagccgacttgacgggaagtcagggttcaggtatcatctgtgcacctggggcggggtagtctgcactgaacctgccagagtcccctcctcatttcactgaaagtcacagtctccagggctgtgttgctaaccttacgttctctccgtttgcttaatctattaagagccctaacaggagaggatgggctttctctgttgtctggggccctgctgttggccggtgctcttagcaagaggtcatttttctaggttgcgctgggacattgtgagtttggtgagggtcatggatgtgggctgggctgggctgggctgggccgggctgcctgctgcctgctgctcccctacctgaaatgcagctagtgcggctctgcccttcctggggctgaggaaggcttctgcaggatagctggggggctgggcaggtgggtgaggcagcctccctgctgacactcagtccttgtagctggagcaagatctcctgatccaggtacgggcctgtctgctccaagaaagactctgccaccagatgcaaaggggccattgttttaacttagtccctggggaccgcctgattcagcacctgtcggcccaggataccccgctggtggggacaagtgcctgagtgtgggccgtgcccgagtgtggccatccctgagtggggccgtcctgactaggaagtggcttttcagttgtgatgtgtgggcctgacctagggggcgctgtggaacccgggctggaaccagccctctgtgccaggccgcagacaggttccgccggccctgaggggcagctgccatggcgtgggtcactgggagctgagaggaagggcccccaccgcacctcaggcaaagcggctctgggaacaccttgatttcgtccatgtgagccgtcccagggagggcagccaagctgtgaagcctgagaaactgacctgtgtgccacgagcttgtggtctgctgcccggtggaggaagtgcaggtgcgcccaggctcctcattccgttttgcaggattccttcggggtgtgagcatttcctattcagcctgtcgcccccggggagcacgggctggctctgtggtgcccgtggccttttgtagaagcgttggttttacggcaggttcatctctggggcagcctcccacagtgggtggggctttgccagcagtgcccacgggggtcatggggccaggcgcgctccggcgcctgcagaactgatcggggatagtctcaggaggcgctagtcacgtgccccggtgatcggggatagtctcagaaggcgctagtctcctgccccggtgatcggggatagtctcaggaggcacgagtcgcctgcctcggtgatgcaccgtttctcacaccggctgctctggcccgagctaaaggggaagacgtgtgcggataggagctgcacacaattttcctccatgtattgtttattttgctttttcttttggctagacattaggaatttcagttttcccaagttgtatttttccttttctattttaaaattatcatgcagggctgggtgaggtcgctcacgcctatagtctcaaaactttgggaggctgaggggggaggatggcatgagcccaggagtttaaggctgcagtgagccgagatcgctccactgtcctccagcctgcatgacagagcgagaccctatctcaggaaaaaaaaaaacaaaactattatgcagtagtttcgaccctggaagacgagtgtgcatctttgagttgtaacacgtgtacctcgcccatccaggcgtagtttcatttggaatctggttatcctgtagttgctttgttaaaaatatatgtaattgcaaatcatttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L23 (RPL23)(SEQ ID NO: 20)ttctccagtatatttgtaaaaaataaaaaaaaaaactaaacccattaaaaagtatttgtttgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L18 (RPL18)(SEQ ID NO: 21)ccctggatcctactctcttattaaaaagatttttgctgacagtgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L18a (RPL18A)(SEQ ID NO: 22)gtgcagggccctcgtccgggtgtgccccaaataaactcaggaacgccccggtgctcgccgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L19 (RPL19)(SEQ ID NO: 23)aacctcccactttgtctgtacatactggcctctgtgattacatagatcagccattaaaataaaacaagccttaatctgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L21 (RPL21)(SEQ ID NO: 24)taggtgttaaaaaaaaaaataaaggacctctgggctacHomo sapiensribosomal protein L22 (RPL22)(SEQ ID NO: 25)atttcatttatctggaaaattttgtatgagttcttgaataaaacttgggaaccaaaatggtggtttatccttgtatctctgcagtgtggattgaacagaaaattggaaatcatagtcaaagggatcccttggttcgccactcatttatttgtaacttgacttctttttttttctgcttaaaaatttcaattctcgtggtaataccagagtagaaggagagggtgactttaccgaactgacagccattggggaggcagatgcgggtgtggaggtgtgggctgaaggtagtgactgtttgattttaaaaagtgtgactgtcagttgtatctgttgcttttctcaatgattcagggatacaaatgggcttctctcattcattaaaagaaaacgcgacatctttctaagattctctgtgggaaaatgactgtcaataaaatgcgggtttctgggccattcgtcttactttcattttttgattacaaatttctcttgacgcacacaattatgtctgctaatcctcttcttcctagagagagaaactgtgctccttcagtgttgctgccataaaggggtttggggaatcgattgtaaaagtcccaggttctaaattaactaaatgtgtacagaaatgaacgtgtaagtaatgtttctacaggtctttgcaacaaactgtcactttcgtctccagcagagggagctgtaggaatagtgcttccagatgtggtctcccgtgtggggcccagcaatgggggcccctgatgccaagagctctggaggttcttgaaagaggggacacgaaggaggagtgactgggaagcctcccatgccaaggaggtgggaggtgccctggaaatagctgcctcatgccacttaggccatgactggatttaatgtcagtggtgtgccacagtgcagaggctagacaactgaaaggggctaccaaggctgggaaaaaaatgcaattgttgctgtgagtgactttgaaagactctggtgccttgtggtgcccttctgaaattcaaacagtaatgcaaaagtgtctgcattagaatttacggtgtctaaaattcatgtttttaaaagagcttgcctacagatggtttccacacttgaaattgtgccctgcgagttgcatagctggaagttcaatgctcagtcctaccttggctcccattaaacatttggtgctctgtggattgagttgaacgtgttgaggctttgcaatttcacttgtgttaaaggctctggcatttttccatttctatgcaaatttctttgaagcagaattgcttgcatatttcttctctgccgtcacagaaagcagagtttctttcaaacttcactgaggcatcagttgctctttggcaatgtcccttaaccatgattattaactaagtttgtggcttgagtttacaaattctacttgttgcattgatgttcccatgtagtaagtcatttttagtttggttgtgaaaaaaccctgggctgaagttggcatttcagttaaaagaaaaaaagaaactagtcccagatttgaaaacttgtaataaaattgaaactcactggttttctatgtattttgaactatgtaatcgagttttgatcatattttctattaaagtggctaacacctggctactcttactgtHomo sapiensribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A)(SEQ ID NO: 26)actgagtccagctgcctaattctgaatatatatatatatatatcttttcaccatatacatgcctgtctgtcaatttctggttgggctgggaggccacacacacacactgacatgacagggcttgggcaagactcctgttctacttatccttttgaaatacctcaccctgccactccaccatgtatgatcattccagagatctttgtgactagagttagtgtcctaggaaaaccagaactcagaacttgcctccatggttgagtaacaagctgtacaagaaccccttttatccctggaagaggctgtgtatgaaaccaatgcccagggtttgaagggtgttagcatccatttcaggggagtgtggattggctggctctctggtagcattttgtcctcacacacccatctactatgtccaaccggtctgtctgcttccctcaccccttgcccaataaaggacaaggacttcagaggHomo sapiensribosomal protein L17 (RPL17)(SEQ ID NO: 27)attcagcattaaaataaatgtaattaaaaggaaaagHomo sapiensribosomal protein L24 (RPL24)(SEQ ID NO: 28)actggcagattagatttttaaataaagattggattataactctagHomo sapiensribosomal protein L26 (RPL26)(SEQ ID NO: 29)agtaatcttatatacaagctttgattaaaacttgaaacaaagagcctgHomo sapiensribosomal protein L27 (RPL27)(SEQ ID NO: 30)atgctttgttttgatcattaaaaattataaagHomo sapiensribosomal protein L30 (RPL30)(SEQ ID NO: 31)acatttcacctacaaaatttcacctgcaaaccttaaacctgcaaaattttcctttaataaaatttgcttgttttaaaaacattgtatctHomo sapiensribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A)(SEQ ID NO: 32)agccacatggagggagtttcattaaatgctaactactttttccttgtggtgtgagtgtaggttcttcagtggcacctctacatcctgtgtgcattgggagcccaggttctagtacttagggtatgaagacatggggtcctctcctgacttccctcaaatatatggtaaacgtaagaccaacacagacgttggccagttaaacatttctgtttataaagtcagaataatacctgttgatcactgaaaggcctgcatgtattgtactctgaattttacagtgaatgagagaatgtaccctaattgttcaacagggctcaaaaggaaagattccattttgatgggtcacattctaaagaggggcagtgtgataggaatgagatggtcctttaggacttaagttctcagcccaaggtttttccacgtggccccctcatcttttttttttttttaaacggagtctctcttgccaggctggagtgcagtggcacgatctcggctcactgcagcctccgcctcccaggttaagcgattctcctgcctcagcttcctgactaactgggattacaggcgcccaccaccatgcccagctaatttttgtattttcagtagagatggggtttcaccatgttggccatgctggtctctaactcctaacctcaagtgatctgcccacatcggcctccaaaagttctgggattatagtgtgagccactgcgcccggccatggctccttaatcttgatccaaattattgttacatccagaatgtgatgaatcaaaatctcgagatgggggtccagcaatctgaaatttcagtatgccagggcttttctgtatgtcaaagtgggtttgaaatagttaatttttcttctagtctgaaatgtatcgggaaaatttggaaatcctgaaggctggaaattgaaataagtttttctaggatttgtgtctcttgctattggaaaactgatggtgaccaattcatgtttacaaataagatcctcatagatctcggtaaattataatttgctacagttttatggttcttcctgtgattttgagattttttgacccaaaataatacagtctaaaactatagacaaataagatggcacttagactcctgggttttagttagtggaggtttccttagtgcactgtggggtcataataagccgagaaccatggctgtctatgggacacatctgtcaggacaacctttagaggatgttggggatcaaatagaaggcacagagaagcactgaattggcttacataagaataggctagaattacaagtagtgaaacctcgattcagctggacaattttaaacaaatgtatcatttggcttgtatcttctgttgtgctggagaagttagaaataagggctctccagaccagcctgaccaacctggagaaaccttgtctctactaaatacacaaaattagccaggcgtggtggcacatgcctgtaatcccagctactttggaggctgagccaggagaatctccaggaggcggaggttgctgtgagccgagatcgtgccattgcactccagcttgggcaacaagagtgaaactctgtccaccccccccaaaaaaagtaagggctctccattagggcccatagaggacttgtaatatggaacctgaatccaaggatcccacaataagtggtcagtagttcatgatgaattaaaagactcaatatttggtatcacccaatacctgtgtgacttttagtcctaatttcctcatctttaaaatttcagtgaaagtgcctacctgaggattgtgtagattaaaatggaaaccgtgcacttaattttttgttttgttttgagacggagtctcgctctgtcgcccaggctggagtgcagtggtgcgatctcagatcactgcaagctccgcctcctaggttcagaccattctcctgcctcagatcccaagtagctgggactacaggcgcccgccactgcgcccggctaattttttgcatttttagtagagacagggtttcaccgtgttagccaggatggtctcgatctcctgatctgcccgcctcagcctcccaaagtgctgggattacaggcatgagccaccgcgcccggcccaggcacttaatttttgtgtttgacttagtaacttaagtgcaaactattacgggagcagatggagtcaattggccttcatgtgattgtcagtgggaaattggtccaagcagagggaatactggttcaggaaactggtttgggaaggttaggcaaacgggaagtgctatggtggagagaaagattactctggccgggctgtaaaggacggctacaatgggaggctgaaggcagaaccaagaaaatgggagtgagtatggaaaaggtacgattcagacggcataatggacgggacttggagactgaattgtagtgggccgaccacaaaatgataaggcatggaaggaagtagagtttggggggaaggatccctagtcccttaatggctaccttcttccccaggagttgttaggccatccgatcccctggcctgggaaagaaacactgatttcgttgctggcttgttcactcaccagaagctacagctactaacagttctaaaaactgtttcatgtgatgaggaacagacgaaaatagttttgagccctaagtccgccgattccagtgctttcttgaacccgcatttactaaaatattttcatgactgccaagctttgaatagcctgctgtgttcatggaggctcatactggcgatctctagtggctggctaaagcttgaattgcaaaagatctaatttctggtctaatgtatatatgccttaaatatagttgcgttcaaacgtgggagctgcaggtgcaacttgattttatgacaaatggctgccacataatttgcacaagcagtgctcgtcaagggcagctaaatcaggcgagattcaatcaaaataaatgtactactaaaccctacttagcggctaactagcccaagagcagacagcccacggacggactgcaagtcggaagcgcgggcggaagctgtgcagcgcccacctggtggctccatcggccgcgttcatcagtcagcacgacccgacctcagtggcgtcctcacaacacagaccggaccttgggtcttaccccggcacctgagaaccacttccggtgagtagcttctacttccggagacgatgactcccccgcgtcccagaccggaagaagcccggcggagaccggcctcgctcggccacttccggcaagggcggagccggccagtggtgcgcgagcgcagataactcccctggagaggcgggatgttcaactccacccctggtccttgggcggccgtgggtccccttcgaagcggaggaatggccaacctcgccgcacttcgagcccattagggtgcgtttaagaacagtgggcgtggcctttacgtaaatcttcgagatgggaacctccagaatttgtctcaattgtctaaaaggtaatgagcgtcagcgacattcaagggcactttgggctaaaaaagaaagtgcttgtacacggatggaaatattctagaagaacataaaaggaatttcctcttaggaggttagggaaatgagcacgaagtatgttttggtgcagttttttgttcaacccaatgcgtattttcatattgagaggcaatataaatggagcgaaagtatcttgagaaaaaaaaaaaaactaccagaacttgccgttgctgaaaagtaatattttctctttcgagagttttcatggccttttaaattacacccccacctccacaggcaaataaatttgttttggaatgcataccacatcatctggctctagaaacgtattttgtgtagctcccctagcaagaatataggttaaagcgtaaatttaattcctggctctattttacatcccaatttttattttcctctcattcccactttacgttgtttcaaataacctagtttgtgtatccctgtaagtcattttggtataaagtaggttataagtgtacatgcgaaaagatgtttttaacaaaaatgtaactgHomo sapiensribosomal protein L28 (RPL28)(SEQ ID NO: 33)gccttgctctgctcccccgcccccaggcagccatccgcagggccagcgccatcctgcgcagccagaagcctgtgatggtgaagaggaagcggacccgccccaccaagagctcctgagccccctgcccccagagcaataaagtcagctggctttctcacctgcctcgactgggcctccctttttgaaacgctctggggagctctggccctgtgtgttgtcattcaggccatgtcatcaaaactctgcatgtcaccttgtccatctggaggtgatgtcaatggctggccatgcaggaggggtggggtagctgccttgtccctggtgagggcaagggtcactgtatcacagaaaaagtttgctgacttgtgattgagacctactgtcccattgtgaggtggcctgaagaatcccagctggggcagtggcttccattcagaagaagaaaggccttttctagcccagaagggtgcaggctgagggctgggccctgggccctggtgctgtagcacggtttggggacttggggtgttcccaagacctgggggacgacagacatcacgggaggaagatgagatgacttttgcatccagggagtgggtgcagccacatttggaggggatgggctttacttgatgcaacctcatctctgagatgggcaacttggtgggtggtggcttataactgtaagggagatggcagccccagggtacagccagcaggcattgagcagccttagcattgtccccctactcccgtcctccaggtgtccccatccctcccctgtctctttgagctggctcttgtcacttaggtctcatctcagtggccgctcctgggccaccctgtcacccaagctttcctgattgcccagccctcttgtttcctttggcctgtttgctccctagtgtttattacagcttgtgaggccaggagtttgagaccatcctaggcaacataatgagacaccgtctctaaaataaaattagctgggtgtggtggtgcaccgcctgtggtcccagctcctcagaggttgagtagaggctgaggtgagcggagcacttgagccaagagtatgaggctgcagtgagcccatgagccccaccactacactccagcctggaagacaccatgacacacagtgaggcctggatggggaaagagtcctgctgttgatcctcacatgtttcctgggcacctaactctgtcagccactgccagggaccaaggatccagcatccatggcacccctggttcctgccatcctggggtacccgattcaaagaaggactctgctccctgtctgagaccacccccggctctgactgagagtaaggggactgtcagggcctcgacttgccattggttggggtcgtacggggctgggagccctgcgttttgaggcagaccactgcccttccgacctcagtcctgtctgctccagtcttgcccagctcgaaggagagcagatctgaccacttgccagcccctgtctgctgtgaattaccatttcctttgtccttcccttagttgggtctattagctcagattgagaggtgttgccttaaaactgagttgggtgacttggtacctgctcaggaccccccgcactgtcccaatcccactcaggcccacctccagctggcctcactccgctggtgacttcgtacctgctcaggagcccccactgtcccagtcccactcaggcccatctctggctggcctcactgcgctgggactccgccttcataaggagagctcactgctcacgttagtagatggccccttctcgtgaggcctctcccctggcacctgcttcagttgtcctccacagcactgatttgcagcccacaagctggcaggtttatctgtctcatgtttgtcttgtgctggtgggcaaggggtttgtctagcacaccagcatataatgagatgatgatgaatggtgcatattgaatgtataaagcccaccggtcctgagagtttgctcactggagactttctggagatggagtctcgctctgttgcccaggctggcgagtgcaatggcgcgatcttggctcactgcagcctccacctcctgggttcaagcgattctcctgcctcagcctcccgagtagctgggattacaggtgggtgtcaccacacccagctcagtattgtatttttagcagagatggggtttcaccattttgcccaggctggtttggaactcctgacttcaaattacccacctgcctcagcctcccaaagtgctggcattacaggcgctcgaggctttctgatgtggctgctgctgctcagaaggccttgtccttaaccacctccttgcctgccctggaggcttgtgcctctaggccccaccccctgtggagtcctgctggctttctccatccctatctgaatcctccctgctgtgtggcctcccctggtctcatccgtaacacagcccagcttagtgggcctctgttcctgcgggtggccagcctgtctgtgtggctgggctggggaggccacgtctggtatctgaatgctatcggtgggttggggtggaggaaccaggagagggctggagggagggagatggtctcagccccacagagtttggagtcctcagtgtgctgagcaaacgtggagacaccatttccctcctctagacctcatcttggagagagagatgttggatggggccatctattccagctttattcacacaaatcatgtctgttggcctggaaattggaaaaccagttaaaccaaaaacatgatattaagaaaacaggcaggctcaccatagtaaaaatgctgaaagccaaagacaaaattgggagaacaaaagaaaagcgtcttgtcacatacagaaggtccctgataaagttagtagctgccctcatcagaaaccaggcccaggcagtggggacacatccagagtgctgaaagaacctcccccaggtcatcctatccccaagagtgatgcccggcagcattcccagctcagggctaatggttcacggaagccaggaatcaaactgcctgggttccagtcccagctctgccagttatgcccagctgtggggacttgggcagctcgtttagtagcaccgtgcctcagtttcccatatgtaaaaggccattttgagtgcctttcacagccctgcataaggcaggtgtctcagtgttcactgctgtctctccagctcttagtccagtagctgcatggtgagtgagcgtagggcgcaccctggaaggctgccaagcccaaagttgtgcagagcgctggggactccagactccccacagcagcagagactcgggactgaggcatcctctgttcacaggacatgctggcatctactgggtcagggctctgctgctcggtggctgtgcaaccttgggcaagttcctcaacctctctgtgtcttcgtaccctcatctgtaacatgcgtgtcgatagaccctactactcagggttgatgagaagattaaatgtgcaaaacctgcttgactgtgcccacaaatcctgattgtaggaataaattaatgactttttataaatattttgatcagatggactcatgatcacagatgtcttcacatgcctatgactaatttgtacacaaactaatgctcgtgtttcccaagcacctggaagacatgccagatccatgtgcagtaatgcctggtggctccaggtctgccccgccgtcctgtggggctgtgagctttcccagcctcctgcccgtgtttgtgaatatcattctgtcctcagctgcatttccagcccaggctgtttggcgctgcccaggaatggtatcaattcccctgtttctcttgtagccagttactagaataaaatcatctactttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L28 (RPL28)(SEQ ID NO: 34)ttttttactgtcaggcaggaagagcggtaactgccatcgcggcgggcatccctggcgccagggtgttggtctgggtaccggcttccctctcggccgacttgtcagctctgtgagccgcgcgcgtctgagcccgtgtcctcacctgtaaagtggagaaatgaaaaaggacctgaacttcctcggtggttgttgagagttaaggcacggggttgatgttttcagatgaaattctcaaagcaagtcagggtggggatggatggtttcatcccacaggtgggaagattgaggHomo sapiensribosomal protein L28 (RPL28)(SEQ ID NO: 35)gtttttctcaggtccttgattggaactgcctcagagccaagggtccttttactcagtggcagcaacaaacgcagtctgttggctagtgatcctcctgtctcagggacacgtagtccagggagcagccaattgcttggcacttggggaccccgttctggggagtcctgaaagctttcacctcttggattgccgaatacatgggtggccatcctagactaagggactggcctgagtgaggctgggcctctcagccaagctgatgttgaaccactgctgtggggatgggcctggggttcctgggaagctgttcatacccattgccaggagcgtgggctctggctggacctggatcagatcctaactgaagcggcagattctggcatgagaaaggagtgttttcatggtggacagaattgggctatgagtgtHomo sapiensribosomal protein L29 (RPL29)(SEQ ID NO: 36)atatctctgccaacatgaggacagaaggactggtgcgaccccccacccccgcccctgggctaccatctgcatggggctggggtcctcctgtgctatttgtacaaataaacctgaggcaggHomo sapiensribosomal protein L31 (RPL31)(SEQ ID NO: 37)agggagccctcctggaagtggatgaggccttgggtctcggctcttcattgcttcctgagctgcagcagatgcctttacaaccaagctcaccgaggacgtctgtctcccatattaccctggcagagggccaggcctgttctacacggccggggtttcaacaaggtactgatgtcttctgcccttgcctatcgacaggcaagtaataagacttaagtgaagagaattattaggcacacaaattcacatttgatgtaatctcattatacttcctgatctgtgattgaaaactttcatttcgtaactagtatgtctgtcccacctttaaaaagtttttcattatgaaagtaagtatttgttagaattaagtctatttaaatgaaaaaaacttagatatgagtctgcatggcctcaggaaaatgatgttttaaaatagagattttaggttgtctgcactctagcttttttgtcgttttcttaaggcttttttaactgcatcaaaaattcagatacgaaacatacactaaaaaataatacatcatatcttaatttccactgaacttgatttaaattcagagttacacagtatgaatatcacaatcagatatgttcaaaaaggtctgaacaattgattttctgaaaccatgaaggactacHomo sapiensribosomal protein L31 (RPL31)(SEQ ID NO: 38)agccatttaaattcattagaaaaatgtccttacctataaaatgtgaattcatctgttaagctaggggtgacacacgtcattgtaccattttaaattgttggtgtgggaagatgctaaagaatgcaaaactgatccatatctgggatgtaaaaaggttgtggaaaatagaatgcccagacccgtctacaaaaggtttttagagttgaaatatgaaatgtgatgtgggtatggaaattgactgttacttcctttacagatctacagacagtcaatgtggatgagaactaatcgctgatcgtcagatcaaataaagttataaaattgccttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L32 (RPL32)(SEQ ID NO: 39)gcagctcatgtgcacgttttctgtttaaataaatgtaaaaactgccatctggcatcttccttccttgattttaagtcttcagcttcttggccaacttagtttgccacagagattgttatttgataagcccattggaatctcccatttggaggggatttgtaaaggacactcagtccttgaacaggggaatgtggcctcaagtgcacagactagccttagtcatctccagttgaggctgggtatgaggggtacagacttggccctcacaccaggtaggttctgagacacttgaagaagcttgtggctcccaagccacaagtagtcattcttagccttgcttttgtaaagttaggtgacaagttattccatgtgatgcttgtgagaattgagaaaatatgcatggaaatatccagatgaatttcttacacagattcttacgggatgcctaaattgcatcctgtaacttctgtccaaaaagaacaggatgatgtacaaattgctcttccaggtaatccaccacggttaactggaaaagcactttcagtctcctataaccctcccaccagctgctgcttcaggtataatgttacagcagtttgccaaggcggggacctaactggtgacaattgagcctcttgactggtactcagaatttagtgacacgtggtcctgattttttttggagacggggtcttgctctcacccaggctgggagtgcagtggcacactgactacagccttgacctccccaggctcaggtgatcttcccacctcagccttccaagtagctgggactacagatgcacacctccaaacctgggtagtttttgaagtttttttgtagaggtggtctagccatgttgcctaggctcccgaactcctgagctcaagcaatcctgcttcagcctcccaaagtactgggattacaggcatcttctgtagtatataggtcatgagggatatgggatgtggtacttatgagacagaaatgcttacaggatgtttttctgtaaccatcctggtcaacttagcagaaatgctgcgctgggtataataaagcttttctacttctagtctagacaggaatcttacagattgtctcctgttcaaaacctagtcataaatatttataatgcaaactggtccttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A)(SEQ ID NO: 40)actaacgaaaaatcaataaataaatgtggatttgtgctcttgtatttttaagtggattaaaaaacttactaccttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L37 (RPL37)(SEQ ID NO: 41)gaatgtcaacgattagtcatgcaataaatgttctggttttaaaaaatacatatctggttttggtaaggtatttttaatcaattaggcttgtagtatcagtgaaatactgtaggtttagggactgggctagatcatatcagatttacttgttaagtgactgttttggaatgtttacttttggactgggtttgtaacacggttaaaggcaatgagaaacaagcagaattccaggagtccttgaagcagagggcactggaagacaatatagcagattaaaatagcacagctcatgtggcataggtgggtattttagatgtttgagtaaatttgaaagagtatgatgtttaaattacctttagcaacatgttcatctgctatgctgtcatgactagggggatgattattagtcacatagagcttgggagtaccactggaaacgtatgggtaggagtttaggtggatctgtttttcaaaagatgatcttatcctagtatctgtaatgctcacttggcacacctgacttgtgggctgtgtgtaaggtggctagctaagtgaaaaaagcctgctaggtgtgagtcaacttaagaatatgtaaataggtttgagaaaaagtagggcttgggtgcaagtaaagattgagcaggaaataaaggaaaatcaagtataatccctgagatttgtagactaaaggcaatgatgtgggactacttggtcgaatttttttagccctcaacttggtaattgggtgtttctgtgttaaagcactgaaacttgctgtcgtgccttcctagttttcgtggtttattgacagggttgggggttttttttgtttttttaaaatgaagggacaaagtcaactggactgctgagtgagagggcaggggcagttgaagggaacatgaattgctggaacagctacataaaatagtgatgtagccaagtcatgctatttaaattataattctccactgtgtttagaataacatctgaggttcttaacctggccttggaagggtatcacttttacttgtaacctggaatggctttataatgtgctagctaattgctactctcatcttgtattttaactcctaatttacccttcaggtctcagcttcagaacattcacttataaagaaaccctgctgattaaatctctcttgggcttcctcccHomo sapiensribosomal protein L37a (RPL37A)(SEQ ID NO: 42)acgctcctctactctttgagacatcactggcctataataaatgggttaatttatgtaacHomo sapiensribosomal protein L38 (RPL38)(SEQ ID NO: 43)accagacacactgattggaactgtattatattaaaatactaaaaatcctHomo sapiensribosomal protein L39 (RPL39)(SEQ ID NO: 44)ggaattgcacatgagatggcacacatatttatgctgtctgaaggtcacgatcatgttaccatatcaagctgaaaatgtcaccactatctggagatttcgacgtgttttcctctctgaatctgttatgaacacgttggttggctggattcagtaataaatatgtaaggcattattttHomo sapiensribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0)(SEQ ID NO: 45)tcaccaaaaagcaaccaacttagccagttttatttgcaaaacaaggaaataaaggcttacttctttaaaaagtHomo sapiensribosomal protein, large, P1 (RPLP1)(SEQ ID NO: 46)acctcttttataacatgttcaataaaaagctgaactttHomo sapiensribosomal protein, large, P2 (RPLP2)(SEQ ID NO: 47)attcctgctcccctgcaaataaagcctttttacacatctcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S3 (RPS3)(SEQ ID NO: 48)cagggtctccttggcagctgtattctggagtctggatgttgctctctaaagacctttaataaaattttgtacaaagacacaaggtctgactagactgttcagtattcagactgaggggcatgttggcctctggagcattacatatcttatggttttaaccatacttgtggtatttgcaagggccagaacagtaagacccaagcagagccaaccagagaaataatatttgtgtgatagagaaggctgatagcaagcaaggcagcaccttgattcgttgtcctgtagttcaggattgtaggtttagaagagggatatgtttgagtttttcctatgcataaggcgatccacgttgcacatagaaagtgaatataaatggccattatattttgtgtcatgctgtgctctaagtgttctttacatatgtactcgttaatcaacctctctaaagtgtaaaggaaatttgcttgcaccactgaaggcacataaggctcagaagtaaatttgcctaagcagtataaagctatcattagaatccacattcctaagttgtgttctcttaggggatcatggaaccagtcattggtactacaggctattatgttctggagaactgtgaagaacatttaaattgtctctgattttatctatcaatgttttgaagtattttctaccagtgtctgtacttcacaagaaattcggcactattttttcaggcaaaactagtgagggacaggttggcttgaaaatcatgagactgttgttaaatcagatgctggttgatcacagaggggacttccagggaaagctgttatcaggtggctgcttcctggtgatgcagcctggctgatgagataaccctggctccacagatggcttagcaggtgctgtgatgatttggttttcttctcaattagactgagctgcacatggtgtttatattgcttggcacatggtaagggataatatttgaggtaattatgtagggcgtacactgacaagtatctgacccccccttcattttgactcataaattggtcatcttaaccatttaagtgtacacttctatagtgacagagttagccctctgtccaagggatttgcatctgtggattcaaccaactttgggtcaaaaataatcaaaaaggatggttgtgtgtgtattgaacatgtagacttatttttcttattttcaaaatactatattttcttgtcacttattttcttgtacactgcagttgtaacagctatgtagcatgtacattaggtattaaaagtaatccagtgaagattgaaagtctHomo sapiensribosomal protein S3 (RPS3)(SEQ ID NO: 49)cagcctcttccatgagtggggagcccgctgcttgtctccagctcctagcagtgagtcctgataatctcaaatttaaggacagtaactttgtctgggatgagtgtgggaaaggatgtgtttgggaacagacgcgagcctgcagaggtgtttgtaaccatctctttctaagtggtgggaagcagacattttattattaactgttaatatatatagtgtgtgttttttatgcatgaaatattttatagtttttaaaaatgcccacactactattttgaaagtaaatgaggtaatgtatgtgtcagaacccaatacccaaagcgatcgtagtaagaggtggggcctttgggaaggcattaaattgcttagggaatgagggtggaaccctcatgaatgagattagagccttataggagaggttggagggagttgcctggcctccctctcccatgtgaagactcagcaagaaaacattatttaggaagcagagagccctcatcaaacaccagatctgctggccacctgatctggcactttccagccttcagaactgtgagaaataaatttctgttgtctatHomo sapiensribosomal protein 53A (RPS3A)(SEQ ID NO: 50)agttcagacttcaaatagtggcaaataaaaagtgctatttgtgatggtttgcttctgHomo sapiensribosomal protein 53A (RPS3A)(SEQ ID NO: 51)agctcacgttgatgtcaagactaccgatggttacttgatcgtctgttctgtgttggttttactaaaaaacgcaacaatcagatacggaagacctcttatgctcagcaccaacaggtccgccaaatccggaagaagatgatggaaatcatgacccgagaggtgcagacaaatgacttgaaagaagtggtcaataaattgtaagtgtttctttgcttcctcacacaacacaaccttgagtattggattattcctgagatgagagaacgcatatgagacaaggtaaaggtctgttgaaatcctgtctgtgaatccttctagctatatctctttaagtgaaagagtgttaagtactcagtaaatatgattattattactattattatttgagtcagagtcttgctctgttgcccaggctcgagtgcagtattgtgatcctccttggctcactgtaaccactgcttcctgggttcaagcagttatgagcctcagcctcctgagtatctgggaatacaggggactgccaccatacccagctaatttttttaaatttttagtagagatggggtttcatcatgttggccaggctggtcttgaactcctgacttcaggtgatctgccagtactctaaatgataacagttttttcgtgtttatttattttgaatgaagctgtctcacagtagatggagttgaaggacaggaaatgtttttcccctacttggaaaatacactgaataagttgagtggggtgggatgtgcctggagtcccagctactcaggaggctgaggtggtaggattgtttgagcccaggagtttgaggccagcctgggcaatatagggagaccctgtcccaaaaaataaaaaatatacgtatatatatatacacacacaaagaaaaaatacactgaatagacaaaacctttcatgattaatgatgcacgggaataagtgatgaaaaaagtttcggtcccagatgatggccagtgataacaacatttttctgatgttcccatgcaatatacagttagctaagagggtgtaatggaaaaagcataaggcttggactcagaagactctactaactttgccactagctagctatgtaattcagatcatctatcctttacatgtgaaaggtaaataatggcttatcttaacaggaggatttatgcaggttaaatgaggtaggtgttatgtgtaggtttattccaaggcttctctacttttaaaggaaatggcttatatctgagaactaggacttttagaaaaaaatttactgttactggtttgcaggattccagacagcattggaaaagacatagHomo sapiensribosomal protein S4, X- linked (RPS4X)(SEQ ID NO: 52)aatgggtccctgggtgacatgtcagatctttgtacgtaattaaaaatattgtggcaggattaatagcaHomo sapiensribosomal protein S4, Y- linked 1 (RPS4Y1)(SEQ ID NO: 53)attgcagtagcagcatatctttttttctttgcacaaataaacagtgaattctcgtttcttHomo sapiensribosomal protein S5 (RPS5)(SEQ ID NO: 54)ttttcccagctgctgcccaataaacctgtctgccctttggggcagtcccagccHomo sapiensribosomal protein S6 (RPS6)(SEQ ID NO: 55)gattttttgagtaacaaataaataagatcagactctgHomo sapiensribosomal protein S7 (RPS7)(SEQ ID NO: 56)acaaaaatgactaaataaaaagtatatattcacagtHomo sapiensribosomal protein S8 (RPS8)(SEQ ID NO: 57)atccttgttttgtcttcacccatgtaataaaggtgtttattgttttgttcccacaHomo sapiensribosomal protein S9 (RPS9)(SEQ ID NO: 58)gtccacctgtccctcctgggctgctggattgtctcgttttcctgccaaataaacaggatcagcgctttacHomo sapiensribosomal protein S10 (RPS10)(SEQ ID NO: 59)aattggagaggattcttttgcattgaataaacttacagccaaaaaaccttHomo sapiensribosomal protein S11 (RPS11)(SEQ ID NO: 60)ggctggacatcggcccgctccccacaatgaaataaagttattttctcattcccaggccagacttgggatcttccgcgHomo sapiensribosomal protein S12 (RPS12)(SEQ ID NO: 61)agaaataaatctttggctcacHomo sapiensribosomal protein S13 (RPS13)(SEQ ID NO: 62)atttgtctgtgtactcaagcaataaaatgattgtttaactaHomo sapiensribosomal protein S15 (RPS15)(SEQ ID NO: 63)tggctcagctaataaaggcgcacatgactccHomo sapiensribosomal protein S15a (RPS15A)(SEQ ID NO: 64)ggatgtaatacatatatttacaaataaaatgcctcatggactctggtgcttccHomo sapiensribosomal protein S16 (RPS16)(SEQ ID NO: 65)gcccatcgtgactcaaaactcacttgtataataaacagtttttgagggattttaaagtttcaagHomo sapiensribosomal protein S19 (RPS19)(SEQ ID NO: 66)aacaaaccatgctgggttaataaattgcctcattcgtHomo sapiensribosomal protein S20 (RPS20)(SEQ ID NO: 67)ctgcattctcctccgccaaaaaagtgaccaagcagagtctttctctgtcacccaggctggagtgcaatggcgtgatctcagctcactgcaacctctgcctcctgggttcaagtgattctcgtgtctcagcctcctgagtagctgagactacaggtgtgcaccagtgttcccagctgatttttgtattttatgtagagatggggttatgccattttggccaggctagtctcgaactcctgagctcaggtgatacacacacctcagcaaatcttttaaattatacattctgtgatatttccttgactttatatccagcacttgtattgattatttttcattttgataatgttgggtttttaaaaactcctttatgatggaaaatttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S20 (RPS20)(SEQ ID NO: 68)gtcaactattttaataaattgatgaccagttgttaacttctgttggtttttattcagaatactggcagattttaggaatataaaggtgtactatgagacttccacttttcaggtggaatatatgggtatcttagagtggtctatcctgttttcgttgtcgtttgagtcatttgaaaactggattccgttaactacataatatgtgagacctgactggttttattggacactggcagtttataactttggcatactctagataaattctgattggtatggggHomo sapiensribosomal protein S21 (RPS21)(SEQ ID NO: 69)ctggagagaatcacagatgtggaatatttgtcataaataaataatgaaaacctHomo sapiensribosomal protein S23 (RP523)(SEQ ID NO: 70)atattaatggtgaaaacactgtagtaataaattttcatatgccaaaaaatgtttgtatcttactgtcccctgttctcaccacgaagatcatgttcattaccaccaccacccccccttattttttttatcctaaaccagcaaacgcaggacctgtaccaattttaggagacaataagacagggttgtttcaggattctctagagttaataacatttgtaacctggcacagtttccctcatcctgtggaataagaaaatgggatagatctggaataaatgtgcagtattgtagtattactttaagaactttaagggaacttcaaaaactcactgaaattctagtgagatactttatttttattatggtattttccatatcgggtgcaacacttcagttaccaaatttcattgcacatagattatcttaggtacccttggaaatgcacattcttgtatccatcttacaggggcccaagatgataaatagtaaactcaaaattgctccccactctgtttattatttaaaggtgtcaggatctgtgttgtaatgtgtctacattaatgtgtttaggagaatacaggcattggatcatttagttgatggaagtatatgccaggcaagggagataaggtatacgacaagactgatgttttcagtatcttctcatgaggttgtcagagaccttcatgtatcaaagactagtcagcaaatgaagtggtttagtgtagagacaagattggttgtgttttgataatttaagctaggtattgagtacatgtggattttgctgtccacaaatacttgtttcagagttttcatggatacagtggcatggttgaaatgaagctgtgagccttctgctttaaatctgatgtaagaaactcctgttaacaaatagtaagtatgggttaattagccattgatcaaagcctagattacattgtttaggatattggaaaacaattggtttggttgcccactttccgtaggatcaagagcagaacctttcacatggcacagaagaacccaggttgcgcttcatacctgcatattccagccttagcctgccatttctctccttggcactttgtgctccagcaacactggtctcagttggtcatcctcaaacttgggttccatatccagcctcaggacctctgttcctgttactatggttccttgcatgtcgcctgctcttactaaagagctcgtgtgttttccagcacacttcggtttatctcttgatgatgatgctagtctctccctccgcaagggcggaaaggctgcctgttggtttgtaccagtgtttcctaacgtgtagctgcagtcagtatttggctaagctgttcccaggggctcaacagatgctttcggatgagccttaactgacccaatcctttgtgatgcgggagagattgctaggcctcgctcacctggccagaaccagggaaagaggccgcggttgcagcgcgattccaggccctgggcgtcaggcgcggggtgggcagctctccccgggcggtggggcccttgtgaccgcgaggcggggcgcaccaggaagggagtgggacagcgcgggcgcccagggatgtggcctggttacctgccttctctgatacgtcaagacaccttcaacaatggcttgcagctgtaccctgttggctgcacccaggacgcccttttcactgctaagcagtcctacctgaggcccaggggctgccagattgacccataaataatctccggcgcctcagatccagaagctgctgagcctgatcttagtgccttctcctttctctgtgtggccccccagcccctttccccactgccttgtgtccaaggccctttccttcatgtatccatggaggagagacaaaaatacacatcaataaaataagatagggaatccataaatagacattcagaagtatggccaacggatttatcttaaaaccaatggaggaagaagagtttcaataaatgttgtggacttccatttgtcaaagaccaaaacaaaggaaccccaaccttacatgtaatacaaacttaactcaaaatggatcatatatctaaatgtaaaatggaaagctataaaactgaaaacagactatctttacaacctaggcgtaggtatagtttttagacattacaccaaaagcacatgccgtaaaagaaaaaatagataaattggtggatttcattaaaattaaaaaactttttctctctgaaaaatcctgttaagctgggcgctgtggttcatgcctgtaatcccagcactttgggaggctgagttgggaagaaattaatagcttgaggccaggagttcaagatcatcctgggcagcaaagtcatacactatgagggaagagagagaccttctcatattgttttatattgttttatactcagtacctgttttaagaaaaaaacaaggaagtgaaatcaaagacaggcagcccggcaccaggcctgaaaccagccctgggcctgcctggcctaaacctagtagttaaaaatcaacttacgacttagaacctgatgttatccgtagattccaagcattgtataaaaaaattgtgaaactccctgttgtgttctgtaccagtgcatgaaacccctgtcacatatcccctagattgctcaatcaatcacgaccctttcatgtgaaatctttagtgttgtgagcccttaaaagggacagaaattgtgcacttgaggagctcagattttaaggctgtagcttgccgatgctcccagctgaataaagcccttccttctHomo sapiensribosomal protein S25 (RP525)(SEQ ID NO: 71)ataggtccaaccagctgtacatttggaaaaataaaactttattaaatcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S26 (RPS26)(SEQ ID NO: 72)ggagctgagttcttaaagactgaagacaggctattctctggagaaaaataaaatggaaattgtacttHomo sapiensribosomal protein S27 (RPS27)(SEQ ID NO: 73)aagcactctgagtcaagatgagtgggaaaccatctcaataaacacattttggataaatcctgHomo sapiensribosomal protein S27a (RPS27a)(SEQ ID NO: 74)ctgtatgagttaataaaagacatgaactaacatttattgttgggttttattgcagtaaaaagaatggtttttaagcaccaaattgatggtcacaccatttccttttagtagtgctactgctatcgctgtgtgaatgttgcctctggggattatgtgacccagtggttctgtatacctgccaggtgccaaccacttgtaaaggtcttgatattttcaattcttagactacctatactttggcagaagttatatttaatgtaagttgtctaaatataaHomo sapiensribosomal protein S28 (RP528)(SEQ ID NO: 75)gcttggctgctcgctgggtcttggatgtcgggttcgaccacttggccgatgggaatggtctgtcacagtctgctccttttttttgtccgccacacgtaactgagatgctcctttaaataaagcgtttgtgtttcaagttHomo sapiensribosomal protein S29 (RP529)(SEQ ID NO: 76)atgctatccttcagaggattatccggggcatctactcaatgaaaaaccatgataattattgtatataaaataaacatttgaaaaaaccatcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L15 (RPL15)(SEQ ID NO: 77)tataagtaaagtttgtaaaattcatacttaataaacaatttaggacagtcatgtctgcttacaggtgttatttgtctgttaaaactagtctgcagatgtttcttgaatgctttgtcaaattaagaaagttaaagtgcaataatgtttgaagacaataagtggtggtgtatcttgtttctaataagataaacttttttgtctttgctttatcttattagggagttgtatgtcagtgtataaaacatactgtgtggtataacaggcttaataaattctttaaaaggagagaactgaaactagccctgtagatttgtctggtgcatgtgatgaaacctgcagattatcggagtgatggcaatgctctgctggtttattttcaagtggctgcgttttttttagtttggcaggtgtagactttttaagttgggctttagaaaatctgggttagcctgaagaaaattgcctcagcctccacagtaccattttaaattcacataaaaggtgaaagctcctggttcagtgccatggcttcatggcattcagtgattagtggtaatggtaaacactggtgtgttttgaagttgaatgtgcgataaaattattagccttaagattggtaagctagcaatgaatgctagggtgggaagctggtgagccagtggccattagataaatacctttcaagtgtgagcttagacgtcaaccctaaaatacttaaccgtaatgctaattgtgatcattatgaatcccttcagtcacattagggggaaagtagttggctataagtacgtcattcttagtccagtcagtcttaaaaacatcttgggttacccactctgtccactcccataggctacagaaaaagtcacaagcgcatggtttccaaccatatgtgttttctgcagttatttctcttgttctggccaaacaaccctaaaaatccttaccattccacaaagttggaccatcacttgtgcacccactttgactatgagtataccaccacattgcatttctgtttgcaccatgtcttccaggagactagactactgttgtccagggtcaatttgagtgtaaagaaaatgtagacaaggaattgcccaattttaaattctgactttgctgacttaatttaaatgctcgttctgaaccaattttctcctatcttctctaggggtttcaaaagactcagttaattgatttccaggaagtactcatagcaagttcataaaagttcttgagacctaaatttcttcacaaaaaaagaaaagatcttaagtcatacattttaattgtgtagaggttgttcaactgaaggaataaatgtctattaaactaaaacaaatggaccttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L15 (RPL15)(SEQ ID NO: 78)gcaattcttctgcctcggcctcccaaatagccaggactacaggcgcacactgccatgcccagctaagttttgtatttttagtagagactgggtttcactatgttggccaggctggtctcgaactcctgacctcaagtgatccacctgccttggcctcccaaagtgctgggattacaggcgtgagccaccacccccagcccaatttttattttttgtacagacaggatctcactatgttgcccaggttggtctcaaactactggcctcaagcaatcctgccttggcctcccaaagtgctggaattataggaatgagccaccacaccgggcccaaatttactttagtaataacaacaattggctgggtgcggtggctcacgcctgcaatcccaacactttcggtaaccaaggtgggcttgagctcatgagttagagagcagcctgagcaacgtggtgagagcccatctcacaaaaaataacaaatcagctgggcatggtgttgcacgcctgtagtctccgaaatcacaccactgcactcccatcttgggtgatagagccagaacttgtctcaaaaataacaattggtttcttacaatcccaaaaggtgcagttactagtattaatccttttttgccaatgaggaaacacaaagatgaagcaacttgctcaaagtcatacagtgacagtctgaattcaaatcctatacacttaaagtttatttgttttgttttggttttttttgagatggagtctcactgtgtcgcaaggctggagtgcagtggcacgatctcagctcactgcaacccgggttcaagcgattctcctgcctcagcctcccgagtagctgggactacaggcacgcaccaccacacccagctaatttttgtatttttagtagagacggtttcaccatgttggccaggatggtctcgagctcctgacctcaggtgatcctcccgccttggcctcccaaagtgccgggattacaggtgtcagccactgcacgtggccaacttaaagtttttgatagataatacattaacgttaaaaattcaaaagataagtataggctctacagtacaaacccttctgcctcctagttcctctccctggaggcaaggtgatcagtttaacaatatttttttattttgagacagggtctcactgttgcccaggctggagtgtagtggcgcgttcacaacttactgtagcctcaacctcctggctcaagcaatcctcccacctcagcctgtcgagtagctggaaccacaggtgcacaccaccatgccaggctaatttttgtattttttgtagagacagggtttcaccatgttgttcaggctggtctcaaagtcctgggctcaagcaatcttcctgtctctgcttcccaaagtgctgggattacagatgtgggccacggtgcctggcctacatatgtattttttccttttcttccccaagtggtaggatatgatacacattgttgatttttttgtttagttatgtatctcagagcttattctttatcagctcatgaggaacttcatttttttttttttttttgagatgtagttttgctcttatagcccaggttggagtacagtaacacaatcttggctcgcagcaacttctgcctcccaggttcaagcgattctcctgcctcagcctccgagtagctaggattacaggtgcctgccactacatccagctatttttgtattttcagtagagacggggtttcaccattttggccaagctggtctcgaactcctgacctcaggtgatccgcccatctcagcctcccaaagtagtgggattacaggcatgagcaaccgtgcccggctggaacttcattcttttggtataactgcatggtatcccatcatgtggatgtaccatgattcattggatgtggaccctcctgatggacatttaaatttcttccaatctgttgctattacaaaaagaaaaatgtgtgcatacatctttattcatctgtagaataaattcttagaagtHomo sapiensribosomal protein S2 (RPS2)(SEQ ID NO: 79)ggtttttatacaagaaaaataaagtgaattaagcgtgHomo sapiensribosomal protein L14 (RPL14)(SEQ ID NO 80)gtggcaatcataaaaagtaataaaggttctttttgacctgttgacaaatgtatttaagcctttggatttaaagcctgttgaggctggagttaggaggcagattgatagtaggattataataaacattaaataatcagttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S14 (RPS14)(SEQ ID NO: 81)acaagattcctcaaaatattttctgttaataaattgccttcatgtaaactgtttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L10 (RPL10)(SEQ ID NO: 82)gggcttccaatgtgctgcccccctcttaatactcaccaataaattctacttcctgtccacctatgtctttgtatctacattcttgacggggaaggaacttcctctgggaacctttgggtcattgccctttcacttcagaaacaggttgacaactcagccctgctcatgaggcagcaaaccctgcaaagggctgggactggtggccttatgtcagttgtctactctggagcttgacttggacctccccaggtcctaggcagtaggttgaaaaacactgaagtgcttttcatgaagcacagctgcagcaaagccttgcaatcccaggctggggtcagcctacagttgtgttgcttattacaacacatgcggaccaagaggggcttgtgggctagaggctgaccagcagcgtttatttagcaagggtaggtgtgcatcacattgggcttgttctcacccatctggtttggccattcctccnggtgggaatcatccaggtactgctgaggtcacctgcgatttgccccatttcctatctctagcaacctcctgggccccatgcccccaccccttctagaacctgcattcccagggccttcaccacctgaccaaaggtctaggctaacctttggtcatttgtaacaagacctcggaacagaacgtgtgtggcatggtttggcctggggatcttagatgtctgacctgaactattgtagaacagcgctggcttttgggggagcagcaaaaatgagaggagtgctaggtgggtggcctgagcatctgtatccagggacaggactccaaaggcttttggtcccagagctggggtatgttggccccagcccccagcctgtggctcccaaaaggcctctggttttttgtaatctcagtttacagccatttcttaggtttttaattacctttattttattttgccaaacatacctgggaataccttttattttttttttaccttggggtgatggttccaaaccataaatgtgattatagttaacacatgacccttctagcgtcccagccagtgtttttcctgacctctgttctttggagaggaggatggaagggaggggtccggcacgctgctggcattttgctgtgtcctgcagcccctttccgggacacctgggttcacacagctttttagcttacataactggtgcagattttctgtgtggagatgttgccttgaccagccttggctggactttaccaggcatgcagaagcctgtaccaacacagactacagcacccaggaggtgcgagtgtggctgctcagcggttataacaggcctgactgcattgttcaccggattataatgagccaaaatgtttcccggtgtttgctggtttcagggaaggagtttgatatagcagattaaccaccctccttgtagctattggggcttaatggtttcctggtgattcttaccaatccacaataaacatggcccattggcatatctgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L10a (RPL10A)(SEQ ID NO: 83)ggcacatttgaataaattctattaccagttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L35 (RPL35)(SEQ ID NO: 84)ggggcgcattgtcaataaagcacagctggctgagactgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A)(SEQ ID NO: 85)gcccaataaagactgttaattcctcatgcgttgcctgcccttcctccattgttgccctggaatgtacgggacccaggggcagcagcagtccaggtgccacaggcagccctgggacataggaagctgggagcaaggaaagggtcttagtcactgcctcccgaagttgcttgaaagcactcggagaattgtgcaggtgtcatttatctatgaccaataggaagagcaaccagttactatgagtgaaagggagccagaagactgattggagggccctatcttgtgagtggggcatctgttggactttccacctggtcatatactctgcagctgttagaatgtgcaagcacttggggacagcatgagcttgctgttgtacacagggtatttctagaagcagaaatagactgggaagatgcacaaccaaggggttacaggcatcgcccatgctcctcacctgtattttgtaatcagaaataaattgcttttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L36 (RPL36)(SEQ ID NO: 86)gcccctcccctgccctctccctgaaataaagaacagcttgacagHomo sapiensribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A)(SEQ ID NO: 87)gtgtcatcttttattatgaagacaataaaatcttgagtttatgttcacttcatttgtttgctgttcatcttttgggagggaataagctagagccatcaatacaattccgcttgtggggaaatttatgcctcttactggtactacttgttttgcattgaagctgactggttgagttcacatcatatgttgcaattttctaatttggcacttcaatcactaggggccttatgaggcagtttgtcattatgcaatggttattggttatcatgtgagtagacacatttcaggctaatagggagaagtcagtaacacattcatagtgaatatgagatgtattgctaagagttaagtgtcagatattgttataacagttaatttaataaagaattttggcattgttcttcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A)(SEQ ID NO: 88)ttgccgtaaggatatgcacttgtctctagtccacacacttcatgatataggtatagcgttagtttagcgaagttttcactgcactgatatatctagtaggtgatggagctgggaatgcaactcatgtctgactagtccacaatactgcactatttcagtgtttacgattttttatcctttcccttctgaagaggcaaaaaattgaggaatgtgccctgattcctaagaactgaagtgtgagtacactggtaaatcattcatttgccttgttccttatctgtcaatatgtctgaatcctcgcttgttggttgcactaagaattgttctgttgtttctcatcacagaaatctgcagtcaactacctgttctcgtgaagtcttaaaactcttatagaatagccatttaggcctttctgctagcctcctgaattctgtattctcaggctgagcgagtttctgtttactctcaaaccttaggtgatttggctaactataaagtaattagcacgatgattggaacggagcattctctccaacacagcatttcttttggcactttgatcttgtgcagtttagctccagaaagtattaaggaatgactttagtgctcatttggatgcagtaagtggtttgatctcagggtggcaaaaagaatgattttttataccttttcacattcggataacttgtttagaagacagaggttctaactaggttttggcctattaagaactgcaaactagcagcagcagaactctggctaaaggggcaagcttattaggaaattgagtatttaaaagttgagctaccatatgatccaacaatcccactgctgggtatatacccagaagaaaatcggtatatcaaagagatatctgcactcctatgtttgttgtagcactgtttataatagctaagatttagaagcaaccttagtgtccatcgggatgaatggataaagaaaatgtacctatacgcggccaggcacggtggcttgtgcctagcactttggaaagccgaggcgggtggatcacctgaggtcaggagttcgagaccagcctggccaagatagtgaaaccccgtctctagtaaaaatacaaaaattagccgggcttgtggtgtgggcctgtaatctcagccacccgggaggctgaggcaggagaatcgctggaacctgggaggcagaggctgcagtgagccgagatcacgccactgtactccagcctgggcgacagagcaagactccatctcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaagggaaaaagaaaatgcacctatacacagtggtactattcagccataaaaagaatgagatccagtcatttacaacaacatgggtggaactggagatcgttatgttaagtgaaataggcacacaaagacaagcatcacatgttcttgtttgtgggatctaaaaatcaaaacaagtggacttgtcatatagagagtagaaggatggttaccagaagctgagaacttctggtggcgggaggtggggatggttaatgggtacaaaaagaaaaaagaatgaattagaccaactatttgatagcacgacagcgtgactaaagtcaataacttagttacatattttaaaataacttagagtgtaattggattgtttgtacctcaaagaaaaaatgcaataaaactttacagtggagaaacctaacaagcactacctcagccaggtaatcaaggttaacatcaacagtcacgagtcatgttgatatatacccttgataaggtgtgatgaaaatgacacttaaacctaaaaatccataaccctatctaatgagaaaaataacaaatcccaagaggggcattttacaaaatacttgaccagtagtgcggaaattgtcaaggtcatcaaaaaagtctgagaaattgccacagccaaaggagtctagagacatgatgactaaatgttaggtggtgtcctgcgtggggtcctagaacagaaaaaggacattagHomo sapiensribosomal protein L41 (RPL41)(SEQ ID NO: 89)accgctagcttgttgcaccgtggaggccacaggagcagaaacatggaatgccagacgctggggatgctggtacaagttgtgggactgcatgctactgtctagagcttgtctcaatggatctagaacttcatcgccctctgatcgccgatcacctctgagacccaccttgctcataaacaaaatgcccatgttggtcctctgccctggacctgtgacattctggactatttctgtgtttatttgtggccgagtgtaacaaccatataataaatcacctcttccgctgttttagctgaagaattaaatcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S18 (RPS18)(SEQ ID NO: 90)gtctgtaggccttgtctgttaataaatagtttatatacHomo sapiensribosomal protein S24 (RP524)(SEQ ID NO: 91)agtgtctagcagtgagctggagattggatcacagccgaaggagtaaaggtgctgcaatgatgttagctgtggccactgtggatttttcgcaagaacattaataaactaaaaacttcatgtgtctggttgtttgHomo sapiensribosomal protein S24 (RP524)(SEQ ID NO: 92)tgtcactgccatggccgccttgctgcatttctgaggatgcttcatctctccaccttcttctccactcagcagccagcagggcactgtggaaatcggagtcacatgagctggcacctctgttcagaaccctccagggctccacatctctctcacccaaatgccaaagacctccccacgcccccacaatcccccacgacctggccactggcctcccaccaccttccagctccagcggctcctaccacatttaaggctttccttcctagttttaatttttcctcgtcagcagttgattttattattttatgtttattggtattttcccactagaaatgaagctgcgtgaagttagagatttttttttttggtctgtgttc ctaattagctcattgctatacccctggcgcccagaacaatgccttggacacagtacgcagtagactaaataaatacttgttgaatgactgactgacggaatgacggctgtgtggggagtggattgggtcgtgaggcagaggctgcggtggaaactcaggcaggaggtgatggtggttcttggggctgcggaatgccaagtttagaagctcttcctctgctgtggcacatgaaccggtcactcgagaaggcttttagatttactttgcctaatcccctcttagtgcatgtggggaaactgaggtacacaaaaggaattccccaccaagttaggggcagaacctagcccccttgtctcccagatggatatcttcttttttttttgagacggagtcttgctctgttgcccaggctggagtgcagtggtaccatcttggctcactgcaacctctgcttcccaggttcaagcgattctcctgcctcagcctcctgagtgtctgcgattacaggtgcacacaaccacgcctggctaatttttgtatttttagtagagacggggtttcaccgtgttggtcagggtgacctcaaactcctgacctcatgatccacccagctcagcctcccaacgtgctgggattacaggcatgagccaccgtgcctggctggacatcttgttattaaagcttcttctctctttgtaggggagggggagatgcctctggtggagaagaccagtgtggcagtgactgtgtctgttagtgaacctggtggctggttgagggtctgtcgtggtgactgaggacacatacaaagtgcttttctcagtggtcaccttggtgttggtgaataagggtcagaagatggctcctgtcctagggcactgccagtcggtttggaagctgaaatgcctgcttagcagtttgaggaaacacagaccttggaggatcttctggttgcctcttcaagaattcattctattccccttctgctccccaaatttgcttttcttggggtgggtcttggttggcctaagccaagaaagtatggcatctactccttccatagcaatagctcaggaataggcagtgacccagacctgaaccaatcagtgcatggaattacccctggccaaagtggttgattgaggctgggtgcaagcagagttgtgagaaggctcccatttggtggttggagagatcgcacttgctccagaggtcataatgtgcagatctgaggcttggaactgctgcagacattttgctaccacaagtgaagccaccctgacgacacagttgacaatttggagcagggcagagctgagagaacagcagggaaacagccagagtatgctcaagcctccctgaagtatctatacccctggactctagttatgggggctaataaatgttatatactgtttaaggtHomo sapiensribosomal protein L8 (RPL8)(SEQ ID NO: 93)tgctgagggcctcaataaagtttgtgtttatgccHomo sapiensribosomal protein L34 (RPL34)(SEQ ID NO: 94)aaaaatgaaacttttttgagtaataaaaatgaaaagacgctgtccaatagaaaaagttggtgtgctggagctacctcacctcagcttgagagagccagttgtgtgcatctctttccagttttgcatccagtgacgtctgcttggcatcttgagattgttatggtgagagtatttacacctcagcaaatgctgcaaaatcctgttttcccccagagagctggaggttaaatactaccagcacatccctagatactactcaagttacagtatatgatcactaatatagtatgctatggtaccaggagctctgatatatatctggtacatgtttgataatgacttgattgttattataagtacttattaatacttcgattctgtaaagagtttagggtttgattttataaaatccaaaatgagccttttattgaatccagttctctatgtgaccagttctctgtatgaatggaagggaaaagaattaaaaatcttgcaaaggggHomo sapiensribosomal protein L34 (RPL34)(SEQ ID NO: 95)aaaaatgaaacttttttgagtaataaaaatgaaaagacgctgtccaatagaaaaagttggtgtgctggagctacctcacctcagcttgagagagccagttgtgtgcatctctttccagttttgcatccagtgacgtctgcttggcatcttgagattgttatggtgagagtatttacacctcagcaaatgctgcaaaatcctgttttcccccagagagctggaggttaaatactaccagcacatccctagatactactcaagttacagtatatgatcactaatatagtatgctatggtaccaggagctctgatatatatctggtacatgtttgataatgacttgattgttattataagtacttattaatacttcgattctgtaaagagtttagggtttgattttataaaatccaaaatgagccttttattgaatccagttctctatgtgaccagttctctgtatgaatggaagggaaaagaattaaaaatcttgcaaaggggHomo sapiensribosomal protein S17 (RPS17)(SEQ ID NO: 96)attttttctgtagtgctgtattattttcaataaatctgggacaacagcHomo sapiensribosomal protein SA (RPSA)(SEQ ID NO: 97)gctgttatgcataggctataagcagcatggaaaaatggttgatggaaaataaacatcagtttctaaaagttgtatcatttagtttgattttactccagatcagaatacctgggattgcatatcaaagcataataataaatacatgtctcgacatgagttgtacttctHomo sapiensubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 (UBA52)(SEQ ID NO: 98)ggtggttctttccttgaagggcagcctcctgcccaggccccgtggccctggagcctcaataaagtgtccctttcattgactggagcagcaattggtgtcctcatggctgatctgtccagggaggtggctgaagagtgggcatctcccttagggactctactcagcactccattctgtgccacctgtggggtcttctgtcctagattctgtcacatcggcattggtccctgccctatgcccctgactctggatttgtcatctgtaaaactggagtaaaaacctcagtcgtgtaattggtgggactgaggatcagttttgtcattgctgggatcctgtcaggcactttgaggtgtccctcaggccttggccctgaagtgtctaggtgtgtggagatgggtagaaaattaggtacacccaatggtgtagaacgttgattctcaaatttttttattttatacaaatggggtctcactatgttgtccaggctggtcttgaactcctgggctcaagccatccgcccatctcagcccctcaaagtgttgggattacaagcaagaactgccatgcctgacccagttctcagttttttgtttgtttgtttgtttgtttgttttgagacggagtcttgctctgtcgcccaggctggagtgcagtggcgcagtctcggcttactacaacctctgcctccggggttcacatccttctcctgcctcagcctcccgagtagctgggactacaggtgcccgccacaactcctggctaattttttgtatttttagtagagacggggtttcactgggttagccaggttggtctcgatctcctgaccttgtgatccattcgccttggcctcccagaatgctggtattacaggcgtgagccagcacgcctggcccagttactcagttttgaatctgaggccgtgacatcactcatggtctgcagtcagtgctctgcccctgagctgtaccctctcctatgataatcactcttaagaagggcaacccttggtgttttccccttaaggtcacccaggctggaatgcagtggtgtggtcatggctccctgtaccctggaactcaggcttgggtgatcctctctcctttgcctccgaagtagccaggactacaggtgtgcacccaccaccacactcagataattgattggtgtttttaaagcttgtaatgatcagtaggctgaggtgggcaaatcataaggtcaagagttttttagatggggtgagcacagaccaattcctgttttatttactgatttaaaattttgagacagtctcactgtcacccaggttggggtgcagtggtaggatcatagcttgctgcagccttgatctcccaggatcttgcctcagcctcccgagtagctgggactgcatgcttgtgccaccacactcggttaatattttgtagagatggggtcttgctatgttgcccaggctggcttcaaactcctgaacttaaaagcctcctgtttagttttggttttttatcactttttttttttttttttgagatggagccttgctcccatcgtgcaggctggagtgcggtggcgcagtctcggctcactgcagcttctgcctctcgggttcaagcgattctcctttctcagcctcttgagtagctggaattaccagtgtgcgccaccaccaccacgcctggctagtttttctgtttttagtagagacagggttttgctatgttggccaggctggtatgaactactgacctatgtgatctacctgtatggccttccaaagtgctaggattacaagcgtaagccacagcgcctggccttgctacatttttttttttttttttttttttacagacatggtctcgctatgttgcccagaatggttttgcactgggtccaagcagttctgccgcagcctcccaaagtgctgggattacaggggtgaggcaccttgctggcccctgttttgattagggtgcagtgctggtgaagccggtgcacgaggccagtgatgcatcctaatgaggggtggagttggcgggacttcctgggccagtttggggactttcacaaaagacccccatgactcagggttttgagttcttaactgatcgaatgaaggattcaaaattaaccactccaaggggggattgaaggaagaaccactcttaatggacaaaaagaaagaaaggggagggagtaacagggatatgagctctagccgcccaagctagcaatggcaacccttctgggtccccttccagcatgtggaagctttcctttcgcttcattcaataaacagctgctgctcHomo sapiensFinkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV) ubiquitously expressed(FAU)(SEQ ID NO: 99)gtatttgtaattctggattctctaataaaaaagccacttagttcagtcatcgaaaaHomo sapiensribosomal protein L22-like 1 (RPL22L1)(SEQ ID NO: 100)gcaaaggctccccttacagggctttgcttattaataaaataaatgaagtatacatgagaaataccaagaaattggcttttagtttatcagtgaataaaaaatattatactatgaacttttgtctcatttttttgagtatgctgtttatatgattttgatttccctctgataactatcaacagtatttaaatagcttatagctggtataattttttcccacgatttccaaaatcttttatgtactcaggtaaaagtagcgttatataggaaatcttttttttagacactctcgttctgtcacccaggctggagtgcagtgactcagatcctaaatagctggaattacaggtgtgagccaccatgcccggctaattttttgtacttttagtagagtagggtttggccatgttggccaggctggtttcaaactcctgacctcaagtgatctacccacctcggcttcccaaagtgctgattatagctgtgaaccaccatgcccggccaggaaatcttactgtagaacaattttttatatagctgtataaaatgtatatgattgtcttgacagtctcaaatactgtttttaatagcttgtaaatgtaatctcaagtgcttagaacagttcttacatataagttgctctgtagtttgctcttatagttagcccaaagactctgggtgtgaggcctgctgtaaaccaatgttaaactgcttattagaaagccctaaccacctgctttgtaggcaccagaaactcaaaaccaaatctcaactcagctacagaatctactgtggtccttgtctgaaaaaattagttcactcggttggaatcttgtctcagagcatcctcatctctttctcaaaagcccctaccccaacaccggcgtgttggttgtctattgaaacttacaagtggatggaccctttctcccgaataaactggcctttgaaagctctaatcgaaatggtttggcaaaatccatactgcaggagattagggaggacaagaatgatgtgcattttgtactgctgagcctgatggtggtgccactacttcaggtacttagatgagtatgatgctaatagaattgtgtcgccaaacatatctggacagttacaacctaatctatgcattaattggtttgggaattgcttgaaattattgtttaattcaatgttttaattcgttttcctaaaaatttaagtgcccccatcatcgtgcaatacctcagtgcagcaactccttgattcttggatgactgaacttcctaacttggctctgccccattgttcccatttttcatgtttttcacaaatagttaaccaggtacctactactgtgcaccgctgcagagcattgaggatgtatgtgatgagtaaaaacacccagcctgctctgctgtgttagtattatgacggaaactgatcaaatcacatgtgaacaaatttactgctacaaaagggagggcttaataaaaggaatttcatctgggaaggcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S17 (RPS17)(SEQ ID NO: 101)attttttctgtagtgctgtattattttcaataaatctgggacaacagcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L39-like (RPL39L)(SEQ ID NO: 102)ggaattgcacatgagatggcacacatatttatgctgtatcaagttcacgatcatcttacgatatcaagctgaaaatgtcaccactacctggacagttgcacatgttttactgggaatatttttttctgtttttctgtatgctctgtgctagtagggtggattcagtaataaatatgtgaaagatttgtttccHomo sapiensribosomal protein L10-like (RPL10L)(SEQ ID NO: 103)gttttggcagtactgtctccttgggccatgctggtctgacttatgcttactaataaattctgtttactggcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL)(SEQ ID NO: 104)actttgggatatttttatcaattttgaagagaaaatggtgaagccatagaaaagttacccgagggaaaataaatacagtgatattatacgcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L3-like (RPL3L)(SEQ ID NO: 105)gctgtgtggggtggatgaaccctgaagcgcaccgcactgtctgccccaatgtctaacaaaggccggaggcgactcttcctgcgaggtctcagagcgctgtgtaaccgcccaaggggttcaccttgcctgctgcctagacaaagccgattcattaagacaggggaattgcaatagagaaagagtaattcacacagagctggctgtgcgggagaccggagttttatgttttattattactcaaatcgatctctttgagcHomo sapiensribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L)(SEQ ID NO: 106)tgattcaaacagatcctgaattttaattttgtgttgtctcacagaaagccttatcataaattccataattctaattaatttaccaagataatgtaattacatttggttttgtaaggtatacagcagtaatctcctattttggtgtcagtttttcaataaagttttgattatgggcaaatcccctctttttctttttttaaaatatatttgagtatgccatacatttatatatatggtgtatatgaatttggtttaaacattttaaaatttattctgattagtttgtgtattttttttttttttgagagagagagtcctgctctgtcactcaagctggagtgcagtggtgcgatctcggctcactgcaacctccgcctcccaggtccaagcaattctcttgccttgtcctcccaagtagctgggattataggcacacaccaccatgcctggctaatttgtgtctcattttcaagagtagaaaccctaaatattttattttcattccttttccaaattgctatgaatgggattaaaggattacagatgtaaagtctattatttgtgaattctaaatgtagttctgctgttgtacctgtggaaacatcttaaagaagtacatattttgcacgtcctgcacgtgtaccccagaacttaaactataattaaaaagaatagtttcaaaaaaatacaHomo sapiensribosomal protein L26-like 1 (RPL26L1)(SEQ ID NO: 107)atagaacctgttgtgcaaccacggtttaaccggagattttgaggctagggtgtgtttctttcgaacttttcggaatgtctggaacatttcatttcctgttttgttacctgtgcctctgtaaatctacttttgcaattttaagtaataattttatgaataaaaatgggaaatgcttcctaattccacatagtatttgcattgttttataaataaattccacttactatcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L7-like 1 (RPL7L1)(SEQ ID NO: 108)acccaggtgaggcagggctgaaaactgccatgggctgacttttgataggccatgccttgccactttacaagttattttgcatttactagtatttaagagtaaccttgagattgggaggaatagaggaggctggtacaaatagatggagacctgctgggatcagtgaatgcctgattaggacatggggctatgcatagcctaagagttataggcttaaagatgtcgagtaactaaaaactgtattgctggccgggcgcggtggctcacgcctgtaatcccagcactttgggaggccaaggcgggcagaccatgaggtcaggagattgagaccatcctggccaacatggtgaaaccctgtctctactaaaaatacaaaaatgagctgggtgtggtggcacgtgcctgtagtcccagctactcgagaggctaaggcaggaaaatcgcttgaacccaggaggcagagattgcagtgagccaagattgcaccagtgcactccagctgggcgacagagcgagactccatctcgHomo sapiensribosomal protein L13a pseudogene (RPL13AP)(SEQ ID NO: 109)gtggaaaagaacatgaaaaagaaaactgacaaatacacacaggtctcctcaagatccatggacttctggtctgagcctaataaagactgtttgtttattcctcaaaaacaaacaaacaaaaaaaaaccctctgtattataaattattctgtgtaatggtgtgttaccatacattHomo sapiensribosomal protein L37a pseudogene 8 (RPL37AP8)(SEQ ID NO: 110)atgctcctctactctttgagacatctctggcctataacaaatgggttaatttatgttaaaaaaaaaaaaagagagagagagtgaaacaacaatctacacaatcagagaaaatatttgcaaatcttatatctgattagaaattagtatctggaacatHomo sapiensribosomal protein S10 pseudogene 5 (RPS10P5)(SEQ ID NO: 111)aattggagaggattatttcacattgaataaacttacagccaaaaaaHomo sapiensribosomal protein S26 pseudogene 11 (RPS26P11)(SEQ ID NO: 112)ggagctgagttcttaaagactgaagacaggctattctctggagaaaaataaaatggaaattgtacttHomo sapiensribosomal protein L39 pseudogene 5 (RPL39P5)(SEQ ID NO: 113)ggaattgaacatgagatggcacacatatttatgctgtctaaaggtcacaatcatgttaccatatcaagctgaaaatgtcaccactatctggacagttggacatgtttttttgggaatatactttttctctctgaatctgttaggaactttctggttggctgggttccgtaataaatacatgagacctttcatttcaaaaaaaagaaaaataggcctccttcccaggggctccggatttcatcagccttctgtgcatgcccagccatacaaaccacgcagggatggctccaagtgHomo sapiensribosomal protein, large, P0 pseudogene 6 (RPLPOP6)(SEQ ID NO: 114)tcaccaaaaagcaaccaacttagccagattatttgcaaaacaaggaaataaaggatacttattaaaaaataaataaataaataaataaataaataataaataaataaataaataaataaatagataaataaataaaaagttttctactcacactgaagtgacgaagtcHomo sapiensribosomal protein L36 pseudogene 14 (RPL36P14)(SEQ ID NO: 115)gcccccttcccctgccctctccctgaaataaagaatagcttgacagaaa Further preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the nucleic acid sequence of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as to the nucleic acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 116 to 205 or the corresponding RNA sequence: Mus musculusribosomal protein L9 (RPL9)(SEQ ID NO: 116)GGAGGCCTCAGTTCCTGGCCCCAGAAACGAGATCCTGACCACATGAACAATTTGGGCTCTTTTGGGAGAATAAAAGACTTATATATTGMus musculusribosomal protein L3 (RPL3)(SEQ ID NO: 117)TTCCAGGACCACTTTGTGCAGATGGTGGGGTCTCACCAATAAAATATTTCTACTCACACTGGTTTTCCCMus musculusribosomal protein L4 (RPL4)(SEQ ID NO: 118)ACTATTAAAAATTGTTAAATTCCAGAGAGCAAGTAGAGACCGCATATTTCAATAAATCAAACATGTGGTGACAAACCCTTGTGTGACTCTTAAATTGTGGATGTTTCCAAGCCCCTTGMus musculusribosomal protein L5 (RPL5)(SEQ ID NO: 119)AGCAGTTTTCTATGAAGATTTTTTCATAAAGACAATAAACATATTGATCAAGCAGCTTTTTCTGTGTTAAGCTGTTATTAATGAGACTATAGGAAATAGTGTGAAATTACAAAAGCAAAGAAGTAGATAGTTATTTAATTAATTAAATTAATTTTACCTTTTGTGTTGCACCATAACCTACCACTGGTGGGATTAAGGGCAAGTATTACCATGCCTAGCTGAGAGTCTTTCTCCAGGAAAAACCAGCTTACATGGGTTCCTGCAAATCTCATGAGTGTTTCTTGGGTTTCTAGTCTTCCTGGGAGGTGTCCTTATCTTTCAGATTTTCAGATCTGGTAATTAGCATGATCATCAGGACATTTATTACAAACAAATTGATTAGTGGGAAGAAAGTATCTCAAGGTCAATCTTGGAAGTGAACAACTGGTGCTAATCCATGGCTTTAAAGATTTGAGAACAACGGTGAAATTTGGTTTGAGGAGAAGGGGGTGTCTAGGACGTTTCATTTTTATGGTACATGCCAGACATGAATGTACATAGGAAAATAACTTGAAAGGGTCAAATATTAAACCTTGAATATCAGGTTCACTTGGGAAAGCATTAGGTGCTTATGCCTCTTAGTAAATAGCCCTTCATCCCAGAAGGAGCAAGAATTGTCTTCCTGACTTAATCCAGTCTTAGCTGAGGTGCTGTGCATCTTTATCATCTTTGCCTTGCCTCACAGTGTCAGGCTCTGTGGTACTGGGGCTACACAGGTCAGGTAAACAGTTAACTGCTTACCTACATCCCCAGCAAAGATAATGTGACGATACTAAGATGAACCTATCAGAGCTTAAAGATAATGAGTTTCAGTCACAGTGATAACTGCATGCTAACTTCAGCATGTAGAATATATGCCGAAGCTAAAAGCCATTCCACAGTTGACTCCATCTGAAGTTAAAGTGTGTAAGTACACAGTAAATCATGCTATATTAACTGAACTTTTTAATAAATGAGTCATTTGAATTTMus musculusribosomal protein L6 (RPL6)(SEQ ID NO: 120)ATTGTTAACCTAATTAAACAGCTTCATAGGTTCTTTTGGTGTCCTTTTTGTGTGTTGTGTGTGCACATGTTTGTTGGGTGGGTGTTTTGCTGGTGTCTTTTCCTCTGTGTCTTCCTCTGGCCCTTTCTGGAAAGACCTGCTTAATCTGAAGCATGTGAGCTAGGCTAGTCCACTGGGTCCTGCTCTCTGCCCATCCCCAGCTGGCTTTGGATTAGAGGCACATACACTGCCATGGCTGCCTTTTACTGTGGCTGTGGTTTTGCCCTTTTTTTTTAAGCAAATAGAAAATGCTGCTGACTATACTGGMus musculusribosomal protein L7 (RPL7)(SEQ ID NO: 121)GGTGTCACCCATTGTATTTTTGTAATCTGGTCAGTTAATAAACAGTCACAGCTTGGCAAATTGMus musculusribosomal protein L7a (RPL7A)(SEQ ID NO: 122)ATGTACACTAAATTTTCTGTACCTAAATATAATTACAAAATTATCTTGAMus musculusribosomal protein L11 (RPL11)(SEQ ID NO: 123)ACTTGATCCAAAAAGCTAATAAAATTTTCTCAGAAATGCMus musculusribosomal protein L12 (RPL12)(SEQ ID NO: 124)GAAGCAACAAGAAAATATTCCAATAAAAGACTATCTGATAACCAGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L13 (RPL13)(SEQ ID NO: 125)TTCTGTGTTGGAGAGCTGCAATAAATTTTCCATAAAGCAAAAMus musculusribosomal protein L23 (RPL23)(SEQ ID NO: 126)TTCTCCAGTGTATTTGTAAAATATATTCATTAAAGTCTCTGCTCTGAGAGCTGGTCTTCTTGACACCTTTTCCAATATCAGCTTTGCAGAAGGAAACTTAAATTTCAGTTCAGGGCATGACCTTCATGACCTTGCAGAACTTCTTCACTTTCCAGGTTAAGTAAAGGCGATCTTTAGGGGCTGTCCAGATGGATCAGCTATAAAGATTCAATTGTAGAAGGTTCACGTCTCAATGCCCACGTGGTAGCTGTAACTTCAATTAAAAAACAAAAACAGCCGGGCGTGGTGGTGCACGCCTTTAATCCCAGCACTTGGGAGGCAGAGGCAGGCGGATTTCTGAGGCCAGCCTGATCTACAGAGTGAGTTCCAGGACAGCCAGGAATACACAGAGAAACCCTTGTCTCCAAAAACCAAAAAAAACAAAACACGCATTCTTTTCAGGTCTTTGCTGGGACCAGGTACACATAACACAGATAAATATTAGAGCAAACCATGCACATATGGTAAATTATCTTTGGGTTTTGGGTCCCTAAAATAAAGTGGTGTGTTCATTGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L18 (RPL18)(SEQ ID NO: 127)CCCTGGATCTTAACTGTTAATAAAAAAAACATTGGATGATGATGGTAMus musculusribosomal protein L18a (RPL18A)(SEQ ID NO: 128)ACACAGAGACCCACTGAATAAAAACTTGAGACTGTCCTTGCTTGTTTGCTTCTATGTCCCTGGAGAGGTCCCAGTTGGTCCCGTCCCTAACAACATGCTAGCCCTGCTCACCTGCCTGTCAGCCTTGCTCAGTGGCATCTTTCCATAGGTGTGTATCCCCTTAGATTAGCTTCAGCCCCACTACGATTTGTCTAGGACATAGCCTGAGCCCTGCCTGTGACACTGAGGGGTAGCAGTCTGTTTCTGGACTCCAGGGTGCTGCTGTCTCAGGCCTAAGAATTCCAGACATGACTATAATCCAAGCCTGGGGACCTGGTTGAGCTTTTTATCCTGCTGGCTCTAAGCTTCAGCTAGGTGGAAATGAGGCCAGCCAAGCCCCACAGTGAGCTTGCAAGCTTTAGATGGGGACAGGGTTACGCTTTGGTGAATGATGGAGGAAACATGGGGGTTCCTTTTGTTGGGTGCAGCCAGCACGGCATCATCATGGTGCCCAATCTTGAAAGGGCACAGGCCTGAAGCTTCCTGGGACTGTTCTGTCACAGGGAGGAACCTACTGCAGTTGCCTACAATTGCTACCTCTGAGGGACTTGCCTCTGGCCCCTTGTAGACATTTCCATGTCTACACATGGCCCAGAGTACTTTCAGGGATAGCAATGTGTGAATGGCACTTAGAAGATAACATGTGAAAGCCATMus musculusribosomal protein L19 (RPL19)(SEQ ID NO: 129)AGCTTCCCTCGTGTCTGTACATAGCGGCCTGGCTGTGGCCTCATGTGGATCAGTCTTTAAAATAAAACAAGCCTTTGTCTGTTGCCCTCTTGTTTAGCMus musculusribosomal protein L21 (RPL21)(SEQ ID NO: 130)TGTACACAAAGAAATAAAATACCAGCACCAGGACTGTGAAGTGTTTTCCTTAGACTGTAGTGTGGGGTTTGCTCATTGGCTTTCTTGTTCAGATTTTACTAATTGTTCTAAATGATACAGCTTAGTGTGCAGAAAATATCCTCTTGATTGGAAAATAGCCAAATATTTACAAAACAGGTATACTAGTTTGAAGAGGCTCTATATGGGGGGAGGGGGTGCTGGAAAACATTAGTGGGTGACCAGTAATGGTGGTACAGCTCTAACTCCTAGCACCAGGAGTCCGAGGCAGGGGGATCTTCAGGCTGCATGATGTGCATAGTAGCATGCTGGTATTAGGGAGTGGGTATCTGTGGTTCCCACTTTGAAAATAACCAAAATTCTCCAAAGTGGGCAGACCTAAGCCAGGAGAGGGCTGGCCACAGACATTTGGTACTGCTTGCTGAGAAAGCACTGATTGTTTTCCTAACCTAAAGATTATATATGGCCCACCATACCATCTTTGAAACAATGTGTACTGGCCTTTGGTTCACCTTTCTTGTCTTTGAAGTTGTACTTGGTGGGTGCATTTAACCTTGCCACAGAGTGGGGAGGATAGAGTCTAATGGACCTTAAGTGGTCTCTGGTGGCCATGTCGGCAGTGCTTAGGTTGTAGCCCAGGGTTGGAGTCGGCAGTGACAAGCAAATAACTATATTCTTGCTTGCTGTGGCAGCTATACAGAAATTTACGGTATAGGTAAGAGGGTTCTCTAGAAGTACTACCTGTCTTAGTGAAAGAGATTGCTTGGTTAACATCCTGTTATGTAGTGGGGCTACTTTTAAACTGTGTGAAGTCCCCATTAGCCACCTCCATAGGCAATGGAGCTAACATTCTTGCTACAGTGGCCGCAGCTCATTAACACCTAATGATGTGTTTAACATGTGTCCACATGGTGTGAATGTGGGTACGCATGTGCCCAGTATTCAGTTCACAGAATTGTCATCATCTTCCATCATGTCTTCAGTGAGGGACTCTGCAGATGCCCACCCCAGTCCTTGGTTGTGGTGATTCTGTTAGCATTAAATGCACTGGAGAGCTTCMus musculusribosomal protein L22 (RPL22)(SEQ ID NO: 131)GACACATTGGTCTGCAATGTTTTGTATTAATTCATAAATAAAATTTAGGAACAAAACCGGTGGTTTATCCTTGCATCTCTGCAGTGTGGATTGGACAGGAAGTTGGAAATGACAGGGACTTTAACTGGGCTGCTGCTCCTTTGTATATAGACACTTTTTTCCTGCTCAGAAACTTGAGTTCTCCAGTAGCAATGGCCAAACAGAAGAACCAGGCTAGGGGGCTGCATCTGACAGAGCAAGTAGACGAGAGGCTGGGTGGTGGGCTCCGGCCAGCCCGAGTCTTAGAGCTGGTGGTTGGTTATATCTGGTGCCTGTCTCGAGGAGGGCTTGAGACACAGTGTGGTGCTCCTCAGAAGCAGACAGGTGATTTCTTTGTGTGATTTTTCTTTTCCCCTGGGACAATGACAGTCAGTAAGACAGGTTTCAGGGACTTTTGTGTCCAGGTCTGAGCACTAGTCGCTCACAGTTGTGTGTACTAACCTTCTTCCTTCCTATTGAAATGGCAGGGGTCTTTGAGTCTCACTGCTGCATGTTCTGCCTTCATAGGGATCTGTAAGTATGCTGGGCATCTGGGCTTTTAGGGGGCTCTCTATAGGGTGTCTGAGATAGAGGTCAACAAGGGCTTATAGACAACTCAAACAAAGCCCATGGCTTGAGCAAGTCTGCAACAAGCTGTTTGTCTAGCCTCCAGCAGAGGGCGAGGGAGACAGCTTCCAGATGTTCCCAGTAGGTGGAGCCCCTCCAAGCCCAGGGCTCAGGAGGCTTACAGGGTGGGAACTCCAATACTGGTGGAGGGAGGAGGGCGTTTGATGGGAAGATAGGGAAGTTGCTGCTTCCTAAACTGTCACAACTGGGCTTGGATAGGAGTCATAGTCTGGGACCACAGCCCTGTGGTAGAATGCTAGCCTGGTGTGCTCCAGGTTTAATCTCCATCACTGCAGAAATGAGTCCAAGCTGTGTGTACCTCCAGGGCACTGGGCATGGGGTTCCCTTGCCATTGTGTGTGCCCGGAGAACTGGCAGGCGGGAAATGTCTTTATCAAGGGTTACCTTGGAAGAGGTCCCAACACTGTAGGGTGCTCCTGTTGTCAAAACCTATGCAGAGGCATCTGCTTGCTCTCTAATAACAGTATGCAATGCTAAAGGGCTCGCTTACAGCCGGTGGCCACACTGGAGGCCTGCACATCAGGTGGCCACAAGTTCTGCTGCTGCGCCTCCGAGGAAACACTTGGTCCTCCGATCGATTTTAACCTGTTGAGGCTTTGCAATCCCCCTGTGGCAAAGGCTCCAGTGTTTTCTATTTCTATGCAAATTTCTTGAAGCAGAACTGTTACTGTCTTTCTCCTCTGCCCTGGGAGGAGGCGCTAGCGTTTCCTTCCAACTTCAGGTGCAGCCCCCCTCGTGGTTAGCGGTCTTAAGTTCGTGACTTGGGTTTGCAGATCTTTTTTGTTACATCGCCGGACCATGTGGTGGTCTTTAGCTGTAAACAACATTAACCCTGGGTTGATTAGCATATGCTTCTAAAAGATGGTCCCAGATTCTGCGACTTGTAATAAAATGGAAACTTGCTGGTTTTTATGCCTTTCTAACTCTTGTATTTGAATGAATGTTGATCACTTTTTGTATTAAAGTGGCTGACACATGGCTACTGTCACTGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L22 (RPL22)(SEQ ID NO: 132)AATATCTCACCAAAAAATATTTGAAGAAGAACAACCTCCGAGACTGGCTGCGTGTTGTCGCCAACAGCAAAGAGAGTTACGAGCTGCGTTACTTCCAGATTAACCAGGATGAAGAGGAGGAGGAAGACGAGGATTAGGACACATTGGTCTGCAATGTTTTGTATTAATTCATAAATAAAATTTAGGAACAAAACCGGTGGTTTATCCTTGCATCTCTGCAGTGTGGATTGGACAGGAAGTTGGAAATGACAGGGACTTTAACTGGGCTGCTGCTCCTTTGTATATAGACACTTTTTTCCTGCTCAGAAACTTGAGTTCTCCAGTAGCAATGGCCAAACAGAAGAACCAGGCTAGGGGGCTGCATCTGACAGAGCAAGTAGACGAGAGGCTGGGTGGTGGGCTCCGGCCAGCCCGAGTCTTAGAGCTGGTGGTTGGTTATATCTGGTGCCTGTCTCGAGGAGGGCTTGAGACACAGTGTGGTGCTCCTCAGAAGCAGACAGGTGATTTCTTTGTGTGATTTTTCTTTTCCCCTGGGACAATGACAGTCAGTAAGACAGGTTTCAGGGACTTTTGTGTCCAGGTCTGAGCACTAGTCGCTCACAGTTGTGTGTACTAACCTTCTTCCTTCCTATTGAAATGGCAGGGGTCTTTGAGTCTCACTGCTGCATGTTCTGCCTTCATAGGGATCTGTAAGTATGCTGGGCATCTGGGCTTTTAGGGGGCTCTCTATAGGGTGTCTGAGATAGAGGTCAACAAGGGCTTATAGACAACTCAAACAAAGCCCATGGCTTGAGCAAGTCTGCAACAAGCTGTTTGTCTAGCCTCCAGCAGAGGGCGAGGGAGACAGCTTCCAGATGTTCCCAGTAGGTGGAGCCCCTCCAAGCCCAGGGCTCAGGAGGCTTACAGGGTGGGAACTCCAATACTGGTGGAGGGAGGAGGGCGTTTGATGGGAAGATAGGGAAGTTGCTGCTTCCTAAACTGTCACAACTGGGCTTGGATAGGAGTCATAGTCTGGGACCACAGCCCTGTGGTAGAATGCTAGCCTGGTGTGCTCCAGGTTTAATCTCCATCACTGCAGAAATGAGTCCAAGCTGTGTGTACCTCCAGGGCACTGGGCATGGGGTTCCCTTGCCATTGTGTGTGCCCGGAGAACTGGCAGGCGGGAAATGTCTTTATCAAGGGTTACCTTGGAAGAGGTCCCAACACTGTAGGGTGCTCCTGTTGTCAAAACCTATGCAGAGGCATCTGCTTGCTCTCTAATAACAGTATGCAATGCTAAAGGGCTCGCTTACAGCCGGTGGCCACACTGGAGGCCTGCACATCAGGTGGCCACAAGTTCTGCTGCTGCGCCTCCGAGGAAACACTTGGTCCTCCGATCGATTTTAACCTGTTGAGGCTTTGCAATCCCCCTGTGGCAAAGGCTCCAGTGTTTTCTATTTCTATGCAAATTTCTTGAAGCAGAACTGTTACTGTCTTTCTCCTCTGCCCTGGGAGGAGGCGCTAGCGTTTCCTTCCAACTTCAGGTGCAGCCCCCCTCGTGGTTAGCGGTCTTAAGTTCGTGACTTGGGTTTGCAGATCTTTTTTGTTACATCGCCGGACCATGTGGTGGTCTTTAGCTGTAAACAACATTAACCCTGGGTTGATTAGCATATGCTTCTAAAAGATGGTCCCAGATTCTGCGACTTGTAATAAAATGGAAACTTGCTGGTTTTTATGCCTTTCTAACTCTTGTATTTGAATGAATGTTGATCACTTTTTGTATTAAAGTGGCTGACACATGGCTACTGTCACTGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L23a (RPL23A)(SEQ ID NO: 133)ACTGAGTCCAGATGGCTAATTCTAAATATATACTTTTTTCACCATAAAMus musculusribosomal protein L17 (RPL17)(SEQ ID NO: 134)ATTCAGCATAAAATAAAGGCAGATAAAGTTAAAGGTCTTCTGGTGGTCTTTAATGAGCCCTGTTGGGAGTGAGGTGCTTTAACATGGAGAAGCATGTTATTAAACAGTGAAATAGATGGTTCAAAACCACGTGACCATGTMus musculusribosomal protein L24 (RPL24)(SEQ ID NO: 135)TGTGGTAGAGCAGAGTTGGAAATAAAGCTCTATCTTTAACTCTAGGMus musculusribosomal protein L26 (RPL26)(SEQ ID NO: 136)AGACATCTCGTGCACGGCTTTCATTAAAGACTGCTTAAGTMus musculusribosomal protein L27 (RPL27)(SEQ ID NO: 137)GTATATTTTTGTTTTGGTCATTAAAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAATACAAGTGTCTGCCTATTGCATTTGTGTGGGAAGAGACTGGGGAAATAAAACAGGTGTGCTGTTGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L30 (RPL30)(SEQ ID NO: 138)ACAAGAAAGTTTTCCTTTAATAAAACTTTGCCAGAGCTCCTTTTGMus musculusribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A)(SEQ ID NO: 139)AAGCCACACCGGAGGTTAATTAAATGCTAACATTTTCCATGTGGTCTTTGCATCCTTCCTTGTCTGCATGTTGGAAATCTGCCTAACATTCTAGGAAGAGGTGAGGTGTGGGCCCTTGAGAGTCAGTCTGTGGGAATAAGTGTAGCCCAACTATGCACAGTTGTAAATTCCTACATCCCCGTGTGTATTGGTCTTGATATTCAAAGAATTGATGAATGCCATTACTTTCAGTCCAAAGTGAAGAAACCTGGTCTCAAAAAATCCCGAGGACCAGAAATGAGATGGGTTTTCCTGAAAATCTAAAGTTCTTGAAAAACCTTGCCATCCAGATTGCTAGCAACTGCCTAGCTTTGTAAGCTTACTGTGATGGACAGGTAGCTCAGGACGACTGGTCACTTAATACTGGACAGATTAGCATGGAAAACTTAAGGGGAGGAGGAGGTAGTAGGTTCCATCCAGCTTCGCTTTGTTGGTGGCATCTAGGTGTTGTTCCAAGGGAGCATGCCTACCTGCAACAGGACATCACTGGTTGGGAATACTGTAGAACCAGAGCTGTGACCTTTGAACTACTAGAAAGATGAAATTTTATGTAAAGAGTACCTTGGAGTAAATAAATAAAGCCCAAGATCCTGATTGTCTAMus musculusribosomal protein L28 (RPL28)(SEQ ID NO: 140)GCCCCACACGCCCGAAGCAATAAAGAGTCCACTGACTTCCMus musculusribosomal protein L29 (RPL29)(SEQ ID NO: 141)AAAAGGCTCCTGCCAGTGTGAAGACAGACGGACTGCTGTGACACACCTCCCCACACACTATTTGCAGATGACCAGTGTCCTATGCTGTTCTTACAAATAAACTCAGGCAAGATCTGTTAGCTTGMus musculusribosomal protein L31 (RPL31)(SEQ ID NO: 142)CCTGCTCGTGTCAAATAAAGTTGCAGAACTGCCTTCAGGGTTTGGTTTTCCTTTCTGTTGTCTGCCTCATGGGTGGAATTTTTGGGTCTACAGGGTGTTGGAAATTAATCTGAGAATCTCTGTTCTGGGTACATGGGAAATTAGAAATACGTGAAACATTCTTTTCACAGAAGTCACTTTATTAGGATTGTGGATTTGGGTTGGTTTTGAAACAGGGTTTCTTGTGGCACTGCTTGTTCTATAGAATAGGGTGGCCTTGAACTCAGAAATCCACCTGCCTTTTCCTCCCTAGTATTGGCAATTAAATGCCCAGCTTGTTTGTAAGCTCTCATTTTCAGTTCCAGGTTTATGTGTGAGCCTAAGATTAGGTAAAGATTGAGGTTATAACTTAAACGTACTGAATTAACTTATGTTGTGTGGGTCCCAGGAATTGGACCTGGGACATCAACTCTGCCTTTCCAGCCATCTTTGCCAACCAGTAGCTCATCTCTGGGATGTGTCTGCCCTCAAAATGACATTTTAAAAAAGTCAGTACAAAAGAACGATTTTTATTAAAAACCTTGAGGACAAACATTMus musculusribosomal protein L32 (RPL32)(SEQ ID NO: 143)ATGGCTTGTGTGCATGTTTTATGTTTAAATAAAATCACAAAACCTGCCGTCGTAMus musculusribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A)(SEQ ID NO: 144)ACTAATGGAGAGTAAATAAATAAAAGTAGATTTGTGCTCTTGTATTTTTTTTTCACATCTGTCCTAAAMus musculusribosomal protein L37 (RPL37)(SEQ ID NO: 145)GGATTTCAATCAGTCATAAAATAAATGTTCTGCTTTCAAAAATTCTGTGGTGATCTAAGGTACTTTAACATCGGTTCAGAGTTCGGTTATATGATTGCTCTGGGATCCTACGCTTCTTCCTTCATAGTTCCTGTGGGTCCGAAGCTGGGAGGGGCTGGGTGGACTCTCGGGAAAGATACTCTGAGCCTGTCTCGGTCCCCATCGTGTTTGCTTGGCCCTGGGCATGGAAGTGGGTGAGTGATGAGCTGAACGAGCAGGCTTGCTAGAGATGAGGACAGTTACTGGTGTGGTTATATCACTACCATGCCTACAGTGTCTTAAGACGCTTACAGTCTGTAAGGGACTTAAATGATTTGAGCTCTTACTTATCCTGTAGTTTCTGATTTTTAACATTTACTTGAATAAAGCCAAGCAAGATAAGCCTTTATTCCCAGCACTTGGTGACAGGTGGATCTATGAGTTGGGGATCAGAGCTACACATTAAAACTCTTAATTCATCTTACTMus musculusribosomal protein L37 (RPL37)(SEQ ID NO: 146)GGATTTCAATCAGTCATAAAATAAATGTTCTGCTTTCAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTAATCCTCTGTGATGGCCAGCAGTTAACATTCAACAGTTTCTCTCTAGGCTCTTGATTCTCTGACTATTGTAGGGATTCGATCAGCACTCGCATACCAGAAGTGTGAGATGGTCCGTCCTTTTTCAAGACAAGATTTCTCTGTGTAGCCCTGGCTGTCCTGGAACCCACTCTGTAGACCAGGCTGGCCTTGAATTTACAGAGATCCCCTTGCCTCCGCTTGCTGAGTGCTAGGATTAAAGGCATGCGCACTATGMus musculusribosomal protein L37a (RPL37A)(SEQ ID NO: 147)AAGCCCTGCTGTCTGAGACTTGCCTAGCCTGCAATAAACGGGTTATTTACGTAACTTTTTTTTTTTTGCCTTGTTTGTGGTTAATTAAAACATTTGGTGTGTGTTCTATTTTTTATTTTCGAAAGATGCTTGTTTTGAGACATACTGTGTGACCCTGGCTGGCCTTGAGTGCCTGGTTCTCCTTACAAGTGTAGATACATCTGGCTTAAGATTTTAGTCTTTCAGAAATAAAAATGTTGCTAAGACMus musculusribosomal protein L38 (RPL38)(SEQ ID NO: 148)ACCAGCCCTCTGCGTGTGACTATTAAAAACCCTGAAAAGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L39 (RPL39)(SEQ ID NO: 149)GGATTCACACAATGGCAAGACTGAGGATTTATACTGAATTGTCATCAATCAGTCCTACCAGATGGATTTCAACATTTAAACCTGGAGACTCTTCGTGTCTTGAATTAGGATGTTTGTCCAGTAATAAAATATAGAACCTTTCAAAATGCTTTTCTGGTTTATAAAGTACTGAATTGCCCTTMus musculusribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0)(SEQ ID NO: 150)TCCCGCCAAAGCAACCAAGTCAGCCTGCTTAATTTGAGAAAGATGGAAATAAAGGCTTACTTCTCTTAAAACTCCGGTCTGGATTTATTTAGTTTGTTCACTTAAGCAGGATGAAAAAGCAAAACCGCTACTGTTTACTTTGTGTTGGCATCTTTGTTTCTAAAATTAAAGCTCCTAGTGTTTTTGTGGGCTTTGTTTGTTTTTTGAGACAGTCTCTTGACTTGGTGCCATAGCTAGTCTGGGACAAAGATTTTCCAGGTGTGAATTAAAGGTGTATGTCATCAAMus musculusribosomal protein, large, P1 (RPLP1)(SEQ ID NO: 151)ACTGCTTTTGTTAAGTTGGCTAATAAAGAGCTGAACCTGTMus musculusribosomal protein, large, P2 (RPLP2)(SEQ ID NO: 152)ATTCCTGCTCCCCTGCAAATAAAGTCTTTTTATGTATCTTGAMus musculusribosomal protein S3 (RPS3)(SEQ ID NO: 153)CAGGGTCTTGGCAGCTGCATCTGGAGGCATTTAATAAAATAAAGACATTTAATAAAATCTTGAACAAAGACAAGGCCTGACTGGATTGTGTCCAGTATTCAACTGAGTTATGTTGTCTATGGAGCCATGCTTATTCTGTTGGTTTAAGCTGGAGGGCATGAGCAGAGCTGACCAGAGAAGTCATGAAGTTGGTGACCCTGTGTTGAACAATTGAGGGTTAGAAGAGCAGTTTGGTTTTGGTGCTCTTGATGGAACCCAGGTGCTTGGACATAGTAAGCACACATAAGACAGAGTAAGACTGCTGTGTCTCTGGCCTGGAGTAGTCTTTCTTGCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCTCTAGAATGAAAGCAGATGGCCCAGCGAGTTAGGTGCTTCCTATGAAAGCATGTGTGCTGGTTTGTCATGCACACAGCCCTGCAGGAGAGAGTATGGCAACACAGCCGCTCAGCATCCCAAGATAAAAAGGGAGTTTCTACTGCCATTTTGAGCTTGGGAGTTTGAAATGTAAAGCCTGTCCATATGTTTTAAGGATCCATGTATTTCTGTTTTGTTTGTTTTTCAAAACAGGGTTTCTCTGTAGCCCTGGCTGTCCTGGAACCCACTCTGTATGTAGACCAGGCTGGCCTTGAACTCAGAAATCCACCTGCCTCTGGCGATCCATATATTTCTAAGTCCTGTACTTAGACGCTGTTTTGGAAAATTCATTTTGGAAGCATTTACTGTTGGTGTGTTTTGTGGGGAATGAATGATAGCTTGGGAATTCTTTTCTGTTTGGTGAGAGTGAAGCTGTCAGCCCGGTTGTAGCCTGGCTGGTGCTCAAAGGCTTTCTCTCATTGTCTTCACCTACGTAGCTTTACGTGGGGTAAGGACTTAAGTTACTTAAGTTGGGTGCACACTGACCATGTCCACAACCTGTTAACCAACTCTACATGATGAGTACAGATGTACCTTTTTAGAAAGTGTTAATGTGTAGCCCTGGCTGGCCTCTGCCTCAGGGTATTATGAATAAAGTGTGCAACCTTCATCTGGTTGATTAAAMus musculusribosomal protein S3A (RPS3A)(SEQ ID NO: 154)AATCCAGATTTTTAATAGTGACAAATAAAAAGTCCTATTTGTGATCGTTMus musculusribosomal protein S4, X-linked (RPS4X)(SEQ ID NO: 155)AATGGTCTCTAGGAGACATGCTGGAAAAGTGTTTGTACAAGCCTTTCTAGGCAACATACATGCTAGATTAAACAGCATGGTGAAACTMus musculusribosomal protein S4-like (RPS41)(SEQ ID NO: 156)AGTGGACTCTGAGGGACATTGCGGGGAAGGGGCGTTTACGTTTGTTTATACTTAAAAGTTTTTTAAGCAGCATGTTGAATTAAAAAAGAAAGCAAGCTTCMus musculusribosomal protein S5 (RPS5)(SEQ ID NO: 157)TTTCCCAGCTGCTGCCTAATAAACTGTGTCCTTTGGAACAACTATMus musculusribosomal protein S6 (RPS6)(SEQ ID NO: 158)GTCTTTAAGAGCAACAAATAAATAATGACCTTGAATCTTTCATTGGCTTTCATTAATAGTGTAACTAGATAAATGATGGGAAAGATGAGACAGAAGAAGGAATACATCTATAGGACTGCTAGAATATGGGGAGAGTGATTATTTTCAAATTAATATGTATCGAGCTTCTACCCCAAGGTAAATAAATAACATTTGGAGACCATTAAAATGTAGGATGGCATAGAAGAGGCCTTTACTAAGATTAATAATTAAAGAAACACAGCCTTTAAAGTAAAAAACACACTGTGCCTTTGAAACTTGCTAAAAAGATTAACTTCTGTCCCAAAAGGTATCAGCCATGCGCTACCAGCCTCCCTGCCCCTACAGTGGCAGTGGCTGCATTCTTGGTGAATGGTAGTGGAAGGGATTAAACCTAGGCCTCAGTCATGCTTCCCAGTCACTGGTACTGATTTGTATGCACCCGCTTAGGTGTGAAGGTAGTTTTGGTGTGTATCACAAGTTAGCCTGTGTAGCGAAGACAGGTTTTCTCCACCGTGTTTTTTGTTACACATGACTATTCACAAATGTGCTGCAGACAGTAAAATGAGAAATACCCTTCCAAGGMus musculusribosomal protein S7 (RPS7)(SEQ ID NO: 159)AGAAAATGACTGAATAAAGTGTCATTCATAGTATTTGGTTGTAGTAACTTGTCAAAATCTCAGGGCCATGGGTGCACGACAGCAGTAGCTTCTTGAATGAACTGAAGTTTTCAAGAGGTGCCTGGAAGGTGAAAAACACACTGAAGCCAGTCATGTTGATATGGGGGCATTCTGCTGCTGTGAAACAGACTGGGGTTCACACCCACCTTGCGGGATTAGAACTTCACTGCCCTCCAACTTCTTTCTTTGTAAACAACTGTCCACATTTTMus musculusribosomal protein S8 (RPS8)(SEQ ID NO: 160)GCCTCATGTGTAGTGTAATAAAGGTGTCTGCTGTTCTATCTGMus musculusribosomal protein S9 (RPS9)(SEQ ID NO: 161)TTAATACTTGGCTGAACTGGAGGATTGTCTAGTTTTCCAGCTGAAAAATAAAAAAGAATTGATACTTGGMus musculusribosomal protein S10 (RPS10)(SEQ ID NO: 162)AGTTGGAGTTTATGTTGTATTGAATAAACTTTAAAGMus musculusribosomal protein S11 (RPS11)(SEQ ID NO: 163)GGGGACTCTGGCCAATGCCCTAGAACAAATAAAGTTATTTTCCAACGMus musculusribosomal protein S12 (RPS12)(SEQ ID NO: 164)ATAAATTTTGGCTGATTTTTCTCTTGTATTTCTTGTTTGCTGGTATAAAAMus musculusribosomal protein S13 (RPS13)(SEQ ID NO: 165)ATGCTGTTGTGTGCACAAGCAATAAAATCACTTTGAGTAACTTMus musculusribosomal protein S15 (RPS15)(SEQ ID NO: 166)CCGAGGCCAATAAAGACTGGTTTTGGTCCCTGGAMus musculusribosomal protein S15a (RPS15A)(SEQ ID NO: 167)ACGTAAAGCATAAATAAAAAGCCTTTGTGGACTGTGCTCAGGGTCAGTCCTTTTGAATCTCTGCAGCAGAGTAGCTGGCTGTGCTGACTGGTGACACTTCTGGTGATGCTCAGCTGTGAGGTTTTATGTAGATATTGAAAGCATGACCATTGTCTTCACTTCACCTCCAGCTTGGGTTGTATGCCAGTAACATCAGCATAAGGTGGTTAATGACAGGATGGTCCCTTGAGTGTGCAGTGAGTCTGGTTTATTTGCCAATGAGAAGCACAGGCCTCCTGTATGGGTCTTTGCCTACAGCCCCCTTTCATCACCCAGACTTGGTAGACTTACATTCTGTCACACTGTTGGCTCTTAATCTCAGCCCTGAAAAATGCCATTTCTTGGGTATCAAGGCTAGTCTAGATTCAGAAACCATATAAAGGTTGACAGCTGGTTTAAAAAAAAAAAGGCTTGGAGCTTGAGTTGGGTTCGCAGGTTATTCCAGGGTATCTGTCTGCACTTTGTCTCCCAGATTTAAAGGTAAGTGCCACCATGCCTAGCATGGTGACTTATTAGCTTTGTTGCTGTGGAACATACATCAAATGAAACATTGGTATGGCTCTGGTTTCACTGTCCATGGTTAGTATCTGGTGGGTGGACACCTGGTGGAACCAAGCTGCTCATCCCAGAACTAAGGAGCCATTCCCCAGAGACTTGTCTTCCTACTAAGTTCCATCCCTACAGCTTCTAGTAGTAGCTTCAGAGGTTGTGAATTGTGGACTTAGTCTGCCATAACATTTAAAATAGGTATTAAATTCAAGTCATTTGGTCACTCAGCACCCACGTGGCTCTTCAGAACAACAGAAGCCCCTCGGACTTGTCTGTTGGAAAAACCAGTTTGAAATAATGTACCTGCTTTAGTTGAGAAAACGCTACAACTGGTGCTGTGTCCTGCCATGCTGATGAGCTCTGCTCTGCGACCTGCCGAACTTGGGGGATCTCTACCCCCAGACTTTGCTCAGATCTGTTGATGATTTGTCCATGCAGGAAAGTTTACAAGGTCTCTGTGTGTCTACTACTTACTAGTTGCTGTGACAAAAATACTGAAAGTGTTTACTGTGTGTGAGGCACAAAGTTTGTGGGAAGCTGTACCCTCCCTCATTTTGGTGCTGCTCCTGCCTTGACTGACAGGATGAGCTGCCCCAACCATCGTTGCCATCTTCCATAAGAAGCAGGTGGCTCTATTGAGTTCCCTGGAGGTGATCCCAAGGGAAGGAGGAGCCTGGGAAAGTGGATCTCAAGTCCCCTAGTCTGGCAGTTGGCTGTTTAGGAAAGTCCAGTGTCAGTGTTTGATATGTTGTAAGGAAACAAATTCAGTTTTATTTAGCTTATTGGCTCTGGGGAAATGGCAGTTCCCATTAATTGGTGCTGTCTTTCTCTTTGAGGATCAAAATTAGCTTCCTGTTCAGTTGTTAAGCATATTTCATAGTCAAATAATCCTCTTATCTTTACAAGTGAGGTTTTCCTTCGAGTGGATATCAGAGTCCCTCCCACGGCTTCTATCCCTCCTATCCTTGTGTAGGAAGTTAAGCTTGCTCATTTGTAGATTAGTGGTCGGTTACACTGCAATTTAGAGTATCATGTGTACTCTACACATGATTGATTCTAAGCCCCCTTCCCTTTCCATGTCCTTCAAAAATTTTTTTATTCTGAGACAGTGTTAGGATTTTTCCTGGGCTAGCCAAATGCAAGAAGTGTTGGTCCCAGACTTGTAATCTTTCTGCCTTAGCCTCCCAAATTCTAGGATTATAGATTTATGTCATGTGATGAGTGGTCTTTTAAAGATTATCTTTTATTTTTTTTGAGATGGGGTTTTTCTGTGTAGTTTTGGCTTTCTTGGGACTTGCTCTGTAGACCCAGGATGGTCTTTACTCAGATCTGCTTGCCTCTGCCTCCCAACTGCTAGGATTAAAGCATGAGCCTGAGCCTTCATGCCTGGCTGACAGGTGAATTCTCAATACCTACCTAGCCATAGGGAAAGTGATTGTGTCCCCTTCCTCATAGAGGGGCATAGTCACCCAGGCCATACCTTTAGCTTGGGCTTTTGGTCAGTGAAGAAGTATGAAGGGACAAGAACACTATCAAGAGCCTAATGTGCTCTGGCCTGGATGGTCAGCACAAAATGAATAGACTTACCAAATTCTGCTGTCTCCTTGGTAGATGTGAAGTTGTTGGAAGAGTCCTAAATTTAGCAGACTATACTGTCAGCCTATCAGACTATAGGCTGCCGGAGGGCAAGTCTGCTACCTATTTCCATCTCATGCCTGCATTGTTCATCCCCCTATGTAACCCACCTACCTGTCACTCATTCCTCCATCCAAAAACTATTGTAGGTTCAGTGGAAATTTCAAGCTTGCCTGTCTCAGCATCTTTCTTACCTTACCCCTAAGGATGGCATCTCTCTTGGCTACATCTTTGGTTTATCTGGAGATCCTTGATTAATTTGAACAAGAGCTACCTTGGGTTATGCAGTTTATGCCTCCAGTGTCCCAGAGACCGGCATTTGAGAGATCCCTGATAGCAAACCCATAGGGTGGCCTTTTTTTCATCCACCCCATTCTCCCTCCCACCTCCCTCTTTTGACCTTGAGTCCTCACCAGAGAGAAACCAGGCCCACTTAATTAGTTCTACATGTGTACACTACATGGGTGCAGTGCCCAAGCAGGAGAGGTGTTAGATTCCCTTTTAACTATAGTTAATAGACAGTTTTTAAGCCCCAGTGGATGCTGGGAAGCAAACCTACATCCTCTAGAAGAGCAGCTATTTCTCTGAGCCATTTCTCCAGCACCATTTTCCCCTCTTTTAAAAGCAGGTCTTGCAGTGTGGCCTAGTCTGGCCCCCTGAGGTGTTTGCATTGCATGGCAGGCATGTCCACAGGAACACCATAGTTCTCACCACTCGTACAGCACAGCAAGTGGGGTGCCGCAGGGGATTATCACTTGAGTATAAAATAAGGGTTGCTTTAGATTGAATAGGATAACCACGCGTTCTCAGAACAATCAAGGAAGGCTGGGGTGAGCCAGCACCGACCTTAATTGTTTACTTAGTAAACTACTAAATGTATGCACGTGTAAGCTTTTGCCTTGATTGAGGTCAAGCTGTCGAGAAATGGTTCTCTTTACAGTGGATCCAGTCAGGATTGGCAGCAAGCACCTTTGCCTGCTGAGCCTACATGTTGTATAGAATGGCAACGTTGTGTAGAATGGCAGTACATTAAATGGGTTTTTCATTTAMus musculusribosomal protein S16 (RPS16)(SEQ ID NO: 168)GCCCATCTCAAGGATCGGGGTTTACCTTTGTAATAAACATCCTAGGATTTTAACGTTCCMus musculusribosomal protein S19 (RPS19)(SEQ ID NO: 169)AACAAAGGATGCTGGGTTAATAAATTGCCTCATTCMus musculusribosomal protein S20 (RPS20)(SEQ ID NO: 170)GACAACTGAATAAATCGTCTTAATGGTCAAATTTTGCTGGCTTTTGTTCAGGTTTTTTTTTTTTAATTCATGTTTATGAGTGTAAATGTGTGTGTCACAGGGGTGTCAGATGTTCTTTGAACCACCATGTAGGTGCTGGAAACCCAACCTGCATCCTCGGAGAGAACAGGTTCCTTAACCACTGAGCAAGTACTGAAGCATTAAACTGCTTTTAAAAATGAAGGTGTGCTAACAGATTGGTCAGGTGAAAAAGAGACGTTAGGTTTCCTGCAGGGGGCGCTAAGCCAATTTAAAGACTAAGTTGGGTTAGAAAAGAGCAGATTGCATCCTTGATCTTTTAAGCCTGGGGATTTTGTTTTGTTTTGGGATAGGGTCCCAACACAGAACAGGCTGACCTCATTAAATATCAATCTTATTTGATTGCCTCTGCTCCCAGAGTACTGGAATTAAAGGCAGGGACCACTGTATTAGCCATTCTGAGTTATTTGAAATGGACTCTGCAGGCCATACTTGGTCAAAATTCTGCCTTCTCAATTACAGGCATGAGCCACTATGCCTGGTTTACTTACTAATAGATGTCCAAAGACTAGTGTATGAAAATTTTGCTTTTCCAGGTGATTTGTGAAAGGCAGGGTGGCCTCTCCCATGTCACACTACTTGGGTTACTCATGTTGCAACATATCTGCAACTTTAGGTTGAGGGGATTTGAGCCTGCATGTGCCACTTTGGCCAACTGAACTAATCTTTAATTCCATCTAAAACTTTTAAATCTCAGTCATGTGTTCAACTGGAAAATAACCTAGAGTGTGCTATGTTGACTTCAGGTACACATCAAAGCAGGTTTTAGTGATGTAGAAGCTGTGTTTGAGTTGAACTAGTGTTGAGGCTAGGCTTAGGTACCATAGAACTTTGGTTTTTCAAGACAGGGTTTCTCTGTGTAGCCCTGGCTGTCCTGGAACTCACTGTAGACCAGGCTGGCCTTGAACTCAGAAATCTGCCTGCCTGTGCCTCCCAACACACCCAGCTCTAGCTTTAAATTCCTTGCACCAAGAGATGCTTTATCCCTCCGCTGAGAATACAGGTGCATGTCAGCATGCTAAACTCTAGATAAAATTTCATCTTGTTTGAAAGGACAATAATATAAGAAAAGTGTATTTGCACTGTATACCATGCCCTTTTGTGTTTAAAGTTAAACTGGCAACAGTGTCCCATAGAGGTTCCAGAAGAAACTGCTTCTAAGGGGAGGACCATAAAGGGAAATGCTTACCATAGAACTTTTTAAATGTTCCTACAGGTTGTACTCTGGATAGGTATATGAACACCTTTCTATTAGAACAGTTTTATAGTAGTACTTAGTGAATATGTAAATAATACTATTTGTGAAATAGTTTGAGGTTTCTCTATAGTCCTGGCTGGCTTGAGCTCTATACCAGATTGGCTTCTAAATCAGAAATCTGCCTCTATCTCCTGAATGGTTATGATAGAGATGCAAGTTACTTAATTTCTTACATGAATTGCACTTTGTACATGCTTTTGGATATGGGCCTAGGCTTTTGCTTTTGGATTAGACTGTCTTTATTACATTTACTGGCTTGATACTTTACAGTCTTAAGCCCACTTGCCTGGGTGTGATGCACACCTTTAATCCCAGCACTTTGGGATTTCTGAGTTCCAGGACAGCCAGGGCTACGCAGAGAAACCCTGTCTTGGAGGGGAAAAAAAGAAACTTTGGAAATCAAAACTTCTTGGAAAGCCACTTTTAGAGACTTGAATCTAAGGATAACTAACCAGGTAGTAACCACGAGTCATTGATTCTGTGAATCTTGTATGAGTGGGTTACAGGCAGAAATTAACTTCCTCTGAGAGCACTGCTGTTTTAGAAATGCGACCTAGTAATTACCAAAGGCATTGAAGCCACTTGACTACAGTCTCAGGTTTCTGCATCTGACATTGCTGGGACTGTGTGGGGTTTATGGGTGTAAAATAAAACAGGCGAAAGGATGTTGAGTGGAAAGCTTTGGCTTCAGAATCAAATTCCAAATCAATTACCAGATCAAATCAAATGCCAGATCAAATTACAAGACTTCCTTATGACTAAATTCTTCAGTGACTTAGGATACTAATAGTATCTGCCTCAAAAGTGTATGTGGTTATTTTTGTCCCAGTGAAGCCAAGATTCACATGCTATGGGCATGGATTTCCTGAGGACATGCTAGCCTATGGTATGAGTTACTTGAAAGGACTCTGAGAAATCTTAGTCCCCAGCTGTGAGGTTTTTAAAGATCATGCTCAATGGAAAGTGGGGCAGTAATTTGAGAGCATGGCACAAATGAGGTTTTATCTTTTGAAACTAAGTGAATCTATGTCCTTGGACTAGCATATTTTAAATCACACATCAAATGAAATTTCTGTTCAATTCCTATAAACAGTTTATTTCATATTTTGTAGTTACCATTTTCATTAACAGCATACACCCTTCAATTGTGTTGCTAAAACTGAGTCACATTATTCTGTAAGAACTTACTCCAGTATCACAACTTGGTGCTCATCCAATATTTTTATTTTCATTCTATTTTCCCTGTCTAGCCACGTATGGCCCTATTCTCTCTTCTTGGATTGACCCTAGCTTCAACACAAGAAAGCTTGCAGTATTTTTTTTTTGCGCCTGGTTCATTGTTTTGTCCTCAAGTTCTATCCATGTGTCCAGAAATTCGAGGATTTTTTAAAATTTACTTTTCTGCCTAAATACTGGTATGTGGATAGTCTGTTATTTTTACTGTTGGTTGCATATCTGTAGCATATTTCTGTATTTGCAATGACTACATTGAATGTCCCTTAGTTAACCTCATTCTTCTTAACTATTTTGTAGGCGTTTGCTATTCAAAGCACAATCTCAATTAAAATGTTTTTAATAGCATCTTTCCACTTGGATGTGTAAAGAAAGTATTTCTAGAAGTCTGAATTTTTGTTGCATTGTAGATGTGTACACAATAGGGCTGGGAAAGTAGCTCACAGTGGGTAAAAGCCATTTGTTGCCAATCCTAACAGCCTGAGTTCAATCCCAGAATCTATAAGGTAGAAGAAAAAAACCCCAGCTCCCACAAGTTATCTGGCCCTCTGCACACATATAAATAGTGCAATAAAAATTAACCATTTAAAAATATAAAMus musculusribosomal protein S21 (RPS21)(SEQ ID NO: 171)GCAGAAGAAATCGGGAATTTGTTACAAATAAAAGTTTTAAGTACCTGTGACAGTTAAGMus musculusribosomal protein S23 (RPS23)(SEQ ID NO: 172)AATTTGACAATGGAAACACAGTAATAAATTTTCATATTCTGAAAAAATAMus musculusribosomal protein S25 (RPS25)(SEQ ID NO: 173)ACAGGTTCAATCAGCTGTACATTTGGAAAAATAAAACTTTATTGAATCAAATGAATGGGTGCATCTGTTTCCTAAGGCAGCCGGGGAGGATTTGGTCTTAGGAATAATAGCTGGAATTGGTTTGTTGGCCATGAAGTCAGATGCAATTGCGCCTGGGAACCTTCAGCTTTTCCCTTTACGTGGTTGCTTGCTTCTTGTTGCAGCTTCGGTTTTGAATTGATGCCTGAAAGAAAATAAAAACTTAGCAAGACTAATGGTAAATCTMus musculusribosomal protein S26 (RPS26)(SEQ ID NO: 174)AGAGGCCGTTTTGTAAGGACGGAAGGAAAATTACCCTGGAAAAATAAAATGGAAGTTGTACTTTACATGGCMus musculusribosomal protein S27 (RPS27)(SEQ ID NO: 175)AAGCCCCTGATTGAAGATGAGTGGGAACCTTCCCAATAAACACGTTTTGGATATATMus musculusribosomal protein S27a (RPS27a)(SEQ ID NO: 176)TTGTGTATGCGTTAATAAAAAGAAGGAACTCGTACTTAMus musculusribosomal protein S28 (RPS28)(SEQ ID NO: 177)TCTTGCAGCTGGGTTCTGGATATCCACTACTTAGCCCACGGAATGATCTGCAACTGTTAAATAAAGCATTTATATTAATTCTTGTCTAGAAAMus musculusribosomal protein S29 (RPS29)(SEQ ID NO: 178)GCGACCTTGAATGGATTCGACTGACTACTACCAAGTGGAACCGATCATGCTAGTCTTTGTACACAAAGAATAAAAATGTGAAGAACTTTAAMus musculusribosomal protein L15 (RPL15)(SEQ ID NO: 179)TACACGTGATATTTGTAAAATTCATATCCAATAAACAATTTAGGACAGTCATTTCTGCTTAAAGGTGTTATTTGTTAAAACTAGTCTACAGATTGTCATGAGTGTTCTGTGAAAATGTAGAAGTTAAGTGCAATAATTGAAAACTGCAGGTGATGGCATATCTTGTTTCTGATGTACTTTGCATTATCTGCTTATGAGATTAAGTGTATATAGTGTTTGTGCCAAGTGGTGTTCTGTGTGTAAGACCCTGTAAGAGGTAAAAAGTCCTGAAACTGACCCTGGATGTGTTGGTGCATGAGATAGAATCTACAGCTTTACGATGGCATCTTTTGGTTCACTGAAGTGGCTGCTTGGGAGTTTGATGAGTACAAACTTTATAGAGTTGGATTTTGCTTAGAAATGTGTAGGAAGAGAGGGTTTCAAAACCTGTTTTGTGCATAGAAAAGTGAGATCAACTATAACCCACATTTTGAGAATTGAATCCAGTGTTATTTTCAGAAGACCAGGTAAATTTGTTGGAAGAGGTTTCACTTTCTGTTGGATCTAGAGTATGGATTTGGAGATGAAGGTTGAACATTGGATGTAGTAGGGCTTATTTAGGGCAGATTATTTCCATTAGATTTGTAAACTTGGTTGTGGTTGCAAGTTAATATCAACCAAGCAAATATAAGTTTGATTAAGCTTGCAGACATTAAGCTTTTCTAGCAGCTGGTGTGTGCAGAGGCAGATGGCTCTCTGGTTCCAGGACTACCTACAATATAGAGAAATTTTCTCTATTCCAGTCAATTCATCATGGGTAAGAATAGTCCATTTTGGTAGTGTTATTTCATCGTTTACAATCTACCTATGGGTAGTGGCTGGTAACTGCCTGGATGTTGACATTTCACAAAGGCCATACTTAACCACACTTTTATTTCTATTTGTGCGATGCCTTGGAGTAGTTTCCCAAAGTGATTTTGAGTGTGGAAGAAATGGTATTGTCCCCGAACAGCTGGCTTGGTCTCAAAATCTAATTGATGCTTTTATTAAATTGGTTTTCCTTTGGAGATTTTAAAAGGATGATTTGATTTCCAGAAAATACTAGACTCAAAATCTTGATAGCTAAAATTCTTTTCTATTCAGCAAAACAAGTCACTGTATAGAGGTTGTTCAAATCAACTAAAGTAATAAATGTCTTAAACAAGTGGMus musculusribosomal protein S2 (RPS2)(SEQ ID NO: 180)GGGTTTTTATATGAGAAAAATAAAAGAATTAAGTCTGCTGATTMus musculusribosomal protein L14 (RPL14)(SEQ ID NO: 181)GGCTACACAGAATAATAAAGGTTCTTTTTGACGGTGGTAAATCTCATGTGTGGACTCTAAGCTTGTCGCCAAGTGGGAAATAGACTGGTGGGATTGTAGATAGGATGGGCTACTTAAACTCATTCTACCCAGGCCTTAGTACTTAGCATACAGCCAGAGTCAAACTGATCCTTTATACAGGGGGTACCATGACAGTACAACAGTGTCGTTAACCCTAACAAATAAATTTCCCACCAACGGGTGGAATTCCTTCATTTTGMus musculusribosomal protein S14 (RPS14)(SEQ ID NO: 182)ACAGGACTTCTCATTATTTTCTGTTAATAAATTGCTTTGTGTAAGCTAMus musculusribosomal protein L10 (RPL10)(SEQ ID NO: 183)AGGCTTCAATAGTTCTCCTATACCCTACCAAATCGTTCAATAATAAAATCTCGCATCAAGTTCGCTTMus musculusribosomal protein L10a (RPL10A)(SEQ ID NO: 184)GATGCTCCAATAAACCTCACTGCTGCCACTCAGMus musculusribosomal protein L35 (RPL35)(SEQ ID NO: 185)GATGACAACGACAATAAAGTGCGAGACTGACTGGCTMus musculusribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A)(SEQ ID NO: 186)ACCCAATAAAGACTGTTTGCCTCATGCCTGCCTGGCCTGCCCTTCCTCCGCCGCCAACTAGGGAAGTGGGGACCAAAGGTTCCTTAGGCACTGCTCCTGTGGGTAGAGGGGACATTAGAGAGCTGACAGCGCACCACCTGCATGAGTTTTTATTAAAGTGCAAACCATGGGATGAATCAGTTGAGCTTCAGTGTTGAAAATGAGTAGCAGGGCTGCCCCACCCACCTGACCAAGTACCCTATTCTGCAGCTATGAAAATGAGATCTGCACATGAGCTGGGGTTCACAAGTGCACACTTGGAGCACTGCCTTGCTCCTTCCCAGCAGACCACAAAGCAGTATTTTTCTGGAGGATTTTATGTGCTAATAAATTATTTGACTTAAGTGTGMus musculusribosomal protein L36 (RPL36)(SEQ ID NO: 187)TGAACCCTCCCCCAATAAAAGATGGTTCCTACMus musculusribosomal protein L36a (RPL36A)(SEQ ID NO: 188)GCAGATTTTGTTATGAAGACAATAAAATCTTGACCTTTCAACCCCTTTGATTGCAGTTGTTCGTTTGGGAGGGAATACATTAAAAGCTTTCAGAAATTACCTGMus musculusribosomal protein L41 (RPL41)(SEQ ID NO: 189)GCCAGCCCGTGCACCTACGACGCCTGCAGGAGCAGAAGTGAGGGATGCTGAGGGCCGGGACAAGCTATCGGACTGTGTGCTGCCATCGGTAATGAGTCTCAGTAGACCTGGAACGTCACCTCGCCGCGATCGCCTGGAGAAATGACCGCCTTTCTTACAACCAAAACAGTCCCTCTGCCCTGGACCCCCGGCACTCTGGACTAGCTCTGTTCTCTTGTGGCCAAGTGTAGCTCGTGTACAATAAACCCTCTTGCAGTCAGCTGAAGAATCAAACTGCMus musculusribosomal protein S18 (RPS18)(SEQ ID NO: 190)GTCTCTGGGCCTTTGCTGTTAATAAATAGTTTATATACCTATGAMus musculusribosomal protein S24 (RPS24)(SEQ ID NO: 191)AATACCTAGCAGTGAGTGGAGATTGGATACAGCCAAAGGAGTAGATCTGCGGTGACTTGATGTTTTGCTGTGATGTGCAGATTTCTGAGAGGACAAATAAACTAAAAAGCTCCTACACGTCTGCTCTGCTGCTTATTGGGCATTAGAAGAATCAGGTGGCTGCTTGGGTGTTGATGCAGTCAAGTGCACTGGGCTTGGTGAAAAGCCCAGTGTAAGAGGCCGGTACAGATCCTTCCTGGCAGAGGGTGGTGATGGAGAGAACATAAATAACTACATGGGCAAAGTGTAGGACCAATTACCCTGTTAGCATCGTCTTTGCTCAACACCTTTCTGTGTCCCTAGACTCTGAGTTTTTTTCTAATTGATTTTTATTGAACACTGAGTGTTTTGAGGTTTTATTTTTTMus musculusribosomal protein L8 (RPL8)(SEQ ID NO: 192)AGTTCAGGAGCTAATAAAGTACGTCCTTTGGCTAATCCGMus musculusribosomal protein L34 (RPL34)(SEQ ID NO: 193)ATATGCACATTTTTTAAGTAATAAAAATCAAGACTTGATCTACGCTTCMus musculusribosomal protein S17 (RPS17)(SEQ ID NO: 194)TCTGTTATGCCATATTTTCAATAAACCTGAAAACAAMus musculusribosomal protein SA (RPSA)(SEQ ID NO: 195)GCTGCTGTGCAGGTGCCTGAGCAAAGGGAAAAAAGATGGAAGGAAAATAAAGTTGCTAAAAGCTGTCTTATGGTCCTCACTGCAGACTGTACCTGGATTGGCATTTGGCTATACAACAGAGGCATGGTCCTACTGACATGTTTTGTGTTGAATACTTAAGCATGTGAACACATGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATGTAAAATGTAGTAACACAATGTTTAGGTGGCTTTGGTGTTAGCTCTGGAGACTTCATGTGTCATCTAGGTGAGGTGTTCTTTAACACAGGGTCTCTGTTCTGTCATGCCTCATAGATCCTTCTACCTCCAGATTGGAGAGGGAAAAGGCTTATGTCACTGAACCTGGCCAGATTGGGATTTTGTGTCCCAGGAACAAAGTTAATGCTAAAAAGTTAATGCCTTGGTGAGACTGATAGTCTGATGGTGTGAATTCACAGTAAGTGGTTGGGATTGCCAGATGGAATTCCCTGAGCTGCCGTGACAGGTGGCATTGCAGAAGTGAAGGATTCAGGAATTTGAGTGTTGGGTGGGGGCCTGTGAATAGCACTTGGGCTGGGAGGGGAGACTGCTGCCCCTGAATGTCCTGGAATTCAAGGACAGTACCTGGTTAAATGTTTTTCTAGCTTTTCTAAAAAGTTTGTTAGGCCTGGCATTGGCGGCGCACACCTTTAATCCCAGCACTTGGGAGTCAGGCAGGTGGATTTCTGGCCTGGTCTACAGAGAGTTCCAGGATAGCCAGGGATACACAGAAATCCTGCCTCAGGAAAAAACCAAAAAGAAGTTTGCTAAAAATAAGCATTTTTGCTTGATGGTATTGAAGATTGTAAGACATTAAATTGTGTCATTACTTCTCCAGGTACTMus musculusubiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1 (UBA52)(SEQ ID NO: 196)AGCTGTGGTCATACCTGGCATGTGACCCCGGGACCAAATAAAGTCCCCTTCCATCCACTGGAGCAGCMus musculusFinkel-Bi skis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV) ubiquitouslyexpressed (FAU)(SEQ ID NO: 197)GTCCTATTGCCACCCTGCCATGCTAATAAAGCCACTGTGTCCAGACTTCTMus musculusribosomal protein L22-like 1 (RPL22L1)(SEQ ID NO: 198)TTGGCCTCTGCTTGTAATACAATGAAAGTATTCTAAAGAAATATAAAATTGGACTTTATGAGAAAATAAAAGTCATTTCACTCTMus musculusribosomal protein S17 (RPS17)(SEQ ID NO: 199)TCTGTTATGCCATATTTTCAATAAACCTGAAAACAAMus musculusribosomal protein L39-like (RPL39L)(SEQ ID NO: 200)GGAACCACACGTACTTATGCTGTAACTTACTGTAGCGTTTACAGCGTTACCGCTGTCTGGACAGCTGAGTGTGTTTCTTAGGAATATAAGTTTTCTTTCTGTGCTTTAGTGAGTTCATTCAGCAGTTCAGTAATAAATATGTGAAACCTTTTGTTTCGAAAAAAATTGCTTCTGTGTTACAACTTACTTTGTTTTATGGTTCAGGATCATCTGCATAATAGACAAGTATTCTATCAGTGAGCGATATCCTGGATCTTGTTTGTGTAGTTTGGGGTTGAGACAAGTCCAGACTGCCCTAAAACTCACGATCTTCCTTCCTCGGCCTTCTAAATGATTGGAGGACTCCAAACCTAAGTGATGGAAGTAAAAAGAAACTTATATGTCAAGACTCATTTTCTCTATCATTTCATGTGACAATTGAAATTAGATTATTTCTTTTTTCAATCMus musculusribosomal protein L10-like (RPL10L)(SEQ ID NO: 201)GGACTTTGCTGGCAGAAAAGAAGTACAGATGAGGTTATAGTTTGAAAAACGTTAATTCCGTTTATTGACTTTAGAATGTTACTTTGCATAGTATAGACCATTACAATGGAAAGTACCTGCCTTAAGAAACAAGAAAACTGCAGTTTATAGAGAAAGAATTTTCAATTTTGACCCATGTACTTAAAATTTTTGGTGTATACTGCAGTGTAGCAAATGTTTTGTGGTGACGGTATAAATGGTACTGTTTGTTATCTTGGATTAAGAGTGGCTAGAGAAGTTGGAAGACGTGTGAGAAGTTCTTTATAGAGAATTAAACATGAAAATTACATCTCMus musculusribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL)(SEQ ID NO: 202)AACTTGTGTTCTCTGAGAGGAAAATACTGAAGCAGTAGAGAAATGACCTGCTAGAGAATAAAGTTACTGTTAATGATACCMus musculusribosomal protein L3-like (RPL3L)(SEQ ID NO: 203)GATGTCTGGAATGGAGCACACCTGGGATGTAGCACTCTTGCTATCTGTCCGGTCCTTTTTGTTCAATAAAGTCCTGAGGCAACTCTCTCTGTCMus musculusribosomal protein S27-like (RPS27L)(SEQ ID NO: 204)TGAGCTATGAAGTTCCGGAATTTGTGTTTTTCACAGAAAGCCTTACCAACTTCAGTTACTTTACCAAGACAATGTAATTATTGTTTGATTTTATAAAGTCTACAACAATGATCTCCTATTTTGGTGTCAGTTTTTCAATAAAGTTTTAATTAMus musculusribosomal protein L7-like 1 (RPL7L1)(SEQ ID NO: 205)AGCAGGAGCAGGTTTTCCAAAAGCACCCCTCGGAAGTGTTTTTGTCGTCGTTTAAAATTATCAAGTATCTTCAGAGAAGATTATTTTCTGCCTTCAGAAACTGAAGGAAGGCTTGGGCCTAGAGAACGACAGTAAGGTGCGAGCACCGGAGACACTTAACACAGCTCAGTCCATGGAAGGACGAGTTCCCTCATTGGCTGCCTGTCTCGAAATCCACGCAAGCTGTGGAGGAAAGAATTACCCTGCTCATCCTGCCTTCTATCTTGGTGTTTAATGTTGGGTGGGCAACAAGCACAAACCTCCCTCCCACCCCCTCCAAGACTGTTAGAGCAGTGGGCCAGACCAAGCGGCGCACTTGAACATGGATCAAGAGGGTCCCGGTTTTACTTTTTATTTTTGTCAGGGTAGGCAGTCTTGTGTTTGCTTTGTTCAAAGCAGGGTCTCCCTGTTGGCCCTGGCTGGCCTTATACTCCACAGCAGTCCTGCCTCCTCCTCCTAGGTGCTGGGATTAAAGGCGTGCGCCACCACGCCCGGCTACAGCCTGCATTTTTATGCACATTGGTCTGTTAAGCTAGTTGCATTCTGTGCTACCGGAGGGGACTGAAGTTTAATCACTTGTCTTCTATTAAAAACTAGTGTTTGCCTGGGCCTGGTGTGTATACCTTTAGTTGCAGCGCTTGGGAGGCAGAGGCAGGCAGACTTCATGAGTTCAGGGACAGGCAAGCCTGCTCTACAGATTTCCAGGATACCCAGGGCTACACATAGAGAAAATGTTAAAGATAAACAAAAAGCTGGACAGTGGGGGAGCACACCTTTAATCCCAGCACTCGGGAGGCAGAGGCAGGCGGATTTCTGAGTTCGAGGCCAGCCTGGTCTACAGAGTGAGTTCCAGGACAGCCAGGACTACACAGAGAAACCCTGTCTCAGAAAAAAAACAAAACAAAAACCAATGCAGTGATAGATTGTTGTTTCCTAAACCACATGTACCCAGGAAATGCCCACTAAATTTCACCTGGATCAGTGTTAACTGATCATTGGGAAATGAGGTGACCAAAAATGCATCGCAACCTTGGACAAACAGCATGGCTATTTAACATTCTGGGATCCTGCAGAATCCTGCATCTTCCTAAGTAGGGAAGCACTGTAGCATTGGAGAGAGGCCTGGGCGAGCAGAGCTAAGGCTTCCATTTCTGGCTTGCTTGGAATTTAAAACAAGCTTTTTTCTATATAGTAAAAGATTGTTTTTAAGATTTTTGCGTGTGAGTACATGCCAAAGTAGCCAGGAAGTGTCACTTGCCCTGGAGCTAGAATTACTGGCAAATGAAGGCTCAGAGGTGGATGCTGGGACCAATTCTAGGCCCTCTGAGAAAGCAGGTGCACTTGGCTTGTGCCTCCAGCCCCAAAGGCGATGGCTTATTGTGAGCCTGAGGCCAGCCAGGGTTACAGAGACTCAAGAAACAAGTGGGGTTGTCCATGTTGCTGGAGATGACCCAGGTCTATTAGGACCTTGACTACATGGATAGACATTCTGGCAGCTAGTATACTGCCATTGGGGCCTATGGAGAAGTAGCCACCGAGCCTATTTAGAAAGAAGGACTGCTGGCAAGCTTGGTGTCACTATGAAGGCAGACAAAGATCGATGTATTAACGACCCCGACTCCAAAAACACTCGAGGGGGCCCAAGGTGGGCTCAGTGGTTAAGAGCCGTTCGCCCAGGGGCTGGAGAGTTGGCTCAGTGGTACCACATGGTGGCTCACAACCATCTGTAATGAGATCTGACGCCCTCTTCTGGTGTATCTGAAGACAGCTACAGTGTACTTACATAAAATAAATAAATCTTT In a preferred embodiment, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the 3′-UTR sequence of ribosomal protein Small 9 (RPS9). Most preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ ID NO: 1GTCCACCTGTCCCTCCTGGGCTGCTGGATTGTCTCGTTTTCCTGCCAAATAAACAGGATCAGCGCTTTACSEQ ID NO: 2GUCCACCUGUCCCUCCUGGGCUGCUGGAUUGUCUCGUUUUCCUGCCAAAUAAACAGGAUCAGCGCUUUAC The at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may also comprise or consist of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the nucleic acid sequence of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as to the 3′-UTR of a sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 10 to 205, wherein the fragment is preferably a functional fragment or a functional variant fragment as described above. Such fragment preferably exhibits a length of at least about 3 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 5 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 70 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, the fragment or variant thereof exhibits a length of between 3 and about 500 nucleotides, preferably of between 5 and about 150 nucleotides, more preferably of between 10 and 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of between 15 and 90, most preferably of between 20 and 70. Preferably, said variants, fragments or variant fragments are functional variants, functional fragments, or functional variant fragments as described above, exhibiting at least one function of the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs:10 to 205, such as stabilization of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, stabilizing and/or prolonging protein expression from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, and/or increasing protein production, preferably with an efficiency of at least 40%, more preferably of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60%, even more preferably of at least 70%, even more preferably of at least 80%, most preferably of at least 90% of the stabilizing efficiency and/or protein production increasing efficiency exhibited by an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 2. Preferably, the at least one 3′-UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention exhibits a length of at least about 3 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 5 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 70 nucleotides. The upper limit for the length of the 3′-UTR element may be 500 nucleotides or less, e.g. 400, 300, 200, 150 or 100 nucleotides. For other embodiments the upper limit may be chosen within the range of 50 to 100 nucleotides. For example, the fragment or variant thereof may exhibit a length of between 3 and about 500 nucleotides, preferably of between 5 and about 150 nucleotides, more preferably of between 10 and 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of between 15 and 90, most preferably of between 20 and 70. Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise more than one 3′-UTR elements as described above. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise one, two, three, four or more 3′-UTR elements, wherein the individual 3′-UTR elements may be the same or they may be different. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise two essentially identical 3′-UTR elements as described above, e.g. two 3′-UTR elements comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as from a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 10 to 205, or from a fragment or variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 or 2, functional variants thereof, functional fragments thereof, or functional variant fragments thereof as described above. Surprisingly, the inventors found that an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a 3′-UTR element as described above may represent or may provide an mRNA molecule, which allows for enhanced, prolonged and/or stabilized protein production. Thus, a 3′-UTR element as described herein may improve stability of protein expression from an mRNA molecule and/or improve translational efficiency. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be RNA, such as mRNA, DNA, such as a DNA vector, or may be a modified RNA or DNA molecule. It may be provided as a double-stranded molecule having a sense strand and an anti-sense strand, for example, as a DNA molecule having a sense strand and an anti-sense strand. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may further comprise optionally a 5′-UTR and/or a 5′-cap. The optional 5′-cap and/or the 5′-UTR are preferably located 5′ to the ORF within the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention further comprises a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal. Preferably, the optional poly(A) sequence is located 3′ to the at least one 3′-UTR element, preferably the optional poly(A) sequence is connected to the 3′-end of the 3′-UTR element. The connection may be direct or indirect, for example, via a stretch of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides, such as via a linker of 1-50, preferably of 1-20 nucleotides, e.g. comprising or consisting of one or more restriction sites. In one embodiment, the optional polyadenylation signal is located downstream of the 3′ of the 3′-UTR element. Preferably, the polyadenylation signal comprises the consensus sequence NN(U/T)ANA, with N=A or U, preferably AA(U/T)AAA or A(U/T)(U/T)AAA. Such consensus sequence may be recognised by most animal and bacterial cell-systems, for example by the polyadenylation-factors, such as cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) cooperating with CstF, PAP, PAB2, CFI and/or CFII. Preferably, the polyadenylation signal, preferably the consensus sequence NNUANA, is located less than about 50 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 30 bases, most preferably less than about 25 bases, for example 21 bases, downstream of the 3′-end of the 3′-UTR element. Transcription of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. of an artificial DNA molecule, comprising a polyadenylation signal downstream of the 3′-UTR element will result in a premature-RNA containing the polyadenylation signal downstream of its 3′-UTR element. For example, transcription of a DNA molecule comprising a 3′-UTR element according to SEQ ID No. 1 will result in an RNA having a 3′-UTR element according to the sequence SEQ ID No. 2. Using an appropriate transcription system will then lead to attachment of a poly(A) sequence to the premature-RNA. For example, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA molecule comprising a 3′-UTR element as described above and a polyadenylation signal, which may result in polyadenylation of an RNA upon transcription of this DNA molecule. Accordingly, a resulting RNA may comprise a combination of the inventive 3′-UTR element followed by a poly(A) sequence. Potential transcription systems are in vitro transcription systems or cellular transcription systems etc. Accordingly, transcription of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, e.g. transcription of an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising an open reading frame, a 3′-UTR element and a polyadenylation-signal, may result in an mRNA molecule comprising an open reading frame, a 3′-UTR element and a poly(A) sequence. Accordingly, the invention also provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule, which is an mRNA molecule comprising an open reading frame, a 3′-UTR element as described above and a poly(A) sequence. In one embodiment, the invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule, which is an artificial DNA molecule comprising an open reading frame and a sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1 or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40% or more to SEQ ID No. 1 or a fragment thereof as described above. Furthermore, the invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule which is an artificial RNA molecule comprising an open reading frame and a sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 2 or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40% or more to SEQ ID No. 2 or a fragment thereof as described above. Accordingly, the invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule, which may serve as a template for an RNA molecule, preferably for an mRNA molecule, which is stabilised and optimized with respect to translation efficiency. In other words, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA, which may be used as a template for production of an mRNA. The obtainable mRNA, may, in turn, be translated for production of a desired peptide or protein encoded by the open reading frame. If the artificial nucleic acid molecule is a DNA, it may, for example, be used as a double-stranded storage form for continued and repetitive in vitro or in vivo production of mRNA. In another embodiment, the 3′-UTR of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention does not comprise a polyadenylation signal or a poly(A) sequence. Further preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention does not comprise a polyadenylation signal or a poly(A) sequence. More preferably, the 3′-UTR of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, or the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as such, does not comprise a polyadenylation signal, in particular it does not comprise the polyadenylation signal AAU/TAAA. In one embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention further comprises a poly(A) sequence. For example, a DNA molecule comprising an ORF followed by the ribosomal 3′ UTR may contain a stretch of thymidine nucleotides which can be transcribed into a poly(A) sequence in the resulting mRNA. The length of the poly(A) sequence may vary. For example, the poly(A) sequence may have a length of about 20 adenine nucleotides up to about 300 adenine nucleotides, preferably of about 40 to about 200 adenine nucleotides, more preferably from about 50 to about 100 adenine nucleotides, such as about 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 adenine nucleotides. Most preferably, the inventive nucleic acid comprises a poly(A) sequence of about 60 to about 70 nucleotides, most preferably 64 adenine nucleotides. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the DNA-sequence (SEQ ID No. 3)GTCCACCTGTCCCTCCTGGGCTGCTGGATTGTCTCGTTTTCCTGCCAAATAAACAGGATCAGCGCTTTACAGATCTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Transcription of such sequences may result in artificial nucleic acid molecules comprising the sequence (SEQ ID No. 4)GUCCACCUGUCCCUCCUGGGCUGCUGGAUUGUCUCGUUUUCCUGCCAAAUAAACAGGAUCAGCGCUUUACAGAUCUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Such artificial RNA-molecules, i.e. artificial nucleic acid molecules comprising a sequence according to SEQ ID No. 4 may also be obtainable in vitro by common methods of chemical-synthesis without being necessarily transcribed from a DNA-progenitor. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is an RNA molecule, preferably an mRNA molecule comprising in 5′-to-3′-direction an open reading frame, a 3′-UTR element as described above and a poly(A) sequence. Preferably, the open reading frame does not code for a ribosomal protein. In a preferred embodiment, the open reading frame does not code for a ribosomal protein, from which the 3′-UTR element of the inventive artificial nucleic acid is derived, particularly not for a mammalian ribosomal protein, provided that the 3′-UTR element is identical to the 3′-UTR of a mammalian ribosomal protein gene. In some further preferred embodiments, the open reading frame does not code for RPS9 or variants thereof, provided that the 3′-UTR element is a sequence which is identical to SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2. In a preferred embodiment, the ORF does not encode human or plant, in particularArabidopsis, ribosomal proteins, in particular does not encode human ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), human ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL) orArabidopsisribosomal protein S16 (RPS16). In a further preferred embodiment, the open reading frame (ORF) does not encode ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), ribosomal protein L36a-like (RPL36AL) or ribosomal protein S16 (RPS16) of whatever origin. In one embodiment, the invention provides an artificial DNA molecule comprising an open reading frame, preferably an open reading frame which encodes a peptide or protein other than the ribosomal protein, from which the 3′-UTR is derived; a 3′-UTR element comprising or consisting of a sequence which has at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%; even more preferably at least 99%; even more preferably 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. 1; and a polyadenylation signal and/or a poly(A) sequence. Furthermore, the invention provides an artificial DNA molecule comprising an open reading frame, preferably an open reading frame which encodes any peptide or protein other than the ribosomal protein, from which the 3′-UTR is derived; a 3′-UTR element comprising or consisting of a sequence, which has at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%; even more preferably at least 99%; even more preferably 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. 3. Furthermore, the invention provides an artificial RNA molecule, preferably an artificial mRNA molecule or an artificial viral RNA molecule, comprising an open reading frame, preferably an open reading frame which encodes a peptide or protein other than the ribosomal protein, from which the 3′-UTR is derived; a 3′-UTR element comprising or consisting of a sequence which has at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%; even more preferably at least 99%; even more preferably 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. 2; and a polyadenylation signal and/or a poly(A) sequence. Furthermore, the invention provides an artificial RNA molecule, preferably an artificial mRNA molecule or an artificial viral RNA molecule, comprising an open reading frame, preferably an open reading frame which encodes a peptide or protein other than the ribosomal protein, from which the 3′-UTR is derived; a 3′-UTR element comprising or consisting of a sequence which has at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%; even more preferably at least 99%; even more preferably 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. 4. The invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an artificial mRNA, which may be characterized by enhanced stability and prolonged expression of the encoded peptide or protein. Without being bound by any theory, enhanced stability of protein expression and thus prolonged protein expression may result from reduction in degradation of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, such as an artificial mRNA molecule according to the present invention. Accordingly, the inventive 3′-UTR element may prevent the artificial nucleic acid from degradation and decay. In some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise a histone stem-loop in addition to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. Such artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, for example, may comprise in 5′-to-3′-direction an ORF, an 3′-UTR element, an optional histone stem-loop sequence, an optional poly(A) sequence or polyadenylation signal and an optional poly(C) sequence. It may also comprise in 5′-to-3′-direction an ORF, an 3′-UTR element, an optional poly(A) sequence, an optional poly (C) sequence and an optional histone stem-loop sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention comprises at least one histone stem-loop sequence. Such histone stem-loop sequences are preferably selected from histone stem-loop sequences as disclosed in WO 2012/019780, whose disclosure is incorporated herewith by reference. A histone stem-loop sequence, suitable to be used within the present invention, is preferably selected from at least one of the following formulae (I) or (II): wherein:stem1 or stem2 bordering elements N1-6is a consecutive sequence of 1 to 6, preferably of 2 to 6, more preferably of 2 to 5, even more preferably of 3 to 5, most preferably of 4 to 5 or 5 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C, or a nucleotide analogue thereof;stem1 [N0-2GN3-5] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem2, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides;wherein N0-2is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof;wherein N3-5is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof, andwherein G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a cytidine or an analogue thereof, provided that its complementary nucleotide cytidine in stem2 is replaced by guanosine;loop sequence [N0-4(U/T)N0-4] is located between elements stem1 and stem2, and is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5 nucleotides, more preferably of 4 nucleotides;wherein each N0-4is independent from another a consecutive sequence of 0 to 4, preferably of 1 to 3, more preferably of 1 to 2 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; andwherein U/T represents uridine, or optionally thymidine;stem2 [N3-5CN0-2] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem1, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides;wherein N3-5is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof;wherein N0-2is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G or C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; andwherein C is cytidine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a guanosine or an analogue thereof provided that its complementary nucleoside guanosine in stem1 is replaced by cytidine; wherein stem1 and stem2 are capable of base pairing with each other forming a reverse complementary sequence, wherein base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, e.g. by Watson-Crick base pairing of nucleotides A and U/T or G and C or by non-Watson-Crick base pairing e.g. wobble base pairing, reverse Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, reverse Hoogsteen base pairing or are capable of base pairing with each other forming a partially reverse complementary sequence, wherein an incomplete base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, on the basis that one ore more bases in one stem do not have a complementary base in the reverse complementary sequence of the other stem. According to a further preferred embodiment the histone stem-loop sequence may be selected according to at least one of the following specific formulae (Ia) or (IIa): wherein: N, C, G, T and U are as defined above. According to a further more particularly preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the artificial nucleic acid molecule sequence may comprise at least one histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the following specific formulae (Ib) or (IIb): wherein: N, C, G, T and U are as defined above. A particular preferred histone stem-loop sequence is the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5: CAAAGGCTCTTTTCAGAGCCACCA or more preferably the corresponding RNA sequence of the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5. As an example, the single elements may be present in the artificial nucleic acid molecule in the following order: 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem loop; etc. In some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises further elements such as a 5′-cap, a poly(C) sequence and/or an IRES-motif. A 5′-cap may be added during transcription or post-transcriptionally to the 5′end of an RNA. Furthermore, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule, particularly if the nucleic acid is in the form of an mRNA or codes for an mRNA, may be modified by a sequence of at least 10 cytidines, preferably at least 20 cytidines, more preferably at least 30 cytidines (so-called “poly(C) sequence”). In particular, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may contain, especially if the nucleic acid is in the form of an (m)RNA or codes for an mRNA, a poly(C) sequence of typically about 10 to 200 cytidine nucleotides, preferably about 10 to 100 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably about 10 to 70 cytidine nucleotides or even more preferably about 20 to 50 or even 20 to 30 cytidine nucleotides. Most preferably, the inventive nucleic acid comprises a poly(C) sequence of 30 cytidine residues. Thus, preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises, preferably in 5′-to-3′ direction, an ORF, at least one 3′-UTR element as described above, a poly(A) sequence or a polyadenylation signal, and a poly(C) sequence. An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence or IRES-motif may separate several open reading frames, for example if the artificial nucleic acid molecule encodes for two or more peptides or proteins. An IRES-sequence may be particularly helpful if the artificial nucleic acid molecule is a bi- or multicistronic nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise additional 5′-elements, preferably a 5′-UTR, a promoter, or a 5′-UTR and a promoter containing-sequence. The promoter may drive and or regulate transcription of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, for example of an artificial DNA-molecule according to the present invention. Furthermore, the 5′-UTR may consist or may comprise the 5′-UTR of a gene as defined herein. Furthermore the 5′-UTR may interact with the inventive 3′-UTR element and thus may support the stabilising effect of the inventive 3′-UTR element. Such elements may further support stability and translational efficiency. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the invention provides artificial nucleic acid molecules, preferably mRNA-molecules, comprising in 5′-to-3′-direction at least one of the following structures 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-histone stem-loop-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-IRES-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem-loop; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence; 5′-cap-5′-UTR-ORF-3′-UTR element-poly(A)/(C) sequence-poly(A)/(C) sequence-histone stem loop. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) of a length of less than 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150 or 100 nucleotides and/or of more than 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60 nucleotides, which preferably comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a fragment, homolog or variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene. It is particularly preferred that the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP-motif or a 5′TOP, as defined above. The nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene is derived from a eukaryotic TOP gene, preferably a plant or animal TOP gene, more preferably a chordate TOP gene, even more preferably a vertebrate TOP gene, most preferably a mammalian TOP gene, such as a human TOP gene. For example, the 5′UTR element is preferably selected from 5′-UTR elements comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700 whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, from a variant thereof, or preferably from a corresponding RNA sequence. The term “homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700” refers to sequences of other species thanHomo sapiens, which are homologous to the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700. In a preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 (i.e. the nucleotide that is located at position 5 in the sequence) to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence. It is particularly preferred that the 5′ UTR element is derived from a nucleic acid sequence extending from the nucleotide position immediately 3′ to the 5′TOP to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1395, SEQ ID NO. 1421 and SEQ ID NO. 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein. For example, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360 of the patent application WO2013/143700, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif. As described above, the sequence extending from position 5 to the nucleotide immediately 5′ to the ATG (which is located at the 3′end of the sequences) corresponds to the 5′UTR of said sequences. Preferably, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL) or from a homolog or variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL). For example, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1358, 1421 and 1422 of the patent application WO2013/143700, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene, preferably from a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, more preferably from a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, most preferably from a human ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, or from a variant of the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene, preferably from a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, more preferably from a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, most preferably from a human ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise the 5′TOP of said gene. Accordingly, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence, which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 6 (5′-UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 32 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract: GGCGCTGCCTACGGAGGTGGCAGCCATCTCCTTCTCGGCATC (SEQ ID NO: 219); corresponding to SEQ ID No. 1368 of the patent application WO2013/143700) or preferably to a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 6 or more preferably to a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR. Preferably, the fragment exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides or more, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides or more, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides or more. Preferably, the fragment is a functional fragment as described herein. In some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate TOP gene, such as a mammalian, e.g. a human TOP gene, selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF2, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3H, EIF2S3, EIF3C, EIF3K, EIF3EIP, EIF4A2, PABPC1, HNRNPA1, TPT1, TUBB1, UBA52, NPM1, ATP5G2, GNB2L1, NME2, UQCRB or from a homolog or variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP-motif or the 5′TOP of said genes, and wherein optionally the 5′UTR element starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) and wherein further optionally the 5′UTR element which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon (A(U/T)G) of the gene it is derived from. Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, preferably the open reading frame, is at least partially G/C modified. Thus, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may be thermodynamically stabilized by modifying the G (guanosine)/C (cytidine) content of the molecule. The G/C content of the open reading frame of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be increased compared to the G/C content of the open reading frame of a corresponding wild type sequence, preferably by using the degeneration of the genetic code. Thus, the encoded amino acid sequence of the artificial nucleic acid molecule is preferably not modified by the G/C modification compared to the coded amino acid sequence of the particular wild type sequence. The codons of the coding sequence or the whole artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. an mRNA, may therefore be varied compared to the wild type coding sequence, such that they include an increased amount of G/C nucleotides while the translated amino acid sequence is maintained. Due to the fact that several codons code for one and the same amino acid (so-called degeneration of the genetic code), it is feasible to alter codons while not altering the encoded peptide/protein sequence (so-called alternative codon usage). Hence, it is possible to specifically introduce certain codons (in exchange for the respective wild-type codons encoding the same amino acid), which are more favourable with respect to stability of RNA and/or with respect to codon usage in a subject (so-called codon optimization). Depending on the amino acid to be encoded by the coding region of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, there are various possibilities for modification of the nucleic acid sequence, e.g. the open reading frame, compared to its wild type coding region. In the case of amino acids, which are encoded by codons which contain exclusively G or C nucleotides, no modification of the codon is necessary. Thus, the codons for Pro (CCC or CCG), Arg (CGC or CGG), Ala (GCC or GCG) and Gly (GGC or GGG) require no modification, since no A or U/T is present. In contrast, codons which contain A and/or U/T nucleotides may be modified by substitution of other codons which code for the same amino acids but contain no A and/or U/T. For example the codons for Pro can be modified from CC(U/T) or CCA to CCC or CCG; the codons for Arg can be modified from CG(U/T) or CGA or AGA or AGG to CGC or CGG; the codons for Ala can be modified from GC(U/T) or GCA to GCC or GCG; the codons for Gly can be modified from GG(U/T) or GGA to GGC or GGG. In other cases, although A or (U/T) nucleotides cannot be eliminated from the codons, it is however possible to decrease the A and (U/T) content by using codons which contain a lower content of A and/or (U/T) nucleotides. Examples of these are: The codons for Phe can be modified from (U/T)(U/T)(U/T) to (U/T) (U/T)C; the codons for Leu can be modified from (U/T) (U/T)A, (U/T) (U/T)G, C(U/T) (U/T) or C(U/T)A to C(U/T)C or C(U/T)G; the codons for Ser can be modified from (U/T)C(U/T) or (U/T)CA or AG(U/T) to (U/T)CC, (U/T)CG or AGC; the codon for Tyr can be modified from (U/T)A(U/T) to (U/T)AC; the codon for Cys can be modified from (U/T)G(U/T) to (U/T)GC; the codon for His can be modified from CA(U/T) to CAC; the codon for Gln can be modified from CAA to CAG; the codons for Ile can be modified from A(U/T)(U/T) or A(U/T)A to A(U/T)C; the codons for Thr can be modified from AC(U/T) or ACA to ACC or ACG; the codon for Asn can be modified from AA(U/T) to AAC; the codon for Lys can be modified from AAA to AAG; the codons for Val can be modified from G(U/T)(U/T) or G(U/T)A to G(U/T)C or G(U/T)G; the codon for Asp can be modified from GA(U/T) to GAC; the codon for Glu can be modified from GAA to GAG; the stop codon (U/T)AA can be modified to (U/T)AG or (U/T)GA. In the case of the codons for Met (A(U/T)G) and Trp ((U/T)GG), on the other hand, there is no possibility of sequence modification without altering the encoded amino acid sequence. The substitutions listed above can be used either individually or in all possible combinations to increase the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, compared to its particular wild type open reading frame (i.e. the original sequence). Thus, for example, all codons for Thr occurring in the wild type sequence can be modified to ACC (or ACG). Preferably, the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein is increased by at least 7%, more preferably by at least 15%, particularly preferably by at least 20%, compared to the G/C content of the wild type coding region without altering the encoded amino acid sequence, i.e. using the degeneracy of the genetic code. According to a specific embodiment at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80% and most preferably at least 90%, 95% or even 100% of the substitutable codons in the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or a fragment, variant or derivative thereof are substituted, thereby increasing the G/C content of said open reading frame. In this context, it is particularly preferable to increase the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, to the maximum (i.e. 100% of the substitutable codons), compared to the wild type open reading frame, without altering the encoded amino acid sequence. Furthermore, the open reading frame is preferably at least partially codon-optimized. Codon-optimization is based on the finding that the translation efficiency may be determined by a different frequency in the occurrence of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in cells. Thus, if so-called “rare codons” are present in the coding region of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, to an increased extent, the translation of the corresponding modified nucleic acid sequence is less efficient than in the case where codons coding for relatively “frequent” tRNAs are present. Thus, the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule is preferably modified compared to the corresponding wild type coding region such that at least one codon of the wild type sequence which codes for a tRNA, which is relatively rare in the cell, is exchanged for a codon, which codes for a tRNA, which is comparably frequent in the cell and carries the same amino acid as the relatively rare tRNA. By this modification, the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, is modified such that codons, for which frequently occurring tRNAs are available may replace codons, which correspond to rare tRNAs. In other words, according to the invention, by such a modification all codons of the wild type open reading frame, which code for a rare tRNA, may be exchanged for a codon, which codes for a tRNA, which is more frequent in the cell and which carries the same amino acid as the rare tRNA. Which tRNAs occur relatively frequently in the cell and which, in contrast, occur relatively rarely is known to a person skilled in the art; cf. e.g. Akashi, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2001, 11(6): 660-666. Accordingly, preferably, the open reading frame is codon-optimized, preferably with respect to the system in which the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is to be expressed, preferably with respect to the system in which the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is to be translated. Preferably, the codon usage of the open reading frame is codon-optimized according to mammalian codon usage, more preferably according to human codon usage. Preferably, the open reading frame is codon-optimized and G/C-content modified. For further improving degradation resistance, e.g. resistance to in vivo degradation by an exo- or endonuclease, and/or for further improving stability of protein expression from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may further comprise modifications, such as backbone modifications, sugar modifications and/or base modifications, e.g., lipid-modifications or the like. Preferably, the transcription and/or the translation of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is not significantly impaired by said modifications. Generally, the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may comprise any native (=naturally occurring) nucleotide, e.g. guanosine, uracil, adenosine, and/or cytosine or an analogue thereof. In this respect, nucleotide analogues are defined as natively and non-natively occurring variants of the naturally occurring nucleotides adenosine, cytosine, thymidine, guanosine and uridine. Accordingly, analogues are e.g. chemically derivatized nucleotides with non-natively occurring functional groups, which are preferably added to or deleted from the naturally occurring nucleotide or which substitute the naturally occurring functional groups of a nucleotide. Accordingly, each component of the naturally occurring nucleotide may be modified, namely the base component, the sugar (ribose) component and/or the phosphate component forming the backbone (see above) of the RNA sequence. Analogues of guanosine, uridine, adenosine, thymidine and cytosine include, without implying any limitation, any natively occurring or non-natively occurring guanosine, uridine, adenosine, thymidine or cytosine that has been altered e.g. chemically, for example by acetylation, methylation, hydroxylation, etc., including 1-methyl-adenosine, 1-methyl-guanosine, 1-methyl-inosine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-Amino-6-chloropurineriboside, 2-Aminopurine-riboside, 2′-Araadenosine, 2′-Aracytidine, 2′-Arauridine, 2′-Azido-2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-Azido-2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-Azido-2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-Azido-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-Chloroadenosine, 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-Fluorothymidine, 2-methyl-adenosine, 2-methyl-guanosine, 2-methyl-thio-N6-isopenenyl-adenosine, 2′-O-Methyl-2-aminoadenosine, 2′-O-Methyl-2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-O-Methyl-2′-deoxycytidine, 2′-O-Methyl-2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-O-Methyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-O-Methyl-5-methyluridine, 2′-O-Methylinosine, 2′-O-Methylpseudouridine, 2-Thiocytidine, 2-thio-cytosine, 3-methyl-cytosine, 4-acetyl-cytosine, 4-Thiouridine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-uracil, 5,6-Dihydrouridine, 5-Aminoallylcytidine, 5-Aminoallyl-deoxy-uridine, 5-Bromouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-carboxymethylamonomethyl-uracil, 5-Chloro-Ara-cytosine, 5-Fluoro-uridine, 5-Iodouridine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uridine, 5-methoxyuridine, 5-methyl-2-thio-uridine, 6-Azacytidine, 6-Azauridine, 6-Chloro-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-Chloropurineriboside, 6-Mercapto-guanosine, 6-Methyl-mercaptopurine-riboside, 7-Deaza-2′-deoxy-guanosine, 7-Deazaadenosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 8-Azaadenosine, 8-Bromo-adenosine, 8-Bromo-guanosine, 8-Mercapto-guanosine, 8-Oxoguanosine, Benzimidazole-riboside, Beta-D-mannosyl-queosine, Dihydro-uracil, Inosine, N1-Methyladenosine, N6-([6-Aminohexyl]carbamoylmethyl)-adenosine, N6-isopentenyl-adenosine, N6-methyl-adenosine, N7-Methyl-xanthosine, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, Puromycin, Queosine, Uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, Uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, Wybutoxosine, Xanthosine, and Xylo-adenosine. The preparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the art, for example from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,071, 4,401,796, 4,415,732, 4,458,066, 4,500,707, 4,668,777, 4,973,679, 5,047,524, 5,132,418, 5,153,319, 5,262,530 and 5,700,642. In the case of an analogue as described above, particular preference may be given according to certain embodiments of the invention to those analogues that increase the protein expression of the encoded peptide or protein or that increase the immunogenicity of the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the invention and/or do not interfere with a further modification of the artificial nucleic acid molecule that has been introduced. According to a particular embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can contain a lipid modification. In a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises, preferably from 5′ to 3′ direction, the following elements: a 5′-UTR; at least one open reading frame (ORF), wherein the ORF preferably comprises at least one modification with respect to the wildtype sequence; a 3′-UTR derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein, preferably from a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 10 to 115, more preferably of the 3′-UTR of RPS9, more preferably of the 3′-UTR of human RPS9; a poly(A) sequence, preferably comprising 64 adenylates; a poly(C) sequence, preferably comprising 30 cytidylates; a histone stem-loop sequence. In another preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence as shown according to SEQ ID NO: 7 (seeFIG. 3) or the complementary DNA sequence. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention may further comprise one or more of the modifications described in the following: Chemical Modifications: The term “modification” as used herein with regard to the artificial nucleic acid molecule may refer to chemical modifications comprising backbone modifications as well as sugar modifications or base modifications. In this context, the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, as defined herein may contain nucleotide analogues/modifications, e.g. backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. A backbone modification in connection with the present invention is a modification, in which phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides contained in a nucleic acid molecule as defined herein are chemically modified. A sugar modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides of the nucleic acid molecule as defined herein. Furthermore, a base modification in connection with the present invention is a chemical modification of the base moiety of the nucleotides of the nucleic acid molecule of the nucleic acid molecule. In this context, nucleotide analogues or modifications are preferably selected from nucleotide analogues which are applicable for transcription and/or translation. Sugar Modifications: The modified nucleosides and nucleotides, which may be incorporated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA, as described herein, can be modified in the sugar moiety. For example, the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) of an RNA molecule can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents. Examples of “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modifications include, but are not limited to, alkoxy or aryloxy (—OR, e.g., R=H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), -0(CH2CH2o)nCH2CH2OR; “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl is connected, e.g., by a methylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar; and amino groups (—O-amino, wherein the amino group, e.g., NRR, can be alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, or diheteroaryl amino, ethylene diamine, polyamino) or aminoalkoxy. “Deoxy” modifications include hydrogen, amino (e.g. NH2; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, diheteroaryl amino, or amino acid); or the amino group can be attached to the sugar through a linker, wherein the linker comprises one or more of the atoms C, N, and O. The sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose. Thus, a modified nucleic acid molecule can include nucleotides containing, for instance, arabinose as the sugar. Backbone Modifications: The phosphate backbone may further be modified in the modified nucleosides and nucleotides, which may be incorporated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA, as described herein. The phosphate groups of the backbone can be modified by replacing one or more of the oxygen atoms with a different substituent. Further, the modified nucleosides and nucleotides can include the full replacement of an unmodified phosphate moiety with a modified phosphate as described herein. Examples of modified phosphate groups include, but are not limited to, phosphorothioate, phosphoroselenates, borano phosphates, borano phosphate esters, hydrogen phosphonates, phosphoroamidates, alkyl or aryl phosphonates and phosphotriesters. Phosphorodithioates have both non-linking oxygens replaced by sulfur. The phosphate linker can also be modified by the replacement of a linking oxygen with nitrogen (bridged phosphoroamidates), sulfur (bridged phosphorothioates) and carbon (bridged methylene-phosphonates). Base Modifications: The modified nucleosides and nucleotides, which may be incorporated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, as described herein, can further be modified in the nucleobase moiety. Examples of nucleobases found in RNA include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. For example, the nucleosides and nucleotides described herein can be chemically modified on the major groove face. In some embodiments, the major groove chemical modifications can include an amino group, a thiol group, an alkyl group, or a halo group. In particularly preferred embodiments of the present invention, the nucleotide analogues/modifications are selected from base modifications, which are preferably selected from 2-amino-6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 2-Aminopurine-riboside-5′-triphosphate; 2-aminoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Amino-2′-deoxycytidine-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-Fluorothymidine-5′-triphosphate, 2′-O-Methyl inosine-5′-triphosphate 4-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Iodo-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Propynyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-Propynyl-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole-riboside-5′-triphosphate, N1-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, N6-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, O6-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate, or puromycin-5′-triphosphate, xanthosine-5′-triphosphate. Particular preference is given to nucleotides for base modifications selected from the group of base-modified nucleotides consisting of 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, and pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thiouridine, 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, 3-methyluridine, 5-carboxymethyl-uridine, 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyluridine, 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine, 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-uridine, 5-methyl-uridine, 1-methyl-pseudouridine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, dihydropseudouridine, 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxyuridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, and 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine. In some embodiments, modified nucleosides include 5-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine, N4-acetylcytidine, 5-formylcytidine, N4-methylcytidine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine. In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include 2-aminopurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-aminopurine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, N6-isopentenyladenosine, N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl) adenosine, N6-glycinylcarbamoyladenosine, N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, 2-methylthio-N6-threonyl carbamoyladenosine, N6,N6-dimethyladenosine, 7-methyladenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, and 2-methoxy-adenine. In other embodiments, modified nucleosides include inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, wyosine, wybutosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine, 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methylinosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methylguanosine, N2-methylguanosine, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, and N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine. In some embodiments, the nucleotide can be modified on the major groove face and can include replacing hydrogen on C-5 of uracil with a methyl group or a halo group. In specific embodiments, a modified nucleoside is 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Adenosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Cytidine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Guanosine, 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Uridine or 5′-O-(1-Thiophosphate)-Pseudouridine. In further specific embodiments the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, may comprise nucleoside modifications selected from 6-aza-cytidine, 2-thio-cytidine, alpha-thio-cytidine, Pseudo-iso-cytidine, 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-iodo-uridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, alpha-thio-uridine, 4-thio-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 5-hydroxyuridine, deoxy-thymidine, 5-methyl-uridine, Pyrrolo-cytidine, inosine, alpha-thio-guanosine, 6-methyl-guanosine, 5-methyl-cytdine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, N1-methyl-adenosine, 2-amino-6-Chloro-purine, N6-methyl-2-amino-purine, Pseudo-iso-cytidine, 6-Chloro-purine, N6-methyl-adenosine, alpha-thio-adenosine, 8-azido-adenosine, 7-deaza-adenosine. Lipid Modification: According to a further embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA, as defined herein can contain a lipid modification. Such a lipid-modified RNA typically comprises an RNA as defined herein. Such a lipid-modified RNA molecule as defined herein typically further comprises at least one linker covalently linked with that RNA molecule, and at least one lipid covalently linked with the respective linker. Alternatively, the lipid-modified RNA molecule comprises at least one RNA molecule as defined herein and at least one (bifunctional) lipid covalently linked (without a linker) with that RNA molecule. According to a third alternative, the lipid-modified RNA molecule comprises an artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, as defined herein, at least one linker covalently linked with that RNA molecule, and at least one lipid covalently linked with the respective linker, and also at least one (bifunctional) lipid covalently linked (without a linker) with that RNA molecule. In this context, it is particularly preferred that the lipid modification is present at the terminal ends of a linear RNA sequence. Modification of the 5′-End of the Modified RNA: According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, as defined herein, can be modified by the addition of a so-called “5′ CAP” structure. A 5′-cap is an entity, typically a modified nucleotide entity, which generally “caps” the 5′-end of a mature mRNA. A 5′-cap may typically be formed by a modified nucleotide, particularly by a derivative of a guanine nucleotide. Preferably, the 5′-cap is linked to the 5′-terminus via a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage. A 5′-cap may be methylated, e.g. m7GpppN, wherein N is the terminal 5′ nucleotide of the nucleic acid carrying the 5′-cap, typically the 5′-end of an RNA. m7GpppN is the 5′-CAP structure which naturally occurs in mRNA transcribed by polymerase II and is therefore not considered as modification comprised in the modified RNA according to the invention. This means the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, according to the present invention may comprise a m7GpppN as 5′-CAP, but additionally the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA molecule, comprises at least one further modification as defined herein. Further examples of 5′cap structures include glyceryl, inverted deoxy abasic residue (moiety), 4′,5′ methylene nucleotide, 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide, 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide, L-nucleotides, alpha-nucleotide, modified base nucleotide, threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide, acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide, acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide, acyclic 3,5 dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety, 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety, 1,4-butanediol phosphate, 3′-phosphoramidate, hexylphosphate, aminohexyl phosphate, 3′-phosphate, 3′phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety. These modified 5′-CAP structures are regarded as at least one modification comprised in the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably in an RNA molecule, according to the present invention. Particularly preferred modified 5′-CAP structures are CAP1 (methylation of the ribose of the adjacent nucleotide of m7G), CAP2 (methylation of the ribose of the 2ndnucleotide downstream of the m7G), CAP3 (methylation of the ribose of the 3rdnucleotide downstream of the m7G), CAP4 (methylation of the ribose of the 4thnucleotide downstream of the m7G), ARCA (anti-reverse CAP analogue, modified ARCA (e.g. phosphothioate modified ARCA), inosine, N1-methyl-guanosine, 2′-fluoro-guanosine, 7-deaza-guanosine, 8-oxo-guanosine, 2-amino-guanosine, LNA-guanosine, and 2-azido-guanosine. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one open reading frame encodes a therapeutic protein or peptide. In another embodiment, an antigen is encoded by the at least one open reading frame, such as a pathogenic antigen, a tumour antigen, an allergenic antigen or an autoimmune antigen. Therein, the administration of the artificial nucleic acid molecule encoding the antigen is used in a genetic vaccination approach against a disease involving said antigen. In an alternative embodiment, an antibody is encoded by the at least one open reading frame of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention. Antigens: Pathogenic Antigens: The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may encode a protein or a peptide, which comprises a pathogenic antigen or a fragment, variant or derivative thereof. Such pathogenic antigens are derived from pathogenic organisms, in particular bacterial, viral or protozoological (multicellular) pathogenic organisms, which evoke an immunological reaction in a subject, in particular a mammalian subject, more particularly a human. More specifically, pathogenic antigens are preferably surface antigens, e.g. proteins (or fragments of proteins, e.g. the exterior portion of a surface antigen) located at the surface of the virus or the bacterial or protozoological organism. Pathogenic antigens are peptide or protein antigens preferably derived from a pathogen associated with infectious disease which are preferably selected from antigens derived from the pathogensAcinetobacter baumannii, Anaplasma genus, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma duodenale, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Aspergillusgenus,Astroviridae, Babesiagenus,Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bartonella henselae, BK virus,Blastocystis hominis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia genus, Borreliaspp,Brucellagenus,Brugia malayi, Bunyaviridae family, Burkholderia cepaciaand otherBurkholderiaspecies,Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Caliciviridae family, Campylobacter genus, Candida albicans, Candidaspp,Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, CJD prion,Clonorchis sinensis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridiumspp,Clostridium tetani, Coccidioidesspp, coronaviruses,Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptosporidiumgenus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4),Dientamoeba fragilis, Ebolavirus (EBOV),Echinococcusgenus,Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia genus, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterococcusgenus,Enterovirusgenus, Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus andEnterovirus71 (EV71),Epidermophytonspp, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV),Escherichia coliO157:H7, O111 and O104:H4,Fasciola hepaticaandFasciola gigantica, FFI prion, Filarioidea superfamily, Flaviviruses,Francisella tularensis, Fusobacterium genus, Geotrichum candidum, Giardia intestinalis, Gnathostomaspp, GSS prion, Guanarito virus,Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Henipavirus (Hendra virus Nipah virus), Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis D Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2),Histoplasma capsulatum, HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus),Hortaea werneckii, Human bocavirus (HBoV), Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV), Japanese encephalitis virus, JC virus, Junin virus,Kingella kingae, Klebsiella granulomatis, Kuruprion,Lassavirus,Legionella pneumophila, Leishmaniagenus,Leptospiragenus,Listeria monocytogenes, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Machupo virus,Malasseziaspp, Marburg virus, Measles virus,Metagonimus yokagawai, Microsporidia phylum, Molluscum contagiosumvirus (MCV), Mumps virus,Mycobacterium lepraeandMycobacterium lepromatosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Naegleria fowleri, Necator americanus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Nocardia asteroides, Nocardiaspp,Onchocerca volvulus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Orthomyxoviridae family (Influenza),Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paragonimusspp,Paragonimus westermani, Parvovirus B19,Pasteurellagenus,Plasmodiumgenus,Pneumocystis jirovecii, Poliovirus, Rabies virus, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus, rhinoviruses,Rickettsia akari, Rickettsiagenus,Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, Rift Valley fever virus, Rotavirus,Rubellavirus,Sabiavirus,Salmonellagenus,Sarcoptes scabiei, SARS coronavirus,Schistosomagenus,Shigellagenus, Sin Nombre virus, Hantavirus,Sporothrix schenckii, Staphylococcus genus, Staphylococcus genus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia genus, Taenia solium, Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV),Toxocara canisorToxocara cati, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, Trichinella spiralis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichophytonspp,Trichuris trichiura, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Varicellazostervirus (VZV), Varicellazostervirus (VZV), Variola major or Variola minor, vCJD prion, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus,Vibrio cholerae, West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis virus,Wuchereria bancrofti, Yellow fever virus,Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, andYersinia pseudotuberculosis. In this context particularly preferred are antigens from the pathogens selected from Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), human Papilloma virus (HPV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),Plasmodium, Staphylococcus aureus, Dengue virus,Chlamydia trachomatis, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV),Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rabies virus, and Yellow Fever Virus. Tumour Antigens: In a further embodiment the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may encode a protein or a peptide, which comprises a peptide or protein comprising a tumour antigen, a fragment, variant or derivative of said tumour antigen, preferably, wherein the tumour antigen is a melanocyte-specific antigen, a cancer-testis antigen or a tumour-specific antigen, preferably a CT-X antigen, a non-X CT-antigen, a binding partner for a CT-X antigen or a binding partner for a non-X CT-antigen or a tumour-specific antigen, more preferably a CT-X antigen, a binding partner for a non-X CT-antigen or a tumour-specific antigen or a fragment, variant or derivative of said tumour antigen; and wherein each of the nucleic acid sequences encodes a different peptide or protein; and wherein at least one of the nucleic acid sequences encodes for 5T4, 707-AP, 9D7, AFP, AlbZIP HPG1, alpha-5-beta-1-integrin, alpha-5-beta-6-integrin, alpha-actinin-4/m, alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, ART-4, ARTC1/m, B7H4, BAGE-1, BCL-2, bcr/abl, beta-catenin/m, BING-4, BRCA1/m, BRCA2/m, CA 15-3/CA 27-29, CA 19-9, CA72-4, CA125, calreticulin, CAMEL, CASP-8/m, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD25, CDE30, CD33, CD4, CD52, CD55, CD56, CD80, CDC27/m, CDK4/m, CDKN2A/m, CEA, CLCA2, CML28, CML66, COA-1/m, coactosin-like protein, collage XXIII, COX-2, CT-9/BRD6, Cten, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyp-B, CYPB1, DAM-10, DAM-6, DEK-CAN, EFTUD2/m, EGFR, ELF2/m, EMMPRIN, EpCam, EphA2, EphA3, ErbB3, ETV6-AML1, EZH2, FGF-5, FN, Frau-1, G250, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, GAGE-3, GAGE-4, GAGE-5, GAGE-6, GAGE7b, GAGE-8, GDEP, GnT-V, gp100, GPC3, GPNMB/m, HAGE, HAST-2, hepsin, Her2/neu, HERV-K-MEL, HLA-A*0201-R17I, HLA-A11/m, HLA-A2/m, HNE, homeobox NKX3.1, HOM-TES-14/SCP-1, HOM-TES-85, HPV-E6, HPV-E7, HSP70-2M, HST-2, hTERT, iCE, IGF-1R, IL-13Ra2, IL-2R, IL-5, immature laminin receptor, kallikrein-2, kallikrein-4, Ki67, KIAA0205, KIAA0205/m, KK-LC-1, K-Ras/m, LAGE-A1, LDLR-FUT, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A10, MAGE-A12, MAGE-B1, MAGE-B2, MAGE-B3, MAGE-B4, MAGE-B5, MAGE-B6, MAGE-B10, MAGE-B16, MAGE-B17, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, MAGE-C3, MAGE-D1, MAGE-D2, MAGE-D4, MAGE-E1, MAGE-E2, MAGE-F1, MAGE-H1, MAGEL2, mammaglobin A, MART-1/melan-A, MART-2, MART-2/m, matrix protein 22, MC1R, M-CSF, ME1/m, mesothelin, MG50/PXDN, MMP11, MN/CA IX-antigen, MRP-3, MUC-1, MUC-2, MUM-1/m, MUM-2/m, MUM-3/m, myosin class I/m, NA88-A, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V, Neo-PAP, Neo-PAP/m, NFYC/m, NGEP, NMP22, NPM/ALK, N-Ras/m, NSE, NY-ESO-1, NY-ESO-B, OA1, OFA-iLRP, OGT, OGT/m, OS-9, OS-9/m, osteocalcin, osteopontin, p15, p190 minor bcr-abl, p53, p53/m, PAGE-4, PAI-1, PAI-2, PAP, PART-1, PATE, PDEF, Pim-1-Kinase, Pin-1, Pml/PARalpha, POTE, PRAME, PRDX5/m, prostein, proteinase-3, PSA, PSCA, PSGR, PSM, PSMA, PTPRK/m, RAGE-1, RBAF600/m, RHAMM/CD168, RU1, RU2, S-100, SAGE, SART-1, SART-2, SART-3, SCC, SIRT2/m, Spl7, SSX-1, SSX-2/HOM-MEL-40, SSX-4, STAMP-1, STEAP-1, survivin, survivin-2B, SYT-SSX-1, SYT-SSX-2, TA-90, TAG-72, TARP, TEL-AML1, TGFbeta, TGFbetaRII, TGM-4, TPI/m, TRAG-3, TRG, TRP-1, TRP-2/6b, TRP/INT2, TRP-p8, tyrosinase, UPA, VEGFR1, VEGFR-2/FLK-1, WT1 and a immunoglobulin idiotype of a lymphoid blood cell or a T cell receptor idiotype of a lymphoid blood cell, or a fragment, variant or derivative of said tumour antigen; preferably survivin or a homologue thereof, an antigen from the MAGE-family or a binding partner thereof or a fragment, variant or derivative of said tumour antigen. Particularly preferred in this context are the tumour antigens NY-ESO-1, 5T4, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, Survivin, Muc-1, PSA, PSMA, PSCA, STEAP and PAP. In a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule encodes a protein or a peptide, which comprises a therapeutic protein or a fragment, variant or derivative thereof. Therapeutic proteins as defined herein are peptides or proteins, which are beneficial for the treatment of any inherited or acquired disease or which improves the condition of an individual. Particularly, therapeutic proteins play an important role in the creation of therapeutic agents that could modify and repair genetic errors, destroy cancer cells or pathogen infected cells, treat immune system disorders, treat metabolic or endocrine disorders, among other functions. For instance, Erythropoietin (EPO), a protein hormone can be utilized in treating patients with erythrocyte deficiency, which is a common cause of kidney complications. Furthermore adjuvant proteins, therapeutic antibodies are encompassed by therapeutic proteins and also hormone replacement therapy which is e.g. used in the therapy of women in menopause. In more recent approaches, somatic cells of a patient are used to reprogram them into pluripotent stem cells, which replace the disputed stem cell therapy. Also these proteins used for reprogramming of somatic cells or used for differentiating of stem cells are defined herein as therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, therapeutic proteins may be used for other purposes, e.g. wound healing, tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, etc. Furthermore, antigen-specific B cell receptors and fragments and variants thereof are defined herein as therapeutic proteins. Therefore therapeutic proteins can be used for various purposes including treatment of various diseases like e.g. infectious diseases, neoplasms (e.g. cancer or tumour diseases), diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, and diseases of the genitourinary system, independently if they are inherited or acquired. In this context, particularly preferred therapeutic proteins, which can be used inter alia in the treatment of metabolic or endocrine disorders, are selected from (in brackets the particular disease for which the therapeutic protein is used in the treatment): Acid sphingomyelinase (Niemann-Pick disease), Adipotide (obesity), Agalsidase-beta (human galactosidase A) (Fabry disease; prevents accumulation of lipids that could lead to renal and cardiovascular complications), Alglucosidase (Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II)), alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-GAL A, Agalsidase alpha) (Fabry disease), alpha-glucosidase (Glycogen storage disease (GSD), Morbus Pompe), alpha-L-iduronidase (mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), Hurler syndrome, Scheie syndrome), alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Sanfilippo syndrome), Amphiregulin (cancer, metabolic disorder), Angiopoietin ((Ang1, Ang2, Ang3, Ang4, ANGPTL2, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL5, ANGPTL6, ANGPTL7) (angiogenesis, stabilize vessels), Betacellulin (metabolic disorder), Beta-glucuronidase (Sly syndrome), Bone morphogenetic protein BMPs (BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10, BMP15) (regenerative effect, bone-related conditions, chronic kidney disease (CKD)), CLN6 protein (CLN6 disease—Atypical Late Infantile, Late Onset variant, Early Juvenile, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL)), Epidermal growth factor (EGF) (wound healing, regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation), Epigen (metabolic disorder), Epiregulin (metabolic disorder), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF, FGF-1, FGF-2, FGF-3, FGF-4, FGF-5, FGF-6, FGF-7, FGF-8, FGF-9, FGF-10, FGF-11, FGF-12, FGF-13, FGF-14, FGF-16, FGF-17, FGF-17, FGF-18, FGF-19, FGF-20, FGF-21, FGF-22, FGF-23) (wound healing, angiogenesis, endocrine disorders, tissue regeneration), Galsulphase (Mucopolysaccharidosis VI), Ghrelin (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity, Prader-Willi syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus), Glucocerebrosidase (Gaucher's disease), GM-CSF (regenerative effect, production of white blood cells, cancer), Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) (wound healing, cardiac hypertrophy and heart development and function), Hepatocyte growth factor HGF (regenerative effect, wound healing), Hepcidin (iron metabolism disorders, Beta-thalassemia), Human albumin (Decreased production of albumin (hypoproteinaemia), increased loss of albumin (nephrotic syndrome), hypovolaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia), Idursulphase (Iduronate-2-sulphatase) (Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter syndrome)), Integrins αVβ3, αVβ5 and α5β1 (Bind matrix macromolecules and proteinases, angiogenesis), luduronate sulfatase (Hunter syndrome), Laronidase (Hurler and Hurler-Scheie forms of mucopolysaccharidosis I), N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rhASB; galsulfase, Arylsulfatase A (ARSA), Arylsulfatase B (ARSB)) (arylsulfatase B deficiency, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis VI), N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (Sanfilippo syndrome), Nerve growth factor (NGF, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) (regenerative effect, cardiovascular diseases, coronary atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, acute coronary syndromes, dementia, depression, schizophrenia, autism, Rett syndrome, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, wound healing, skin ulcers, corneal ulcers, Alzheimer's disease), Neuregulin (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, NRG4) (metabolic disorder, schizophrenia), Neuropilin (NRP-1, NRP-2) (angiogenesis, axon guidance, cell survival, migration), Obestatin (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity, Prader-Willi syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus), Platelet Derived Growth factor (PDGF (PDFF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D) (regenerative effect, wound healing, disorder in angiogenesis, Arteriosclerosis, Fibrosis, cancer), TGF beta receptors (endoglin, TGF-beta 1 receptor, TGF-beta 2 receptor, TGF-beta 3 receptor) (renal fibrosis, kidney disease, diabetes, ultimately end-stage renal disease (ESRD), angiogenesis), Thrombopoietin (THPO) (Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF)) (platelets disorders, platelets for donation, recovery of platelet counts after myelosuppressive chemotherapy), Transforming Growth factor (TGF (TGF-alpha, TGF-beta (TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3))) (regenerative effect, wound healing, immunity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome), VEGF (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F und PIGF) (regenerative effect, angiogenesis, wound healing, cancer, permeability), Nesiritide (Acute decompensated congestive heart failure), Trypsin (Decubitus ulcer, varicose ulcer, debridement of eschar, dehiscent wound, sunburn, meconium ileus), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (“Addison's disease, Small cell carcinoma, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing's syndrome, Nelson's syndrome, Infantile spasms), Atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) (endocrine disorders), Cholecystokinin (diverse), Gastrin (hypogastrinemia), Leptin (Diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity), Oxytocin (stimulate breastfeeding, non-progression of parturition), Somatostatin (symptomatic treatment of carcinoid syndrome, acute variceal bleeding, and acromegaly, polycystic diseases of the liver and kidney, acromegaly and symptoms caused by neuroendocrine tumors), Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) (diabetes insipidus), Calcitonin (Postmenopausal osteoporosis, Hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, Bone metastases, Phantom limb pain, Spinal Stenosis), Exenatide (Type 2 diabetes resistant to treatment with metformin and a sulphonylurea), Growth hormone (GH), somatotropin (Growth failure due to GH deficiency or chronic renal insufficiency, Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, AIDS wasting or cachexia with antiviral therapy), Insulin (Diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperkalaemia), Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1 (Growth failure in children with GH gene deletion or severe primary IGF1 deficiency, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure), Mecasermin rinfabate, IGF-1 analog (Growth failure in children with GH gene deletion or severe primary IGF1 deficiency, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure), Mecasermin, IGF-1 analog (Growth failure in children with GH gene deletion or severe primary IGF1 deficiency, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure), Pegvisomant (Acromegaly), Pramlintide (Diabetes mellitus, in combination with insulin), Teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone residues 1-34) (Severe osteoporosis), Becaplermin (Debridement adjunct for diabetic ulcers), Dibotermin-alpha (Bone morphogenetic protein 2) (Spinal fusion surgery, bone injury repair), Histrelin acetate (gonadotropin releasing hormone; GnRH) (Precocious puberty), Octreotide (Acromegaly, symptomatic relief of VIP-secreting adenoma and metastatic carcinoid tumours), and Palifermin (keratinocyte growth factor; KGF) (Severe oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy, wound healing). These and other proteins are understood to be therapeutic, as they are meant to treat the subject by replacing its defective endogenous production of a functional protein in sufficient amounts. Accordingly, such therapeutic proteins are typically mammalian, in particular human proteins. For the treatment of blood disorders, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, cancer or tumour diseases, infectious diseases or immunedeficiencies following therapeutic proteins may be used: Alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator; tPA) (Pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, acute ischaemic stroke, occlusion of central venous access devices), Anistreplase (Thrombolysis), Antithrombin III (AT-III) (Hereditary AT-III deficiency, Thromboembolism), Bivalirudin (Reduce blood-clotting risk in coronary angioplasty and heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia), Darbepoetin-alpha (Treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure (+/−dialysis)), Drotrecogin-alpha (activated protein C) (Severe sepsis with a high risk of death), Erythropoietin, Epoetin-alpha, erythropoetin, erthropoyetin (Anaemia of chronic disease, myleodysplasia, anaemia due to renal failure or chemotherapy, preoperative preparation), Factor IX (Haemophilia B), Factor VIIa (Haemorrhage in patients with haemophilia A or B and inhibitors to factor VIII or factor IX), Factor VIII (Haemophilia A), Lepirudin (Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia), Protein C concentrate (Venous thrombosis, Purpura fulminans), Reteplase (deletion mutein of tPA) (Management of acute myocardial infarction, improvement of ventricular function), Streptokinase (Acute evolving transmural myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis or embolism, occlusion of arteriovenous cannula), Tenecteplase (Acute myocardial infarction), Urokinase (Pulmonary embolism), Angiostatin (Cancer), Anti-CD22 immunotoxin (Relapsed CD33+ acute myeloid leukaemia), Denileukin diftitox (Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL)), Immunocyanin (bladder and prostate cancer), MPS (Metallopanstimulin) (Cancer), Aflibercept (Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer, wet macular degeneration), Endostatin (Cancer, inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis as well as Crohn's disease, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, and endometriosis), Collagenase (Debridement of chronic dermal ulcers and severely burned areas, Dupuytren's contracture, Peyronie's disease), Human deoxy-ribonuclease I, dornase (Cystic fibrosis; decreases respiratory tract infections in selected patients with FVC greater than 40% of predicted), Hyaluronidase (Used as an adjuvant to increase the absorption and dispersion of injected drugs, particularly anaesthetics in ophthalmic surgery and certain imaging agents), Papain (Debridement of necrotic tissue or liquefication of slough in acute and chronic lesions, such as pressure ulcers, varicose and diabetic ulcers, burns, postoperative wounds, pilonidal cyst wounds, carbuncles, and other wounds), L-Asparaginase (Acute lymphocytic leukaemia, which requires exogenous asparagine for proliferation), Peg-asparaginase (Acute lymphocytic leukaemia, which requires exogenous asparagine for proliferation), Rasburicase (Paediatric patients with leukaemia, lymphoma, and solid tumours who are undergoing anticancer therapy that may cause tumour lysis syndrome), Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (Assisted reproduction), Human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (Assisted reproduction), Lutropin-alpha (Infertility with luteinizing hormone deficiency), Prolactin (Hypoprolactinemia, serum prolactin deficiency, ovarian dysfunction in women, anxiety, arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, oligozoospermia, asthenospermia, hypofunction of seminal vesicles, hypoandrogenism in men), alpha-1-Proteinase inhibitor (Congenital antitrypsin deficiency), Lactase (Gas, bloating, cramps and diarrhoea due to inability to digest lactose), Pancreatic enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease) (Cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency, post-Billroth II gastric bypass surgery, pancreatic duct obstruction, steatorrhoea, poor digestion, gas, bloating), Adenosine deaminase (pegademase bovine, PEG-ADA) (Severe combined immunodeficiency disease due to adenosine deaminase deficiency), Abatacept (Rheumatoid arthritis (especially when refractory to TNFalpha inhibition)), Alefacept (Plaque Psoriasis), Anakinra (Rheumatoid arthritis), Etanercept (Rheumatoid arthritis, polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, Anakinra (inflammation and cartilage degradation associated with rheumatoid arthritis), Thymulin (neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatism, anorexia nervosa), TNF-alpha antagonist (autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, refractory asthma), Enfuvirtide (HIV-1 infection), and Thymosin α1 (Hepatitis B and C). (in brackets is the particular disease for which the therapeutic protein is used in the treatment) In a further aspect, the present invention provides a vector comprisinga. an open reading frame (ORF) and/or a cloning site, e.g. for insertion of an open reading frame or a sequence comprising an open reading frame; andb. at least one 3′-untranslated region element (3′-UTR element) comprising a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. The at least one 3′-UTR element and the ORF are as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. The cloning site may be any sequence that is suitable for introducing an open reading frame or a sequence comprising an open reading frame, such as one or more restriction sites. Thus, the vector comprising a cloning site is preferably suitable for inserting an open reading frame into the vector, preferably for inserting an open reading frame 5′ to the 3′-UTR element. Preferably, the cloning site or the ORF is located 5′ to the 3′-UTR element, preferably in close proximity to the 5′-end of the 3′-UTR element. For example, the cloning site or the ORF may be directly connected to the 5′-end of the 3′-UTR element or they may be connected via a stretch of nucleotides, such as by a stretch of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. Preferably, the vector according to the present invention is suitable for producing the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, preferably for producing an artificial mRNA according to the present invention, for example, by optionally inserting an open reading frame or a sequence comprising an open reading frame into the vector and transcribing the vector. Thus, preferably, the vector comprises elements needed for transcription, such as a promoter, e.g. an RNA polymerase promoter. Preferably, the vector is suitable for transcription using eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral or phage transcription systems, such as eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, or eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral or phage in vitro transcription systems. Thus, for example, the vector may comprise a promoter sequence, which is recognized by a polymerase, such as by an RNA polymerase, e.g. by a eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral, or phage RNA polymerase. In a preferred embodiment, the vector comprises a phage RNA polymerase promoter such as an SP6, T3 or T7, preferably a T7 promoter. Preferably, the vector is suitable for in vitro transcription using a phage based in vitro transcription system, such as a T7 RNA polymerase based in vitro transcription system. In another preferred embodiment, the vector may be used directly for expression of the encoded peptide or protein in cells or tissue. For this purpose, the vector comprises particular elements, which are necessary for expression in those cells/tissue e.g. particular promoter sequences, such as a CMV promoter. The vector may further comprise a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. The vector may be an RNA vector or a DNA vector. Preferably, the vector is a DNA vector. The vector may be any vector known to the skilled person, such as a viral vector or a plasmid vector. Preferably, the vector is a plasmid vector, preferably a DNA plasmid vector. In a preferred embodiment, the vector according to the present invention comprises the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. In one embodiment, a DNA vector according to the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence, which has an identity of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the nucleic acid sequence of a 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, such as to the nucleic acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 10 to 115. Preferably, a DNA vector according to the present invention comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1, SEQ ID No. 3, a sequence complementary to SEQ ID No. 7 or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%; even more preferably of at least about 99% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1, SEQ ID No. 3, SEQ ID No. 7 or a fragment thereof as described above, preferably a functional fragment thereof. Preferably, an RNA vector according to the present invention comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID No. 2, SEQ ID No. 4, SEQ ID No. 7 or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%; even more preferably of at least about 99% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 2, SEQ ID No. 4, SEQ ID No. 7 or a fragment thereof, preferably a functional fragment thereof. Preferably, the vector is a circular molecule. Preferably, the vector is a double-stranded molecule, such as a double-stranded DNA molecule. Such circular, preferably double stranded DNA molecule may be used conveniently as a storage form for the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, it may be used for transfection of cells, for example, cultured cells. Also it may be used for in vitro transcription for obtaining an artificial RNA molecule according to the invention. Preferably, the vector, preferably the circular vector, is linearizable, for example, by restriction enzyme digestion. In a preferred embodiment, the vector comprises a cleavage site, such as a restriction site, preferably a unique cleavage site, located immediately 3′ to the 3′-UTR element, or—if present—located 3′ to the poly(A) sequence or polyadenylation signal, or—if present—located 3′ to the poly(C) sequence, or—if present—located 3′ to the histone stem-loop. Thus, preferably, the product obtained by linearizing the vector terminates at the 3′end with the 3′-end of the 3′-UTR element, or—if present—with the 3′-end of the poly(A) sequence or polyadenylation signal, or—if present—with the 3′-end of the poly(C) sequence. In the embodiment, wherein the vector according to the present invention comprises the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, a restriction site, preferably a unique restriction site, is preferably located immediately 3′ to the 3′-end of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a cell comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or the vector according to present invention. The cell may be any cell, such as a bacterial cell, insect cell, plant cell, vertebrate cell, e.g. a mammalian cell. Such cell may be, e.g., used for replication of the vector of the present invention, for example, in a bacterial cell. Furthermore, the cell may be used for transcribing the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention and/or translating the open reading frame of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention. For example, the cell may be used for recombinant protein production. The cells according to the present invention are, for example, obtainable by standard nucleic acid transfer methods, such as standard transfection, transduction or transformation methods. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention may be transferred into the cell by electroporation, lipofection, e.g. based on cationic lipids and/or liposomes, calcium phosphate precipitation, nanoparticle based transfection, virus based transfection, or based on cationic polymers, such as DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine etc. Preferably, the cell is a mammalian cell, such as a cell of human subject, a domestic animal, a laboratory animal, such as a mouse or rat cell. Preferably the cell is a human cell. The cell may be a cell of an established cell line, such as a CHO, BHK, 293T, COS-7, HELA, HEK, etc. or the cell may be a primary cell, such as a human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell etc., preferably a cell isolated from an organism. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is an isolated cell of a mammalian subject, preferably of a human subject. For example, the cell may be an immune cell, such as a dendritic cell, a cancer or tumor cell, or any somatic cell etc., preferably of a mammalian subject, preferably of a human subject. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according the present invention, or the cell according to the present invention. The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be used, e.g., as a vaccine, for example, for genetic vaccination. Thus, the ORF may, e.g., encode an antigen to be administered to a patient for vaccination. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is a vaccine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used, e.g., for gene therapy. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, diluents and/or excipients and/or one or more adjuvants. In the context of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle typically includes a liquid or non-liquid basis for the inventive pharmaceutical composition. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided in liquid form. In this context, preferably, the vehicle is based on water, such as pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions. The buffer may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic with reference to the specific reference medium, i.e. the buffer may have a higher, identical or lower salt content with reference to the specific reference medium, wherein preferably such concentrations of the afore mentioned salts may be used, which do not lead to damage of mammalian cells due to osmosis or other concentration effects. Reference media are e.g. liquids occurring in “in vivo” methods, such as blood, lymph, cytosolic liquids, or other body liquids, or e.g. liquids, which may be used as reference media in “in vitro” methods, such as common buffers or liquids. Such common buffers or liquids are known to a skilled person. Ringer-Lactate solution is particularly preferred as a liquid basis. One or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds suitable for administration to a patient may be used as well for the inventive pharmaceutical composition. The term “compatible” as used herein preferably means that these components of the inventive pharmaceutical composition are capable of being mixed with the inventive artificial nucleic acid, vector or cells as defined herein in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the inventive pharmaceutical composition under typical use conditions. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may optionally further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active components. A pharmaceutically active component in this context is a compound that exhibits a therapeutic effect to heal, ameliorate or prevent a particular indication or disease. Such compounds include, without implying any limitation, peptides or proteins, nucleic acids, (therapeutically active) low molecular weight organic or inorganic compounds (molecular weight less than 5000, preferably less than 1000), sugars, antigens or antibodies, therapeutic agents already known in the prior art, antigenic cells, antigenic cellular fragments, cellular fractions, cell wall components (e.g. polysaccharides), modified, attenuated or de-activated (e.g. chemically or by irradiation) pathogens (virus, bacteria etc.). Furthermore, the inventive pharmaceutical composition may comprise a carrier for the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector. Such a carrier may be suitable for mediating dissolution in physiological acceptable liquids, transport and cellular uptake of the pharmaceutical active artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector. Accordingly, such a carrier may be a component, which may be suitable for depot and delivery of an artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector according to the invention. Such components may be, for example, cationic or polycationic carriers or compounds, which may serve as transfection or complexation agent. Particularly preferred transfection or complexation agents, in this context, are cationic or polycationic compounds, including protamine, nucleoline, spermine or spermidine, or other cationic peptides or proteins, such as poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-arginine, basic polypeptides, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), including HIV-binding peptides, HIV-1 Tat (HIV), Tat-derived peptides, Penetratin, VP22 derived or analog peptides, HSV VP22 (Herpes simplex), MAP, KALA or protein transduction domains (PTDs), PpT620, proline-rich peptides, arginine-rich peptides, lysine-rich peptides, MPG-peptide(s), Pep-1, L-oligomers, Calcitonin peptide(s),Antennapedia-derived peptides (particularly fromDrosophila antennapedia), pAntp, pIsl, FGF, Lactoferrin, Transportan, Buforin-2, Bac715-24, SynB, SynB(1), pVEC, hCT-derived peptides, SAP, or histones. Furthermore, such cationic or polycationic compounds or carriers may be cationic or polycationic peptides or proteins, which preferably comprise or are additionally modified to comprise at least one —SH moiety. Preferably, a cationic or polycationic carrier is selected from cationic peptides having the following sum formula (I): {(Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x}(SEQ ID NO: 207);  formula (I) wherein l+m+n+o+x=3-100, and l, m, n or o independently of each other is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90 and 91-100 provided that the overall content of Arg (Arginine), Lys (Lysine), His (Histidine) and Orn (Ornithine) represents at least 10% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide; and Xaa is any amino acid selected from native (=naturally occurring) or non-native amino acids except of Arg, Lys, His or Orn; and x is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, provided, that the overall content of Xaa does not exceed 90% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide. Any of amino acids Arg, Lys, His, Orn and Xaa may be positioned at any place of the peptide. In this context cationic peptides or proteins in the range of 7-30 amino acids are particular preferred. Further, the cationic or polycationic peptide or protein, when defined according to formula {(Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x}(SEQ ID NO: 207) (formula (I)) as shown above and which comprise or are additionally modified to comprise at least one —SH moeity, may be, without being restricted thereto, selected from subformula (Ia): {(Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa′)x(Cys)y}(SEQ ID NO: 208)  subformula (Ia) wherein (Arg)l; (Lys)m; (His)n; (Orn)o; and x are as defined herein, Xaa′ is any amino acid selected from native (=naturally occurring) or non-native amino acids except of Arg, Lys, His, Orn or Cys and y is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80 and 81-90, provided that the overall content of Arg (Arginine), Lys (Lysine), His (Histidine) and Orn (Ornithine) represents at least 10% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide. Further, the cationic or polycationic peptide may be selected from subformula (Ib): Cysl{(Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x}Cys2(SEQ ID NO: 209)  subformula (Ib) wherein empirical formula {(Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x} (formula (I)) is as defined herein and forms a core of an amino acid sequence according to (semiempirical) formula (I) and wherein Cys1and Cys2are Cysteines proximal to, or terminal to (Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x(SEQ ID NO: 207). Further preferred cationic or polycationic compounds, which can be used as transfection or complexation agent may include cationic polysaccharides, for example chitosan, polybrene, cationic polymers, e.g. polyethyleneimine (PEI), cationic lipids, e.g. DOTMA: [1-(2,3-sioleyloxy)propyl)]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, DMRIE, di-C14-amidine, DOTIM, SAINT, DC-Chol, BGTC, CTAP, DOPC, DODAP, DOPE: Dioleyl phosphatidylethanol-amine, DOSPA, DODAB, DOIC, DMEPC, DOGS: Dioctadecylamidoglicylspermin, DIMRI: Dimyristo-oxypropyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide, DOTAP: dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane, DC-6-14: O,O-ditetradecanoyl-N-(α-trimethylammonioacetyl)diethanolamine chloride, CLIP1: rac-[(2,3-dioctadecyloxypropyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)]-dimethylammonium chloride, CLIP6: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxymethyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium, CLIP9: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxysuccinyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium, oligofectamine, or cationic or polycationic polymers, e.g. modified polyaminoacids, such as (3-aminoacid-polymers or reversed polyamides, etc., modified polyethylenes, such as PVP (poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)), etc., modified acrylates, such as pDMAEMA (poly(dimethylaminoethyl methylacrylate)), etc., modified Amidoamines such as pAMAM (poly(amidoamine)), etc., modified polybetaaminoester (PBAE), such as diamine end modified 1,4 butanediol diacrylate-co-5-amino-1-pentanol polymers, etc., dendrimers, such as polypropylamine dendrimers or pAMAM based dendrimers, etc., polyimine(s), such as PEI: poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyleneimine), etc., polyallylamine, sugar backbone based polymers, such as cyclodextrin based polymers, dextran based polymers, chitosan, etc., silan backbone based polymers, such as PMOXA-PDMS copolymers, etc., blockpolymers consisting of a combination of one or more cationic blocks (e.g. selected from a cationic polymer as mentioned above) and of one or more hydrophilic or hydrophobic blocks (e.g polyethyleneglycole); etc. According to another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may comprise an adjuvant in order to enhance the immunostimulatory properties of the pharmaceutical composition. In this context, an adjuvant may be understood as any compound, which is suitable to support administration and delivery of the components such as the artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector comprised in the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Furthermore, such an adjuvant may, without being bound thereto, initiate or increase an immune response of the innate immune system, i.e. a non-specific immune response. With other words, when administered, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention typically initiates an adaptive immune response directed to the antigen encoded by the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Additionally, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may generate an (supportive) innate immune response due to addition of an adjuvant as defined herein to the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Such an adjuvant may be selected from any adjuvant known to a skilled person and suitable for the present case, i.e. supporting the induction of an immune response in a mammal. Preferably, the adjuvant may be selected from the group consisting of, without being limited thereto, TDM, MDP, muramyl dipeptide, pluronics, alum solution, aluminium hydroxide, ADJUMER™ (polyphosphazene); aluminium phosphate gel; glucans from algae; algammulin; aluminium hydroxide gel (alum); highly protein-adsorbing aluminium hydroxide gel; low viscosity aluminium hydroxide gel; AF or SPT (emulsion of squalane (5%), Tween 80 (0.2%), Pluronic L121 (1.25%), phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4); AVRIDINE™ (propanediamine); BAY R1005™ ((N-(2-deoxy-2-L-leucylamino-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-N-octadecyl-dodecanoyl-amide hydroacetate); CALCITRIOL™ (1-alpha,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3); calcium phosphate gel; CAP™ (calcium phosphate nanoparticles); cholera holotoxin, cholera-toxin-A1-protein-A-D-fragment fusion protein, sub-unit B of the cholera toxin; CRL 1005 (block copolymer P1205); cytokine-containing liposomes; DDA (dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide); DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone); DMPC (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine); DMPG (dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol); DOC/alum complex (deoxycholic acid sodium salt); Freund's complete adjuvant; Freund's incomplete adjuvant; gamma inulin; Gerbu adjuvant (mixture of: i) N-acetylglucosaminyl-(P1-4)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine (GMDP), ii) dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (DDA), iii) zinc-L-proline salt complex (ZnPro-8); GM-CSF); GMDP (N-acetylglucosaminyl-(beta-1-4)-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine); imiquimod (1-(2-methylpropyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-4-amine); ImmTher™ (N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-isoGlu-L-Ala-glycerol dipalmitate); DRVs (immunoliposomes prepared from dehydration-rehydration vesicles); interferon-gamma; interleukin-1beta; interleukin-2; interleukin-7; interleukin-12; ISCOMS™; ISCOPREP 7.0.3.™; liposomes; LOXORIBINE™ (7-allyl-8-oxoguanosine); LT oral adjuvant (E. colilabile enterotoxin-protoxin); microspheres and microparticles of any composition; MF59™; (squalene-water emulsion); MONTANIDE ISA 51™ (purified incomplete Freund's adjuvant); MONTANIDE ISA 720™ (metabolisable oil adjuvant); MPL™ (3-Q-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A); MTP-PE and MTP-PE liposomes ((N-acetyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-(hydroxyphosphoryloxy))-ethylamide, monosodium salt); MURAMETIDE™ (Nac-Mur-L-Ala-D-Gln-OCH3); MURAPALMITINE™ and D-MURAPALMITINE™ (Nac-Mur-L-Thr-D-isoGln-sn-glyceroldipalmitoyl); NAGO (neuraminidase-galactose oxidase); nanospheres or nanoparticles of any composition; NISVs (non-ionic surfactant vesicles); PLEURAN™ (beta-glucan); PLGA, PGA and PLA (homo- and co-polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid; microspheres/nanospheres); PLURONIC L121™; PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate); PODDS™ (proteinoid microspheres); polyethylene carbamate derivatives; poly-rA: poly-rU (polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid complex); polysorbate 80 (Tween 80); protein cochleates (Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, Ala.); STIMULON™ (QS-21); Quil-A (Quil-A saponin); S-28463 (4-amino-otec-dimethyl-2-ethoxymethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5 c]quinoline-1-ethanol); SAF-1™ (“Syntex adjuvant formulation”); Sendai proteoliposomes and Sendai-containing lipid matrices; Span-85 (sorbitan trioleate); Specol (emulsion of Marcol 52, Span 85 and Tween 85); squalene or Robane® (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosan and 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexane); stearyltyrosine (octadecyltyrosine hydrochloride); Theramid® (N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-isoGlu-L-Ala-dipalmitoxypropylamide); Theronyl-MDP (Termurtide™ or [thr 1]-MDP; N-acetylmuramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine); Ty particles (Ty-VLPs or virus-like particles); Walter-Reed liposomes (liposomes containing lipid A adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide), and lipopeptides, including Pam3Cys, in particular aluminium salts, such as Adju-phos, Alhydrogel, Rehydragel; emulsions, including CFA, SAF, IFA, MF59, Provax, TiterMax, Montanide, Vaxfectin; copolymers, including Optivax (CRL1005), L121, Poloaxmer4010), etc.; liposomes, including Stealth, cochleates, including BIORAL; plant derived adjuvants, including QS21, Quil A, Iscomatrix, ISCOM; adjuvants suitable for costimulation including Tomatine, biopolymers, including PLG, PMM, Inulin; microbe derived adjuvants, including Romurtide, DETOX, MPL, CWS, Mannose, CpG nucleic acid sequences, CpG7909, ligands of human TLR 1-10, ligands of murine TLR 1-13, ISS-1018, IC31, Imidazoquinolines, Ampligen, Ribi529, IMOxine, IRIVs, VLPs, cholera toxin, heat-labile toxin, Pam3Cys, Flagellin, GPI anchor, LNFPIII/Lewis X, antimicrobial peptides, UC-1V150, RSV fusion protein, cdiGMP; and adjuvants suitable as antagonists including CGRP neuropeptide. Suitable adjuvants may also be selected from cationic or polycationic compounds wherein the adjuvant is preferably prepared upon complexing the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the pharmaceutical composition with the cationic or polycationic compound. Association or complexing the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the pharmaceutical composition with cationic or polycationic compounds as defined herein preferably provides adjuvant properties and confers a stabilizing effect to the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the pharmaceutical composition. Particularly such preferred, such cationic or polycationic compounds are selected from cationic or polycationic peptides or proteins, including protamine, nucleoline, spermin or spermidine, or other cationic peptides or proteins, such as poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-arginine, basic polypeptides, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), including HIV-binding peptides, Tat, HIV-1 Tat (HIV), Tat-derived peptides, Penetratin, VP22 derived or analog peptides, HSV VP22 (Herpes simplex), MAP, KALA or protein transduction domains (PTDs, PpT620, prolin-rich peptides, arginine-rich peptides, lysine-rich peptides, MPG-peptide(s), Pep-1, L-oligomers, Calcitonin peptide(s),Antennapedia-derived peptides (particularly fromDrosophila antennapedia), pAntp, pIsl, FGF, Lactoferrin, Transportan, Buforin-2, Bac715-24, SynB, SynB(1), pVEC, hCT-derived peptides, SAP, protamine, spermine, spermidine, or histones. Further preferred cationic or polycationic compounds may include cationic polysaccharides, for example chitosan, polybrene, cationic polymers, e.g. polyethyleneimine (PEI), cationic lipids, e.g. DOTMA: □1-(2,3-sioleyloxy)propyl)□-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, DMRIE, di-C14-amidine, DOTIM, SAINT, DC-Chol, BGTC, CTAP, DOPC, DODAP, DOPE: Dioleyl phosphatidylethanol-amine, DOSPA, DODAB, DOIC, DMEPC, DOGS: Dioctadecylamidoglicylspermin, DIMRI: Dimyristo-oxypropyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide, DOTAP: dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane, DC-6-14: O,O-ditetradecanoyl-N-(□-trimethylammonioacetyl)diethanolamine chloride, CLIP1: rac-[(2,3-dioctadecyloxypropyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)]-dimethylammonium chloride, CLIP6: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxymethyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium, CLIP9: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxysuccinyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium, oligofectamine, or cationic or polycationic polymers, e.g. modified polyaminoacids, such as □-aminoacid-polymers or reversed polyamides, etc., modified polyethylenes, such as PVP (poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)), etc., modified acrylates, such as pDMAEMA (poly(dimethylaminoethyl methylacrylate)), etc., modified Amidoamines such as pAMAM (poly(amidoamine)), etc., modified polybetaaminoester (PBAE), such as diamine end modified 1,4 butanediol diacrylate-co-5-amino-1-pentanol polymers, etc., dendrimers, such as polypropylamine dendrimers or pAMAM based dendrimers, etc., polyimine(s), such as PEI: poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyleneimine), etc., polyallylamine, sugar backbone based polymers, such as cyclodextrin based polymers, dextran based polymers, Chitosan, etc., silan backbone based polymers, such as PMOXA-PDMS copolymers, etc., Blockpolymers consisting of a combination of one or more cationic blocks (e.g. selected of a cationic polymer as mentioned above) and of one or more hydrophilic- or hydrophobic blocks (e.g polyethyleneglycole); etc. Additionally, preferred cationic or polycationic proteins or peptides, which can be used as an adjuvant by complexing the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably an RNA, of the composition, may be selected from following proteins or peptides having the following total formula (I): (Arg)l;(Lys)m;(His)n;(Orn)o;(Xaa)x (SEQ ID NO: 207), wherein l+m+n+o+x=8-15, and 1, m, n or o independently of each other may be any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15, provided that the overall content of Arg, Lys, His and Orn represents at least 50% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide; and Xaa may be any amino acid selected from native (=naturally occurring) or non-native amino acids except of Arg, Lys, His or Orn; and x may be any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, provided, that the overall content of Xaa does not exceed 50% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide. Particularly preferred oligoarginines in this context are e.g. Arg7 (SEQ ID NO: 210), Arg8 (SEQ ID NO: 211), Arg9 (SEQ ID NO: 212), H3R9 (SEQ ID NO: 213), R9H3 (SEQ ID NO: 214), H3R9H3 (SEQ ID NO: 215), YSSR9SSY (SEQ ID NO: 216), (RKH)4 (SEQ ID NO: 217), Y(RKH)2R (SEQ ID NO: 218), etc. The ratio of the artificial nucleic acid or the vector to the cationic or polycationic compound may be calculated on the basis of the nitrogen/phosphate ratio (N/P-ratio) of the entire nucleic acid complex. For example, 1 μg RNA typically contains about 3 nmol phosphate residues, provided the RNA exhibits a statistical distribution of bases. Additionally, 1 μg peptide typically contains about x nmol nitrogen residues, dependent on the molecular weight and the number of basic amino acids. When exemplarily calculated for (Arg)9 (SEQ ID NO: 212) (molecular weight 1424 g/mol, 9 nitrogen atoms), 1 μg (Arg)9 (SEQ ID NO: 212) contains about 700 pmol (Arg)9 (SEQ ID NO: 212) and thus 700×9=6300 pmol basic amino acids=6.3 nmol nitrogen atoms. For a mass ratio of about 1:1 RNA/(Arg)9 (SEQ ID NO: 212) an N/P ratio of about 2 can be calculated. When exemplarily calculated for protamine (molecular weight about 4250 g/mol, 21 nitrogen atoms, when protamine from salmon is used) with a mass ratio of about 2:1 with 2 μg RNA, 6 nmol phosphate are to be calculated for the RNA; 1 μg protamine contains about 235 pmol protamine molecules and thus 235×21=4935 pmol basic nitrogen atoms=4.9 nmol nitrogen atoms. For a mass ratio of about 2:1 RNA/protamine an N/P ratio of about 0.81 can be calculated. For a mass ratio of about 8:1 RNA/protamine an N/P ratio of about 0.2 can be calculated. In the context of the present invention, an N/P-ratio is preferably in the range of about 0.1-10, preferably in a range of about 0.3-4 and most preferably in a range of about 0.5-2 or 0.7-2 regarding the ratio of nucleic acid:peptide in the complex, and most preferably in the range of about 0.7-1.5. Patent application WO2010/037539, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an immunostimulatory composition and methods for the preparation of an immunostimulatory composition. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition is obtained in two separate steps in order to obtain both, an efficient immunostimulatory effect and efficient translation of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention. Therein, a so called “adjuvant component” is prepared by complexing—in a first step—the artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector, preferably an RNA, of the adjuvant component with a cationic or polycationic compound in a specific ratio to form a stable complex. In this context, it is important, that no free cationic or polycationic compound or only a neglibly small amount remains in the adjuvant component after complexing the nucleic acid. Accordingly, the ratio of the nucleic acid and the cationic or polycationic compound in the adjuvant component is typically selected in a range that the nucleic acid is entirely complexed and no free cationic or polycationic compound or only a neclectably small amount remains in the composition. Preferably the ratio of the adjuvant component, i.e. the ratio of the nucleic acid to the cationic or polycationic compound is selected from a range of about 6:1 (w/w) to about 0.25:1 (w/w), more preferably from about 5:1 (w/w) to about 0.5:1 (w/w), even more preferably of about 4:1 (w/w) to about 1:1 (w/w) or of about 3:1 (w/w) to about 1:1 (w/w), and most preferably a ratio of about 3:1 (w/w) to about 2:1 (w/w). According to a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector, preferably an RNA molecule, according to the invention is added in a second step to the complexed nucleic acid molecule, preferably an RNA, of the adjuvant component in order to form the (immunostimulatory) composition of the invention. Therein, the artificial acid molecule or vector, preferably an RNA, of the invention is added as free nucleic acid, i.e. nucleic acid, which is not complexed by other compounds. Prior to addition, the free artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector is not complexed and will preferably not undergo any detectable or significant complexation reaction upon the addition of the adjuvant component. Suitable adjuvants may furthermore be selected from nucleic acids having the formula (II): GlXmGn, wherein: G is guanosine, uracil or an analogue of guanosine or uracil; X is guanosine, uracil, adenosine, thymidine, cytosine or an analogue of the above-mentioned nucleotides; l is an integer from 1 to 40, wherein when l=1 G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, when l>1 at least 50% of the nucleotides are guanosine or an analogue thereof; m is an integer and is at least 3; wherein when m=3 X is uracil or an analogue thereof, when m>3 at least 3 successive uracils or analogues of uracil occur; n is an integer from 1 to 40, wherein when n=1 G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, when n>1 at least 50% of the nucleotides are guanosine or an analogue thereof. Other suitable adjuvants may furthermore be selected from nucleic acids having the formula (III): ClXmCn, wherein: C is cytosine, uracil or an analogue of cytosine or uracil; X is guanosine, uracil, adenosine, thymidine, cytosine or an analogue of the above-mentioned nucleotides; l is an integer from 1 to 40, wherein when l=1 C is cytosine or an analogue thereof, when l>1 at least 50% of the nucleotides are cytosine or an analogue thereof; m is an integer and is at least 3; wherein when m=3 X is uracil or an analogue thereof, when m>3 at least 3 successive uracils or analogues of uracil occur; n is an integer from 1 to 40, wherein when n=1 C is cytosine or an analogue thereof, when n>1 at least 50% of the nucleotides are cytosine or an analogue thereof. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention preferably comprises a “safe and effective amount” of the components of the pharmaceutical composition, particularly of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector and/or the cells as defined herein. As used herein, a “safe and effective amount” means an amount sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification of a disease or disorder as defined herein. At the same time, however, a “safe and effective amount” preferably avoids serious side-effects and permits a sensible relationship between advantage and risk. The determination of these limits typically lies within the scope of sensible medical judgment. In a further aspect, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use as a medicament, for example, as vaccine (in genetic vaccination) or in gene therapy. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention are particularly suitable for any medical application which makes use of the therapeutic action or effect of peptides, polypeptides or proteins, or where supplementation of a particular peptide or protein is needed. Thus, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders amenable to treatment by the therapeutic action or effect of peptides, polypeptides or proteins or amenable to treatment by supplementation of a particular peptide, polypeptide or protein. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used for the treatment or prevention of genetic diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancerous or tumour-related diseases, infectious diseases, chronic diseases or the like, e.g., by genetic vaccination or gene therapy. In particular, such therapeutic treatments which benefit from a stable and prolonged presence of therapeutic peptides, polypeptides or proteins in a subject to be treated are especially suitable as medical application in the context of the present invention, since the inventive 3′-UTR element provides for a stable and prolonged expression of the encoded peptide or protein of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector. Thus, a particularly suitable medical application for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is vaccination. Thus, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for vaccination of a subject, preferably a mammalian subject, more preferably a human subject. Preferred vaccination treatments are vaccination against infectious diseases, such as bacterial, protozoal or viral infections, and anti-tumour-vaccination. Such vaccination treatments may be prophylactic or therapeutic. Depending on the disease to be treated or prevented, the ORF may be selected. For example, the open reading frame may code for a protein that has to be supplied to a patient suffering from total lack or at least partial loss of function of a protein, such as a patient suffering from a genetic disease. Additionally the open reading frame may be chosen from an ORF coding for a peptide or protein, which beneficially influences a disease or the condition of a subject. Furthermore, the open reading frame may code for a peptide or protein which effects down-regulation of a pathological overproduction of a natural peptide or protein or elimination of cells expressing pathologically a protein or peptide. Such lack, loss of function or overproduction may, e.g., occur in the context of tumour and neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, allergies, infections, chronic diseases or the like. Furthermore, the open reading frame may code for an antigen or immunogen, e.g. for an epitope of a pathogen or for a tumour antigen. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention comprises an ORF encoding an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of an antigen or immunogen, e.g. an epitope of a pathogen or a tumour-associated antigen, a 3′-UTR element as described above, and optional further components, such as a poly(A) sequence etc. In the context of medical application, in particular, in the context of vaccination, it is preferred that the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is RNA, preferably mRNA, since DNA harbours the risk of eliciting an anti-DNA immune response and tends to insert into genomic DNA. However, in some embodiments, for example, if a viral delivery vehicle, such as an adenoviral delivery vehicle is used for delivery of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention, e.g., in the context of gene therapeutic treatments, it may be desirable that the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector is a DNA molecule. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, via an implanted reservoir or via jet injection. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracranial, transdermal, intradermal, intrapulmonal, intraperitoneal, intracardial, intraarterial, and sublingual injection or infusion techniques. In a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is administered via needle-free injection (e.g. jet injection). Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is administered parenterally, e.g. by parenteral injection, more preferably by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracranial, transdermal, intradermal, intrapulmonal, intraperitoneal, intracardial, intraarterial, sublingual injection or via infusion techniques. Particularly preferred is intradermal and intramuscular injection. Sterile injectable forms of the inventive pharmaceutical composition may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Preferably, the solutions or suspensions are administered via needle-free injection (e.g. jet injection). The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also be administered orally in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, e.g. including diseases of the skin or of any other accessible epithelial tissue. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. For topical applications, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated in a suitable ointment suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. In one embodiment, the use as a medicament comprises the step of transfection of mammalian cells, preferably in vitro or ex vivo transfection of mammalian cells, more preferably in vitro transfection of isolated cells of a subject to be treated by the medicament. If the use comprises the in vitro transfection of isolated cells, the use as a medicament may further comprise the readministration of the transfected cells to the patient. The use of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecules or the vector as a medicament may further comprise the step of selection of successfully transfected isolated cells. Thus, it may be beneficial if the vector further comprises a selection marker. Also, the use as a medicament may comprise in vitro transfection of isolated cells and purification of an expression-product, i.e. the encoded peptide or protein from these cells. This purified peptide or protein may subsequently be administered to a subject in need thereof. The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder as described above comprising administering the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention to a subject in need thereof. Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder comprising transfection of a cell with an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or with the vector according to the present invention. Said transfection may be performed in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In a preferred embodiment, transfection of a cell is performed in vitro and the transfected cell is administered to a subject in need thereof, preferably to a human patient. Preferably, the cell which is to be transfected in vitro is an isolated cell of the subject, preferably of the human patient. Thus, the present invention provides a method of treatment comprising the steps of isolating a cell from a subject, preferably from a human patient, transfecting the isolated cell with the artificial nucleic acid according to the present invention or the vector according to the present invention, and administering the transfected cell to the subject, preferably the human patient. The method of treating or preventing a disorder according to the present invention is preferably a vaccination method or a gene therapy method as described above. As described above, the inventive 3′-UTR element is capable of stabilizing an mRNA molecule and/or of enhancing, stabilizing and/or prolonging the protein production from an mRNA molecule. Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for stabilizing an RNA molecule, preferably an mRNA molecule, comprising the step of associating the RNA molecule, preferably the mRNA molecule, or a vector encoding the RNA molecule, with a 3′-UTR element comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, preferably with the 3′-UTR element as described above. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing, stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule or from a vector, preferably from an mRNA molecule, and/or for stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule or from a vector, preferably from an mRNA molecule, the method comprising the step of associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably the mRNA molecule, with a 3′-UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene, preferably with the 3′-UTR element as described above. The term “associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector with a 3′-UTR element” in the context of the present invention preferably means functionally associating or functionally combining the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector with the 3′-UTR element. This means that the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector and the 3′-UTR element, preferably the 3′-UTR element as described above, are associated or coupled such that the function of the 3′-UTR element, e.g., the RNA and/or protein production stabilizing function, is exerted. Typically, this means that the 3′-UTR element is integrated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably the mRNA molecule, 3′ to an open reading frame, preferably immediately 3′ to an open reading frame, preferably between the open reading frame and a poly(A) sequence or a polyadenylation signal. Preferably, the 3′-UTR element is integrated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably the mRNA, as 3′-UTR, i.e. such that the 3′-UTR element is the 3′-UTR of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably the mRNA, i.e., such that it extends from the 3′-side of the open reading frame to the 5′-side of a poly(A) sequence or a polyadenylation signal, optionally connected via a short linker, such as a sequence comprising or consisting of one or more restriction sites. Thus, preferably, the term “associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector with a 3′-UTR element” means functionally associating the 3′-UTR element with an open reading frame located within the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, preferably within the mRNA molecule. The 3′-UTR and the ORF are as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, for example, preferably the ORF and the 3′-UTR are heterologous, e.g. derived from different genes, as described above. In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a 3′-UTR element, preferably the 3′-UTR element as described above, for increasing the stability of an RNA molecule, preferably of an mRNA molecule, wherein the 3′-UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence, which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene. Furthermore, the present invention provides the use of a 3′-UTR element, preferably the 3′-UTR element as described above, for increasing protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule or a vector, preferably from an mRNA molecule, and/or for stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule or a vector molecule, preferably from an mRNA molecule, wherein the 3′-UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene or from a variant of the 3′-UTR of a ribosomal protein gene as described above. The uses according to the present invention preferably comprise associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector, or the RNA with the 3′-UTR element as described above. The compounds and ingredients of the inventive pharmaceutical composition may also be manufactured and traded separately of each other. Thus, the invention relates further to a kit or kit of parts comprising an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, a vector according to the invention, a cell according to the invention, and/or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Preferably, such kit or kits of parts may, additionally, comprise instructions for use, cells for transfection, an adjuvant, a means for administration of the pharmaceutical composition, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solution for dissolution or dilution of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the cells or the pharmaceutical composition.

11216874

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/454,303, filed Mar. 9, 2017, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/454,386, filed Mar. 9, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to foreign exchange aggregation and more specifically to an interactive user interface that provides liquidity details including change in spread. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A foreign exchange aggregator or FX Aggregator is a class of systems used in a foreign exchange market to aggregate the liquidity from several liquidity providers. Aggregators usually allow FX traders to compare price from different liquidity venues such as banks-global market makers or Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs) and to have a consolidated view of the market. Aggregators also allow traders to trade with many participants using a trading terminal. Some systems support order sweeping. This involves splitting an order into the chunks which then are sent to the respective counterparties based on the price, time and other attributes of the quotes. Other systems route an entire order to a single liquidity provider, who may be selected by an order routing algorithm embedded into an aggregator. The foreign exchange market represents a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This may include various aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. The foreign exchange market does not determine the relative values of different currencies, but sets the current market price of the value of one currency as demanded against another. In general, market liquidity is a market's ability to purchase or sell an asset without causing drastic change in the asset's price. In other words, an asset's market liquidity describes the asset's ability to sell quickly, without having to significantly reduce its price. Liquidity also represents the speed of the sale and the price it can be sold for. In the case of shares of stock, liquidity represents how easily the stock can be converted to cash. Market depth is an electronic list of buy and sell orders, organized by price level and updated to reflect real-time market activity. This information may be useful to traders because it shows where the price is now and also where it is likely to be in the near future. Different markets have different value propositions. For example, FX is a volatile and fragmented but can be a profitable market. An important element is the ability to access liquidity for clients. Current approaches fail provide an accurate and comprehensive view of liquidity in FX markets. These and other drawbacks exist. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is to address one or more of the drawbacks set forth above. According to an embodiment of the present invention, an automated computer implemented system aggregates foreign exchange data and graphically represents a change in spread. The system comprises: a storage mechanism that stores user profile data and foreign exchange market data; an aggregator server that receives market data from a plurality of sources and aggregates market prices; an orders server that processes one or more orders based on the aggregated market data; an interactive user interface that receives one or more user inputs; and a computer processor. The computer processor is coupled to the storage mechanism, the aggregator server, the orders server and the interactive user interface, and programmed to: aggregate data from a plurality of market data sources representing a plurality of different underlying markets; generate an amount view, based on the aggregated data, that illustrates smart liquidity with respect to a moving average based on a predetermined time period plus two standard deviations; and provide, via the interactive user interface, an interactive amount view with a slope that represents a change in spread between a bid and an offer. According to another embodiment of the present invention, an automated computer implemented method aggregates foreign exchange data and graphically represents a change in spread. The method comprises the steps of: aggregating, via an aggregator server, data from a plurality of market data sources representing a plurality of different underlying markets; generating, via a programmed computer processor, an amount view, based on the aggregated data, that illustrates smart liquidity with respect to a moving average based on a predetermined time period plus two standard deviations; an providing, via an interactive user interface, an interactive amount view with a slope that represents a change in spread between a bid and an offer. These and other embodiments and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the various exemplary embodiments.

11488876

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) on Patent Application No(s). 109134667 filed in Taiwan, R.O.C. on Oct. 7, 2020, Patent Application No(s). 109145015 filed in Taiwan, R.O.C. on Dec. 18, 2020, and Patent Application No(s). 110135673 filed in Taiwan, R.O.C. on Sep. 24, 2021, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present disclosure relates to an electronic component measuring equipment, an electronic component measuring method and an LED manufacturing method. 2. Description of the Related Art According to prior art, a plurality of electronic components to be tested and disposed on a wafer substrate must be separated in order to undergo optical testing, albeit in a time-consuming, process-intensive way. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An objective of the present disclosure is to provide an electronic component measuring equipment, an electronic component measuring method and an LED manufacturing method. To achieve at least the above objective, the present disclosure provides an electronic component measuring equipment, including a first mounting platform, a second mounting platform, an actuating device, a current output module, a switching device and an optical measuring component. The first mounting platform is for use in mounting a probe substrate. Multiple probe pairs are disposed on the probe substrate. The second mounting platform is for use in mounting a testing substrate. Multiple under-test electronic components are disposed on the testing substrate. The actuating device makes the first mounting platform and the second mounting platform approach each other, such that at least partial of the probe pairs on the probe substrate mounted on the first mounting platform are in contact with at least partial of the under-test electronic components on the testing substrate mounted on the corresponding second mounting platform, respectively. The current output module provides a constant current to the probe substrate mounted on the first mounting platform. Conducting loops are formed between the at least partial of probe pairs and the at least partial of under-test electronic components in contact with the probe pairs, such that the under-test electronic components generate light signals through the conducting loops. The switching device switches the constant current to each of the probe pairs. The optical measuring component measures the light signals generated by the under-test electronic components on the testing substrate mounted on the second mounting platform. To achieve at least the above objective, the present disclosure further provides an electronic component measuring equipment, including a first mounting platform, a second mounting platform, an actuating device, a current output module, a switching device, a voltage measuring component and a computation device. The first mounting platform is for use in mounting a probe substrate. Multiple probe pairs are disposed on the probe substrate. The second mounting platform is for use in mounting a testing substrate. Multiple under-test electronic components are disposed on the testing substrate. The actuating device makes the first mounting platform and the second mounting platform approach each other, such that at least partial of the probe pairs on the probe substrate mounted on the first mounting platform are in contact with at least partial of the under-test electronic components on the testing substrate mounted on the corresponding second mounting platform, respectively. The current output module provides a constant current to the probe substrate mounted on the first mounting platform. Conducting loops are formed between the at least partial of probe pairs and the at least partial of under-test electronic components in contact with the probe pairs. The switching device switches the constant current provided by the current output module to each of the probe pairs. The voltage measuring component measures voltages of the under-test electronic components on the testing substrate mounted on the second mounting platform. The computation device is electrically connected to the voltage measuring component to receive the voltages measured by the voltage measuring component. To achieve at least the above objective, the present disclosure further provides an electronic component measuring method including the steps of: providing a testing substrate, wherein the testing substrate has multiple under-test electronic components disposed thereon; disposing wires to form multiple under-test loops based on the under-test electronic components; providing a constant current to at least one of the under-test loops to form at least one conducting loop; and measuring a light signal generated by the at least one of the under-test electronic components. To achieve at least the above objective, the present disclosure further provides an electronic component measuring method including the steps of: providing a testing substrate, wherein the testing substrate has thereon multiple resistive components with known resistance values; disposing wires to form multiple first under-test loops based on the resistive components; providing a constant current to one of the first under-test loops to form a first conducting loop and measuring a cross voltage of the first conducting loop at the constant current to obtain a first driving voltage; replacing the resistive components with multiple electronic components; forming multiple second under-test loops based on the electronic components and the wires; providing the constant current to one of the second under-test loops to form a second conducting loop and measuring a voltage at the constant current to obtain a second driving voltage; and calculating a voltage difference between the first driving voltage and the second driving voltage. To achieve at least the above objective, the present disclosure further provides an LED manufacturing method including the electronic component measuring method.

11244811

TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosure pertains to a gas injection system for a plasma reactor employed in processing a workpiece such as a semiconductor wafer. BACKGROUND Control of process gas distribution in the chamber of a plasma reactor affects process control of etch rate distribution or deposition rate distribution on a workpiece during plasma processing. A tunable gas injection nozzle mounted on the chamber ceiling may have different injection slits directed to different zones, such as a center zone and a side zone. Separate gas inputs may feed the different injection slits, and separate flow rate control may be provided for each gas input. Each gas input may feed different portions of the corresponding injection slit through different gas flow paths. It is desirable that the different gas flow paths from a particular gas input be of equal lengths, for the sake of uniformity. However, it has not seemed possible to make the gas input-to-nozzle path lengths equal for all inputs and nozzles, leading to non-uniformities in gas distribution. SUMMARY An annular lid plate in a gas delivery system for a plasma reactor chamber with a gas nozzle of inner and outer gas injection passages. The annular lid plate defines a central opening and comprises: (a) first and second pluralities of gas outlets coupled to respective ones of the inner and outer gas injection passages, the gas outlets in each of the first and second pluralities of gas outlets being spaced apart by a first arc length, (b) a gas delivery block comprising first and second gas supply passages and (c) first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels in respective upper and lower levels. Each of the first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels comprises: (a) an arcuate gas delivery channel having a pair of ends connected to a corresponding pair of the gas outlets, and (b) an arcuate gas supply channel comprising an input end connected to a corresponding one of the first and second gas supply passages, and an output end coupled to a middle zone of the arcuate gas delivery channel. In an embodiment, the gas delivery block is disposed at a location that is offset from the output end of each of the gas supply channels by a second arc length such that the gas supply channels of the first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels are of the same length. In an embodiment, the gas outlets of the first and second pluralities of gas outlets are distributed with respect to a circumference of the annular lid plate, and the first plurality of gas outlet alternates with the second plurality of gas outlets along the circumference. In a related embodiment, the first plurality of gas outlets comprises a first pair of gas outlets and the arc length corresponds to a half circle, and the second plurality of gas outlets comprises a second pair of gas outlets offset from the first pair of gas outlets by a quarter circle. In a further related embodiment, the gas delivery block is disposed at a location that is offset from the output end of each of the gas supply channels by an arc length of a quarter circle. In one embodiment, each of the first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels further comprises a flow transition element connected between the output end of the gas supply channel and the middle zone of the gas delivery channel. The flow transition element comprises: (a) a radial transition conduit, (b) an axial input conduit coupled between the output end of the gas supply channel and one end of the radial transition conduit, and (c) an axial output conduit connected between the middle zone of the gas feed channel and the other end of the radial transition conduit. In an embodiment, the axial input conduit meets an opening in the output end of the gas supply channel, and the axial output conduit meets an opening in the middle zone of the gas feed channel. In a further embodiment, the gas nozzle comprises: (a) a first plurality of radial elevated feed lines having respective input ends coupled to respective ones of the first plurality of gas outlets and respective output ends overlying the inner gas injection passage, (b) a second plurality of radial elevated feed lines having respective input ends coupled to respective ones of the second plurality of gas outlets and respective output ends overlying the inner gas injection passage, (c) a first plurality of axial drop lines connected between the respective output ends and the inner gas injection passages, (d) a second plurality of axial drop lines connected between the respective output ends and the outer gas injection passages. In a related embodiment, (a) the first plurality of axial drop lines intersect the inner gas injection passage at respective drop points evenly spaced along the inner gas injection passage, and (b) the second plurality of axial drop lines intersect the outer gas injection passage at respective drop points evenly spaced along the outer gas injection passage. In a related embodiment, the gas nozzle further comprises: (a) a first plurality of supply ports evenly spaced around a periphery of the gas nozzle and connected to respective ones of the first plurality of gas outlets, (b) a second plurality of supply ports evenly spaced around a periphery of the gas nozzle and connected to respective ones of the second plurality of gas outlets, and offset from the first plurality of supply ports, (c) wherein the first plurality of supply ports are connected to respective pairs of the first plurality of radial elevated feed lines, and the second plurality of supply ports are connected to respective pairs of the second plurality of radial elevated feed lines. In related embodiment further comprises: (a) a first plurality of radial gas delivery conduits connected between respective ones of the first plurality of gas outlets and the first plurality of supply ports, and (b) a second plurality of radial gas delivery conduits connected between respective ones of the second plurality of gas outlets and the second plurality of supply ports. In accordance with a related aspect, an annular lid plate for a plasma reactor comprises: (a) first and second pluralities of gas outlets, the gas outlets in each of the first and second pluralities of gas outlets being spaced apart by a first arc length, (b) a gas delivery block comprising first and second gas supply passages, (c) first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels in respective upper and lower levels. Each of the first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels comprises: (a) an arcuate gas delivery channel having a pair of ends connected to a corresponding pair of the gas outlets, and (b) an arcuate gas supply channel comprising an input end connected to a corresponding one of the first and second gas supply passages, and an output end coupled to a middle zone of the arcuate gas delivery channel. In one embodiment of the annular lid plate, the gas delivery block is disposed at a location that is offset from the output end of each of the gas supply channels by a second arc length such that the gas supply channels of the first and second pluralities of gas delivery channels are of the same length. In a one embodiment of the annular lid plate, the gas outlets of the first and second pluralities of gas outlets are distributed with respect to a circumference of the annular lid plate, and wherein the first plurality of gas outlet alternates with the second plurality of gas outlets along the circumference. In a related embodiment of the annular lid plate, the first plurality of gas outlets comprises a first pair of gas outlets and the arc length corresponds to a half circle, and the second plurality of gas outlets comprises a second pair of gas outlets offset from the first pair of gas outlets by a quarter circle. In an embodiment of the annular lid plate, the gas delivery block is disposed at a location that is offset from the output end of each of the gas supply channels by an arc length of a quarter circle. In a further embodiment, of the annular lid plate, each of the first and second pluralities of gas distribution channels further comprises a flow transition element connected between the output end of the gas supply channel and the middle zone of the gas delivery channel. In one embodiment, the flow transition element comprises: (a) a radial transition conduit, (b) an axial input conduit coupled between the output end of the gas supply channel and one end of the radial transition conduit, and (c) an axial output conduit connected between the middle zone of the gas feed channel and the other end of the radial transition conduit.

11534727

FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention generally relates to droplet libraries and to systems and methods for the formation of libraries of droplets. The present invention also relates to methods utilizing these droplet libraries in various biological, chemical, or diagnostic assays. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The manipulation of fluids to form fluid streams of desired configuration, discontinuous fluid streams, droplets, particles, dispersions, etc., for purposes of fluid delivery, product manufacture, analysis, and the like, is a relatively well-studied art. Microfluidic systems have been described in a variety of contexts, typically in the context of miniaturized laboratory (e.g., clinical) analysis. Other uses have been described as well. For example, International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 01/89788; WO 2006/040551; WO 2006/040554; WO2004/002627; WO 2008/063227; WO 2004/091763; WO 2005/021151; WO 2006/096571; WO 2007/089541; WO 2007/081385 and WO 2008/063227. Precision manipulation of streams of fluids with microfluidic devices is revolutionizing many fluid-based technologies. Networks of small channels are a flexible platform for the precision manipulation of small amounts of fluids. However, virtually all microfluidic devices are based on flows of streams of fluids; this sets a limit on the smallest volume of reagent that can effectively be used because of the contaminating effects of diffusion and surface adsorption. As the dimensions of small volumes shrink, diffusion becomes the dominant mechanism for mixing, leading to dispersion of reactants; moreover, surface adsorption of reactants, while small, can be highly detrimental when the concentrations are low and volumes are small. As a result, current microfluidic technologies cannot be reliably used for applications involving minute quantities of reagent; for example, bioassays on single cells or library searches involving single beads are not easily performed. An alternate approach that overcomes these limitations is the use of aqueous droplets in an immiscible carrier fluid; these provide a well defined, encapsulated microenvironment that eliminates cross contamination or changes in concentration due to diffusion or surface interactions. Droplets provide the ideal microcapsule that can isolate reactive materials, cells, or small particles for further manipulation and study. However, essentially all enabling technology for microfluidic systems developed thus far has focused on single phase fluid flow and there are few equivalent active means to manipulate droplets requiring the development of droplet handling technology. While significant advances have been made in dynamics at the macro- or microfluidic scale, improved techniques and the results of these techniques are still needed. For example, as the scale of these reactors shrinks, contamination effects due to surface adsorption and diffusion limit the smallest quantities that can be used. Confinement of reagents in droplets in an immiscible carrier fluid overcomes these limitations, but demands new fluid-handling technology. The present invention overcomes the current limitations in the field by providing precise, well-defined, droplet libraries which can be utilized alone, or within microfluidic channels and devices, to perform various biological and chemical assays efficiently and effectively, especially at high speeds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides for droplet libraries useful to perform large numbers of assays while consuming only limited amounts of reagents. The present invention provides an emulsion library comprising a plurality of aqueous droplets within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein each droplet is uniform in size and comprises the same aqueous fluid and comprises a different library element. The present invention also provides a method for forming the emulsion library comprising providing a single aqueous fluid comprising different library elements, encapsulating each library element into an aqueous droplet within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein each droplet is uniform in size and comprises the same aqueous fluid and comprises a different library element, and pooling the aqueous droplets within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, thereby forming an emulsion library. The present invention also provides an emulsion library comprising at least a first aqueous droplet and at least a second aqueous droplet within a fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein the at least first and the at least second droplets are uniform in size and comprise a different aqueous fluid and a different library element. The present invention also provides a method for forming the emulsion library comprising providing at least a first aqueous fluid comprising at least a first library of elements, providing at least a second aqueous fluid comprising at least a second library of elements, encapsulating each element of said at least first library into at least a first aqueous droplet within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, encapsulating each element of said at least second library into at least a second aqueous droplet within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein the at least first and the at least second droplets are uniform in size and comprise a different aqueous fluid and a different library element, and pooling the at least first aqueous droplet and the at least second aqueous droplet within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant thereby forming an emulsion library. The present invention provides another emulsion library comprising a plurality of aqueous droplets within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein each droplet is uniform in size and comprises at least a first antibody, and a single element linked to at least a second antibody, wherein said first and second antibodies are different. The present invention provides another emulsion library comprising a plurality of aqueous droplets within an immiscible fluorocarbon oil comprising at least one fluorosurfactant, wherein each droplet is uniform in size and comprises at least a first element linked to at least a first antibody, and at least a second element linked to at least a second antibody, wherein said first and second antibodies are different. In some embodiments, each droplet within each library comprises no more than one library element. In other embodiments, each droplet within each library comprises a plurality of library elements. In some embodiments, the fluorosurfactant comprised within immiscible fluorocarbon oil is a block copolymer consisting of one or more perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) blocks and one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) blocks. In other embodiments, the fluorosurfactant is a triblock copolymer consisting of a PEG center block covalently bound to two PFPE blocks by amide linking groups. The droplets within each are 10 microns to 100 micros in size. The emulsion library is stable for long term storage. Preferably, the emulsion library is stable at least 30 days. The droplets within each emulsion library can include any library element. Preferably, the library element is a cell, virus, bacteria, yeast, bead, protein, polypeptide, nucleic acid, polynucleotide or smart molecule chemical compound. The emulsion library can include any number of library elements. The emulsion libraries can be labeled for unique identification of each library element by any means known in the art. The label can be an optical label, an enzymatic label or a radioactive label. The label can be any detectable label, e.g., a protein, a DNA tag, a dye, a quantum dot or a radio frequency identification tag. Preferably the label is an optical label. The label can be detected by any means known in the art. Preferably, the label is detected by fluorescence polarization, fluorescence intensity, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence energy transfer, pH, ionic content, temperature or combinations thereof. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.

11280978

FIELD The present disclosure relates to aligning optical elements, and in particular to methods of aligning a cylindrical lens in a lens fixture to form a lens assembly, and employing the lens assembly in an optical system. BACKGROUND Cylindrical lenses are refractive optical elements that have optical power in a first plane and no (or substantially less) optical power in a second plane orthogonal to the first plane. Cylindrical lenses are often used to form an image that extends mainly in one direction, e.g., light lines line focuses are formed at the focus of the cylindrical lens. This is because the optical power that acts only (or mainly) in the first plane compresses or expands the light in the orthogonal plane. Cylindrical lenses are also used to re-shape light beams emitted from light sources having an asymmetrical light emission pattern. Cylindrical lenses find use in autofocus systems from CD players to complex semiconductor inspection tools to scanning optical systems. Because the optical power of a cylindrical lens is not rotationally symmetric, the cylindrical lens must be positioned in an optical assembly with a select rotational (azimuthal) orientation and to a select rotational (azimuthal) alignment tolerance. This contrasts with a spherical lens, which is nominally rotationally symmetric so that the rotational orientation does not substantially affect the imaging performance of the optical system in which the spherical lens resides. For high-precision optical systems that include a cylindrical lens, the tolerance on the rotational orientation of a cylindrical lens may be very tight to ensure adequate optical performance. For a sufficiently long-radius cylindrical surface (i.e., where the optical power is relatively weak), standard contact-based measurements (e.g., mechanical probing) used to measure lens orientation are not sufficiently accurate. Indeed, many manufacturers of custom cylindrical lenses are unable to guarantee the rotational alignment of the cylindrical lens to a mechanical datum to relatively tight tolerances (e.g., 5 milliradians or even 3 milliradians or in some cases 2 milliradians or even 1 milliradian) associated with high-performance optical systems. Cylindrical lens alignment errors that exceed such tight tolerances can lead to significant optical performance issues for certain types of high-performance optical systems that utilize cylindrical lenses. SUMMARY An embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a method of forming a lens assembly. The method comprises: adjustably attaching a cylindrical lens to a lens fixture having an interface surface; interfacing the interface surface with a reference surface of a support structure, wherein the cylindrical lens can be placed in a frontwards and backwards orientation relative to a light beam, and wherein the reference surface defines a reference direction; for the frontwards and backwards orientations, capturing respective first and second line images of respective first and second focus lines as formed by the cylindrical lens; establishing a relative orientation of the first and second line images; using the established relative orientations of the first and second line images, determining an amount of angular misalignment of the cylindrical lens relative to the reference direction; and rotating the cylindrical lens relative to the lens fixture to reduce the amount of angular misalignment to be within a select angular alignment tolerance. Another embodiment of the disclosure is directed to a method of measuring the rotational position of a cylindrical lens relative to a lens fixture to which the cylindrical lens is adjustable attached. The method comprises: interfacing the lens fixture with a reference feature in first and second measurement positions in which the cylindrical lens is respectively disposed in a frontward orientation and a backward orientation; for each of the first and second measurement positions, forming first and second line focuses and capturing first and second line images of the first and second line focuses, respectively; establishing a relative orientation of the first and second line images; and using the established relative orientation to determine the rotational position of the cylindrical lens relative to the lens fixture. The alignment methods disclosed herein have advantages over existing alignment systems and methods. A first advantage is that the methods are self-referencing, so that once the alignment of the cylindrical lens is established in the lens assembly, the lens assembly can then be added directly to an optical system in an aligned configuration. A second advantage applies to cylindrical lenses that are relatively weak, e.g., have a focal length of 1500 mm or longer, or 2000 mm or longer or 2500 mm or longer. Such lenses have very little surface curvature and so are difficult to measure with sufficient accuracy using mechanical contact measurement techniques. In examples, the systems and methods disclosed herein can provide alignment to better than 1 milliradian. A third advantage is that the measurement is non-contact so that there is no risk of damaging the optical surfaces of the cylindrical lens. A fourth advantage is that cylindrical lenses with saggitta smaller than what can be reliably measured with a probing method are not a problem since the measurement relies on the refractive properties of the cylindrical lens being measured. A fifth advantage is that the systems and methods enable an optical assembly manufacturer to specify a looser tolerance of the angular orientation of the cylindrical lens to a reference feature on the lens assembly. This in turn can reduce the cost of the optical assembly. Additional features and advantages are set forth in the Detailed Description that follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following Detailed Description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims.

11298363

THE FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1]benzazepine derivatives of general formula (I) and/or salts thereof and/or geometric isomers thereof and/or stereoisomers thereof and/or enantiomers thereof and/or racemates thereof and/or diastereomers thereof and/or biologically active metabolites thereof and/or prodrugs thereof and/or solvates thereof and/or hydrates thereof and/or polymorphs thereof which are centrally and/or peripherally acting V1a receptor modulators, particularly V1a receptor antagonists. Additional subject of the present invention is the process for the preparation of the compounds and intermediates of the preparation process as well. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and to the use thereof in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or condition associated with V1a receptor function. THE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH, CYIQNCPRG) is a 9-amino acid peptide hormone produced by the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus and secreted directly into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland where the hormone is stored until entering into the bloodstream. In the periphery, the major role of vasopressin is in the contraction of blood vessels, as well as in glucose metabolism and in the regulation of excretion. For this reason, the conditions due to inappropriate secretion of vasopressin thus the lack of vasopressin may lead to pathological changes in the body, such as the central form of diabetes insipidus or abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension), while in the case of elevated levels of vasopressin or exogenous administration various forms of strengthening of the aggressive behaviour can be observed (Ferris et al.,BMC Neuroscience2008, 9:111). Oxytocin (OXT, CYIQNCPLG) is a vasopressin-related peptide hormone, differing from that in one amino acid and its receptor is also related to vasopressin receptors. The effects of compounds on the oxytocin receptor show species-specific differences, but the oxytocin hormone itself is identical in the different mammalian species. Similarly, the vasopressin peptide is the same in all mammals (except marsupials and pigs) and the effects exerted through its receptors may also show species-specific differences. The anxiolytic effect of oxytocin exerted in the central nervous system is well-known (Neumann I D.J Neuroendocrinol2008, 20(6): 858-65), therefore the inhibition of the oxytocin receptor in the central nervous system can trigger anxiety as undesirable side effect. Three vasopressin receptors are distinguished, all of them are G-protein coupled receptors. The V1a receptor (V1aR) is expressed centrally in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and pituitary gland, furthermore peripherally in the liver, vascular smooth muscle, lung, uterus and testes (Frank et al.,Eur J Pharmacol2008, 583:226-42). The V1b receptors (V1bR) are also can be found in the cortex, hippocampus and pituitary gland, and in the periphery they play an important role in the regulation of the pancreas and the adrenal glands. In contrast to this, the V2 receptor (V2R) is mainly localised on the periphery, in the kidneys where it increases water reabsorption, thereby exerting the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin (Robben et al.,Am J Physiol Renal Physiol2007, 292(1): F253-60). Thus, due to changes in the regulation of water balance the effect on the V2 receptor may cause undesirable side effect. The secondary signalling pathway of V1a and V1b receptors include the change of intracellular Ca2+concentration through phosphatidylinositol, whereas the V2 receptors activate adenylate cyclase enzyme and influence cAMP levels (Gouzenes et al,J Physiol1999, 517(Pt3):771-9; Tahara et al.,Pflugers Arch1999, 437(2):219-26). An important role is attached to the V1a receptors in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. One-third of the neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) express vasopressin and the mRNA of V1a receptors exhibit daily fluctuations in this brain region of which the highest values can be observed during night hours (de Vries and Miller,Prog Brain Res1998, 119:3-20). Vasopressin shows sexual dimorphism in inducing behavioural effects, despite the fact that distribution and amount of the V1aR mRNAs do not differ in men and women (Szot et al.,Brain Res Mol Brain Res1994, 24(1-4):1-10). Experiments in mice have shown that the increased water absorption prior to their sleep period was triggered by their internal clock and not their physiological necessities (Gizowski et al.,Nature2016, 537(7622):685-8). Sleep disorder is a major accompanying symptom of autism (Glickman,Neurosci Biobehav Rev2010, 34(5):755-68). Vasopressin acts as a neuromodulator in the brain, its elevated level can be detected in the amygdala under stress (Ebner et al.,Eur J Neurosci2002, 15(2):384-8). Such stressful life situations are well known to increase the likelihood of developing depression and anxiety (Kendler et al.,Arch Gen Psychiatry2003, 60(8):789-96: Simon et al.,Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov,2008, 3(2):77-93; Egashira et al.,J Pharmacol Sci2009, 109(1):44-9; Bielsky et al.,Neuropsychopharmacology2004, 29(3):483-93). The expression of V1aR is high in the brain, especially in certain parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala, the lateral septum and the hippocampus which play an important role in the development of anxiety. Male V1aR gene knocked out mice exhibited reduced anxiety in the elevated plus maze, the open field and the light-dark box tests, but these differences could not be detected in females (Bielsky et al.,Behav Brain Res2005, 164(1):132-6). The male V1aR knockout mice did not show any phenotypic difference in motor performances. In normal light-dark-cycle experiments, V1aR KO mice showed no difference compared to their wild-type littermates, however, in the experiments carried out in continuous darkness the diurnal rhythm of V1a knockout mice was shifted significantly (Egashira et al.,Behav Brain Res2007, 178(1):123-7). The V1aR KO mice showed modified activity in the prepulse inhibition test, in the test which is accepted as animal model of sensory motor deficiency observed in most schizophrenic patients. Egashira et al. have shown decreased function in the social interaction test, which is suitable to measure socio-cognitive behaviour of the V1aR KO mice in both sexes, but it was not observed after the treatment with antagonist (Bleickard et al.,Psychopharmacology(Berl), 2009, 202:711-18). Two microsatellite polymorphisms associated with autism could be determined in the case of variants of the AVPR1A gene encoding the V1a receptor (Kim et al.,Mol Psychiatry2002, 7:503-7; Yirmiya et al.,Mol Psychiatry2006, 11:488-94; Yang et al.,Psychiatry Res,2010, 178(1):199-201; Yang et al.,Neurosci Lett2010, 479(3):197-200). It also refers to a genetic connection that altered activation of amygdala could be detected in patients carrying two risk alleles in the V1aR gene. These modified receptors have been shown to be able to alter the activation threshold of amygdala during emotional facial recognition process (Meyer-Lindenberg et al.,Mol Psychiatry2009, 14:968-75). Preclinical data also support the efficacy of V1aR antagonists in autism. A widely used and accepted animal model of autism is to study the behaviour of rats exposed to valproate (VPA) treatment in utero. The reduced social behaviour of VPA-treated animals could be reversed by the V1aR antagonist compound to the normal level. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study it was also found that decreased perfusion values were restored by the V1aR antagonist in different brain regions of prenatally VPA-treated animals. The decreased function of the cortex, the inferior colliculus, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus was increased by treatment with the V1aR antagonist, whereas in the ventral tegmentum, the striatum and the colliculus superior, the augmented perfusion was normalised by the V1aR antagonist (Grundschober et al., Poster presented atAnnual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology,2014, Phoenix, USA). For this reason, V1aR antagonist compounds showing favourable blood-brain barrier penetration are expected to be advantageous. Influencing V1aR with small molecule antagonists is a promising strategy for the treatment of various pathological conditions of the female sex organs (such as, but not limited to, dysmenorrhea, sexual dysfunction), long-lasting pathological conditions in blood pressure control (such as, but not limited to, hypertension and/or chronic heart failure), conditions resulting from inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (such as, but not limited to, diabetes insipidus, renal failure, nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis). It can be considered another promising strategy in the treatment of anxiety, depression, aggression, and disorders of the central nervous system where one of the symptoms and/or syndromes of the disease may be related to the latter three diseases or show comorbidity with them. These include, but not limited to, autistic spectrum disorder (well-functioning autism, Asperger's syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its various syndromic forms: fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), various forms of Down syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). V1aR antagonists are also suitable for the treatment of aggressive behavioural disorders and/or irritability (such as, but not limited to, patients with ASD, or suffering from Huntington's disease (HD) or various forms of schizophrenia), behavioural hyperactivity disorders (such as, but not limited to, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)), cognitive disorders (such as, but not limited to, dementia, mild cognitive disorders (MCI), cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), and Alzheimer's disease), and other neuropsychiatric disorders (such as, but not limited to, schizophrenia and associated diseases). Many patent applications deal with V1a receptor antagonists, for example, Otsuka discloses benzoheterocyclic derivatives (WO 95/034540 A1, WO 2009/001968 A1, WO 2011/052519 A1), Astellas Pharma (Yamanouchi) discloses condensed benzodiazepine and triazole derivatives (WO 95/03305 A1, WO 01/87855 A1, WO 02/44179 A1), AbbVie discloses oxindole derivatives (WO 2006/072458 A2, WO 2006/100082 A2), Bayer Pharma discloses aryl- or heteroaryltriazole derivatives (WO 2017/191102 A1, WO 2017/191107 A1, WO 2017/191114 A1). Various benzoazulene core containing derivatives (WO 2005/068466 A1, WO 2006/021213 A2, WO 2006/021882 A1, WO 2011/114109 A1, WO 2011/128265 A1, WO 2011/141396 A1, WO 2014/127350 A1), spirindolinone and indolylcarbonyl derivatives (WO 97/15556 A1, WO 2007/009906 A1, WO 2007/014851 A2) are also described as V1a receptor antagonists. The first clinical developments considered the V1a receptor as peripheral target, the poor brain penetration was therefore beneficial in the development of compounds. Such was Sanofi's indoline core compound, relcovaptan (SR-49059, WO 93/03013 A1), which was developed until the Phase 2 clinical trial. Among the indications studied were premature birth, pelvic pain observed during the menstruation, dysmenorrhea (Brouard et al.,Br J Obstetr Gynaecol2000, 107:614-9), heart failure, hypertension, and coronary spasm, but it was also tested as an antineoplastic agent in small-cell lung carcinoma until the last clinical trial was stopped in 2003 (Serradeil-Le Gal et al.,Prog Brain Res2002, 139:197-210; Adisnsight: Relcovaptan—Latest Information Update: 3 Oct. 2006 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800004942). Relcovaptan has been in clinical development since 1993 and it is the most frequently used in vitro tool in the V1aR research (Tahara et al.,Br J Pharmacol2000, 129:131-9). Pfizer studied its triazole derivative PF 00738245 (WO 2005/063754 A1) and compound PF-184563 of triazolobenzodiazepine core (WO 2004/074291 A1) in preclinical development for dysmenorrhea, based on measured data these are efficient V1aR antagonists (Russell et al.,Eur. J Pharmacol,2011, 670(2): 347-355; Johnson et al.,Bioorg Med Chem Lett2011, 21:5684-7) but their development was terminated. By the examination of effects exerted on the central nervous system, the treatment of depression and anxiety has also been raised as a novel therapeutic area. Johnson & Johnson's compound JNJ-17308616 of spirobenzazepine core was one of the first central nervous system acting V1aR antagonist compound (Bleickard et al.,Psychopharmacology(Berl.), 2009, 202:711-18: WO 02/02531 A1) which demonstrated efficacy in a variety of different animal models used for anxiety research: significantly reduced anxiety behaviour in the elevated plus maze test, marble burying test, and in the separation-induced ultrasonic vocalisation of rat pups. Although it proved to be effective in influencing the elevated 0-labyrinth and the conditioned lick response, due to its poor metabolic stability measured in rodents, its efficacy was not good and was measurable only at high doses and therefore it was difficult to test. Azevan's V1aR antagonist azetidone derivatives, SRX246 and SRX251 (also known as AP1246 or AP1251, WO 03/031407 A2) also reached the clinical trial phase. Clinical trials of SRX246 are also currently ongoing for the treatment of aggression, and intermittent explosive disorder and irritability in Huntington's Disease and post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as in the human behavioural models of anxiety and fear (Adisinsight: SRX 246—Latest Information Update: 16 Feb. 2017 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800023656). Clinical trial was conducted with SRX251 to treat dysmenorrhea but both Phase 1 studies were discontinued in 2016 and similarly to SRX246 it was also investigated for aggression in the preclinical development (AdisInsight: SRX 251—Latest Information Update: 4 Nov. 2017 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800025117). SRX-246 and SRX-251 are active on the human V1a receptor and in rats both compounds were detectable in the brain at approximately 100-fold of the effective concentrations detected in the binding assay (Guillon et al.,Bioorg Med Chem2007, 15:2054-80; Fabio et al.,J Pharm Sci2013, 102(6):2033-43). Vantia's V1aR antagonist compound, VA 111913 of pyrazolobenzodiazepine core (WO 2010/097576 A1; Adisinsight: VA 111913—Latest Information Update: 25 Aug. 2015 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800028777) was tested in Phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of dysmenorrhea but there is no information about its development since 2015. Otsuka's V1aR antagonist, the quinolinone derivative OPC 21268 (EP0382185A2; Adisinsight: OPC 21268—Latest Information Update: 6 Oct. 2006 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800000284) was tested for the indication of gastric mucosal damage indication in the preclinical phase, whereas in Phase 2 clinical trials it was studied for heart failure and hypertension but there is no information on its development since 2015 (Yamamura et al.,Science1991, 252:572; Serradeil-Le Gal et al.,J Clin Invest1993, 92(1):224). When examining the brainstem in postmortem human samples selective localisation of V1a receptors unrelated to oxytocin receptors could be detected in the nucleus prepositus, which plays a role in eye gaze stabilisation (Freeman et al.,Soc Neurosci2017, 12(2):113-123). A fundamental skill required for human social behaviour is the recognition and eye-tracking of biologically relevant information (Klin et al.,Nature2009, 459:257-63, Simion et al.,PNAS2008, 105(2):809-13). The most active V1aR researcher Hoffmann-La Roche reached Phase 1 study with their indole derivative RO5028442 (RG-7713; WO 2007/006688 A1), where positive effect on the orientation of eye-gaze pattern could be detected in humans (Umbricht et al.,Neuropsychopharmacology2017, 42 (9):1914-1923; Adisinsight: RG 7713—Latest Information Update: 5 Nov. 2015 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800043668). Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of autism are currently ongoing with balovaptan of the triazolobenzodiazepine core (RG-7314, RO5285119; WO 2010/060836 A1; Adisinsight: RG 7314—Latest Information Update: 10 Sep. 2017 http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800035102). Despite the numerous V1aR antagonist compounds and clinical studies, unmet medical need still persists to develop a V1aR antagonist that is suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of various pathological conditions of the female sex organs, long-standing conditions in blood pressure control, conditions resulting from inappropriate secretion of vasopressin, anxiety, depression, aggression, disorders of the central nervous system where one of the symptoms and/or syndromes of the disease may be related to anxiety, depression, aggression or show comorbidity with them (autistic spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, various forms of Down syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder), aggressive behavioural disorders and/or irritability, behavioural hyperactivity disorders, cognitive disorders or other neuropsychiatric disorders. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Our aim was to synthetize novel structured V1a receptor antagonists whose physical-chemical (e.g. kinetic or thermodynamic solubility, ionisation, lipophilicity or permeability) or pharmaceutical properties (e.g. metabolic stability, CYP-450 enzyme inhibition) provide the favourable bioavailability, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion), membrane penetration or blood-brain barrier penetration. Surprisingly, such novel 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1]benzazepine derivatives of general formula (I) have been prepared which show V1a receptor antagonistic activity profile. The present invention relates to compounds of general formula (I) wherein ring A is a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group; Y is —O—, —C(O)—, —CH2—, —NH—, —C1-4alkyl-N(R18)— or bond if ring B is present; or —N(C1-4alkyl)2, C(O)OC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, C1-4alkoxy group or halogen if ring B is not present; ring B is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, aryl or heterocyclyl group; or B—Y-A- jointly represents 3H-spiro[2-benzofuran-1,4′-piperidin-1′-yl]; or R1is a hydrogen, halogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, CF3or CN; R2is a hydrogen or C1-4alkyl group; R1is a NR4R5, OR6group or halogen; or R2and R3jointly represent —O—(CH2)m—O—, oxo or ═N—OH group; R4and R5is independently a hydrogen; C1-4alkyl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl or NR8R9group; Cy1; C(O)R7; S(O2)R10or C2-4alkynyl group; or R4and R5taken together with the N to which they are attached form a heterocycle; R5is a hydrogen; C1-4alkyl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, Cy2, C1-4alkoxy, C1-4alkoxy-S(O)2or NR11R12group; C(O)R13; Si(CH3)2-t-butyl or C2-4alkynyl group; R7is a C1-4alkyl optionally substituted with OH, CN, halogen, Cy3or NR11R12group; C1-4alkoxy, C2-4alkenyl, Cy3or N(C1-4alkyl)2group; R8and R9is independently a hydrogen, C1-4alkyl or C(O)OR21group; R10is a C1-4alkyl, OH or NR14R15group; R11and R12is independently a hydrogen or C1-4alkyl group; or R11and R12taken together with the N to which they are attached form an optionally substituted heterocycle; R13is a C1-4alkyl optionally substituted with CN or NR19R20group; Cy3or NR16R17group; R14and R15is independently a hydrogen or C1-4alkyl group; R16and R17is independently a hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl group; or R16and R17taken together with the N to which they are attached form a heterocycle; R18and R21is a hydrogen or C1-4alkyl group; R19and R20is independently a hydrogen or C1-4alkyl group; Cy1is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl group; Cy2is an optionally substituted aryl or cycloalkyl group; Cy3is an optionally substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl group; X is a C1-4alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group; Z is a C1-4alkyl group; m is 2, 3, 4 or 5 and/or salts thereof and/or geometric isomers thereof and/or stereoisomers thereof and/or enantiomers thereof and/or racemates thereof and/or diastereomers thereof and/or biologically active metabolites thereof and/or prodrugs thereof and/or solvates thereof and/or hydrates thereof and/or polymorphs thereof. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound of general formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or geometric isomer thereof and/or stereoisomer thereof and/or enantiomer thereof and/or racemate thereof and/or diastereomer thereof and/or prodrug thereof and/or solvate thereof and/or hydrate thereof and/or polymorph thereof as active substances. In addition, the present invention also relates to the preparation of the compound of general formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or geometric isomer thereof and/or stereoisomer thereof and/or enantiomer thereof and/or racemate thereof and/or diastereomer thereof and/or prodrug thereof and/or solvate thereof and/or hydrate thereof and/or polymorph thereof, to the intermediates of the preparation process and to the chemical and pharmaceutical preparation of pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds. The invention also relates to a method for treating a mammal, including humans, suffering from a central and/or peripheral disease, where modulation, preferably antagonism of the V1a receptor may have therapeutic benefits wherein the compound of formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or geometric isomer thereof and/or stereoisomer thereof and/or enantiomer thereof and/or racemate thereof and/or diastereomer thereof and/or prodrug thereof and/or solvate thereof and/or hydrate thereof and/or polymorph thereof or a therapeutically effective amount thereof in a composition is administered. The invention also relates to the use of the compound of general formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or geometric isomer thereof and/or stereoisomer thereof and/or enantiomer thereof and/or racemate thereof and/or diastereomer thereof and/or prodrug thereof and/or solvate thereof and/or hydrate thereof and/or polymorph thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease or condition associated with V1a receptor function.

11344086

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the United States national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2018/054968 filed Feb. 28, 2018, and claims priority to German Patent Application Nos. 10 2017 203 263.4 filed Feb. 28, 2017, 10 2017 220 304.8 filed Nov. 14, 2017, and 10 2018 201 019.6 filed Jan. 23, 2018, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The disclosure relates to a fastener device. Technical Considerations A fastener device of said type comprises a first fastener part and a second fastener part which can be mounted on one another along a closing direction, are held against one another in a closed position, and are releasable from one another in order to open the fastener device. A fastener device of said type serves generally for connecting two parts together. For example, a fastener device of said type may provide a fastener for a container, for example a bag or a rucksack. A fastener device of said type may however also serve for example as a fastener for a shoe, for example a sports shoe. Very generally, the fastener device may serve for connecting any two assemblies with load-bearing action. It may be desirable here that a fastener device of said type cannot only be used for detachably connecting two parts together but also permits tightening. For example, in the case of a fastener for a rucksack or in the case of a fastener for a shoe, it may be desirable for parts to be able to be firstly mounted on one another but secondly also tightened relative to one another. A tightening device with a tension element that can be wound up on a winding element is described for example in WO 2015/006616 A1. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object underlying the proposed solution to provide a fastener device which permits firstly detachable connection of assemblies to one another but secondly also tightening of the assemblies relative to one another. Said object is achieved by means of a fastener device having features as described herein. Accordingly, the second fastener part has a winding element on which a tension element can be arranged and which is rotatable relative to the first fastener part in order to wind up the tension element on the winding element in a winding direction. With the proposed fastener device, a fastener for detachably connecting two parts together and a tightening device are combined with one another. Firstly, the fastener device has two fastener parts which can be mounted on one another along a closing direction and are held against one another in a closed position, such that assemblies assigned to the fastener parts are connected together by means of the fastener parts and by virtue of said fastener parts being held against one another, and the assemblies can also be released from one another again by virtue of the fastener parts being separated from one another. Secondly, the second fastener part has a winding element on which a tension element can be arranged. The winding element may have the form of a cylindrical roller and may bear a winding channel in which the tension element can be received. By rotating the winding element, the tension element can thus be wound up and thus tightened. Whereas the first fastener part may be arranged on a first assembly, the second fastener part may be connected to a second assembly via the tension element, wherein, by virtue of the tension element being wound up on the winding element, the first assembly and the second assembly can be tightened relative to one another. The tension element may be a flexible element which is suitable (exclusively) for transmitting tensile forces. The tension element may be a cable, a strap, a band, a belt, a chain or a (an electrically conductive) cable. The tension element may be secured with two ends on the winding element, such that, by rotation of the winding element, the tension element can be wound with its two ends onto the winding element. It is however also conceivable and possible for only one end of the tension element to be secured on the winding element, in order for only said one end to be wound up by rotation of the winding element. It is furthermore also conceivable and possible for an inner portion of the tension element to be arranged on the winding element in order for the tension element to be wound up by rotation of the winding element. It is also conceivable for multiple different tension elements to be arranged on the winding element and to be able to be wound up by means of the winding element. The winding element is rotatable relative to the first fastener part in a winding direction in order to wind up the tension element. Here, the winding direction is preferably directed around the closing direction, such that the winding element is rotatable relative to the first fastener part around the closing direction. The fastener parts can thus be mounted on one another along the closing direction, and the winding element can be rotated about the closing direction, in order to brace the assemblies assigned to the fastener parts with respect to one another. In one refinement, the winding element, in the closed position, may be rotatable relative to the first fastener part. Here, the winding element, in the closed position, is preferably rotatable relative to the first fastener part in the winding direction but not counter to the winding direction. This makes it possible for the tension element to be wound up onto the winding element when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another. After the tension element has been wound onto the winding element, the winding element remains in its assumed position. A backward movement counter to the winding direction for unwinding of the tension element is locked. In another refinement, it may be provided, by contrast, that, when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another, a rotation of the winding element relative to the first fastener part is no longer possible. In this case, therefore, a rotational movement both in the winding direction and counter to the winding direction is locked when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another. In one embodiment, the winding element has a toothing means which, in the closed position, engages with a toothing means of the first fastener part. Such a toothing means may be formed by a sawtooth-like toothing running in encircling fashion along the winding direction. Such a toothing means may however also be formed by individual toothing elements which do not form a continuous toothing. By such toothing means, it is possible in particular to provide a type of freewheel which permits a rotation of the winding element relative to the first fastener part in the winding direction when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another and are thus situated in the closed position, but locks a movement counter to the winding direction. In the event of rotation of the winding element relative to the first fastener part, the toothing means of the winding element slides over the toothing means of the first fastener part, such that a detaining movement of the winding element relative to the first fastener part in the winding direction is possible. In the event of load being exerted counter to the winding direction, toothing elements of the toothing means however engage with one another such that a movement is locked and the winding element is thus held in its presently assumed position. The toothing means may be in engagement with one another in an axial direction. In the event of a rotation of the winding element in the winding direction relative to the first fastener part, the toothing means slide over one another, for example by virtue of sawtooth-like toothing elements sliding on one another. If the first fastener part and the second fastener part are mounted so as to be rotatable relative to one another and are guided axially on one another, this may be associated with a (small) axial movement of the first fastener part relative to the second fastener part. Provision may alternatively be made for at least one of the toothing means to have at least one toothing element which, in the event of rotation of the winding element in the winding direction, can be forced aside transversely with respect to the winding direction. In this case, it is thus the case that no axial movement occurs between the fastener parts, but rather the toothing elements of one of the toothing means are forced aside if the winding element is rotated in the winding direction relative to the first fastener part. This may be expedient in particular if the first fastener part and the second fastener part are, in the closed position, mechanically detained together and thus cannot be moved axially relative to one another. In general, the first fastener part and the second fastener part may, in the closed position, be mechanically detained together in order to hold the fastener parts against one another counter to the closing direction. For this purpose, one of the fastener parts may t-o-r have a detent means with at least one movable detent element which, in a detained position, engages into a detent recess of the other fastener part and thus holds the fastener parts against one another counter to the closing direction. By the detent means, a mechanical detent connection is thus produced between the fastener parts when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another. By the detent means, the fastener parts are held on one another counter to a load acting oppositely to the closing direction, such that a removal of the fastener parts from one another is not possible without releasing the detent connection. The detent means preferably moves automatically into the detained position during the mounting of the fastener parts on one another. During the mounting of the fastener parts on one another, the fastener parts are thus automatically detained together, such that the hold of the fastener parts against one another in the closed position is safeguarded. Here, the winding element may possibly be rotatable relative to the first fastener part in the winding direction despite the detent connection, such that the tension element can be wound up onto the winding element when the fastener parts have been mounted on one another. The detent means may have one or more detent elements. These may be spring-preloaded in the direction of their detained position, such that the detent elements preferably automatically engage with the associated detent recess of the other fastener part when the fastener parts are mounted on one another. In order to be able to release the detent connection between the fastener parts and separate the fastener parts from one another in order to open the fastener device, the detent means preferably has an operating element which can be actuated in order to disengage the at least one detent element from the detent recess. The operating element may be actuated by means of a pressing action, and may have a run-on element which is designed to, when the operating element is actuated, abut against a run-on element on a preload element, which preloads the at least one detent element in the direction of the detained position, in order to thereby adjust the at least one detent element. The preload element may be formed by a spring ring on which the detent elements are formed at one side and run-on elements are formed at the other side. By virtue of the run-on element of the operating element running onto the run-on elements of the preload element, the ring-shaped preload element is deformed, such that the detent elements are moved and disengaged from the detent recess of the other fastener part. The winding element may be formed in one piece with an engagement element of the second fastener part, such that the second fastener part with its winding element can be moved as a whole. By rotation of the second fastener part with the winding element arranged thereon, it is thus possible for the tension element to be wound up onto the winding element in order to suitably tighten the tension element. In this case, the fastener parts may be mounted rotatably on one another by virtue of a cylinder collar of one of the fastener parts engaging into the other of the fastener parts and thereby providing a mounting arrangement. Here, the cylinder collar may be guided axially on the other fastener part, such that the fastener parts can be adjusted axially relative to one another and can be mounted on one another axially along the closing direction. In one embodiment, the second fastener part has a housing element which, in the closed position, is arranged on the first fastener part and on which the winding element is rotatably mounted. In this case, the housing element may be provided for being mounted rotationally conjointly on the first fastener part and be held fixedly on the first fastener part in the closed position of the fastener device. The winding element is rotatable relative to the housing element, such that, by rotation of the winding element, the tension element can be wound up in the winding directional to the winding element and thus tightened. In one embodiment, the second fastener part has a locking assembly which, in a locked state, locks the winding element relative to the housing element such that the winding element is rotatable relative to the housing element in the winding direction but not counter to the winding direction. The locking assembly thus serves for permitting a rotation of the winding element relative to the housing element in the winding direction but locking a backward rotation of the winding element counter to the winding direction. By means of the locking assembly, it is thus possible for the winding element to be rotated in the manner of a freewheel in the winding direction in order to wind up the tension element, wherein, after rotation, the winding element remains in its assumed position and tensile forces acting on the tension element can thus be accommodated via the locking assembly. The locking assembly can preferably be unlocked from the locked state. This makes it possible for the winding element to be released such that the winding element can be rotated relative to the housing element also counter to the winding direction in order to unwind the tension element from the winding element. By unlocking the locking assembly, the tension element can thus be relaxed by virtue of the tension element being unwound from the winding element. In one embodiment, provision may be made for the locking assembly to be automatically unlocked during the opening of the fastener device. If the fastener parts are separated from one another and, for this purpose, the housing element of the second fastener part is removed from the first fastener part, the locking assembly automatically passes into its unlocked state, such that the winding element is released, and thus the tension element can be unwound from the winding element. In one embodiment, the locking assembly has an actuating element, which may designed as a handgrip and which is arranged rotatably on the housing element. By means of the actuating element, the winding element can be rotated, wherein, for this purpose, the actuating element is operatively connected to the winding element or operatively disconnected from the winding element in a manner dependent on the state of the locking assembly. The actuating element and the housing element may be operatively connected to one another by a freewheel means. By the freewheel means, a rotation of the actuating element relative to the housing element is possible in the winding direction, but a rotation counter to the winding direction is locked. If the actuating element is operatively connected to the winding element, it is thus possible by means of the actuating element for the winding element to be rotated in the winding direction but not counter to the winding direction. In one embodiment, the freewheel means has a toothing on the housing element or the actuating element and has at least one adjustable locking element, for example in the form of a pawl, on the respective other element. The toothing may be formed as an internal toothing on a cylinder collar of the housing element, wherein, in this case, one or more movable (for example pivotable) locking elements may be arranged on the actuating element. In the event of a rotation of the actuating element in the winding direction, the locking elements slide over the toothing, such that a rotation of the actuating element in the winding direction is possible, but an opposite rotation counter to the winding direction is locked owing to the engagement of the locking elements into the toothing, and the actuating element thus cannot be rotated relative to the housing element counter to the winding direction. It is conceivable and possible here for the actuating element to be able to be unlocked for example by means of an axial adjustment relative to the housing element by virtue of the locking elements being disengaged from the toothing. In order to produce the operative connection between the actuating element and the winding element, the actuating element may have a first toothing means, whereas the winding element bears a second toothing means. The toothing means may each be of sawtooth-like form, wherein the engagement is such that, in the event of a rotation of the actuating element in the winding direction, the winding element is driven along and is thus likewise rotated relative to the housing element in the winding direction. In the event of the winding element being loaded by tensile forces, introduced via the tension element, which lead to a torque load counter to the winding direction, the winding element is, if the toothing means are in engagement with one another, held in position relative to the housing element by means of the actuating element, such that the tension element cannot be unwound from the winding element. In order to release the winding element in order to unwind the tension element, the actuating element may be axially adjustable relative to the housing element, such that the toothing means on the actuating element, on the one hand, and on the winding element, on the other hand, disengage, and the winding element is thus no longer held in position by means of the actuating element. The winding element can thus be rotated relative to the howing element counter to the winding direction, and the tension element can thus be unwound from the winding element. When the fastener parts have been mounted on one another, the housing element is held on the first fastener part. Here, the housing element may, in the closed position, be mechanically fixedly connected to the first fastener part, by virtue of the housing element being detained with the first fastener part. In one embodiment, the first fastener part may have at least one first undercut element, whereas the housing element of the second fastener part comprises at least one second undercut element. The undercut elements engage with one another during the mounting of the fastener parts on one another, such that the fastener parts are, in the closed position, held against one another counter to the closing direction. The undercut elements may be formed rigidly on a main body of the first fastener part and on the housing element of the second fastener part. After the fastener parts have been mounted on one another in the closing direction, the undercut elements can be placed in engagement with one another in an engagement direction transversely with respect to the closing direction, such that the undercut elements engage into one another and produce a connection between the fastener parts, which connection can be subjected to load counter to the closing direction. In one refinement, the first fastener part has at least two first undercut elements which are arranged, offset with respect to one another transversely with respect to the closing direction, on a main body of the first fastener part. Likewise, the housing element of the second fastener part may have at least two second undercut elements, which are arranged, offset with respect to one another transversely with respect to the closing direction, on the housing element of the second fastener part and which, in the closed position, are assigned to, and engage with, the first undercut elements of the first fastener part. By means of an arrangement of multiple undercut elements on each fastener part, it is possible for a high-strength, mechanically load-bearing connection to be created between the fastener parts in the closed position. The first undercut elements of the first fastener part may be situated diametrically oppositely with respect to the axis of rotation of the winding element, and the second undercut elements of the housing element of the second fastener part may likewise be situated diametrically oppositely with respect to the axis of rotation of the winding element. Thus, undercut elements are arranged on both sides of the winding element, such that forces which act between the fastener parts in the closed position can be accommodated and dissipated in an effective manner. The undercut elements may each have an arcuate shape or a V shape. An arcuate shape is to be understood here to mean any curved form which may also in certain portions have portions extending in a straight manner, and which is thus curved only in certain portions. A V shape may be formed by two undercut elements which are arranged at an angle with respect to one another and thus form a V shape. In one embodiment, one of the fastener parts has a blocking element which serves for safeguarding the engagement between the at least one first undercut element and the at least one second undercut element in the closed position of the fastener parts. Such a blocking element may be arranged on the first fastener part and, in the closed position, imparts a blocking action between the fastener parts such that the engagement between the undercut elements is safeguarded and the undercut elements in particular cannot disengage from one another counter to the engagement direction. The blocking element may, in a blocking position, face toward a component of the other fastener part, such that, by means thereof, the undercut elements are held in engagement. If the fastener parts are loaded counter to the engagement direction, the blocking element prevents the undercut elements from disengaging from one another, such that, in this way, the hold of the fastener parts against one another is safeguarded. The blocking element is preferably spring-preloaded in the direction of its blocking position. During the closing of the fastener device, the blocking element thus automatically passes into its blocking position, such that, in the closed position, the fastener parts are safeguarded in terms of their connection to one another. The blocking element may, for the purposes of opening, be adjustable out of its blocking position. By means of manual action on the blocking element, the blocking of the fastener parts relative to one another may thus be eliminated, such that the fastener parts can be released from one another by separation of the undercut elements. Provision may alternatively also be made for the component of the other fastener part, toward which the blocking element faces in the blocking position, to be adjusted such that, by means thereof, the blocking action of the blocking element is eliminated. If the blocking element is arranged on the first fastener part, the component may be the actuating element of the second fastener part, which can be adjusted axially relative to the housing element in order to thereby firstly eliminate the operative connection between the actuating element and the winding element and secondly move the actuating element out of its opposite position, with blocking action, in relation to the blocking element. A fastener device of the type described above may be designed as a purely mechanical fastener device, in the case of which the fastener parts are mounted on one another and are mechanically held against one another in the closed position. By means of such mechanical hold, it is possible here for shear forces in a plane transverse with respect to the closing direction to be accommodated, and additionally possibly also forces counter to the closing direction in the case of a mechanical detent connection between the fastener parts. In one advantageous embodiment, the fastener device is however of magnetic design. For this purpose, the first fastener part and the second fastener part each have at least one magnet element which, during the mounting of the fastener parts on one another, are situated opposite one another with magnetically attractive action in order to close the fastener device and thus magnetically assist the closing of the fastener device. Here, a magnet element may be formed by a permanent magnet or else by a magnetic armature, composed for example of a ferromagnetic material. One of the fastener parts may have a permanent magnet which interacts, with magnetically attractive action, with a magnetic armature of the other fastener part. It is however also conceivable for both fastener parts to each have a permanent magnet, or else an arrangement of multiple permanent magnets, which, during the mounting of the fastener parts on one another, are situated with opposite poles opposite one another and thus assist the mounting process by magnetic attraction. The actuation of the actuating element may be performed manually by rotating the actuating element. Embodiments are however also conceivable and possible in which an electric motor is provided for driving the actuating element. Such an electric motor may be arranged positionally fixedly on an assembly connected to the first fastener part, and may engage by means of a suitable gearing element, for example a drive worm, with a toothing of the actuating element when the fastener device is situated in its closed position. The actuating element can thus be rotated by means of the electric motor. It is alternatively conceivable and possible for the toothing means of the first fastener part to be driven by electric motor means in order to rotate the winding element by rotation of the toothing means of the first fastener part. In one embodiment, in each case one or more electrical contact elements may be arranged on the first fastener part and on the second fastener part such that electrical contact is produced between the fastener parts during the closing of the fastener device. In a further embodiment, the fastener device may have a winder exit element, may be in the form of an eyelet, which may be arranged on the second fastener part and designed as a component which is additional to the winding element and to the actuating element. The winder exit element may be freely rotatable relative to the winding element and/or the actuating element and guides the tension element in relation to the winding element, such that the tension element runs into the winding element in a defined manner. This prevents uncontrolled unwinding of the tension element from the winding element and in particular knotting of the tension element during the unwinding process. The fastener device described here permits a releasable connection of fastener parts in combination with a tightening facility for a tension element. This makes it possible, for example, for the tension element to be preloaded under tension with the fastener parts separated in order for the fastener device to then be closed and, in the closed position of the fastener device, for the tension element to be wound up and retightened by rotation of the winding element. In the case of a shoe, it is possible in this way for the tension element (in the form of a shoelace) to be manually pre-tightened by pulling on the tension element with the fastener device separated and then retightened with the fastener device closed. Furthermore, the separation of the fastener parts makes it possible for the tension element connected to the winding element to be laid around an article in order for one assembly to be fixed to another by means of the fastener device. With the fastener device open, the tension element can be laid around a mast or a frame, for example a bicycle frame, in order for the fastener device to then be closed and the tension element tightened, such that an assembly can be fixed to the mast or to the frame in this way. A fastener device of the type described here may be used in a wide variety of ways. A fastener device of the type described here may be used on bags or other containers such as rucksacks, boxes or containers, on shoes (in particular sports shoes such as walking shoes, ski boots or the like), on helmets, in particular sports helmets, or on medical aids such as for example medical support splints or the like. By means of a fastener device of the type described here, it may be possible for straps on sacks or bags to be tightened (so-called compression straps). A strap or a hip strap of a rucksack or school satchel can be closed and tightened by means of such a fastener device. Also, such a fastener device may be used on a cable drum for winding up an electrical cable, for example a headphone or charging cable. In the case of a helmet, it is possible by means of a fastener device of the type described here for a strap to be tightened or for an article to be secured on the helmet, for example protective goggles (such as ski goggles) or the like. A fastener device of said type may also serve for the stowage and securing of accessories or bags in or on vehicles (bicycles, passenger motor vehicles, heavy goods vehicles, ships, aircraft etc.), for example as a tightening device on a bicycle luggage carrier. Specifically, a fastener device of said type may be used on a holder, which can be tightened around a bicycle frame, for the purposes of fixing an assembly, for example a drinking bottle or a container, to the bicycle frame. Furthermore, a fastener device of said type may be used for tensioning tarpaulins and sheets of any type, for example for tensioning tent tarpaulins or for tensioning a sunblind. Military applications are also conceivable and possible. Accordingly, a fastener device may be used for the tensioning and stowage of weapons and munitions. A fastener device of the described type may also be used in a tourniquet ligature system for ligating heavily bleeding wounds on a patient.

11279253

The invention relates to a first component of a charging device for the electrical energy exchange of an object with a storage battery, in particular for charging a storage battery, for example a storage battery of an electric vehicle, which first component comprises a contacting element, wherein the contacting element can be connected to a coupling element of a second component to produce an electrical connection. The invention furthermore relates to a charging device for charging a device, in particular a movable device such as an electric vehicle, having a first component of this type. In addition, the invention relates to a use of a first component of this type or of a charging device. Finally, the invention relates to a method for electrically charging a device, in particular a movable device such as an electric vehicle, wherein the device is positioned for the charging, after which an electrical connection to a voltage source occurs in order to charge a storage battery of the device. Widely varying charging apparatuses for charging storage batteries have become known from the prior art. In addition to the charging devices familiar from the household sector, which have relatively small dimensions, significantly larger charging stations which are in particular used in the field of electric vehicles have also become known. Due to an increasing relative share of electric vehicles in the vehicle market, it is to be expected that a higher local availability of charging stations will become necessary. Today, parking lots are in some cases already equipped with an electrical connection for charging an electric vehicle while it is parked. In the future, it could become necessary for each individual parking space of a parking lot to have a charging device for an electric vehicle. The ability to perform a charging independently of the user and/or in an automated manner can thereby become necessary. This mainly applies where a charging with a high power is desired. Charging powers of up to 800 kW are already envisaged at the present time. Such charging powers can be achieved, but require cables with large diameters which are heavy and therefore can only be handled by a user with a corresponding effort. The requirements mentioned in the preceding paragraph for an automated charging process in particular also arise for an autonomous operation of vehicles which are self-driving, but which are to be available as consistently as possible in a ready-to-operate state independent of the user, for example, for car sharing. With the current charging devices or charging stations for electric vehicles, manual intervention is necessary. This means that the user must ensure an electrical connection of a charging device to the electric vehicle on his/her own. However, it would be much more efficient if, for example, an automatic connection to a voltage source could occur at any time when an electric vehicle is being parked in a parking space of a parking lot, so that the storage battery or batteries of the electric vehicle can be charged and/or so that energy can generally be exchanged if energy is to be fed back. From WO 2016/119000 A1, a charging device has become known which already partially satisfies the demand for a charging that is as automated as possible. The corresponding charging device is constructed in two parts. The charging device comprises a stationary first component arranged on the ground side, which component comprises a conically shaped plug that can be moved. A second component is attached to an electric vehicle, preferably on the underbody. This second component comprises a plate having a plurality of conical receptacles which essentially correspond to the plug. If an electric vehicle having a second component of this type then parks in a parking space equipped with the first component, the first component can be extended and connected to the second component. Because of the complementary conical embodiments and the plurality of possible contacting possibilities on the plate on the underside of the electric vehicle, an automatic positive fit, and therefore the production of an electrical connection, is thereby possible. However, it is in this case disadvantageous that the plate on the underside of the electric vehicle needs to have relatively large dimensions so that an electrical connection can be produced even where the electric vehicle is not parked exactly over the first component. Thus, for a larger tolerance range and the possibility of charging even where the electric vehicle is imprecisely parked, the disadvantage of a module that is relatively heavy for a vehicle, or of a large plate, must be accepted. Based on the foregoing, the object of the invention is to provide a first component which eliminates the disadvantage explained above. A further object is to provide a charging device having a component of this type. Another object is to provide a use of a first component of the type named at the outset as well as a use of a charging device. Finally, an object of the invention is to further develop a method of the type named at the outset such that, with a relatively simple construction, a charging of an electric vehicle is enabled. The object of the invention is attained if, with a first component of the type named at the outset, a base and an arm arranged thereon are provided, wherein the arm is mounted on the base such that it can move about and/or along multiple axes in order to guide the contacting element to the coupling element. One advantage achieved by the invention can in particular be seen in that, as a result of the chosen embodiment with a base and an arm that is arranged thereon and is mounted such that it can move about and/or along multiple axes, the contacting element can be displaced with more degrees of freedom than before, which allows the second component to be embodied with few contacting elements or even just one contacting element. The second component can therefore be minimized with regard to space and weight. The first component is thereby normally installed in a stationary manner, for example, in a parking lot, whereas the second component is positioned on an electric vehicle. However, it is also possible that this installation situation is reversed, that is, that the first component with the arm is attached to a vehicle, while the second component is provided in a stationary manner in a parking space. The relative arrangement can be selected in any desired manner: For example, the second component can be laterally attached to an electric vehicle; the arm of the first component then moves laterally to the coupling element of the second component for charging. Particularly preferred, however, is a configuration or installation situation in which the first component is installed in a stationary manner in a parking space and the second component is affixed to an electric vehicle along or within the region of the underbody. The electric vehicle can then be parked in a parking space and a charging can take place from the ground side. This offers the advantage that the first component is also largely protected against the effects of weather during charging. For the necessary mobility of the arm with the contacting element, it is expedient if the arm is mounted on the base such that it can be horizontally pivoted. The arm can then be rotated on a plane that normally runs parallel to the ground. A first pivot axis thus runs vertically to the base. In principle, it can thereby be provided that the first pivot axis permits a full rotation of the arm about the base, that is, that the pivot capacity covers an angle of 360°. For practical purposes, however, it is entirely sufficient if the corresponding pivot range runs from −90° to +90°, preferably from −60° to +60°. It is thus ensured that the arm can compensate for a positioning inaccuracy along a sufficient arc when an electric vehicle is parked. As described above, the pivot range of the arm can be embodied to be symmetrical with an initial position of the arm. Especially where a drive is provided for the linear movement of the arm or, at least parts thereof, the arm can be arranged next to this drive, preferably at the same height, for the sake of a low design. The arm then lies at the same height as, but located next to the linear drive. In this case, the arm can also be embodied with an asymmetrical pivot range in relation to the initial position. It is then expedient if the arm can be pivoted farther, for example up to −50°, in the direction of the drive, and not as far, for example up to 30°, in the opposite direction. Aside from the pivot capacity about the first pivot axis, it is furthermore preferably provided that the arm is longitudinally displaceable as a whole or at least in parts. With a corresponding additional displaceability on the base and/or relative to the base, an even larger range can be covered in combination with the pivot capacity about the first pivot axis. In other words, the contacting element can be accessed within a large planar region. A tolerance range during the parking of an electric vehicle is thus increased, since a potentially greater distance between the contacting element and coupling element can be bridged by the linear movement of the arm or a part thereof. The arm can be mounted such that it is completely displaceable. For example, the arm can be moved along a straight line with the aid of a motor. However, it is also possible that the arm is embodied as a telescoping arm. A first end of the arm then remains stationary in relation to the linear movement during operation, whereas the second end with the contacting element is linearly extended. It is also possible that only one segment of the arm is embodied to be linearly movable. In such an embodiment, pivot movements can be initiated via a first segment, and the linear displaceability can be initiated via a second segment that co-rotates with the first segment in a fixed manner. In all embodiments, the focus is ultimately on the ability of the contacting element to be brought into a suitable position for connection to the coupling element via the pivot movements and a linear displacement. The arm is thus embodied such that these different movements affect, in particular directly, the position of the contacting element. Advantageously, a first drive is provided with which the arm can be linearly displaced. This drive can, for example, be a motor that provides a linear displaceability of the arm via a spindle. Other embodiments are also possible, for example, a motor with a gear mechanism that engages in a toothed rack in order to move the arm. A drive via a toothed belt is also possible; a servomotor can also be alternatively used for this purpose, in principle, any means that can effect the desired linear propulsion of the arm or a part thereof is suitable. Furthermore, it can be provided that the arm is mounted on the base such that it can be vertically pivoted about a second pivot axis. A corresponding mounting about a second pivot axis is expedient to allow the contacting element on the arm to be raised and lowered in a simple manner. Through the pivot capacity about the first pivot axis in combination with the linear displaceability of the arm, the contacting element can be positioned in the region of the coupling element of a second component. To bridge a height distance, it could in principle also be provided that a separately movable part of the arm is moved upwards in a straight line, but the necessary bridging of distance can be achieved by simple means via a pivot movement of the arm if there is sufficient stability. In this context, it can be provided that a second drive is provided for the vertical pivoting of the arm. The second drive can comprise an electric motor. The electric motor can drive an adjusting means that raises or lowers the arm. The adjusting means can, for example, be a spindle which is connected to fixed pushing elements that engage the arm and connect the spindle therewith. However, it is particularly preferable if one or more gas springs are provided for the vertical pivoting of the arm, which gas springs are connected to the spindle (instead of fixed pushing elements). Positioning sensors can thereby also be provided. For example, Hall sensors can be used for the positioning in this regard. Gas springs offer the advantage that a contact pressure can be adjusted, for example to 50%, and that the gas springs are then yieldable. A change in the vehicle height, for example due to different loads, can therefore be compensated for in both an upward and also a downward direction. Height changes of a few centimeters can thus be equalized, instead of the gas spring(s), other elastic elements can also be provided for the connection between the propulsion element, such as a spindle, and the arm. Furthermore, it is expedient that a third drive is provided for horizontally pivoting the arm on the base. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, three drives are provided via which the arm can be pivoted and moved about and/or along multiple axes. Here, it can in particular also be provided that all movement types are limited on both sides or the end side by Hall sensors that are actuated by an appropriately positioned permanent magnet. This significantly increases a reliability compared to mechanical limit switches. Alternatively and/or additionally, however, a corresponding position can also be determined via inductive encoders or other suitable means. An additional sensor can also be provided specifically for a pivot movement, which sensor determines a center position of the arm, that is, a position in which the arm has not been pivoted or is straight, which was referred to above as the initial position. If the arm is pivoted about the second pivot axis, for which a pivot movement of up to maximally 60° front the base upwards is normally sufficient, the contacting element preferably installed on the end side of the arm is also moved in tandem, which is ultimately also the purpose of moving the arm. In order that the contacting element remain in a position in which it can interact with the coupling element of a second component during this pivot movement, it is preferably provided that the arm is divided into multiple sections, wherein a first section automatically remains in an essentially horizontal position during a raising movement or lowering movement of the arm. Here, the contacting element is arranged in the region of or on the first section. During a pivot movement about the second pivot axis, the arm is for example pivoted upwards and guided to an underside of an electric vehicle, but the first section with the contacting element thereby essentially remains in a horizontal position. This can be achieved, for example, in that the first section is appropriately mechanically coupled to at least one further section. This is advantageous in that the horizontal alignment of the contacting element thereby automatically accompanies the pivot movement about the second pivot axis, Specifically, an approximate parallelogram guidance of the first section via one of the other sections can be provided for this purpose. The inclination angle of the first section can then be kept constant when the arm is raised or lowered. For this reason, there is an intentional deviation from an exact parallelogram guidance such that the first section with the contacting element would be pitched somewhat obliquely per se, which is compensated, however, by the section's own weight together with the weight of the contacting element as well as by a play of fastening components such as bolts and/or screws such that the first section, and therefore also the contacting element, is constantly kept horizontal. In certain variants, it is also possible or envisaged that, on the contacting element, a further parallelogram mechanism is provided which allows the contacting element to be set upright even before the arm is extended, without there being the potential risk of the contacting element striking other parts when the arm is extended. The first component has the advantage not only that it can span a wide range, hut that it is also particularly low in an inactive state, preferably with a height of less than 7 cm. The first component can thereby be installed in a stationary manner. For example, it is possible that the first component is embedded in the ground. It is thereby also possible to provide a flush fit with the surrounding ground. A flush fit can be achieved with a ground panel that fits to the height of the surrounding environment, but is mounted such that it can move during and/or for a use of the first component located thereunder in this case. The ground panel can be mounted such that it can be laterally displaced, for example. A particularly space-saving, and therefore also elegant solution arises if the movement of the ground panel is coordinated or coupled with a movement of the first component. A further, fourth drive can be provided for this purpose, which drive raises the ground panel so that the first component can be extended. Advantageously, the ground panel can be simultaneously raised at multiple locations, so that lateral frictional forces in the connecting region are reduced to the greatest possible extent when the ground panel is raised, but also when it is lowered into the flush-fitting position. This can be achieved via a spindle drive, for example, but other suitable raising and lowering means, such as pneumatic or hydraulic raising and lowering devices, can in principle also be used. The base is typically installed in a stationary manner. The base can comprise at least one opening through which at least one cable can be guided so that an electrically conductive connection leading to the contacting element and away from the element is possible when the first component is connected to other units of a power supply network. If a rotary disk that carries the drives and the arm and enables a horizontal pivot motion is attached to the base, then this rotary disk advantageously also comprises an opening for feeding-through and/or routing a cable. Expediently, the opening is in this case located on or around the center of rotation, so that the pivot movement is possible without additional measures despite a cable being fed through. Expediently, the first component is embodied with a first housing so that, in an inactive state, protection is provided, in particular for the contacting element via Which an electrical connection is ultimately to be produced. The housing can thereby cover the entire component or only parts thereof. To make it possible for the first housing to be opened relatively easily for an active state, it is advantageously provided that a movement of the arm results in a folding-open of the housing. When the arm is retracted, this conversely results in a folding shut of the housing. Through the corresponding mechanical coupling, additional drives are not strictly necessary for the opening and closing of the first housing. This can be achieved, for example, in that the housing can only be opened against a predefined force that in any case the arm can exert. A possible mechanism for this is provided in the form of a corresponding spring load. In principle, however, it would also be possible to design the first housing such that, with a ground-side attachment of the first component, the housing automatically also retracts again due to gravity when the arm is retracted, and the housing can be opened against gravity. This requires a more solid embodiment of the housing, however. In general, though, an advantageous embodiment is present as long as the first housing can be automatically opened against a holding force when the arm is actuated if the holding force is exerted by a spring, the first housing can be connected to at least one spring that holds the first housing in a closed state, but which also holds the first housing in a completely open state. The spring is appropriately designed and positioned for this purpose. In principle, however, multiple springs can also be provided for a functionality of this type. For low electric vehicles, for example low-built electric sports cars, under some circumstances the problem may arise that the arm cannot fully extend, or cannot do so immediately, since the housing would create a blockage due to the low height clearance. To avoid this, a displaceable parking unit can be provided for the arm. This parking unit is displaceably mounted on the base and can be horizontally displaced thereon. The parking unit can assume a resting position in which the parking unit is fully retracted and held in this position. This corresponds to a state in which the first component is inactive. A holding in this position can take place using a mechanical unit designed for this purpose, for example, an automatically locking unit such as a spring plate with a hook which engages in a corresponding depression. The spring plate is pretensioned such that the hook can detach on its own. The automatically locking unit can, for example, be activated by the arm in that the unit is detached when the area is moved out of an inactive position and the unit returns to the locking position again on its own when the arm is retracted. The ability of the parking unit to be displaced out of the resting position can, for example, be achieved with a small electric motor that can be provided for this purpose. However, it is also possible, and it is preferred, that the parking unit is mechanically displaced forwards by the arm when the arm is extended. This can be achieved, for example, if the parking unit is mounted such that it can be linearly displaced against a spring force. The extending arm then pushes the parking unit forwards. When the arm retracts again, the parking unit is automatically pulled into the resting position. In this case, another locking element can also be provided, which element locks the parking unit in the resting position. For a guidance of the parking unit during the, in particular automatic, extension, guiding means and/or rolling elements and/or sliding elements suitable for this purpose can be provided. For example, the parking unit can be laterally guided along a groove of the base, in which groove a pin on the parking unit engages. Rolling elements and/or sliding elements can be provided on the ground side, but this is not imperative. The parking unit can also be equipped with cleaning elements, such as at least one brush, at least one broom, or a foam element, which elements then also clean a bottom of the base during the extension out of the parking position. The parking unit can also be equipped with a protective element that protects the exposed interior space when the arm has been fully or partially extended. This protective element can, for example, comprise a roller arranged at one and of the parking unit, which roller is pretensioned by a spiral spring and on which a spring plate is mounted with the first end thereof, wherein a width of the spring plate is equal to a width of the arm. A second end of this spring plate is attached to the mechanism below the arm, for example, a threaded bolt to an adjusting device, Thus, in a longitudinal displacement of the arm, the spring plate always adapts to a current position and closes off the empty space being created below the arm. A thickness of the spring plate can be selected to be very thin, for example 0.2 mm or less. The spring plate can then be pressed flat onto the ground when the arm is retracted. Alternatively, fan-like lamellae can also be provided under the arm in order to close off the empty space being created below the arm at different longitudinal positions thereof. It is advantageous if the contacting element is mounted in a springable manner and optionally in particular also such that it can deflect. In particular, a spring plate can be provided for this purpose. The spring plate can be embodied with a spring plate base and spring plate arms that cantilever out therefrom in the shape of rays, for example with three to eight spring plate arms, preferably three to five spring plate arms. The spring plate base can be embodied to be annular, although this is not imperative. The spring plate arms then project upwards from the spring plate base, that is, to the contacting element. These arms also serve to compensate for a possible inclination of the vehicle bottom or of the contacting element out of the horizontal and/or a tilting of these elements relative to one another. In a preferred variant, a base unit embodied to be horizontally cross-shaped and flat can be provided below the contacting element. This base unit is attached to the (lift) arm such that the base unit is constantly aligned in a virtually horizontal manner. Above and below this base unit, a spring plate is provided, for example, which is held together with a connecting bolt at the corner points (between each of the ends of the rays of the cross). The spring plate unit can be horizontally displaced on the cross-shaped base unit. A horizontal movement or deflection is limited by the distance of the connecting bolts from the cross part. A peripheral spiral spring is provided around the corner points of the spring plate unit and also around the ends of the cross-shaped base, so that the spring plate unit automatically centers itself when it is not deflected. Some or at least most of or all elements and/or the first component can be embedded in a silicon matrix. This primarily applies to electronic components, but can also be applied to mechanical components. The contacting element can possibly be designed with flaps for protection against contamination, which flaps are located on the top side. A cable coil that is connected to the contacting element is preferably designed such that it automatically rolls up and unrolls. The cable or the cable coil is advantageously embodied such that it elastically yields if there is a change in the position of the contacting element. This can be achieved, for example, if the cable coil is embodied to be helical or has a wave shape, so that a change in the length of the cable coil, and thus a feeding of the cable, is possible without a force acting on the contacting element as a result. It can also be sufficient that the cable or the cable coil comprises a loop that is designed for adequate distance-bridging. For protection against being driven over, it can be provided that the first housing is on the outer side and/or on the inner side embodied with ribs that result in a reinforcement of the housing, which is then better secured against high loads when being driven over. The ribs are preferably positioned on the inner side. The reinforcements can, for example, be U-profiles and/or a grid-like reinforcement. It is also possible that at least parts of the housing are embodied with a grating structure preferably positioned on the inner side, which structure can be created by welding, for example. Preferably, the housing parts are embodied as aluminum parts which are created by die casting and in particular comprise reinforcing structures such as those stated above. The further object of the invention is achieved if, with a charging device of the type named at the outset, the first component is embodied according to the invention and a second component is provided with a coupling element, wherein one of the components is fixed in a stationary manner. Such a charging device in particular offers the advantage that the second component, which is typically installed on the vehicle, can be embodied to be relatively small and have a low weight. As a result, the advantage is also obtained that an operation of an electric vehicle is more cost-efficient in terms of an electricity consumption. The charging device in particular allows an automatic charging, such as that which is necessary for autonomous driving. A charging device according to the invention also lends itself to other fields of application such as vehicle fleets or car sharing. The charging device is advantageously embodied such that the contacting element can be inserted into the coupling element with the arm such that the contacting element can be automatically centered. The contacting element of the first component can be embodied as a plug, for example. The coupling element of the second component is then embodied as a corresponding receptacle. In this case, a structural embodiment of the two elements according to WO 2016/119001 A1 is preferred, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, in particular in reference to the embodiment of the plug connection. However, a reversed embodiment is also possible, since the exact position of the plug is not critical. Because the arm normally interacts with drives, however, and a force can thus be exerted via the arm, it has proven expedient if the plug is attached to the arm as a contacting element in the case of an embodiment with a plug and a corresponding receptacle. In addition, this also yields the advantage that the second component can essentially be embodied as a passive component. Specifically, it is not necessary to exert a force via the second component. If the coupling element is embodied as a plug, it is advantageous if the contacting element comprises at least one contacting point, wherein the at least one contacting point can be activated to produce an electrical connection after the contacting element is positioned in the coupling element. Of course, a plurality of contacting points can also be provided, for example three, five, or seven contacting points. Here, the contacting element can in particular be embodied according to WO 2016/119001 A1, as mentioned. If this is the case, the contacting element can be inserted into the coupling element and engages in the coupling element after a suitable positioning. For this purpose, the contacting element is embodied conically in cross-section. The coupling element comprises a corresponding conical depression. Furthermore, the contacting element can be indirectly mounted on the arm on a flexible carrier so that the contacting element is movably held within predefined limits in addition to the movement via the arm. As a result of this additional adaptability of the position of the contacting element within smaller additional limits, a setting of this element against the coupling element is to a large extent independent of a perfect position control. The contacting element can therefore engage in the coupling element in a self-positioning manner with an application of force. After the contacting element and the coupling element have been connected to one another in a mechanical and/or positive-fitting manner in a first step and are located in a charging position, the electrical connection can be produced by a displacement of the contacting points in order to begin a charging process. The displacement of the contacting points can, for example, occur in that the contacting points are held in a resting position by means of a spring force, which position is released after the noted positive-fitting connection of the contacting element and coupling element, so that the contacting points are displaced by the spring force in order to produce electrical contact. It can thereby be provided that the contacting points are not displaced until a minimum force has been reached with regard to the setting of the contacting element against the coupling element. If this variant is implemented, a force sensor which measures the setting force can be provided. This force sensor can be arranged on the carrier for the contacting element. The contacting points are adapted in cross-section to the desired charging power. If high charging powers are required, the cross-section is accordingly embodied to be larger. For example, the contacting points can be embodied as copper rings that have a ring thickness of 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm. The mating point, that is, the coupling element, can be varied accordingly. It is thereby also possible that an outer diameter of the copper rings is constant, and that via a variation across the inner diameter a variation thus also occurs across the ring thickness. The coupling element can then have a constant inner diameter in this interaction. In addition, the contacting points of the contacting element, as well as those of the coupling element, can also be varied in terms of the maximum plugging depth, whereby a further possibility of adapting the power is provided. A maximum power is thereby defined by the component with the lowest transmittable power. This enables adapted charging scenarios. For example, the contacting element can be embodied to be high-power, and can then interact with a high-power coupling element in a public setting, but also with a lower-power coupling element in a domestic setting. In a public setting, parking times are normally short; a fast, high-power charging may then be desired and can also take place. In a domestic setting, parking times are normally long. Time is therefore a less-critical factor, for which reason a lower charging power is sufficient for the domestic setting. Advantageously, the second component is embodied with a second housing, so that protection against contamination is provided in an inactive state (that is, when no charging process is taking place). This is particularly important when the electric vehicle is moving and is exposed to various influences such as moisture or dust. The second housing can thereby be embodied such that it automatically opens in a mechanical manner as soon as the arm touches the second housing and applies a certain force. For this purpose, the second housing can be connected to at least one spring that holds the second housing in a closed state. The necessary force for the automatic mechanical opening of the housing can then be applied with the arm of a first component. For this purpose, the second housing can automatically be opened against a holding force when the arm is actuated. Alternatively, it is also possible that the second housing can be opened independently of contact with the arm of a first component, for example, with the help of an electric motor. During continuous operation, this variant has the advantage that it can be opened independently of the arm, that is, even if the arm were positioned outside of a target position for the opening of the second housing. The two foregoing variants can also be combined. Thus, an exclusively mechanical actuation can in principle be provided for opening the second housing, while an opening with the aid of an electric motor is also being possible as needed. It is particularly advantageous if the coupling element is attached to a suspension arranged in the region of the underbody of the vehicle, in particular of a recess on the underbody, such that the coupling element protrudes laterally outwards. The coupling element then, except for the attachment to the suspension on one of the sides of the coupling element, freely protrudes and is preferably positioned horizontally in the air. The housing can then be embodied as a displaceable housing which, for example, is embodied as a cube and only comprises an opening on a front face. This housing can be slid over the coupling element until the housing comes to bear against the suspension. A flush fit of the housing with the underbody can thereby also be provided, so that the recess is essentially completely covered. This variant has the advantage that a seal is only necessary on the front face of the housing and/or suspension. A cable can also be fed to the coupling element via the suspension. It is possible that the first component is mounted below the ground and means are provided for raising the first component out of this position or lowering it thereinto. The raising and lowering means can be embodied in any desired manner, for example, as pneumatically or hydraulically operating lifting devices or as pinion gears. An electromagnetic decoupling of the arm can be provided as a safety mechanism during charging and for a potential destruction of the electronics, so that the arm also detaches in this case and does not remain attached to the vehicle. In this context, and in the most general sense, an auxiliary storage battery can be provided so that the charging device can be disconnected from the vehicle in case of an emergency. According to the advantages presented above, a first component according to the invention or a charging device according to the invention is preferably used for charging the storage battery of a vehicle, in particular an automobile. Typically, the automobile is an electric vehicle. The method-related object of the invention is attained if, with a method of the type named at the outset, positioning takes place in the region of a first component according to the invention, after which the contacting element of the first component is connected to a coupling element of a second component that is attached to the device in order to produce the electrical connection. An advantage obtained with a method according to the invention can in particular be seen in that a voltage can be applied in a simple manner to an electric vehicle or another object to charge a storage battery, wherein the object can be positioned relatively inaccurately over the first component. Through the corresponding coverage area of the first component, with which the contacting element can be moved over broad ranges, the necessary positional flexibility is achieved. The method is bidirectional. The electrical connection is thus essential to begin with. The device to be charged can be positioned either closer to the contacting element or closer to the coupling element in the direction of current flow. Typically, the movement and positioning of the individual elements can take place so quickly that a contacting is possible within 20 seconds, in particular 10 seconds or less, for example 8 seconds or less.

11337907

FIELD The present invention relates to a hair-dyeing composition having the objective to minimize hair damage and scalp irritation caused by ammonium hydroxide and its characteristic malodor, in a composition. Particularly, the hair-dyeing composition of the present invention is capable of providing a color coverage to the hair, equivalent to an ammonium hydroxide composition, without the malodor or harm to the scalp, for a healthy dyeing process to the consumer and to the hair-dyeing practitioner, such as a hairdresser. BACKGROUND Description of the Related Art Generally, oxidized permanent hair dyeing compositions can be used for covering a gray hair, styling a gray hair. Most of them consist of an ammonium hydroxide solution based dyeing agent and an oxidation agent that are mixed immediately before use. The dyeing agent usually includes a diamine-based oxidation dye, an ammonium hydroxide solution, a monoethanolamine and an ammonium thioglycolate. The oxidation agent usually includes an oxidation active such as a hydrogen peroxide. The components that are the essential ingredients of the hair dyeing composition are also the causative materials of hair damage (hair loss, hair cutting, hair cracking), and also offenders to the scalp (erythema, swelling, itching, stinging, rash and the like), and a characteristic smell. The ammonium hydroxide solution, which is used as an alkaline agent, serves to swell and softens the hair, so that the dye can easily penetrate the hair, increasing the durability of the hair dyeing. However, due to its toxicity and strong volatility, it is also a substance also capable of causing damage to respiratory organs and seborrheic dermatitis. SUMMARY Inventive embodiments disclosed herein have been made in an effort to solve the problems of the conceptual description of the conventional art as described above, and the objective of the present invention is to provide a hair-dyeing composition with an effect of minimizing hair damage and scalp irritation caused by ammonium hydroxide prescription and its characteristic malodor. The present invention uses decreasing contents, or even no content at all of ammonium hydroxide whilst also providing a hair-dyeing composition. Inventive embodiments provide a hair-dyeing composition which is particularly capable of providing color coverage to the hair, equivalent to an ammonium hydroxide composition, without the malodor or harm to the scalp. The art relates to alternatives to ammonium hydroxide, such as monoethanolamine. However, as it delivers poor color coverage, i.e. around 50%, or less, such alternative agent is routinely combined with ammonium hydroxide, resulting again in undesired malodor and affliction to the scalp. According to an aspect of the inventive embodiments to achieve the objects described above, there is provided a hair-dyeing composition including: a dyeing agent and an oxidizing agent. The dyeing agent having an amino propanol alkalinizing agent, such as 2-Dimethylamino-2-methylpropanol, aminomethyl propanol or dimethylamino methylpropanol. Preferably, the oxidizing agent is present from about 0.5 to about 7 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the dyeing agent. In one embodiment, the dyeing agent further contains an antioxidant, from about 0.1 to about 5 percent, based on the total weight of the dyeing agent; a reducing agent from about 0.1 to about 5 percent, a base and a coupling from about 0.01 to about 5 percent. Preferably, the dyeing agent also contains a hair conditioner, from about 2 to about 6 percent, based on the total weight of the dyeing agent; more preferably, a Peg-2 Dimeadowfoamamidoethylmonium Methosulfate, lauryl alcohol or a mixture thereof. An emollient agent is also present, preferably selected from the group cetearyl alcohol, dicaprylyl ether, glyceryl stearate, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate and its mixtures; in an amount ranging from about 4 to about 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the dyeing agent. The oxidizing agent having an oxidation active, preferably a hydrogen peroxide, from about 1 to about 20 percent by weight based on the total weight of the oxidizing agent; an emollient from about 1 to about 10 percent; an emulsifying agent from about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the oxidizing agent and a solvent as the remainder. For some embodiments, for better performance and color coverage, the hair-dyeing composition has a mixing ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:3 of alkalizing agent to the oxidizing agent, as a weight ratio. For some embodiments, the hair-dyeing composition is substantially free of ammonium hydroxide. The term “substantially free of” means that the ammonium hydroxide that the hair-dyeing composition is substantially free, is present in an amount of less than about 10 percent, less than about 9 percent, less than about 8 percent, less than about 7 percent, less than about 6 percent, less than about 5 percent, less than about 4 percent, less than about 3 percent, less than about 2 percent or less than about 1 percent, in weight, of the hair-dyeing composition.

11215722

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to International Patent Application PCT/US2019/029050, filed on Apr. 25, 2019, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND Seismology finds use in geophysics, for example, to estimate properties of subsurface formations. As an example, seismology may provide seismic data representing waves of elastic energy (e.g., as transmitted by P-waves and S-waves, in a frequency range of approximately 1 Hz to approximately 100 Hz). Seismic data may be processed and interpreted, for example, to understand better composition, fluid content, extent and geometry of subsurface rocks. SUMMARY A method can include receiving microseismic data of microseismic events as acquired by sensors during hydraulic fracturing of a geologic region; jointly calibrating sensor orientation of the sensors and a velocity model of the geologic region via an objective function and the microseismic data; and, based at least in part on the jointly calibrating, determining one or more locations of the one or more microseismic events. A system can include a processor; memory accessible by the processor; processor-executable instructions stored in the memory that include instructions to instruct the system to: receive microseismic data of microseismic events as acquired by sensors during hydraulic fracturing of a geologic region; jointly calibrate sensor orientation of the sensors and a velocity model of the geologic region via an objective function and the microseismic data; and, based at least in part on the jointly calibration, determine one or more locations of the one or more microseismic events. One or more computer-readable storage media can include computer-executable instructions to instruct a system to: receive microseismic data of microseismic events as acquired by sensors during hydraulic fracturing of a geologic region; jointly calibrate sensor orientation of the sensors and a velocity model of the geologic region via an objective function and the microseismic data; and based at least in part on the jointly calibration, determine one or more locations of the one or more microseismic events. Various other methods, systems, etc. are also disclosed. This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

11344629

FIELD OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the disclosure provides mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) and related protocells which exhibit single cell binding specificity to the substantial exclusion of non-targeted cells. For example, MSNPs and protocells of the disclosure may be used to target specific delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells or to specific blood vessel types (e.g., in the arterial, venous and/or capillary vessels or any combination of vessels). Related protocells, pharmaceutical compositions and therapeutic and diagnostic methods are also provided. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising MSNPs and protocells adapted for administration via intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, retro-orbital and subcutaneous injection routes and methods of administration, treatment and diagnostics utilizing these compositions are additional aspects of the present disclosure. BACKGROUND Nanoparticle (NP)/cell interactions, particularly in complex in vivo microenvironments, are regulated by an intricate spatiotemporal interplay of numerous biological and NP characteristics. Multiple NP physicochemical properties including, at the most basic level, material composition, size, shape, surface charge, and surface chemistry, have all been reported to play significant roles. However, the relative importance of these diverse NP physicochemical properties in regulating interactions with various biological systems remains incompletely understood. As such, achieving or avoiding cell-type specific interactions in vivo requires an improved understanding of the relative roles of these diverse NP properties, as well an ability to exert a high level of control over these properties during NP synthesis. While the existing paradigm dictates that decreased size, neutral or negative zeta (.zeta.) potential, and extent of PEGylation are correlated with increased circulation time (i.e., reduced interaction with host cells), the manner in which these combined physicochemical properties conspire to direct in vivo cellular interactions has not been elucidated through careful systematic studies, and the nature of these interactions is likely to vary significantly by particle formulation and cell type. As amination of particles is commonly used in various particle modification schemes to enable labeling or targeting, enhance binding and internalization. SUMMARY The disclosure provides a population of protocells comprising a lipid bi- or multi-layer, monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs), a cargo, and a targeting ligand, e.g., a CD19 targeting ligand,a EGFR targeting ligand or a motorneuron targeting ligand, wherein the MSNPs have a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 300 nm. In one embodiment, the monosized MSNPs have a polydispersity index of <0.1. In one embodiment, the protocells have a ratio of lipid to MSNP of about >1:1. In one embodiment, the protocells are in an aqueous composition having an ionic strength of >20 mM but less than about 500 mM, e.g., less than about 50, 100 or 200 mM. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is an antibody. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is an antibody fragment or a scFv. In one embodiment, the lipid bi- or multi-layer is PEGylated. In one embodiment, the lipid bi- or multilayer comprises: (a) at least one zwitterionic lipid selected from the group consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and 1,2-di stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC); and (b) optionally, one or more additional electrically S charged or neutral lipids selected from the group consisting of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), dioleylglycero triethyleneglycyl iminodiacetic acid (DOIDA), distearylgtycerotdethyleneglycyl iminodiacetic acid (DSIDA), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phosphorserine] (DOPS), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (18:1 DOTAP), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (DOPG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (18:1 PEG-2000 PE), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (16:0 PEG-2000 PE), 1-Oleoyl-2-[12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]lauroyl]-sn-Glyce-ro-3-Phosphocholine (18:1-12:0 NBD PC), 1-palmitoyl-2-(12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]lauroyl)-sn-gl-ycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-12:0 NBD PC), cholesterol and mixtures/combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the MSNPs have an average diameter of less than about 200 nm. In one embodiment, the MSNPs have an average diameter of greater than about 20 nm. In one embodiment, the cargo comprises peptides, proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and drugs, e.g., drugs including but not limited to vincristine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, cytarabine, L-asparaginase, PEG-L-asparaginase, etoposide, teniposide, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, predisone, dexamethasone, imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, ponatinib, nelarabine, rituximab, blinatumumab, or inotuzumab. In one embodiment, the lipid bi- or multi-layer comprises DSPC, cholesterol, and PEG-DSPC. In one embodiment, the amount of DSPC is about 45 mol % to about 80 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of DSPC is about 50 mol % to about 78 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of cholesterol is about 10 mol % to about 50 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of cholesterol is about 17 mol % to about 25 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-DSPC is about 1 mol % to about 3 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of PEG DSPC is about 2 mol % to about 2.7 mol %. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a population of the protocells in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive and/or excipient. Further provded is a method of treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject having a CD19+ or EGFR+ cancer the pharmaceutical composition. In one embodiment, a population of protocells comprising a lipid bi- or multi-layer, monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs), a cargo, and a targeting ligand, e.g., a CD19 targeting ligand, an EGFR targeting ligand, or a motor neuron targeting ligand, wherein the MSNPs have a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 300 nm, is provided. In one embodiment, the protocells further comprise an enzyme that is directly or indirectly attached to the lipid layer. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is directed attached to the lipid layer. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is indirectly attached to the lipid layer. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is a protein, e.g., an antibody. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is an antibody fragment or a scFv. In one embodiment, the lipid bi- or multi-layer is PEGylated. In one embodiment, the lipid hi or multi-layer comprises a thiolated PEG containing moiety. In one embodiment, the cargo comprises a chemotherapeutic (anti-cancer) drug. In one embodiment, the lipid bi- or multi-layer comprises DSPC, cholesterol, PEG-DSPC, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the amount of DSPC is about 45 mol % to about 80 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of DSPC is about 50 mol % to about 78 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of cholesterol is about 10 mol % to about 50 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of cholesterol is about 17 mol % to about 25 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-DSPC is about 1 mol % to about 3 mol %. In one embodiment, the amount of PEG-DSPC is about 2 mol % to about 2.7 mol %. In one embodiment, the MSNPs have an average diameter of less than about 200 nm. In one embodiment, the MSNPs have an average diameter of greater than about 20 nm. In one embodiment, the CD19 targeting ligand comprises blinatumomab or a portion thereof, coltuxmiabravtasine or a portion thereof, MOR208 or a portion thereof, MEDI-551 or a portion thereof, denintuzumabmafodotin or a portion thereof, B4 or a portion thereof, DI-B4 or a portion thereof, taplitumomapaptox or a portion thereof, XmAb 5871 or a portion thereof, MDX-1342 or a portion thereof, or AFM 11 or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the rnotorneuron targeting ligand is a subunit of cholera toxin or an inactivated cholera toxin. In one embodiment, the EGFR targeting ligand comprises cetuximab, panitumumab, IMC-225, CR62, ABX-EGF, necitumumab, EMD72000, matuzumab, zalutumumab, or nemotuzmumab, a fragment thereof, or a scFv thereof. In one embodiment, the protocell further comprises collagenase. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the population of protocells, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive and/or excipient. In one embodiment, the MSNPs have an average diameter ranging from about 100 nm to about 250 nm. Further provided is a method of using the protocells, e.g., in a method of treating cancer. In one embodiment, the composition is intravenously administered. In one embodiment, the subject has ALL. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand is an antibody. In one embodiment, the cargo comprises vincristine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, cytarabine, L-asparaginase, PEG-L-asparaginase, etoposide, teniposide, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, predisone, dexamethasone, imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, ponatinib, nelarabine, rituximab, blinatumumab, or inotuzumab. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand comprises blinatumomab or a portion thereof, coltuxmiabravtasine or a portion thereof, MOR208 or a portion thereof, MEDI-551 or a portion thereof, denintuzumabmafodotin or a portion thereof, B4 or a portion thereof, DI-B4 or a portion thereof, taplitumomapaptox or a portion thereof, XmAb 5871 or a portion thereof, MDX-1342 or a portion thereof, or AFM 11 or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the targeting ligand comprises cetuximab, panitumumab, IMC-225. CR62, ABX-EGF. necitumumab, EMD72000, matuzumab, zalutumumab, or nemotuzmumab, a fragment htereof, or a scFv thereof. In one embodiment, the protocell further comprises collagenase. Leukemia is a disseminated disease which makes active targeting advantageous to treat circulating cells. Active targeting is advantageous, but demands in vivo nanoparticle stability for prolonged circulation and binding to individual cells An effective targeted nanocarrier for leukemia includes one that is uniform and controllable particle size and shape, has high colloidal stability under physiological conditions, has minimal non-specific binding interactions, has high specificity for disease cells, has high capacity for and precise release of diverse therapeutic cargos, and has low cytotoxicity. As described herein, a targeting protocell to inhibit or treat CD19+ leukemias is provided. CD19 targeted protocells can selectively bind and deliver therapeutic cargo in vitro, flow and do not bind to endothelial cells in the vascularized CAM model, selectively bind and deliver fluorescent cargo to both cell lines and patient samples through the vasculature of the CAM system, circulate for prolonged periods in mice and can selectively targeted CD19 expressing leukemia cells in mice. In vitro and in vivo behavior of the MSNPs illustrate the relative importance of charged molecule exposure and spatial arrangement versus zeta (zeta) potential and/or particle size as determinants of nonspecific binding and biodistribution. A uniform spatial distribution of charge presented within a PEG or PEG-like background for quaternary amines (e.g., PEG-NMe3+) confers both colloidal stability and protein corona neutrality, which in turn correlate with minimal nonspecific binding in vivo and prolonged circulation (and potentially opsonization neutrality), as evidenced by DLS. Such NP characteristics are expected to be ideal for maximizing the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or for binding and delivery to targeted circulating cells. In contrast, charge-matched PEG-PEI particles/interactions (e.g., amines having primary amines) displaying surface-exposed, branched amines, although colloidally stable, immediately form a protein corona and exhibit rapid nonspecific binding to endothelial and WBCs and arrest within the CAM. These characteristics are of potential interest for in vivo WBC and vascular labeling. In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a population of optionally PEGylated, monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) that are aminated with a composition comprising a primary amine group and that exhibit a non-uniform surface charge distribution and colloidal stability, wherein the MSNPs have a diameter ranging from about 25 nm to about 300 nm and depending on route of administration of less than 50 about nm, less than about 30 nm, a pore size of between about 1 nm to about 200 nm, a surface area of between about 100-1,000 m2/g, and a Zeta potential of between about −40 mV to about +40 mV (often greater than 0 mV to promote non-specific binding) and wherein upon administration in vivo, the MSNPs exhibit non-specific binding to white blood cells and arterial, venous and/or capillary vessels or combinations thereof. Core and surface modification of these MSNPs achieve vascular type specific arrest (i.e., in the arterial, venous or capillary bed) for delivery in vivo of cargo including imaging agents (e.g., rhodamine B isothiocynate) and/or therapeutic agents to endothelial cells. “A composition comprising a primary amine group” or “primary amine-containing silane” is used to describe a silane compound containing a primary amine group which can be incorporated into MSNPs during production/formation and such compositions include, but are not limited to, a composition selected from the group consisting of trimethoxy-silylpropyl-modified polyethyleneimine (MW=1500-1800, PEI-silane), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, 3-Aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-Aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane and mixtures thereof. In general, the amount of the primary amine containing silanes which are used to produce MSNPs in certain embodiments according to the present disclosure represent about 0.05% to about 25% (about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2.5% to about 7.5%, about 0.25% to about 5%, about 0.75% to about 15%) by weight of these monomers in combination with the silane monomers which are typically used to form MSNPs, which monomers will optionally include PEG-containing silane monomers as otherwise described herein. In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a population of optionally PEGylated, monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) that are aminated with a composition that does not comprise a primary amine group (e.g., a quaternary amine, but such compositions may also include a tertiary amine and/or a secondary amine, depending on the desired zeta potential and the amount of non-specific binding to endothelial cells desired) and that exhibit a uniform surface charge distribution and colloidal stability, wherein the MSNPs have a diameter ranging from about 25 nm to about 300 nm (e.g., less than 50 nm or less than 30 nm, depending upon route of administration), a pore size of between about 1 nm to about 200 nm, a surface area of between about 100-1,000 m2/g, and a Zeta potential (.zeta.) of between about −40 mV to about +40 mV (e.g., less than 0 mV in order to lessen/minimize non-specific binding to endothethilial cells/tissue and enhance distribution and residence times over a larger number of tissues and areas) and wherein upon administration in vivo, the MSNPs exhibit minimal non-specific binding and prolonged circulation. Core and surface modification of these MSNPs enable in vivo targeting of cargo including imaging agents (e.g., rhodamine B isothiocynate) and/or therapeutic agents to targets including (1) a cancer cell (2) kidney tissue (3) lung tissue (4) pancreatic tissue (5) a bacterium, or (6) a virus. “A composition that does not comprise a primary amine group” includes, but is not limited to, a composition containing a quaternary amine selected from the group consisting of N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC-silane, MW 258), and related silyl compounds which contain a quaternary amine group (a quaternary amine-modified silane compound). These compounds contain a quaternary amine group and a silyl group which can be used as silyl-containing monomers (in conjunction with other silyl monomers) to form MSNPs hereunder. These compounds are may be quaternary amine containing groups because they provide a uniform charge surface, especially in conjunction with PEG or PEG-like groups (often zwitterionic silyl groups), but may also include a compound containing a tertiary amine and/or a secondary amine (e.g., a tertiary amine modified silane or a secondary amine modified silane). Exemplary tertiary amine-modified silanes for use in the present disclosure include N1-(3-Trimethoxylsilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine, among others, including 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-octylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethosilyl)propyl-n-octyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-nonylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-n-nonyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-decylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-undecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-n-undecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-dodecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-n-dodecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tridecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-n-tridecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tetradecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-n-tetradecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-octylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-octyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-nonylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-nonyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-decylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-decyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-undecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-undecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-dodecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-dodecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tridecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-tridecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tetradecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl-n-tetradecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-octylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-octyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-nonylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-nonyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(triproposilyl)propyl-di-n-decylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-decyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-undecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-undecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-dodecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-dodecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tridecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-tridecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tetradecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tripropoxysilyl)propyl-n-tetradecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-octylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-octyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-nonylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-nonyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-decylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-decyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-undecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-undecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-dodecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-dodecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tridecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-tridecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-di-n-tetradecylmethyl-ammonium chloride; 3-(tributoxysilyl)propyl-n-tetradecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride and mixtures thereof. Exemplary secondary amine-modified silanes (e.g., diamines which may contain both primary and secondary amines) for use in the present disclosure include N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine, N-2-(Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethosilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminoisobutyldimethylmethoxysilane, N-(6-Aminohexyl)aminopropyltrimethoxysilance and mixtures thereof. In general, the amount of the quaternary amine-containing silanes which optionally are used to produce MSNPs according to the present disclosure represent about about 0.05% to about 25% (about 0.1% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2.5% to about 7.5%, about 0.25% to about 5%, about 0.75% to about 15%) by weight of these monomers in combination with the silane monomers which are typically used to form MSNPs. Of course secondary and tertiary amine-containing silanes may also be used within the same general weight range to effect binding non-specific binding characteristics which fall somewhere between the primary amines (high non-specific binding) and the quaternary amines (very low non-specific binding). The size, charge, charge exposure and PEGylation of the MSNPs and protocells described herein can be controlled such that specifically tuned particles can be controllably deposited within certain tissue types (e.g., in the arterial, venous and/or capillary vessels or any combination of vessels). To enhance binding specificity, the MSNPs may be combined with targeting peptide or ligand. We have determined that an increasing cationic charge results in more localized binding to vasculature, whereas a less cationic, neutral or anionic charge results in broader in vivo dispersal. The disclosure includes protocells in which the novel MSNPs described herein are encapsulated within a lipid bi- or multi-layer. By modifying MSNPs core (size, shape, mass) and surface properties, we can alter in vivo biodistribution by changing the proportion of particles arrested in different types of vasculature (e.g., capillary versus arterial or venous system). This control over the particles allows for physiochemical targeting of specific vasculature (and thereby tissues) and can be further modified to incorporate single cell type specific binding in the vasculature. (The term “binding” as used herein includes MSNPs and/or protocell binding to bacteria in vivo.) The in vitro and in vivo behavior of the MSNPs described and claimed herein illustrate the relative importance of charged molecule exposure and spatial arrangement versus Zeta (.zeta.) potential and/or particle size as determinants of nonspecific binding and biodistribution. A uniform spatial distribution of charge presented within a PEG background for PEG-NMe3+ confers both colloidal stability and protein corona neutrality, which in turn correlate with minimal nonspecific binding in vivo and prolonged circulation (and potentially opsonization neutrality), as evidenced by DLS. Such NP characteristics are expected to be ideal for maximizing the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or for binding and delivery to targeted, including circulating cells. In contrast, charge-matched PEG-PEI particles displaying surface-exposed, primary amines, including branched amines, although colloidally stable, immediately form a protein corona and exhibit rapid nonspecific binding to endothelial and WBCs and arrest within the CAM. In still other embodiments, the disclosure includes methods of treatment and diagnostic methods which use the MSNPs and protocells described herein to treat and/or diagnose a variety of disorders, including cancers, bacterial and viral infections, vascular disorders and inflammatory diseases and disorders as otherwise described herein. The present disclosure also relates to the discovery that MSNPs and protocells which are monodisperse and in one embodiment are less than 50 nm in average diameter, often 30 nm or less in diameter (in many instances MSNPs and protocells which are less than 25 nm in diameter, especially for subcutaneous administration) can be used to effectively deliver cargo therefrom (especially therapeutic agents) after administration to a patient or subject by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, retro-orbital and subcutaneous injection routes. In a particular embodiment, compositions according to the present disclosure which are administered pursuant to the present disclosure, and in particular subcutaneously which have not been modified with an amine or if modified, modified with a quaternary amine pursuant to the present disclosure, are shown to have excellent biodistribution after administration, in contrast to compositions wherein the protocells are larger in diameter (e.g., above about 30-50 nm in diameter) and which contain primary, and to a lesser extent, secondary and tertiary amines. Accordingly, the present disclosure may be used effectively for administering agents which have not been traditionally administered to patients for therapeutic and or diagnostic purposes by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, retro-orbital and subcutaneous injection routes in a much more efficient manner and wadditionally, the present compositions and methods may be formulated for numerous therapeutic agents, including drugs, nucleic acids and polypeptides, among others and/or diagnostic agents which may have exhibited poor biodistribution/bioavailability before the advent of the present disclosure. The rpesent disclosure also provides for non-ligand targeting of MSNPs. As disclosed hereinbelow, monosized MSNs with differing surface chemistries, e.g., protected uniform quaternary amines versus exposed primary amines, can provide for different biodistribution. For example, these different surface chemistries plus PEG trimethylsilyl modified MSNs alter the biodistribution, e.g., depending on the surface modification PEI (primary amine), QA (quaternary amine) or trimethylsilyl (TMS) the MSNs show differing efficiencies of remaining in circulation versus accumulation in the liver and spleen. In addition, there is a size dependence of the MSNPs on biodistribution. In one embodiment, the MSNs are modified with TMS or PEG-TMS and have a diameter of from about 10 to about 40 nm, about 15 to about 30 nm, about 20 to about 30 nm, about 70 to about 100 nm, or about 120 to about 160 nm. In one embodiment, the MSNs are modified with QA or PEG-QA and have a diameter of from about 30 to about 70 nm, about 40 to about 60 nm, about 45 to about 55 nm, about 70 to about 100nm, or about 120 to about 160 nm. In one embodiment, the MSNs are modified with PEI or PEG PEI and have a diameter of from about 30 to about 70 nm, about 40 to about 60 nm, about 45 to about 55 nm, about 70 to about 100 nm, or about 120 to about 160 nm. These and other aspects of the disclosure are described further in the Detailed Description.

11363765

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority of Dutch (NL) Patent Application No. 2024383, filed on Dec. 4, 2019 in the Dutch Patent Office, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to coupled beds for growing mushrooms. BACKGROUND It is known to grow mushrooms on a small scale. Racks are proposed for this purpose, for instance in the Chinese utility models CN207040404, CN207040403 and CN103238477. These publications describe solutions that are limited to growing mushrooms in pots or in containers. At industrial scales, mushrooms are traditionally grown at indoor locations, often called growing rooms, wherein shelvings are placed that support beds for holding compost and casing soil, on which the mushrooms are grown. In contrast to the pots and containers used in the small scale solutions described above, at industrial scale the compost and casing soil are placed on pulling nets, that allow to fill and empty the bed with compost and casing soil easily. Usually, this is done after every two or three flushes of mushrooms, since the compost has lost its fertility and nutrition then. The beds are placed at a mutual distance above each other in the shelving, and harvest of the mushrooms takes place manually by harvesters, standing next to the beds at various height levels and delivering the mushrooms to harvesting conveyors once they are cut. From there on they are further processed, either manually or in an automated way. The beds have an average length of 10 to 100 meters, a width of 0.5 to 2 meters, and are usually placed 0.4 to 1.4 meters above each other. As a result, the harvesters cannot reach all mushrooms without stooping. Given the required speed of working and the total length of the beds, this makes harvesting a cumbersome job, with even certain health risks. Moreover, harvesters tend to stand straight to avoid a painful back, but in this position they only have sight to a part of the bed, with the result that part of the harvesting takes place on intuition, which may have a negative impact on the quality of the work, since a better selection can be made when an eye is kept on the work. Examples of beds that are suitable for growing mushrooms at an industrial scale are known from various patent publications. Examples are CN203985152, CN107691121, EP1568265, JP 2012-055234, CN207040403, CN207040404, JP2012-110285, CN102238477 and NL1027511. Also the 2007 publication by the Wageningen University & Research division Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving, Paddestoelen, titled “Nieuwe methoden voor de handmatige oogst van champignons” discloses several solutions that are more or less suitable for growing mushrooms at an industrial scale, however, all without providing a solution that takes away the disadvantages of bad sight at the working area and the health consequences thereof. SUMMARY It is a goal of the present invention to provide a device for growing mushrooms that takes away the disadvantages of the prior art. The invention thereto proposes a device according to claims presented below. The shelving may in general be constructed as described in, or constructed with any combination of the features disclosed in any of the Dutch patent applications 2021053, 2024214, 2024215, 2021456, 2022318, or 2022703 by the same Applicant, which are herein incorporated by reference. These advantages and others are achieved, for example, by a device for growing mushrooms. The device includes a plurality of beds for holding compost on a pulling net and a shelving arranged for supporting the beds for holding casing soil and compost on the pulling net. The beds are placed at a mutual distance above each other. The beds are mutually movable between at least a first position, where a second bed supported above a first bed at least partially impedes the accessibility of the first bed in a direction perpendicular to the plane in which the first bed extends, and a second position in which at least a larger part of the first bed is free approachable from a direction perpendicular to the plane in which the first bed extends than in the first position. The displacement between the first and the second position requires a displacement of the first bed only. The device further includes a mechanic coupling between at least two beds, for moving the beds from the first position to the second position simultaneously. For this purpose, it is beneficial when the shelving is configured such that there are no parts, in particular stands, impede access to the beds at the ends thereof. The invention will now be elucidated into more detail with reference to the following figures.

11371055

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Weeds can quickly deplete soil of valuable nutrients needed by crops and other desirable plants. There are many different types of herbicides presently used for the control of weeds. One extremely popular herbicide is glyphosate. Crops, such as corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, sugar beets, wheat, turf, and rice, have been developed that are resistant to glyphosate. Thus, fields with actively growing glyphosate resistant soybeans, for example, can be sprayed to control weeds without significantly damaging the soybean plants. With the introduction of genetically engineered, glyphosate tolerant crops (GTCs) in the mid-1990's, growers were enabled with a simple, convenient, flexible, and inexpensive tool for controlling a wide spectrum of broadleaf and grass weeds unparalleled in agriculture. Consequently, producers were quick to adopt GTCs and in many instances abandon many of the accepted best agronomic practices such as crop rotation, herbicide mode of action rotation, tank mixing, incorporation of mechanical with chemical and cultural weed control. Currently glyphosate tolerant soybean, cotton, corn, and canola are commercially available in the United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. Alfalfa was the first perennial GTC introduced, furthering the opportunity for repeated use of glyphosate on the same crop and fields repeatedly over a period of years. More GTCs (e.g., wheat, rice, sugar beets, turf, etc.) are poised for introduction pending global market acceptance. Many other glyphosate resistant species are in experimental to development stages (e.g., sugar cane, sunflower, beets, peas, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, onion, strawberry, tomato, and tobacco; forestry species like poplar and sweetgum; and horticultural species like marigold,petunia, and begonias; see “isb.vt.edu/cfdocs/fieldtests1.cfm, 2005” website). Additionally, the cost of glyphosate has dropped dramatically in recent years to the point that few conventional weed control programs can effectively compete on price and performance with glyphosate GTC systems. Glyphosate has been used successfully in burndown and other non-crop areas for total vegetation control for more than 15 years. In many instances, as with GTCs, glyphosate has been used 1-3 times per year for 3, 5, 10, up to 15 years in a row. These circumstances have led to an over-reliance on glyphosate and GTC technology and have placed a heavy selection pressure on native weed species for plants that are naturally more tolerant to glyphosate or which have developed a mechanism to resist glyphosate's herbicidal activity. Extensive use of glyphosate-only weed control programs is resulting in the selection of glyphosate-resistant weeds, and is selecting for the propagation of weed species that are inherently more tolerant to glyphosate than most target species (i.e., weed shifts). (Powles and Preston, 2006, Ng et al., 2003; Simarmata et al., 2003; Lorraine-Colwill et al., 2003; Sfiligoj, 2004; Miller et al., 2003; Heap, 2005; Murphy et al., 2002; Martin et al., 2002.) Although glyphosate has been widely used globally for more than 15 years, only a handful of weeds have been reported to have developed resistance to glyphosate (Heap, 2005); however, most of these have been identified in the past five years. Resistant weeds include both grass and broadleaf species—Lolium rigidum, Lolium multiflorum, Eleusine indica, Sorghum halepense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Convza canadensis, Conyza bonariensis, Plantago lanceolata. Amaranthus palmeri, andAmaranthus rudis. Additionally, weeds that had previously not been an agronomic problem prior to the wide use of GTCs are now becoming more prevalent and difficult to control in the context of GTCs, which comprise >80% of U.S. cotton and soybean acres and >20% of U.S. corn acres (Gianessi, 2005). These weed shifts are occurring predominantly with (but not exclusively) difficult-to-control broadleaf weeds. Some examples includeIpomoea, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Taraxacum, andCommelinaspecies. In areas where growers are faced with glyphosate resistant weeds or a shift to more difficult-to-control weed species, growers can compensate for glyphosate's weaknesses by tank mixing or alternating with other herbicides that will control the missed weeds. One popular and efficacious tankmix partner for controlling broadleaf escapes in many instances has been 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D has been used agronomically and in non-crop situations for broad spectrum, broadleaf weed control for more than 60 years. Individual cases of more tolerant species have been reported, but 2,4-D remains one of the most widely used herbicides globally. A limitation to further use of 2,4-D is that its selectivity in dicot crops like soybean or cotton is very poor, and hence 2,4-D is not typically used on (and generally not near) sensitive dicot crops. Additionally, 2,4-D's use in grass crops is somewhat limited by the nature of crop injury that can occur. 2,4-D in combination with glyphosate has been used to provide a more robust burndown treatment prior to planting no-till soybeans and cotton; however, due to these dicot species' sensitivity to 2,4-D, these burndown treatments must occur at least 14-30 days prior to planting (Agriliance, 2005). 2,4-D is in the phenoxy acid class of herbicides, as is MCPA. 2,4-D has been used in many monocot crops (such as corn, wheat, and rice) for the selective control of broadleaf weeds without severely damaging the desired crop plants. 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin derivative that acts to deregulate normal cell-hormone homeostasis and impede balanced, controlled growth; however, the exact mode of action is still not known. Triclopyr and fluroxypyr are pyridyloxyacetic acid herbicides whose mode of action is as a synthetic auxin, also. These herbicides have different levels of selectivity on certain plants (e.g., dicots are more sensitive than grasses). Differential metabolism by different plants is one explanation for varying levels of selectivity. In general, plants metabolize 2,4-D slowly, so varying plant response to 2,4-D may be more likely explained by different activity at the target site(s) (WSSA, 2002). Plant metabolism of 2,4-D typically occurs via a two-phase mechanism, typically hydroxylation followed by conjugation with amino acids or glucose (WSSA, 2002). Over time, microbial populations have developed an alternative and efficient pathway for degradation of this particular xenobiotic, which results in the complete mineralization of 2,4-D. Successive applications of the herbicide select for microbes that can utilize the herbicide as a carbon source for growth, giving them a competitive advantage in the soil. For this reason, 2,4-D currently formulated has a relatively short soil half-life, and no significant carryover effects to subsequent crops are encountered. This adds to the herbicidal utility of 2,4-D. One organism that has been extensively researched for its ability to degrade 2,4-D isRalstonia eutropha(Streber et al., 1987). The gene that codes for the first enzymatic step in the mineralization pathway is tfdA. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,401 and GENBANK Acc. No. M16730. TfdA catalyzes the conversion of 2,4-D acid to dichlorophenol (DCP) via an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase reaction (Smejkal et al., 2001). DCP has little herbicidal activity compared to 2,4-D. TfdA has been used in transgenic plants to impart 2,4-D resistance in dicot plants (e.g., cotton and tobacco) normally sensitive to 2,4-D (Streber et al. (1989), Lyon et al. (1989), Lyon (1993), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,147). A large number of tfdA-type genes that encode proteins capable of degrading 2,4-D have been identified from the environment and deposited into the Genbank database. Many homologues are similar to tfdA (>85% amino acid identity) and have similar enzymatic properties to tfdA. However, there are a number of homologues that have a significantly lower identity to tfdA (25-50%), yet have the characteristic residues associated with α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase Fe+2dioxygenases. It is therefore not obvious what the substrate specificities of these divergent dioxygenases are. One unique example with low homology to tfdA (31% amino acid identity) is sdpA fromDelftia acidovorans(Kohler et al., 1999, Westendorf et al., 2002, Westendorf et al., 2003). This enzyme has been shown to catalyze the first step in (S)-dichlorprop (and other (S)-phenoxypropionic acids) as well as 2,4-D (a phenoxyacetic acid) mineralization (Westendorf et al., 2003). Transformation of this gene into plants, has not heretofore been reported. Development of new herbicide-tolerant crop (HTC) technologies has been limited in success due largely to the efficacy, low cost, and convenience of GTCs. Consequently, a very high rate of adoption for GTCs has occurred among producers. This created little incentive for developing new HTC technologies. Aryloxyalkanoate chemical substructures are a common entity of many commercialized herbicides including the phenoxyacetate auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxyacetate auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCasc) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac). However, these classes of herbicides are all quite distinct, and no evidence exists in the current literature for common degradation pathways among these chemical classes. A multifunctional enzyme for the degradation of herbicides covering multiple modes of action has recently been described (PCT US/2005/014737; filed May 2, 2005). Another unique multifunctional enzyme and potential uses are described hereafter. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The subject invention provides novel plants that are not only resistant to 2,4-D, but also to pyridyloxyacetate herbicides. Heretofore, there was no expectation or suggestion that a plant with both of these advantageous properties could be produced by the introduction of a single gene. The subject invention also includes plants that produce one or more enzymes of the subject invention “stacked” together with one or more other herbicide resistance genes, including, but not limited to, glyphosate-, ALS- (imidazolinone, sulfonylurea), aryloxyalkanoate-, HPPD-, PPO-, and glufosinate-resistance genes, so as to provide herbicide-tolerant plants compatible with broader and more robust weed control and herbicide resistance management options. The present invention further includes methods and compositions utilizing homologues of the genes and proteins exemplified herein. In some embodiments, the invention provides monocot and dicot plants tolerant to 2,4-D, MCPA, triclopyr, fluroxypyr, and one or more commercially available herbicides (e.g., glyphosate, glufosinate, paraquat, ALS-inhibitors (e.g., sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides, et al), HPPD inhibitors (e.g., mesotrione, isoxaflutole, et al.), dicamba, bromoxynil, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, and others). Vectors comprising nucleic acid sequences responsible for such herbicide tolerance are also disclosed, as are methods of using such tolerant plants and combinations of herbicides for weed control and prevention of weed population shifts. The subject invention enables novel combinations of herbicides to be used in new ways. Furthermore, the subject invention provides novel methods of preventing the development of, and controlling, strains of weeds that are resistant to one or more herbicides such as glyphosate. The subject invention enables novel uses of novel combinations of herbicides and crops, including preplant application to an area to be planted immediately prior to planting with seed for plants that would otherwise be sensitive to that herbicide (such as 2,4-D). The subject invention relates in part to the identification of an enzyme that is not only able to degrade 2,4-D, but also surprisingly possesses novel properties, which distinguish the enzyme of the subject invention from previously known tfdA proteins, for example. More specifically, the subject invention relates to the use of an enzyme that is capable of degrading both 2,4-D and pyridyloxyacetate herbicides. No α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme has previously been reported to have the ability to degrade herbicides of both the phenoxyacetate and pyridyloxyacetates auxin herbicides. The preferred enzyme and gene for use according to the subject invention are referred to herein as AAD-12 (AryloxyAlkanoate Dioxygenase). This highly novel discovery is the basis of significant herbicide-tolerant crop (HTC) trait and selectable marker opportunities. Plants of the subject invention can be resistant throughout their entire life cycle. There was no prior motivation to produce plants comprising an AAD-12 gene (preferably an AAD-12 polynucleotide that has a sequence optimized for expression in one or more types of plants, as exemplified herein), and there was no expectation that such plants could effectively produce an AAD-12 enzyme to render the plants resistant a phenoxyacetic acid herbicide (such as 2,4-D) and/or one or more pyridyloxyacetates herbicides such as triclopyr and fluroxypyr. Thus, the subject invention provides many advantages that were not heretofore thought to be possible in the art. This invention also relates in part to the identification and use of genes encoding aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase enzymes that are capable of degrading phenoxyacetate auxin and/or pyridyloxyacetates auxin herbicides. Methods of screening proteins for these activities are within the scope of the subject invention. Thus, the subject invention includes degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and other aryloxyalkanoate auxin herbicides by a recombinantly expressed AAD-12 enzyme. The subject invention also includes methods of controlling weeds wherein said methods comprise applying one or more pyridyloxyacetate or phenoxyacetate auxin herbicides to plants comprising an AAD-12 gene. The subject invention also provides methods of using an AAD-12 gene as a selectable marker for identifying plant cells and whole plants transformed with AAD-12, optionally including one, two, or more exogenous genes simultaneously inserted into target plant cells. Methods of the subject invention include selecting transformed cells that are resistant to appropriate levels of an herbicide. The subject invention further includes methods of preparing a polypeptide, having the biological activity of aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase, by culturing plants and/or cells of the subject invention.

11473996

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE The present disclosure generally relates to pneumatic testing of piping systems. BACKGROUND Pneumatic testing is the process of introducing pressure to a piping system using an inert gas (i.e., a gas that does not undergo chemical reactions under a set of given conditions such as noble gases). Pneumatic testing is performed to determine the leak tightness of a pipe system and the strength of the components within the system. By way of non-limiting reference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.3 stipulates a pneumatic test pressure of 110% of design pressure and a pressure relief device must be installed and set so that the test pressure will exceed only the lesser of 345 kPa (50 psi) or 10% of the test pressure. Before testing, a test site should be cleared for safety, while bringing the piping system up to a target test pressure. The area around the test assembly, to a minimum distance defined as an exclusion zone shall be cordoned off such that unauthorized personnel are steered away from the exclusion joint prior to commencement of the pneumatic testing. Pneumatic tests are potentially more dangerous than other stress tests, such as hydrostatic tests, because of the higher level of potential energy stored during gas compression. The amount of stored energy inside the system can be calculated and expressed as an equivalent number of pounds of TNT. Care must be exercised to minimize the chance of brittle failure during testing by initially assuring the system is suitable for pneumatic testing. Pneumatic testing needs supervision and guidance of senior experienced staff. When performing pneumatic testing of a piping system, they should be tested each segment at a time. A need exists for a system that can control the introduction of pneumatic pressure to a piping system under test from a location outside of an exclusion zone. The present disclosure meets this need. BRIEF OVERVIEW This brief overview is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This brief overview is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this brief overview intended to be used to limit the claimed subject matter's scope. The present disclosure provides a novel remote pneumatic testing system for piping systems. The pneumatic testing system disclosed herein facilitates remote testing to enhance the safety of personnel involved in the testing process. Advantageously, the pneumatic testing system disclosed herein may utilize blockchain. Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence in various manners. Both the foregoing brief overview and the following detailed description provide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoing brief overview and the following detailed description should not be considered to be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, embodiments may be directed to various feature combinations and sub-combinations described in the detailed description.

11399319

BACKGROUND A typical wireless communication system includes a number of access nodes that are configured to provide coverage in which user equipment devices (UEs) such as cell phones, tablet computers, machine-type-communication devices, tracking devices, embedded wireless modules, and/or other wirelessly equipped communication devices (whether or not user operated), can operate. Further, each access node could be coupled with a core network that provides connectivity with various application servers and/or transport networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and/or the Internet for instance. With this arrangement, a UE within coverage of the system could engage in air-interface communication with an access node and could thereby communicate via the access node with various application servers and other entities. Such a system could operate in accordance with a particular radio access technology (RAT), with communications from an access node to UEs defining a downlink or forward link and communications from the UEs to the access node defining an uplink or reverse link. Over the years, the industry has developed various generations of RATs, in a continuous effort to increase available data rate and quality of service for end users. These generations have ranged from “1G,” which used simple analog frequency modulation to facilitate basic voice-call service, to “4G”—such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), which now facilitates mobile broadband service using technologies such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO). And recently, the industry has completed initial specifications for “5G” and particularly “5G NR” (5G New Radio), which may use a scalable OFDM air interface, advanced channel coding, massive MIMO, beamforming, and/or other features, to support higher data rates and countless applications, such as mission-critical services, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive Internet of Things (IoT). In accordance with the RAT, each access node could be configured to provide coverage and service on one or more radio-frequency (RF) carriers. Each such carrier could be frequency division duplex (FDD), with separate frequency channels for downlink and uplink communication, or time division duplex (TDD), with a single frequency channel multiplexed over time between downlink and uplink use. And each such frequency channel could be defined as a specific range of frequency (e.g., in RF spectrum) having a bandwidth (width in frequency) and a center frequency and thus extending from a low-end frequency to a high-end frequency. Further, each carrier could be defined within an industry standard frequency band, by its frequency channel(s) being defined within the frequency band. Examples of such frequency bands include, without limitation, (i) bands 2, 4, 12, 25, 26, 66, 71, and 85, supporting FDD carriers (ii) band 41, supporting TDD carriers, and (iii) bands n258, n260, and n261, supporting FDD and TDD carriers. The coverage provided by a given access node on a given carrier could also be considered to define a respective “cell”. Thus, if an access node provides coverage and service on two carriers, the access node would be providing two cells, one on each carrier. And if two access nodes provide coverage and service on the same carrier as each other, the access nodes would be providing different respective cells than each other, both on the same carrier. On the downlink and uplink, the coverage of each such cell could define an air interface configured in a specific manner to provide physical resources for carrying information wirelessly between the access node and UEs. Without limitation, for instance, the air interface could be divided over time into a continuum of frames, subframes, and symbol time segments, and over frequency into subcarriers that could be modulated to carry data. The example air interface could thus define an array of time-frequency resource elements each being at a respective symbol time segment and subcarrier, and the subcarrier of each resource element could be modulated to carry data. Further, in each subframe or other transmission time interval, the resource elements on the downlink and uplink could be grouped to define physical resource blocks (PRBs) that the access node could allocate as needed to carry data between the access node and served UEs. In addition, certain resource elements on the example air interface could be reserved for special purposes. For instance, on the downlink, certain resource elements could be reserved to carry reference signals or the like that UEs could measure in order to determine coverage strength, and other resource elements could be reserved to carry other control signaling such as PRB-scheduling directives and acknowledgement messaging from the access node to UEs. And on the uplink, certain resource elements could be reserved to carry random access signaling from UEs to the access node, and other resource elements could be reserved to carry other control signaling such as PRB-scheduling requests, acknowledgement messaging, and channel-quality reports from UEs to the access node. OVERVIEW When a UE enters into coverage of an example network, the UE could detect threshold strong coverage of an access node on a particular carrier, such as by detecting a threshold strong reference signal broadcast by the access node on the carrier. And the UE could then engage in random-access and connection signaling, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, with the access node to establish an air-interface connection (e.g., RRC connection) through which the access node will then serve the UE on that carrier. Further, the access node could establish in data storage a context record for the UE, noting the carrier on which the UE is connected and noting associated service information. In addition, if the UE is not already registered for service with the core network, the UE could transmit to the access node an attach request, which the access node could forward to a core-network controller for processing. And the core-network controller and access node could then coordinate setup for the UE of one or more user-plane bearers, each of which could include (i) an access-bearer portion that extends between the access node and a core-network gateway system that provides connectivity with a transport network and (ii) a data-radio-bearer portion that extends over the air between the access node and the UE. Once the UE is connected and registered, the access node could then serve the UE in a connected mode over the air-interface connection, managing downlink air-interface communication of packet data to the UE and uplink air-interface communication of packet data from the UE. For instance, when the core-network gateway system receives user-plane data for transmission to the UE, the data could flow to the access node, and the access node could buffer the data, pending transmission of the data to the UE. With the example air-interface configuration noted above, the access node could then allocate downlink PRBs in an upcoming subframe for carrying at least a portion of the data, defining a transport block, to the UE. And the access node could transmit to the UE in a control region of that subframe a Downlink Control Information (DCI) scheduling directive that designates the allocated PRBs, and the access node could accordingly transmit the transport block to the UE in those designated PRBs. Likewise, on the uplink, when the UE has user-plane data for transmission on the transport network, the UE could buffer the data, pending transmission of the data to the access node, and the UE could transmit to the access node a scheduling request that carries a buffer status report (BSR) indicating the quantity of data that the UE has buffered for transmission. With the example air-interface configuration noted above, the access node could then allocate uplink PRBs in an upcoming subframe to carry a transport block of the data from the UE and could transmit to the UE a DCI scheduling directive that designates those upcoming PRBs. And the UE could accordingly transmit the transport block to the access node in the designated PRBs. In addition, when a UE is connected with an access node, the access node might provide the UE with carrier-aggregation service, where the access node serves the UE on a combination of multiple carriers at once, to help provide the UE with increased peak data rate of communication. In an example carrier-aggregation implementation, the multiple carriers on which the access node serves the UE would define a “cell group” including a primary cell (PCell) or primary component carrier (PCC) and one or more secondary cells (SCells) or secondary component carriers (SCCs). To configure carrier-aggregation service when the UE initially connects with the access node or later, the access node could add one or more carriers to the UE's connection, recording the group of carriers in the UE context record and signaling to the UE to prepare the UE to operate accordingly. With carrier-aggregation configured, the access node could coordinate air-interface communication with the UE on PRBs distributed across the multiple carriers. For instance, with downlink carrier aggregation, the access node could designate in a scheduling directive to the UE one or more downlink PRBs respectively in each of the UE's component carriers and could accordingly transmit data to the UE those PRBs distributed across the carriers. And with uplink carrier aggregation, the access node could designate in a scheduling directive to the UE one or more uplink PRBs respectively in each of the UE's component carriers, and the UE could accordingly transmit data to the access node in those PRBs distributed across the carriers. When a UE is connected with an access node, the UE may also from time to time report to the access node the UE's coverage strength, e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), from the access node—perhaps per carrier if the UE is connected on multiple carriers. For instance, the UE may report its RSRP at the time the UE attaches and then periodically and/or in response to one or more trigger conditions, to facilitate controlling service in view of the UE's coverage strength. Further, as the industry advances from one generation of wireless technology to the next, or in other scenarios, networks and UEs may also support dual-connectivity service, where a UE is served on multiple co-existing connections, perhaps according to different respective RATs. For instance, a first access node could be configured to provide service according to a first RAT and a second access node could be configured to provide service according to a second RAT, and a UE positioned concurrently within coverage of both the first and second access nodes could have a first radio configured to engage in service according to the first RAT and a second radio configured to engage in service according to the second RAT. The UE may thus be able to establish a first air-interface connection with the first access node according to the first RAT and a second air-interface connection with the second access node according to the second RAT, and the access nodes may then concurrently serve the UE over those connections according to their respective RATs, each in the manner discussed above for instance. Such dual connectivity (or “non-standalone” (NSA) connectivity) could help to facilitate increased peak data-rate of communications, by multiplexing the UE's communications across the multiple air-interface connections. Further or alternatively, dual connectivity may provide other benefits compared with serving a UE on a single connection (as “standalone” (SA) connectivity) perhaps according to a single RAT. In a representative dual-connectivity implementation, one of the access nodes could operate as a master node (MN), responsible for coordinating setup, management, and teardown of dual-connectivity service for the UE and functioning as an anchor point for RRC signaling and core-network control signaling related to the dual-connected UE. And each of one or more other access nodes could operate as a secondary node (SN) mainly to provide additional connectivity and increased aggregate bandwidth for the UE. When the UE enters into coverage of such a system, the UE could initially scan for coverage and discover threshold strong coverage of the MN on a given carrier, and the UE could then responsively engage in signaling as discussed above to establish a primary air-interface connection with the MN on that carrier and to attach with the network. Further, the MN may configure carrier-aggregation service for the UE by adding one or more carriers to the UE's connection with the MN, thus defining for the UE a master cell group (MCG)—with one carrier being a PCell and each other carrier being an SCell. And if the UE supports dual-connectivity service, the MN might then coordinate setup of dual connectivity for the UE. Coordinating setup of dual connectivity for the UE could involve first determining that the UE is within threshold strong coverage of the SN and then engaging in signaling to coordinate setup for the UE of a secondary air-interface connection between the UE and the SN. For instance, the MN could first direct the UE to scan for secondary coverage on one or more carriers on which the SN provides service and could receive from the UE a measurement report indicating that the UE detects threshold strong coverage of the SN on one or more such carriers. The MN could then engage in signaling with the SN to arrange for establishment of the secondary connection for the UE on the detected carrier(s), which could define a secondary cell group (SCG) for the UE—with one carrier being designated an SCG primary cell (PSCell) and each other being an SCG secondary cell (SCell). Further, the MN could engage in signaling with the UE to cause the UE to access the SN and complete setup of that secondary connection. In addition, coordinating setup of dual connectivity for the UE could also involve engaging in signaling, for each of one or more bearers established for the UE, to split the bearer so that the MN and SN can then serve respective portions of the UE's data communications. For instance, the MN could engage in signaling to establish a bearer split at the core-network gateway system, with one access-bearer leg extending between the gateway system and the MN and another access-bearer leg extending between the gateway system and the SN. Alternatively, the MN could engaging signaling to establish a bearer split at the MN, with the UE's access bearer remaining anchored at the MN and a branch of the access bearer extending between the MN and the SN. And still alternatively, the MN could engage in signaling to establish a bearer split at the SN, with the UE's access bearer being transferred to and anchored at the SN and a branch of the access bearer extending between the SN and the MN. With dual-connectivity so configured by way of example, the MN and SN could then serve the UE with packet-data communications over their respective connections with the UE, with each access node respectively coordinating air-interface communication in the manner described above for instance. In an example implementation, the UE's downlink user-plane data flow would be split between the UE's two connections. For instance, when the core-network gateway system has packet data destined to the UE, that data could flow over a split bearer like one of those noted above, with the MN ultimately receiving a portion of the data and transmitting that portion of data over the UE's primary air-interface connection from the MN to the UE, and with the SN ultimately receiving another portion of the data and transmitting that other portion of data over the UE's secondary air-interface connection from the SN to the UE. Further, the distribution of the UE's downlink user-plane data flow between the UE's connections could be done according to a downlink split ratio. And the MN and/or another controller of the UE's dual-connectivity service could be responsible for configuring that downlink split ratio. Likewise, the UE's uplink user-plane data flow could also be split between the UE's two connections. For instance, when the UE has data to transmit on the transport network, the UE could transmit a portion of that data over the UE's primary air-interface connection to the MN, and that data could flow over an access bearer from the MN ultimately to the core-network gateway system for output onto the transport network, and the UE could transmit another portion of the data over the UE's secondary air-interface connection to the SN, and that data could similarly flow over an access bearer from the SN ultimately to the core-network gateway system for output onto the transport network. And analogously here, the distribution of the UE's uplink user-plane data flow between the UE's connections could be done according to an uplink split ratio, and the MN and/or another controller of the UE's dual-connectivity service could similarly be responsible for configuring that uplink split ratio. For downlink and/or uplink communication with the dual-connected UE, the MN or other controller could determine a data-split ratio based on a comparison of the connections, as to one or more metrics for instance, or based on one or more other factors. For example, the MN could determine the data-split ratio based on a comparison of available data capacity (e.g. PRB availability) of the UE's connections, such as a comparison between (i) a level of available data capacity on the carrier(s) on which the UE is connected with the MN and (ii) a level of available data capacity on the carrier(s) on which the UE is connected with the SN. By way of example, the MN could establish a split ratio that would put a greater portion of the UE's data flow on the connection having a greater available data capacity than the other connection. The MN could then impose use of that determined data-split ratio. For downlink communication in a scenario where the data split is at the SN, for instance, the MN could signal to the SN to direct and thus cause the SN to apply the determined data-split ratio. And for uplink communication, the MN could signal to the UE to direct and thus cause the UE to apply the determined data-split ratio. One technical issue that can arise in a practice is that the data-split ratio applied for a dual-connected UE could result in a majority of the UE's data flow being put on the UE's secondary connection in a scenario where the UE's secondary connection is significantly weaker than the UE's primary connection. This could happen, by way of example, where the UE is in strong enough coverage of the SN to justify having the MN set up secondary connectivity for the UE with the SN but where the UE's coverage from the SN is actually threshold lower than the UE's coverage from the MN, and where a metric comparison such as that noted above would result in a majority of the UE's data flow being provided on UE's secondary connection with the SN. Having a majority of the UE's data flow be provided on the UE's threshold weaker connection with the SN, however, might result in sub-par user experience. The present disclosure provides a technical mechanism to help address this issue. In accordance with the disclosure, when a UE has a first connection with a first access node and where a second connection for the UE could be added with a second access node so that the UE would then be served with dual connectivity cooperatively by the first access node over the first connection and the second access node over the second connection, a computing system will control whether or not to add the second connection for the UE, with the control being based on a cooperative consideration of both (i) a comparison of coverage strength of the UE from the first access node with coverage strength of the UE from the second access node and (ii) a prediction of what data split will be applied for splitting data flow of the UE between the first connection and the second connection. Without limitation, for instance, this process could apply when the first access node, as MN, receives from the UE a measurement report indicating that the UE is within threshold strong enough coverage of the second access node, as SN, to justify the MN adding for the UE a secondary connection with the SN so that the UE could then be served with dual connectivity cooperatively by the MN and SN. In that example situation, the MN could then make a determination of whether (i) in the dual connectivity, at least a threshold greater portion of the UE's data flow would be provided on the UE's secondary connection with the SN rather than on the UE's primary connection with the MN and (ii) the UE's RSRP from the SN, though being strong enough to justify adding the secondary connection for the UE, is threshold lower than the UE's RSRP from the MN. If the determination is affirmative, then it could be detrimental to add for the UE the secondary connection with the SN, since the threshold greater portion of the UE's data flow would then be provided on the connection on which the UE has relatively poor coverage compared with the UE's other connection; so in that case, based at least on the determination, the MN could decline to add the secondary connection for the UE. Whereas, if the determination is negative (e.g., because either condition is not met or because both conditions are not met), then, based at least on the determination, the MN could proceed with addition of the secondary connection for the UE. These as well as other aspects, advantages, and alternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the following detailed description, with reference where appropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, it should be understood that the descriptions provided in this overview and below are intended to illustrate the invention by way of example only and not by way of limitation.

11428991

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-174295 filed on Oct. 16, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to liquid crystal display devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to a horizontal alignment mode liquid crystal display device. Description of Related Art Conventional liquid crystal display devices typically have a structure in which a color filter (CF) substrate is disposed on the viewing surface side of a liquid crystal layer and a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate is disposed on the back surface side of the liquid crystal layer. Structures are also considered in which a TFT substrate is disposed on the viewing surface side of the liquid crystal layer and a CF substrate is disposed on the back surface side of the liquid crystal layer. For example, WO 2016/080385 discloses a structure in which a TFT substrate is arranged on the viewing surface side and a CF substrate with a reflective layer is disposed closer to the backlight, for an increase in the efficiency of using backlight illumination. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION However, in a liquid crystal display device having a CF-TFT inverted structure (liquid crystal display device with the TFT substrate disposed on the viewing surface side) which has a higher luminance than a liquid crystal display device with the CF substrate disposed on the viewing surface side, light is more reflected by the TFT substrate. In an environment with external light (illumination light or sunlight), such a structure makes it difficult to view transmissive display which should be provided by the display device. The reason thereof is presumably as follows. FIG. 29is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device of a comparative embodiment. A liquid crystal display device1R of a comparative embodiment includes, as shown inFIG. 29, sequentially from the viewing surface side to the back surface side, a first linearly polarizing plate11, a TFT substrate100, a first alignment film31, a liquid crystal layer40, a second alignment film32, a CF substrate200, a second linearly polarizing plate12, and a reflective polarizing plate13. The liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer40are horizontally aligned by the controlling forces of the first alignment film31and the second alignment film32in the state where voltage is not applied between paired electrodes in the TFT substrate100(no-voltage-applied state). The liquid crystal molecules rotate in the in-plane direction according to the electric field generated in the liquid crystal layer40in the state where voltage is applied between the paired electrodes (voltage-applied state). The first linearly polarizing plate11and the second linearly polarizing plate12are absorptive polarizing plates. The reflective polarizing plate13is a linearly polarizing plate. The TFT substrate100includes, sequentially from the viewing surface side to the back surface side, a supporting substrate110, a gate insulator120, source lines102in a source line layer130, a first interlayer insulating film140, a flattening film190, a common electrode (solid electrode)150, a second interlayer insulating film160, and pixel electrodes (slit electrodes)170. The CF substrate200includes, sequentially from the viewing surface side to the back surface side, an overcoat layer240, a CF layer230, a black film222, a reflective layer221, and a supporting substrate210. In the TFT substrate100disposed on the viewing surface side in the liquid crystal display device1R of the comparative embodiment, as shown inFIG. 29, the metal lines (for example, source lines102) having a high reflectance and disposed in the non-opening portion (outside a pixel region10AA) reflect external light L, increasing the reflectance. Also, the opening portion (inside the pixel region10AA) has a multilayer structure in which components such as the supporting substrate110, the gate insulator120, the first interlayer insulating film140, and the flattening film190are disposed, and the difference between the interlayer refractive indexes here causes multilayer film interference, resulting in reflection of light. This increases the reflectance. For these reasons, in the liquid crystal display device1R of the comparative embodiment in which the TFT substrate100is disposed on the viewing surface side, light is greatly reflected by the TFT substrate100, which may make it difficult to view the transmissive light in the liquid crystal display device in an environment with external light L. In response to the above issues, the present invention aims to provide a horizontal alignment mode liquid crystal display device having a structure with a thin-film transistor substrate disposed on the viewing surface side, which prevents reflection of external light to provide transmissive display excellent in display quality while achieving an increased luminance. (1) One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a liquid crystal display device including, sequentially from a viewing surface side to a back surface side: a circularly polarizing plate including a linearly polarizing plate and a first λ/4 retardation layer; a thin-film transistor substrate including a pair of electrodes disposed in a pixel region and a metal line disposed outside the pixel region; a liquid crystal layer containing liquid crystal molecules aligned parallel to the thin-film transistor substrate, alignment of the liquid crystal molecules varying in response to an electric field generated by application of voltage to the pair of electrodes; a color filter substrate including a color filter layer; and a backlight, the thin-film transistor substrate including a second λ/4 retardation layer, the color filter substrate including a reflective layer disposed outside the pixel region and configured to reflect incident light from the backlight toward the back surface. (2) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (1), and the color filter substrate includes a black film disposed on a viewing surface side of the reflective layer. (3) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (1) or (2), and the thin-film transistor substrate includes a touch panel driving line disposed closer to the viewing surface than the second λ/4 retardation layer is. (4) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (1), (2), or (3), and the liquid crystal display device includes a shield electrode between the circularly polarizing plate and the thin-film transistor substrate. (5) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (1), (2), (3), or (4), and the second λ/4 retardation layer is a cured product of a photo-polymerizable liquid crystal material. (6) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (1), (2), (3), (4), or (5), and the liquid crystal display device further includes a liquid crystal panel driving circuit, wherein the reflective layer is connected to a ground terminal of the liquid crystal panel driving circuit. (7) In an embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal display device includes the structure (6), and the liquid crystal layer contains negative liquid crystals. The present invention can provide a horizontal alignment mode liquid crystal display device having a structure with a TFT substrate disposed on the viewing surface side, which prevents reflection of external light to provide transmissive display excellent in display quality while achieving an increased luminance.

11450776

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to French patent application FR19/03391 filed Mar. 29, 2019 and French patent application FR19/09581 filed Aug. 30, 2019. The contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND The present disclosure generally concerns electronic devices, and more particularly electronic devices comprising germanium, and electronic component manufacturing methods. PRIOR ART Certain electronic components, such as transistors, diodes, etc., use the properties of germanium. For example, a PIN-type photodiode, that is, a photodiode comprising an intrinsic semiconductor region between N- and P-type doped semiconductor regions, may be made up of germanium. The photodiode can then detect optical radiations having wavelengths in the range from 0.9 μm to 1.5 μm. In such a component, a region comprising germanium is intended to be electrically connected to other devices by a conductive connection. The electric contact between this region and the conductive connection is ensured by a contacting area. The contacting area is typically located at the bottom of an opening formed in an insulating layer. SUMMARY There is a need to decrease the resistances and/or to increase the reliability of known contacting areas on a semiconductor region comprising germanium. There is a need to simplify known methods of forming contacting areas on a semiconductor region comprising germanium. An embodiment overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of known areas of contact with a semiconductor region comprising germanium. An embodiment overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of known methods of forming areas of contact with a semiconductor region comprising germanium. An embodiment overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of methods of etching an opening in an insulator covering a semiconductor region comprising germanium. An embodiment overcomes all or part of the disadvantages of known PIN-type photodiodes comprising an intrinsic germanium region. In particular, an embodiment provides a photodiode having a decreased dark current. Thus, according to a first aspect, an embodiment provides a method of forming an area of electric contact with a semiconductor region mainly made of germanium, comprising the forming of a first area made of a first intermetallic material where more than 70% of the non-metal atoms are silicon atoms. An embodiment provides an electronic device comprising a semiconductor region mainly made of germanium, and an area of electric contact with the semiconductor region, the contacting area comprising a first area made of a first intermetallic material where more than 70% of the non-metal atoms are silicon atoms. According to an embodiment, the contacting area comprises, between the first area and the semiconductor region, a second area made of a second intermetallic material where the non-metal atoms are mainly germanium atoms. According to an embodiment, the metal atoms of each of the first and second intermetallic materials are mainly nickel atoms. According to an embodiment, each of the first and second intermetallic materials comprises platinum and/or cobalt. According to an embodiment, the first intermetallic material comprises germanium. According to an embodiment, the forming of the first area successively comprises: a) the forming of at least one semiconductor layer covering the semiconductor region and comprising at least 70% of silicon atoms; b) the forming of a metal region on said at least one semiconductor layer; and c) the reaction of the metal region with at least a portion of said at least one semiconductor layer. According to an embodiment, the method further comprises the reaction of the material of the metal region with that of the semiconductor region. According to an embodiment, step c) comprises: a first thermal treatment, preferably at a temperature lower than 300° C.; a removal of portions of the metal region which have not reacted during the first thermal treatment; and a second thermal treatment, preferably at a temperature in the range from 390° C. to 420° C. According to an embodiment, the method comprises, before step b), the forming of a protection layer, preferably made of titanium nitride, on the metal region. According to an embodiment, the method comprises forming an insulating layer and a first opening crossing the insulating layer. According to an embodiment, the method comprises the successive forming of: an additional semiconductor layer comprising at least 70% of silicon atoms; an insulating layer covering the additional semiconductor layer; and an opening crossing the insulating layer and the additional semiconductor layer, said at least one semiconductor layer being formed in the opening and forming, with the portions of the additional semiconductor layer located around the opening, a continuous layer. According to an embodiment, the method successively comprises the forming: of a multilayer of first semiconductor layers comprising at least 70% of silicon atoms alternated with second semiconductor layers mainly made of germanium; of an insulating layer covering the multilayer; and of an opening crossing the insulating layer and a portion of the multilayer, said at least one semiconductor layer being formed of the first layers which have been left intact under the opening. According to an embodiment, the multilayer is monocrystalline. Another embodiment provides a method of manufacturing an electronic device, comprising the implementation of a method such as defined hereabove. Another embodiment provides a photodiode comprising a device such as defined hereabove or a device obtained by a method such as defined hereabove. According to a second aspect, an embodiment provides a method of forming an opening in an insulating layer covering a semiconductor region comprising germanium, successively comprising: a) the forming of a first masking layer on the insulating layer; b) the forming on the first masking layer of a second masking layer comprising an opening; c) the etching of an opening in the first masking layer, in line with the opening of the second masking layer; d) the removal of the second masking layer by oxygen-based etching; and e) the forming of the opening of said insulating layer in line with the opening of the first masking layer, by fluorine-based etching. According to an embodiment, the first masking layer is made of an electrically-insulating material, preferably from the group formed of HfO2, Al2O3, AlN, ZnO, SiN, and Si3N4. According to an embodiment, step e) comprises a C4F8-based plasma etching. According to an embodiment, step e) comprises an etching with an HF solution. According to an embodiment, the second masking layer is a polymer layer resulting from a lithography. According to an embodiment, an additional layer, preferably made of silicon or having an atomic percentage of silicon greater than 70%, is located between said semiconductor region and said insulating layer. An embodiment provides a method of forming a contacting area, comprising the implementation of a method such as defined hereabove, the contacting area being an area of contact with said semiconductor region and comprising an intermetallic area where more than 70% of the non-metal atoms are silicon atoms. According to an embodiment, the forming of said intermetallic area comprises the reaction of a semiconductor with a metal region, the first masking layer and the metal region comprising a same metal. According to an embodiment, the forming of the intermetallic area comprises the reaction of a semiconductor with a metal region covered with a protection layer, the first masking layer and the protection layer comprising a same metal. According to an embodiment, the method further comprises the forming of an electrically-conductive layer covering the contacting area and the walls of the opening, and the filling of the opening with a conductor covering said electrically-conductive layer. An embodiment provides a method of forming a photodiode, comprising the forming, by a method such as defined hereabove, of first and second respective areas of contact with first and second semiconductor regions comprising germanium, the first and second semiconductor regions being doped with opposite conductivity types and separated by a third semiconductor region comprising intrinsic germanium. According to an embodiment, a silicon-germanium layer is located between the third region and said insulating layer and is in contact with the third region. According to an embodiment, an intrinsic germanium layer is located between said silicon-germanium layer and said insulating layer. According to an embodiment, the method comprises the forming of insulating areas delimiting said intrinsic germanium layer and located between said intrinsic germanium layer and the first and second contacting areas. An embodiment provides a photodiode formed by a method such as defined hereabove.

11317271

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a mobile communication system and the like. BACKGROUND ART Mobile communication system standardization group, 3GPP (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project) is investigating EPS (Evolved Packet System) as a next generation mobile telecommunication system, and studying HeNB (Home eNodeB) as a small base station installed in a residence or the like as an EPS configurational apparatus (which will be referred to hereinbelow as home base station). The home base station forms a small-scale wireless cell called a femtocell, which accommodates UEs (User Equipment: mobile terminal devices) using the same wireless access technique as that of a normal base station and establishes connection to the core network of the mobile communication system via a broadband line to be able to relay communication data of UEs accommodated therein. Since the home base station uses the broadband line as backhaul and can be set by a general user, it is possible to easily extend the coverage area of the mobile communication system, especially the indoor coverage area. Further, since the radius of the cell is small and the cell can be exclusively used by a few users, it is possible to expect improvement in communication speed and frequency usage efficiency compared to an outdoor macro cell base station which a large number of users have to share. Further, in non-patent document 2, local IP access function is defined as a functional requirement of a home base station. The local IP access is to provide for UEs connectivity to the network such as a network inside the home (which will be referred to hereinbelow as “home network”) to which the home base station is connected directly. For example, this enables a UE to connect another information terminal (printer etc.) that is connected to the home network (this will be called hereinbelow “home network connection service”), and also enables the UE to connect to the internet without passage of the core network of the mobile communication system (this will be called hereinbelow “internet connection service”). Conventionally, if a UE performs direct communication with an appliance having no cellular communication interface such as a printer or the like, the UE needs to have a local area-use communication interface such as a wireless LAN etc. However, use of local IP access enables even a UE that has a cellular communication interface only to perform communication with other communication terminals within the home network because the home base station functions as a gateway between different wireless access schemes. Since use of local IP access also makes it possible to connect to the internet without passage of the core network of the mobile communication system, it is possible to distribute traffic load (offload), from the perspective of the mobile network operator. Further, differing from a microcell base station, the home base station can give access right only to a particular UE based on the form of the usage, and three access modes called closed, open and hybrid are defined. Each home station is allotted with a group identifier called CSGID (Closed Subscriber Group Identification). In the closed mode, the home base station can designate UEs to be permitted to connect for every CSGID. In the open mode, the home base station can give the right of access to the home base station to all UEs. In the hybrid mode, which is a combination of the closed mode and open mode, communication of UEs that are given with access right in closed mode can be handled preferentially. Further, concerning local IP access, it is defined as a requisite that whether or not the user is permitted to use this function should be determined based on the user's subscription information. It is also ruled as a functional requisite that a UE can use local IP access and connection to the core network simultaneously when the UE is connecting to the home base station. Moreover, non-patent document 3 discloses architecture candidates for embodying a home base station. PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Non-Patent Documents Non-patent Document 1: 3GPP TS23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access Non-patent Document 2: 3GPP TS 22.220 Non-patent Document 3: 3GPP TS 23.830 Non-patent Document 4: 3GPP Contribution S2-092308 (Local IP access baseline solution for EHNB) SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention According to the information disclosed in non-patent document 3, access control at the home base station is determined depending on the aforementioned three access modes and the subscription information based on which whether the local IP access function is permitted to use is determined. However, if the usage scenario of the home base station is considered, it is desirable that the owner of the home base station or the mobile network operator can designate access right in more detail as describe below. Suppose, for example, a case in which a home base station is set in a home, there is a demand that the family may offer a friend, who visits the residence, only the internet connection service through local IP access but does not want to permit the friend to use home network connection service in view of privacy and security. Suppose another case in which a home base station is installed in a shopping mall etc., there is a demand that an advertisement distribution server for distributing advertisement information and the like is installed in the home network so as to allow visiting customers to access only the home network connection service through local IP access and so as to provide a connection with an advertisement server, but not to allow them to access internet connection service. However, because the access control based on the aforementioned access mode and the subscription information themselves cannot offer the scheme to separately designate access right as to a plurality of services that are available through local IP access, there is the problem that the aforementioned usage scenario cannot be realized. Further, when a UE uses local IP access, not only the communication data the UE transmits by way of the home base station but also the communication data transmitted from another information terminal connected to the home network, to the UE should be limited as to connection depending on the access right. For example, communication from the information terminal to a UE that is not permitted to access home network connection service should be shut off, whereas if the UE in question is authorized to use internet connection service by way of local IP access, the communication data corresponding to that should be normally transferred to the UE. However, due to the above-described access right problem, it is impossible to filter these packets as it stands. Local IP access also has a problem that there is no contrivance for notifying a UE of which services are permitted. For example, in EPS, a PDN (Packet Data Network: packet communication network) exists for each network service such as an internet connection service or IMS service, and one APN (Access Point Name) that uniquely identifies each PDN is used to explicitly express connection to a particular PDN. It is proposed in non-patent document 4 that a network that is connected using local IP access (the internet connected via a home network and a broadband access network) is regarded as one PDN (Packet Data Network: packet communication network) and a dedicated APN is allotted for local IP access. With this scheme, a UE can separately use the APN that expresses network connection via the core network and the APN that expresses network connection using local IP access, so that the UE can make use of simultaneous connection to local IP access and the core network. Further, by integrating local IP access as a single PDN, it is also possible to integrate the management information (the IP address, various kinds of setup information, etc. set for each PDN) of a UE. However, an APN is a mere character string. Accordingly, even if a UE acquires an APN for local IP access, this means that identifying information is merely provided to use local IP access, it is hence impossible to determine specific service to be available (whether internet connection service is available or not, and the like). Accordingly, the UE which wants to use internet connection service will choose either establishing connection via the core network or trying to establish connection via local IP access without any confirmation of permission to internet connection. If the former is selected, no traffic offload the mobile network operator expects will be realized. On the other hand, when the latter is selected, there is a possibility that the UE will continue to try to establish internet connection via local IP access despite that the UE is not allowed to use internet connection service due to access right. Moreover, since the UE cannot even tell the reason of the connection unavailability, whether it is attributed to access right or whether it is attributed to a problem that is actually occurring at the other connection end, it is impossible to use such a fallback function as to automatically switch its operation from the latter to the former. In addition, a home base station is one that is introduced as a functional extension of the existing mobile communication system, so it is desirable that the change to the current specification is minimized. Accordingly, the specific means for solving the above problems also has to be realized by providing the minimum functional extension to the EPS ruled by the non-patent document 1. The present invention has been devised in view of the above circumstances, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a mobile communication system and the like in which, for a plurality of services provided through local IP access functionality of a home base station, the owner of a home base station or the mobile network operator can designate the access right for each service, and the home base station to which communication data is transferred based on the designated access right and a mobile terminal based on the designated access right can select a communication path. Means for Solving the Problems In view of the above problems, a mobile communication system of the present invention is a mobile communication system in which a home network having a home base station to which a mobile terminal is connected and a core network to which a subscriber information management apparatus, a position management apparatus and an access control apparatus are connected, are connected via a foreign network, characterized in that the subscriber information management apparatus includes: a subscription storage that stores, as subscription information, an APN (Access Point Name) for identifying a home base station and a service class available for the mobile terminal, in correspondence with a mobile terminal identifier for identifying the mobile terminal; a positional information update request receiver for receiving a positional information update request of the mobile terminal from the position management apparatus; and, a positional information response transmitter that extracts a service class corresponding to a mobile terminal identifier included in the positional information update request, from the subscription storage and transmits a positional information update response included with the extracted service class to the position management apparatus. A subscriber information management apparatus of the present invention is a subscriber information management apparatus included in a mobile communication system in which a home network having a home base station to which a mobile terminal is connected and a core network to which the subscriber information management apparatus, a position management apparatus and an access control apparatus are connected, are connected via an external network, comprising: a subscription storage that stores, as subscription information, an APN (Access Point Name) for identifying a home base station and a service class available for a mobile terminal via a home base station, in correspondence with a mobile terminal identifier for identifying the mobile terminal; a positional information update request receiver for receiving a positional information update request of the mobile terminal from a position management apparatus; and, a positional information response transmitter that extracts a service class corresponding to a mobile terminal identifier included in the positional information update request, from the subscription storage and transmits a positional information update response included with the extracted service class to the position management apparatus. The subscriber information management apparatus of the present invention is characterized in that the service class available for the mobile terminal, included in the subscription information shows whether or not the mobile terminal is allowed to connect to an internet and whether or not the mobile terminal is allowed to connect to the home network. A position management apparatus of the present invention is a position management apparatus included in a mobile communication system in which a home network having a home base station to which a mobile terminal is connected and a core network to which a subscriber information management apparatus, the position management apparatus and an access control apparatus are connected, are connected via a foreign network, comprising: an attach request receiver for receiving an attach request including a mobile terminal identifier from a mobile terminal; a positional information update request transmitter that extracts a mobile terminal identifier from the attach request and transmits a positional information update request including the mobile terminal identifier, to a subscriber information management apparatus; a positional information update response receiver for receiving a positional information update response including a service class available for the mobile terminal, from the subscriber information management apparatus; and an attach request allow/disallow decider that extracts th service class from the positional information update response and decides whether or not an attach request from the mobile terminal is acceptable, based on the available service. A home base station of the present invention is a home base station included in a mobile communication system in which a home network having a home base station to which a mobile terminal is connected and a core network to which a subscriber information management apparatus, a position management apparatus and an access control apparatus are connected, are connected via a foreign network, comprising: a bearer setup request receiver for receiving a bearer setup request including a class of service, from a position management apparatus; a packet filtering information storage for storing packet filtering information in accordance with the service class in order to control communication of a mobile terminal; and, a packet filtering controller that performs packet filtering control on the mobile terminal to be connected, based on the service class included in the bearer setup request and the packet filtering information. A mobile terminal of the present invention is a mobile terminal included in a mobile communication system in which a home network having a home base station to which the mobile terminal is connected and a core network to which a subscriber information management apparatus, a position management apparatus and an access control apparatus are connected, are connected via a foreign network, the home base station including an access control apparatus used for local IP access, comprising: a service class receiver for receiving a service class, from a home base station; and, a selector that selects either use of an access control apparatus connected to a core network or use of an access control apparatus used for local IP access included in a home base station, as an access control apparatus for assuring a communication path for the mobile terminal, based on the service class. The mobile terminal of the present invention is characterized in that the service class receiver receives PCO (Protocol Configuration Option) transmitted from the home base station and extracts the service class included in the PCO. Advantage of the Invention According to the present invention, when a mobile terminal uses service using local IP access functionality of a home base station, the owner of the home base station or the mobile network operator can perform access control separately for each service while minimizing the modification of the existing system.

11482732

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to electrochemical devices, such as lithium ion conducting solid-state electrolytes, and solid-state lithium ion batteries including these solid-state electrolytes. BACKGROUND Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable devices due to their higher energy densities relative to competing battery chemistries. Nevertheless, additional improvements in the performance of Li-ion batteries are being driven by emerging applications such as electric vehicles, which place greater demands upon the performance of the energy storage system. Enhanced safety is one of the most sought-after performance improvements. Safety limitations in Li-ion batteries can originate from the use of liquid electrolytes. These electrolytes have high ionic conductivity, yet are volatile and flammable; moreover, they are amenable to dendrite formation, resulting in internal short-circuiting. In principle, the use of a solid electrolyte (SE) can circumvent these problems. Furthermore, SEs present the possibility of using metallic Li as the anode, in place of intercalated carbon. This substitution is projected to significantly increase energy density. Historically, the ionic conductivity of solids has been insufficient to supplant liquid electrolytes. Very recently, however, a small number of solids with ionic conductivities comparable to that of liquids have been identified (Li7La3Zr20O12, Li10GeP2S12, etc.). The discovery of these fast ion conductors has advanced the prospects for realizing solid-state batteries. Nevertheless, additional study of these materials has, in essentially all cases, unearthed other shortcomings (stability, Li penetration, etc.), suggesting that the discovery of alternative SEs remains an important pursuit. A fundamental problem in the identification of new SEs is determining what chemical/mechanical/structural features promote high ion mobility. Symmetry-lowering distortions of a solid's crystal structure are one such feature. These distortions include tilting/rotations of a crystal's polyhedral building blocks (octahedra, tetrahedra, etc.), variations in the length of the bonds that comprise these units, and a lowering of the crystalline (space group) symmetry, such as a distortion from cubic to orthorhombic symmetry. These distortions can be achieved in certain classes of compounds via composition variation. More generally, lattice distortions may be considered as a mild form of disorder. This connection is significant, as a link between ionic conductivity and the presence of disorder in SEs is beginning to emerge in the literature. In one instance, disorder manifests as a complete absence of crystallinity, i.e., an amorphous or glassy phase. Disorder in the occupation of a sublattice can also affect ionic conductivity. In Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO), disordering of vacancies on the Li-sublattice has shown a potential correlation with high ionic conductivity in the cubic polymorph. Vacancy ordering in the tetragonal phase lowers the conductivity by several orders of magnitude. Likewise, in Ba1−xCaxF2, geometric frustration achieved by doping CaF2with Ba induces disorder and excess volume that increases the ionic mobility. Finally, in closoboranes, enhanced ionic conductivity has been proposed to arise from a combination of irregular cation docking to [B12H12]2−anions and thermally-activated anion rotations. Although unrelated to solid electrolytes, cation disordering in cathodes has been correlated with higher capacities and enhanced ion transport. The preceding examples illustrate the emerging connection between disorder and high ionic conductivity. Nevertheless, these systems represent isolated cases drawn from unrelated classes of compounds. As such, it is unclear whether one could exploit—or tune—the degree of disorder to further improve conductivity in these systems. A more desirable approach would be to tune disorder systematically within a family of related compounds. This could be achieved, for example, by varying composition or processing conditions. Such an approach would be of value in establishing the connection between mobility and disorder, assessing tradeoffs between disorder and stability, and provide a potential mechanism for engineering electrolyte properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure provides systems and methods for improved solid-state electrolytes. The techniques described herein are aided by the discovery of a correlation between ionic mobility and lattice distortions. This previously unrecognized relationship can be exploited to evaluate the ability of a material to function as a solid-state electrolyte. Using this knowledge of the elementary chemical and structural features that control ionic conductivity, the degree of distortion in a material can be systematically tuned via isovalent composition variation to arrive at a suitable solid-state electrolyte material. These techniques have led to the discovery of a new electrolyte material, Na3SI, which shows promise in future electrochemical applications. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a solid-state electrolyte to be used in an electrochemical cell. The method can comprise forming a solid-state electrolyte from a material having a compositional property and a structural property, the material having been selected by: (i) providing material properties of the material, wherein the material properties comprise both compositional and structural information; (ii) calculating a first distortion parameter of the material, wherein the first distortion parameter represents the degree of lattice distortion of the material; (iii) determining an estimated ionic mobility value of the material using the one or more distortion parameters; (iv) varying the provided material properties using isovalent substitution and determining a second ionic mobility value from a second distortion parameter by repeating steps (i)-(iii); and (v) comparing the first and second ionic mobility values to select the superior material derivative. In this method, the material can be selected from the group consisting of anti-perovskite solid electrolytes. The material can have an anti-perovskite crystalline structure. The material can have the formula X3AB where: X is a mono-valent cation with an electrical charge of +1; A is an anion with an electrical charge of −2; and B is an anion with an electrical charge of −1. In the material, X can be selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; A can be selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se; and B can be selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. The one or more distortion parameters of a material can be calculated using atomic radii. The estimated ionic mobility value can be determined using at least one additional parameter, and the additional parameter can be a known ionic mobility value of the material without distortions. The method can further comprise calculating a first and second estimated thermodynamic stability value. Both the ionic mobility values and the thermodynamic stability values can be compared to select the superior material derivative. Step (iv) can be repeated N times in order to determine N number of ionic mobilities for N material derivatives which are compared to select the superior material derivative. The superior material derivative can have the highest ionic mobility values. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a solid-state electrolyte to be used in an electrochemical cell. The method can comprise forming a solid-state electrolyte from a material having a compositional property and a structural property, the material having been selected by: (i) calculating one or more distortion parameters of the material, wherein the distortion parameters represent the degree of lattice distortion of the material; (ii) estimating an ionic mobility value of the material using the one or more distortion parameters; and (iii) comparing the estimated ionic mobility value to a predetermined ionic mobility value to determine if the material should be selected. In this method, the material can be selected from the group consisting of anti-perovskite solid electrolytes. The material can have an anti-perovskite crystalline structure. The material can have the formula X3AB where: X is a mono-valent cation with an electrical charge of +1; A is an anion with an electrical charge of −2; and B is an anion with an electrical charge of −1. In the material, X can be selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; A can be selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se; and B can be selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. One or more distortion parameters of a material can be calculated using atomic radii. The estimated ionic mobility value can be determined using at least one additional parameter, and the additional parameter can be a known ionic mobility value of the material without distortions. The material can be selected if the estimated ionic mobility value is higher than the predetermined ionic mobility value. In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for receiving a selection of a plurality of chemical compositional and structural information for a solid-state electrolyte material; retrieving thermodynamic data for the plurality of chemical phases from a database; calculating one or more distortion parameters of the material, wherein the distortion parameters represent the degree of lattice distortion of the material; and determining an estimated ionic mobility value of the material using the one or more distortion parameters. The material can comprise anti-perovskite solid electrolytes. The material can have an anti-perovskite crystalline structure. The material can have the formula X3AB where: X is a mono-valent cation with an electrical charge of +1; A is an anion with an electrical charge of −2; and B is an anion with an electrical charge of −1. In the material, X can be selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; A can be selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se; and B can be selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. One or more distortion parameters of a material can be calculated using atomic radii. The estimated ionic mobility value can be determined using at least one additional parameter. The additional parameter can be a known ionic mobility value of the material without distortions. In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for determining an estimated ionic mobility value of a solid-state electrolyte material. The method includes the steps of: (a) receiving a selection of a plurality of chemical compositional and structural information for a solid-state electrolyte material; (b) retrieving thermodynamic data for the plurality of chemical phases from a database; (c) calculating one or more distortion parameters of the material, wherein the distortion parameters represent the degree of lattice distortion of the material; and (d) determining an estimated ionic mobility value of the solid-state electrolyte material using the one or more distortion parameters and optionally using a known ionic mobility value of the solid-state electrolyte material without distortions. The material can comprise anti-perovskite solid electrolytes. The material can have an anti-perovskite crystalline structure. The material can have the formula X3AB where: X is a mono-valent cation with an electrical charge of +1; A is an anion with an electrical charge of −2; and B is an anion with an electrical charge of −1. In the material, X can be selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; A can be selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se; and B can be selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. One or more distortion parameters of a material can be calculated using atomic radii. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a solid-state electrolyte, the solid-state electrolyte comprising a material formed from Na3SI. The material can have an anti-perovskite crystalline structure. The foregoing and other aspects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration an example embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment does not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention, however, and reference is made therefore to the claims and herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.

11413716

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based on and claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-211230, filed Nov. 22, 2019, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a nut runner device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There has been conventionally known an automatic bolt fastening device that is attached to a movable body such as a robot, and fastens a fastening member such as a nut or a bolt to a fastened member (for example, see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. Hei 5-337752). The automatic bolt fastening device of Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. Hei 5-337752 is configured such that a unit including a suction member that sucks and holds a bolt and a bit that engages with a head portion of the bolt is attachable to and detachable from a main body of the fastening device, and can respond to a plurality of types of bolts having different head portion sizes by replacement of the unit. Further, the automatic bolt fastening device in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. Hei 5-337752 holds a bolt by vacuum suction. Vacuum suction can hold a fastening member without magnetizing the fastening member, and therefore is suitable for holding a fastening member that should not be magnetized. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present disclosure is a nut runner device including a main body including a spindle, and a support portion that supports the spindle rotatably around a longitudinal axial line of the spindle, a detachable unit that is detachably connected to a tip of the main body, and includes a wrench that is disposed coaxially with the spindle and is rotatable integrally with the spindle, and an air passage that extends inside of the spindle and the detachable unit in a direction along the longitudinal axial line, and connects a discharge port provided in the spindle, and a suction port that opens to a tip surface of the detachable unit, wherein a tip portion of the wrench is disposed in the suction port, and air that is sucked from the suction port to the discharge port via the air passage passes by the tip portion of the wrench and a fastening member that is fitted to a tip of the wrench.

11467860

COPYRIGHT NOTICE A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY This patent document relates generally to database systems and more specifically to client-server interactions for presenting information stored in database systems. BACKGROUND “Cloud computing” services provide shared resources, applications, and information to computers and other devices upon request. In cloud computing environments, services can be provided by one or more servers accessible over the Internet rather than installing software locally on in-house computer systems. Users can interact with cloud computing services to undertake a wide range of tasks. One example of a cloud computing service is a database system. A database system in an on-demand computing services environment may be used to provide information to a variety of client machines via the internet. Much of that information may be presented in complex interactive user interfaces, accessed via the internet, that may be used to present large amounts of information.

11408651

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates generally to a cooling system, such as heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR) system. BACKGROUND HVACR systems are used to cool or heat spaces, such as residential dwellings, commercial buildings, and/or refrigeration units. These systems cycle a refrigerant (also referred to as charge) that is used to cool or heat the spaces. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure contemplates an unconventional heating or cooling system that includes a second heat exchanger that can be used to effectively expand the volume of the high pressure side (e.g., a condenser, heat pump, high side heat exchanger) of the system. By varying the volume of the high pressure side, the system can efficiently manage the high side pressure in the system. For example, when the variable speed compressor is operating at a low speed, the refrigerant can be directed away from the second heat exchanger to increase the refrigerant pressure in the system. When the variable speed compressor is operating at a high speed, the refrigerant can be directed to the second heat exchanger to decrease the refrigerant pressure in the system. Certain embodiments will be described below. According to an embodiment, an apparatus includes a high side heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a load, a variable speed compressor, and a three-way valve. The high side heat exchanger removes heat from a refrigerant. The second heat exchanger removes heat from the refrigerant. The load uses the refrigerant to remove heat from a space proximate the load. The variable speed compressor compresses the refrigerant from the load and directs the compressed refrigerant to the high side heat exchanger. The three-way valve, when operating in a first mode, directs the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to the load and when operating in a second mode, directs the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger. According to another embodiment, a method includes removing heat from a refrigerant using a high side heat exchanger and, when operating in a first mode, directing the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to a load. The method also includes, when operating in a second mode, directing the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to a second heat exchanger, removing heat from the refrigerant using the second heat exchanger, and directing the refrigerant from the second heat exchanger to the load. The method further includes using the refrigerant to remove heat from a space proximate the load, compressing the refrigerant from the load using a variable speed compressor, and directing the compressed refrigerant to the high side heat exchanger. According to yet another embodiment, a system includes a high side heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a load, a variable speed compressor, a three-way valve, and a controller. The high side heat exchanger removes heat from a refrigerant. The second heat exchanger removes heat from the refrigerant. The load uses the refrigerant to remove heat from a space proximate the load. The variable speed compressor compresses the refrigerant from the load and directs the compressed refrigerant to the high side heat exchanger. The three-way valve, when operating in a first mode, directs the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to the load, and when operating in a second mode, directs the refrigerant from the high side heat exchanger to the second heat exchanger. The controller switches the operation of the three-way valve between the first mode and the second mode. Certain embodiments provide one or more technical advantages. For example, an embodiment effectively expands the volume of the high pressure side when a variable speed compressor is operating at a high speed by directing refrigerant to an additional heat exchanger. As another example, an embodiment effectively lowers the volume of the high pressure side when a variable speed compressor is operating at a low speed by directing refrigerant away from an additional heat exchanger. As yet another example, an embodiment improves the efficiency of a cooling system when a variable speed compressor switches from operating at a low speed to a high speed. Certain embodiments may include none, some, or all of the above technical advantages. One or more other technical advantages may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions, and claims included herein.

11537601

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to accessing datasets, and particularly but not exclusively to selecting datasets to respond to a query having multiple expressions to render a response satisfying quality metrics. BACKGROUND It has long been the case that it has been possible to query databases holding data to provide a response to the query. Queries are run on databases to find a match for the information being requested responsive to the query. For example, a user providing the query might want to know how many entries in a particular database satisfy a particular requirement, for example, an age range or gender requirement. There are numerous technologies available to handle this. It is becoming an increasing requirement however to use more than one database to satisfy a single query. This can be for multiple reasons. Queries may be more complex, and have more expressions requiring a match. Some expressions may be fulfilled by one database, whereas other expressions may relate to information or data held in a different database. There are a number of existing techniques for satisfying a query with multiple expressions where those expressions need to be fulfilled from different databases. According to one technique, the two independent datasets are firstly merged together so that they exist as a single dataset (sometimes referred to as a data lake) which can then be queried with the multiple expressions. This procedure can require the transfer of large amounts of data, and a complex merging exercise at the receiving end. Any deficiencies in the origin datasets are carried over to the merged dataset. If new datasets become available, they have to be merged before a query can be run. Sometimes, databases are available within a single “system” such that they can be in direct communication. A technique exists to query across such databases. For this technique a party has to be granted full read access to the databases to allow those queries. So there is no way of controlling the queries that are made on individual databases and therefore there is no way to keep the data secure. This is why the technique is only suitable for databases which are held on the same system. The technique is not suitable for databases held by independent owners who wish to keep their data secure and private. Further disadvantages of the known techniques include the fact that data quickly becomes less valuable and useful as it goes out of date. This means that where data is collected into a single database from multiple independent databases, this has to be an ongoing procedure. Increasingly, privacy restrictions surrounding data means that providing data from one database into a combined database can come with restrictions around privacy issues. A technique was developed by the present inventors to enable independent datasets to be searched without breaching privacy or security data regulations. Thus, WO 2018/096062 (the contents of which are incorporated by reference) describes a method of accessing multiple independent databases with a single query having multiple expressions, the method comprising: deriving from a single query at least one filtering query containing at least one filtering expression and a target query containing at least one target expression; searching a first one of the multiple independent databases using the at least one filtering query to obtain a filtering set of target entries matching the at least one filtering expression; applying identifiers only of the filtering set of target entries and the target query to a second one of the multiple independent databases to search amongst the filtering set of target entries only in the second database for entries that match the target expression; and generating a set of result entries from the second database which thereby satisfy the filtering expression and the target expression. The result entries can be supplied in a response message in the form of identifiers of records/entries in the second database. Alternatively (and more commonly), the result entries can be aggregated into groups according to attributes of the entries. Examples of expressions which can be utilised as the filtering expression and/or the target expression include age/gender/geographical location. The technology may be referred to as data joining and has proved useful for a number of reasons. Data joining may be employed to join internal data from databases belonging to the same entity, external data from databases owned by a plurality of entities, or data from databases physically located across different countries. For example when joining internal data, the data joining system provides a solution to combine datasets that are not allowed to be cross-contaminated, or are intentionally segregated by access restrictions, internal policies and regulations. It is also useful for joining many internal databases that are too large to be managed in a single instance, or combine knowledge of different databases across a large corporation. When deployed to join external datasets, the data joining system allows the companies to benefit from pooling their knowledge and therefrom creates new datasets, as well as to acquire knowledge of sensitive data that would not normally be shared. Furthermore, the data joining system allows data to be sold into newly created market places. In some cases the use of the data joining system overcomes juridical restrictions and allows data to be exported from a particular jurisdiction. The data joining system is also useful for joining datasets that are time consuming to synchronise or technically impractical to move among different countries. In many cases, it can be advantageous for a user to have an idea of the intersection between two datasets—in particular the intersection between his own dataset and that of a third party. For example, a user's dataset may comprise medical data on one million people, and a second dataset may comprise financial records for two million people. The user may wish to know how many of the people for whom he has medical data are also to be found in the second dataset, because this means that the financial and medical data can, for these people, be correlated. To address this, WO 2019/030407 (the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference) describes a method of determining a further dataset to be joined with a source dataset comprising a plurality of data entries each identified by a respective key, the method comprising: receiving an identifier of the source dataset; determining an intersection weight between the source dataset and each of a plurality of possible further datasets based on the number of common keys between the source dataset and each respective possible further dataset and generating an output based on the intersection weights for use in selecting, one of the plurality of possible further datasets to be joined with the source dataset. In one system, the output which is generated for use in selecting one of the plurality a possible further dataset causes data to be presented to the user via a graphical user interface. While this could be done by audio, the preferred technique is to provide clear visual information about the possible further datasets on the GUI. This information can include the intersection weights themselves and/or the datasets can be presented to the user on the GUI ranked according to their intersection weights with the source dataset. This provides a very simple visual ‘marketplace’ from which a user can readily envisage which dataset or datasets would be most beneficial to be combined with his own. This is particularly useful in the context of running a query over joint datasets. SUMMARY The technology described in WO 2018/096062 and WO 2019/030407 is extremely useful in enabling a data join to be accomplished in a decentralised fashion without the need to move raw data into a central store or between remote stores. Furthermore, enabling selection of different datasets provides flexible query options to users. However, the decisions which may be made by users are constrained by the information that is rendered available to them. Moreover, the quality of the join operation may vary significantly depending on the quality of the underlying data. A user may not be aware that their results are of a low quality, or the reasons why the quality of a particular query may be low. There are many scenarios where a ‘join’ may be carried out, and different ways in which it can be implemented. The above described technology is one example of how databases may be combined, but aspects described herein may also be used with different combining technologies. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of accessing a dataset to fulfil a query over an intended audience, the method comprising: generating a user interface to be rendered on a display of a computer device, the user interface comprising input means for a user to select at least one intended audience dataset from a plurality of datasets which the user has permission to access, each dataset having a plurality of data entries, each data entry having at least one key, the user interface being configured to receive from the user a query defining an intended operation to be performed on entries of the intended audience dataset to generate the target audience; receiving the query from the user; selecting at least one supporting candidate dataset from a plurality of candidate supporting datasets; determining whether the selected supporting candidate dataset comprises entries which enhance the entries of the audience dataset for performing the intended operation; and if so, selecting the candidate dataset and the audience dataset to contribute to performance of the operation and if not, selecting a next candidate dataset from the plurality of supporting candidate datasets and repeating the determining step. In an example, the intended operation defines a join intent on the intended audience dataset and at least one further one of the plurality of datasets which the user has permission to access. In an example, the join intent is a set operation. In an example, the set operation includes one or more of: an exclude operation, a union operation, and an intersect operation. In an example, the method comprises: partitioning the audience into disjunct partitions based on the one or more set operations; running the query over each partition separately; and aggregating the results of the query from each partition into a final result. In an example, partitioning the audience into disjunct partitions comprises: generating a list of combinations of the datasets that are comprised within the audience, each combination being disjunct from all other combinations; identifying a disjunct partition by: i) sorting the list by instances of said combinations; ii) selecting from the list the dataset having the greatest number of possible combinations; iii) removing from the list any combinations which are not members of the selected dataset to produce a reduced list; iv) constructing a tree of the reduced list; v) pruning the tree by repeatedly removing leaves from the tree where a branch contains both a dataset and a negation of that dataset; vi) identifying the disjunct partition as the dataset defined by the pruned tree; vii) removing from the list the combinations comprised in the reduced list; and viii) repeating steps i) to vii) until no combinations remain in the list. In an example, the method comprises configuring the user interface to receive a user indication of join intent. In an example, the method comprises generating on the user interface a visual representation of the join intent. In an example, the method comprises generating on the user interface a visual representation of the application of the join intent with a further one of the datasets. In an example, the method comprises generating on the user interface, for a plurality of different further datasets, a respective visual representation of the application of the join intent with the respective further dataset. In an example, the method comprises receiving user input confirming selection of one of the further datasets, and using the confirmed further dataset and the audience dataset to contribute to performance of the operation. In an example, the at least one supporting candidate dataset comprises a via dataset storing associations between keys of a type present in the target audience and keys of a type present in a further dataset to be joined with the audience dataset. In an example, the at least one supporting candidate dataset comprises an enrichment dataset storing attribute information for at least one of the entries of the target audience. In an example, enhancing the audience entries comprises adding to the number of entries in the audience from the selected supporting dataset. In an example, there are at least two supporting candidate datasets comprising: an enrichment dataset storing attribute information for at least one of the entries of the target audience; and a via dataset storing associations between keys of a type present in the target audience and keys of a type present in the enrichment dataset. In an example, at least some of the data entries comprise one or more attribute and the query comprises a filtering expression defining at least one attribute value for filtering entries of the audience. In an example, the intended operation is a filtering operation on attributes associated with entries. In an example, the method comprises generating on the user interface a visual representation of results of the filtering operation. In an example, the method comprises generating on the user interface a respective icon visually representing the respective datasets. In an example, the user interface is configured to receive an aggregation expression for aggregating the result entries. In an example, the aggregation is selected from: a count, an average, a maximum number, a top-n, or count-by-bins aggregation function. In an example, the method comprises generating for display on the user interface a visual indicator representing the status of the results of the data aggregation, the visual indicator comprising: a first indication of the number of entries in the target audience having an attribute matching the filtering expression; a second indication of a total number of entries in the target audience having an attribute not matching the filtering expression; and a third indication of the number of entries in the target audience not having an attribute matching the filtering expression. In an example, the visual indicator has visually distinct regions identifying relative proportions of the first, second and third indications. In an example, each of the candidate supporting datasets has a user-defined quality metric, and said selecting at least one supporting candidate datasets is based on the user-defined quality metric, the user-defined quality metric indicating a value of the at least one key and/or a category of each candidate supporting dataset when used to enhance the entries in the target audience for which the intended operation is to be performed. In an example, applying result entries resulting from performance of the intended operation to an identity database holding raw identifiers of entries in the intended audience. Any of the techniques described in relation to enhancing entries of the audience dataset for performing the intended operation may be used to enhance application of result entries to the identity database. In an example, the method comprises one or more via datasets storing associations between keys of a type present in the result entries and keys of a type present in the identity database. In an example, the method comprises applying the result entries to two or more identity databases. The two or more activation databases may be broken down into partitions and the result entries may be applied to each partition independently (e.g. potentially using different via dataset(s), etc.), before the results are combined. In an example, the method comprises applying result entries resulting from performance of the intended operation to an additional audience dataset prior to aggregating the result entries. In an example, the method comprises using a query expression for aggregating results when accessing the additional audience dataset. In an example, the operation comprises a data aggregation operation to be performed on the audience and selected candidate supporting database. In some examples, the results of performing the operation may be stored in a database and the user provided with a unique ID and/or password for accessing the stored results. The results may have a lifetime after which they are erased from the database. In an example, the method comprises executing a data aggregation algorithm which carries out the steps of: selecting one or more of the candidate datasets according to optimisation criteria based on at least one quality metric for the data aggregation operation pertaining to the join intent; searching the at least one audience data set or one or more selected ones of the candidate datasets using at least one first expression to obtain a filtering set of entries matching the at least one first expression; applying identifiers only of the filtering set of entries to one or more of the selected candidate datasets to search amongst the filtering set of entries only for result entries and aggregating the result entries; determining the value of the at least one quality metric based on the aggregated result entries; and comparing the value of the at least one quality metric with a threshold to provide an output indication of quality of the data aggregation operation. According to a second aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a computer program product comprising computer-executable instructions stored on a non-transitory storage medium configured so as when executed by one or more processing units to perform a method of accessing a dataset to fulfil a query over an intended audience, the method comprising: generating a user interface to be rendered on a display of a computer device, the user interface comprising input means for a user to select at least one intended audience dataset from a plurality of datasets which the user has permission to access, each dataset having a plurality of data entries, each data entry having at least one key, the user interface being configured to receive from the user a query defining an intended operation to be performed on entries of the intended audience dataset to generate the target audience; receiving the query from the user; selecting at least one supporting candidate dataset from a plurality of candidate supporting datasets; determining whether the selected supporting candidate dataset comprises entries which enhance the entries of the audience dataset for performing the intended operation; and if so, selecting the candidate dataset and the audience dataset to contribute to performance of the operation and if not, selecting a next candidate dataset from the plurality of supporting candidate datasets and repeating the determining step. According to a third aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a computing device for accessing a dataset to fulfil a query over an intended audience, the computing device comprising: a display; and a controller configured to: generate a user interface to be rendered on the display, the user interface comprising input means for a user to select at least one intended audience dataset from a plurality of datasets which the user has permission to access, each dataset having a plurality of data entries, each data entry having at least one key, the user interface being configured to receive from the user a query defining an intended operation to be performed on entries of the intended audience dataset to generate the target audience; receive the query from the user; selecting at least one supporting candidate dataset from a plurality of candidate supporting datasets; determine whether the selected supporting candidate dataset comprises entries which enhance the entries of the audience dataset for performing the intended operation; and if so, select the candidate dataset and the audience dataset to contribute to performance of the operation and if not, select a next candidate dataset from the plurality of supporting candidate datasets and repeating the determining step. According to a fourth aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a method of accessing a dataset to fulfil a query over an intended audience, the method comprising: generating a user interface to be rendered on a display of a computer device, the user interface comprising input means for a user to define an intended audience dataset as one or more set operations on two or more datasets which the user has permission to access, each dataset having a plurality of data entries, each data entry having at least one key, the user interface being configured to receive from the user a query defining an intended operation to be performed on entries of the intended audience; receiving the query from the user; partitioning the audience into disjunct partitions based on the one or more set operations; running the query over each partition separately; aggregating the results of the query from each partition into a final result. In an example, partitioning the audience into disjunct partitions comprises: generating a list of combinations of the datasets that are comprised within the audience, each combination being disjunct from all other combinations; identifying a disjunct partition by: i) sorting the list by instances of said combinations; ii) selecting from the list the dataset having the greatest number of possible combinations; iii) removing from the list any combinations which are not members of the selected dataset to produce a reduced list; iv) constructing a tree of the reduced list; v) pruning the tree by repeatedly removing leaves from the tree where a branch contains both a dataset and a negation of that dataset; vi) identifying the disjunct partition as the dataset defined by the pruned tree; vii) removing from the list the combinations comprised in the reduced list; and viii) repeating steps i) to vii) until no combinations remain in the list.

11478146

CROSS-REFERENCE This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-008265, filed on Jan. 22, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The technique disclosed herein relates to an optical coherence tomographic device. BACKGROUND ART Techniques for specifying a dynamic part in a scattering sample (such as a position of a blood vessel in a living organism) are in development. For example, fluorescence imaging that is employed in a wide variety of clinical uses nowadays is known as a method for specifying a dynamic part in a scattering sample. In the fluorescence imaging, a dynamic part in a scattering sample is specified by injecting a contrast medium containing fluorochrome into a patient's body and detecting fluorescence exhibited by the fluorochrome. Further, as another method for specifying a dynamic part in a scattering sample, a method that uses an optical coherence tomography (OCT) is known. By using the OCT, a dynamic part in a scattering sample can be specified noninvasively. For example, US Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0066798 describes an example of a method of blood vessel imaging in a scattering sample by using OCT. SUMMARY In the aforementioned fluorescence imaging, the contrast medium needs to be injected into the patient's body, and thus there was a problem that patient's affliction is grave. Further, in a method using OCT as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0066798, there was a problem that the dynamic part in the scattering sample cannot be specified with high accuracy. The disclosure herein discloses a technique that detects a dynamic part in a scattering sample noninvasively and with high accuracy. An optical coherence tomographic device disclosed herein may comprise: a light source; a measurement light generator configured to generate measurement light by using light from the light source and to generate reflected light from a target region in a scattering sample by irradiating the target region with the measurement light; a reference light generator configured to generate reference light by using the light from the light source; an interference light generator configured to generate interference light by combining the reflected light from the target region generated in the measurement light generator and the reference light generated in the reference light generator; an interference light detector configured to detect the interference light generated in the interference light generator and to generate interference signals by converting the interference light; a processor; and a memory storing computer-readable instructions therein, the computer-readable instructions, when executed by the processor, causing the optical coherence tomographic device to execute: acquiring a plurality of tomographic images for a same cross section in the target region in time series from the interference signals generated in the interference light detector; calculating an entropy of the generated interference signals based on the plurality of tomographic images acquired in time series; and specifying a dynamic part in the tomographic images based on the calculated entropy of the generated interference signals. In the optical coherence tomographic device as above, the plurality of tomographic images (interference signals) is acquired for the same cross section in the specific target region in time series. by which the entropy of the acquired interference signals can be calculated. Tomographic images hardly change over time at a stationary part in the scattering sample, whereas the tomographic images change over time at a dynamic part in the scattering sample. Due to this, from a time-series perspective, the entropy is low at the stationary part such as a tissue that hardly moves in the scattering sample, and it is high at the dynamic part such as a blood vessel. Due to this, the dynamic part can be specified noninvasively and with high accuracy by calculating the entropy of the interference signals.

11278343

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates generally to vehicle suspensions and, in one example described below, more particularly provides for use of a common hub and/or knuckle assembly with various vehicle suspension capacities. BACKGROUND A wheel hub can be used to transfer loads from a rotating wheel into a spindle through connected bearings. It is typical for an axle of a specific capacity to use an industry standard spindle size, bearing size, hubcap size, and wheel mounting surface dimensions. These sizes all vary according to a weight capacity of the axle. That is, axles with different capacities typically have corresponding differently dimensioned spindles, bearings, hubcaps and wheel mounting surfaces. In addition, different capacities of steerable axles traditionally use corresponding different knuckles, with the different knuckles having varying feature sizes. These feature sizes then affect various other wheel end components that interface with the knuckle. Additionally, some desired features of lower capacity axles may drive packaging constraints. This includes track and desired wheel mount face, wheel size with associated wheel stud pitch circle, and brake size. It will be appreciated that improvements are continually needed in the arts of designing, manufacturing, assembling and maintaining vehicle suspensions. The present disclosure provides such improvements to the arts for use with a variety of different vehicle suspension types, such as, steerable and non-steerable, different axle types and capacities, etc.

11254428

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the technology field of unmanned vehicles and, more particularly, to a method for controlling an unmanned aircraft, a server, and a remote control device. BACKGROUND Unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs”) have been widely used in industries such as agriculture, forest, etc., to perform various tasks. UAVs have been proven to increase work efficiency, reduce cost, and improve safety. It is expected that UAVs will be deployed in more and more applications in the future, and UAV technologies will be further advanced. In current technologies, the actual operator of a UAV in performing a task may not be the owner of the UAV. For example, after a customer purchases the UAV, the customer may lease or rent the UAV to other people. In some cases, the customer may authorize a company's UAV operator to operate the UAV to accomplish certain tasks. In performing a task, the UAV may be controlled by a remote control device operated by an operator. The owner of the UAV often does not have direct control of the flight of the UAV. In certain situations, when the actual operator has unreasonable behavior, or when the lease expires, the owner of the UAV cannot have the actual control of the UAV in time, which causes much inconvenience to the owner. SUMMARY In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (“UAV”). The method includes receiving locking instruction information from a user terminal for locking the UAV. The method also includes transmitting a locking command to a remote control device of the UAV based on the locking instruction information, to instruct the remote control device to lock the UAV based on the locking command. In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is also provided a server. The server includes a locking instruction receiver configured to receive locking instruction information from a user terminal for locking an unmanned aerial vehicle (“UAV”). The server also includes a locking command transmitter configured to transmit a locking command to a remote control device of the UAV based on the locking instruction information, to enable the remote control device to lock the UAV based on the locking command. In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is also provided a remote control device for an unmanned aerial vehicle (“UAV”). The remote control device includes a locking command receiver configured to receive a locking command transmitted by a server. The remote control device also includes a locking device configured to lock the UAV based on the locking command. The present disclosure provides a method for controlling a UAV, a server, and a remote control device. The UAV control method may include receiving locking instruction information from a user terminal for locking the UAV. The method may include transmitting a locking command to the remote control device of the UAV based on the locking instruction information, such that the remote control device may lock the UAV based on the locking command. As such, the owner of the UAV may take over the control of the UAV in time when the lease is about to expire (or has expired) or the operator of the UAV has some unreasonable behavior. This can avoid continued operation of the UAV by the lease or the operator. As such, the control of the UAV becomes flexible, which provides convenience to the owner.

11493543

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 110134579, filed on Sep. 16, 2021. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. BACKGROUND Technical Field The disclosure relates to an electronic circuit, and particularly relates to a voltage comparator and an operation method thereof. Description of Related Art Voltage comparators are often applied to electronic circuits. The voltage comparator may compare two voltages (for example, a target voltage and a reference voltage). The current (for example, a reference current of an input pair) of the voltage comparator may affect the response speed of the voltage comparator. Generally speaking, the greater the reference current of the input pair of the voltage comparator, the faster the response speed of the voltage comparator. The reference current of the input pair of the conventional voltage comparator is fixed (or irrelevant to the transition of the target voltage). In other words, regardless of whether the target voltage is in a steady state or transitioning, the response speed of the conventional voltage comparator is fixed. In order to meet the requirements of product power consumption, the current of the voltage comparator is set to as small as possible, which means that the response speed of the voltage comparator is limited. SUMMARY The disclosure provides a voltage comparator and an operation method thereof to attend to requirements such as “small current” and “fast response”. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the voltage comparator includes a first comparison terminal, a second comparison terminal, a detection terminal, an amplifying circuit, a reference current source, and a first transient current source. One of the first comparison terminal and the second comparison terminal is adapted to receive a first corresponding voltage corresponding to a target voltage. Other one of the first comparison terminal and the second comparison terminal is adapted to receive a first reference voltage. The detection terminal is adapted to receive a second corresponding voltage corresponding to the target voltage. A first input terminal and a second input terminal of the amplifying circuit are respectively coupled to the first comparison terminal and the second comparison terminal. An output terminal of the amplifying circuit is coupled to an output terminal of the voltage comparator. The reference current source is coupled to the amplifying circuit to provide a reference current. The first transient current source is coupled to the amplifying circuit to selectively provide a first transient current. An input terminal of the first transient current source is coupled to the detection terminal of the voltage comparator to receive the second corresponding voltage, and the first transient current source detects a first transition of the second corresponding voltage to dynamically adjust the first transient current. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the operation method includes the following steps. A first corresponding voltage corresponding to a target voltage is received by one of a first comparison terminal of a voltage comparator and a second comparison terminal of the voltage comparator. A first reference voltage is received by other one of the first comparison terminal and the second comparison terminal. A first input terminal and a second input terminal of an amplifying circuit of the voltage comparator are respectively coupled to the first comparison terminal and the second comparison terminal, and an output terminal of the amplifying circuit is coupled to an output terminal of the voltage comparator. A second corresponding voltage corresponding to the target voltage is received by a detection terminal of the voltage comparator. An input terminal of a first transient current source of the voltage comparator is coupled to the detection terminal to receive the second corresponding voltage. A reference current is provided to the amplifying circuit by a reference current source. A first transition of the second corresponding voltage is detected by the first transient current source to dynamically adjust a first transient current. The first transient current is selectively provided to the amplifying circuit by the first transient current source. Based on the above, the reference current source in the embodiments of the disclosure may provide the reference current suitable for the target voltage in a steady state to the amplifying circuit. During the period when the target voltage is in the steady state, the first transient current source may reduce the absolute value of the first transient current as much as possible (even set the first transient current to 0 amperes) to meet the requirements of product power consumption. When a rapidly increasing voltage occurs in the target voltage, the first transient current source may temporarily increase the absolute value of the first transient current to increase the current of the amplifying circuit, thereby accelerating the response speed of the amplifying circuit during the transition period of the target voltage. Therefore, the voltage comparator can attend to requirements such as “small current” and “fast response”. In order for the features and advantages of the disclosure to be more comprehensible, the following specific embodiments are described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

11405936

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the U.S. national phase of PCT Application No. PCT/CN2020/075233 filed on Feb. 14, 2020, which claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201910117796.1 filed on Feb. 15, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entireties by reference herein. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the technical field of communication applications, and in particular, to a scheduling timing determination method, a terminal and a network side device. BACKGROUND In a current communication system, for an inter-carrier scheduling scenario where a scheduling carrier and a scheduled carrier have different subcarrier spacings, a slot (slot) index of a data channel transmitted on the scheduled carrier is determined by a formula ⌊n·2μ⁢⁢PDSCH2μ⁢⁢PDCCH⌋+K0. It can be seen that a timing relationship between a control channel and a data channel is determined by a slot (slot) index n of a downlink control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier, subcarrier spacings of the scheduled carrier and the scheduling carrier, and slot offset K0between the control channel and the data channel carried in DCI (Downlink Control Information). However, when the scheduling carrier has a smaller subcarrier spacing and the scheduled carrier has a larger subcarrier spacing, in accordance with the above-mentioned timing determination method, that is ⌊n·2μ⁢⁢PDSCH2μ⁢⁢PDCCH⌋+K0, the control channel lags behind the data channel. As a result, a terminal side needs to have a larger storage capacity, delay increases and scheduling flexibility is limited. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a scheduling timing determination method, a terminal and a network side device to solve the problem that a timing confirmation method in the related art may cause an increase in scheduling delay, and a terminal side needs to have larger storage capacity and scheduling flexibility is limited. In order to achieve the above object, the embodiments of the present disclosure provide a scheduling timing determination method, applied to a terminal, including: receiving scheduling information of a network side device carried by a control channel on a scheduling carrier, and obtaining a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel according to the scheduling information; determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, the determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and the starting symbol, includes: receiving configuration information sent by the network side device; obtaining the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier according to the configuration information. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the step of determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot includes: obtaining a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; determining the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└(2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a scheduling timing determination method, applied to a network side device, including: sending a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel to a terminal through scheduling information carried by a control channel transmitted on a scheduling carrier; determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, the method further includes: sending configuration information to the terminal, where the configuration information includes the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the step of determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot includes: obtaining a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; determining the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└(2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a terminal, including: a receiving module, configured to receive scheduling information of a network side device carried by a control channel on a scheduling carrier, and obtaining a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel according to the scheduling information; a first relative slot obtaining module, configured to determine a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; a first transmission slot obtaining module, configured to determine a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, the first relative slot obtaining module includes: a configuration information receiving unit, configured to receive configuration information sent by the network side device; a subcarrier spacing obtaining unit, configured to obtain the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier according to the configuration information. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the first transmission slot obtaining module includes: a first scheduling slot obtaining unit, configured to obtain a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; a first transmission slot obtaining unit, configured to determine the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└(2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a network side device, including: a first sending module, configured to send a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel to a terminal through scheduling information carried by a control channel transmitted on a scheduling carrier; a second relative slot obtaining module, configured to determine a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; a second transmission slot obtaining module, configured to determine a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, the network side device further includes: a second sending module, configured to send configuration information to the terminal, where the configuration information includes the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the second transmission slot obtaining module includes: a second scheduling slot obtaining unit, configured to obtain a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; a second transmission slot obtaining unit, configured to determine the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a terminal, including: a transceiver, a memory, a processor, and a program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, when the processor executes the program, the following steps are implemented: receiving scheduling information of a network side device carried by a control channel on a scheduling carrier, and obtaining a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel according to the scheduling information; determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, the determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and the starting symbol, includes: receiving configuration information sent by the network side device; obtaining the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier according to the configuration information. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the step of determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot includes: obtaining a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; determining the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└(2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a network side device, including: a transceiver, a memory, a processor, and a program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, when the processor executes the program, the following steps are implemented: sending a slot offset between the control channel and a data channel to a terminal through scheduling information carried by a control channel transmitted on a scheduling carrier; determining a relative slot where the data channel is transmitted on the scheduled carrier according to a subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, a subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel, and a starting symbol of the control channel transmitted in a slot on the scheduling carrier, where the relative slot uses a starting time of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier as a reference point; determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot. Optionally, when the processor executes the program, the following steps are further implemented: sending configuration information to the terminal, where the configuration information includes the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier and the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier. Optionally, the relative slot Kslot=└((2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×S)/m┘+Kindicated, where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, S is an index of the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot, Kindicatedis the slot offset value between the control channel and the data channel, and m is the quantity of symbols within one slots in one slot. Optionally, the step of determining a transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier according to the relative slot includes: obtaining a slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier; determining the transmission slot according to the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier and the relative slot. Optionally, the transmission slot l=└(2μscheduled/2μscheduling)×n┘+Kslot, Where, μscheduledis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduled carrier, μschedulingis an index of the subcarrier spacing of the scheduling carrier, n is an index of the slot where the control channel is transmitted on the scheduling carrier, Kslotis the relative slot. The embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a computer readable storage medium, and a computer program is stored in the computer readable storage medium, when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the scheduling timing determination method on the terminal side provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented, or, when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the scheduling timing determination method on the network side device side provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented. In the embodiment of the present disclosure, when the transmission slot of the data channel on the scheduled carrier is determined, not only the subcarrier spacings of the scheduling carrier and the scheduled carrier and the slot offset between the control channel and the data channel carried in the DCI, but also the starting symbol of the control channel transmitted on the scheduling carrier in the slot are considered, so that the scheduling flexibility may be ensured and the complexity of the terminal may be reduced.

11389656

BACKGROUND The invention relates to “active implantable medical devices” as defined by the Directive 90/385/EEC of 20 Jun. 1990 of the Council of the European Communities. It more specifically relates to devices that deliver pacing therapies of the nervous system, including vagus nerve stimulation (“VNS”). This type of stimulation may be referred to generally as “neurostimulation”. The device includes for this purpose a lead with an electrode implanted on the vagus nerve and a generator delivering VNS pulses on this electrode. Central nervous system stimulation therapy is recognized with respect to many disorders, such as epilepsy, pain, heart failure, apnea, obesity, etc. For the treatment of disorders such as heart failure, epilepsy or obesity, the devices typically include a lead with an electrode implanted on the vagus nerve (called “VNS lead”) and a generator supplying VNS pulses on this electrode. In some therapies, the VNS stimulation profile is composed of repetitive bursts or pulse trains produced during periods of “activity” or “ON periods” of a few tens of seconds, interspersed with periods of “inactivity” or “OFF periods” of a few minutes during which stimulation is no longer issued. The vagus nerve may be stimulated synchronously with the heart rate, in which case the device includes methods for collecting myocardium depolarization waves, typical methods for collecting an ECG by a subcutaneous electrode, or an EGM by an electrode implanted on or in the myocardium. The VNS stimulation is particularly well suited to the treatment of cardiac disorders, especially in patients at risk of heart failure, wherein the vagus nerve stimulation acts on cardiovascular functions by reducing the heart rate. This reduces the cardiac contractility and increases the duration of diastole, which may help reduce the development of cardiac remodeling which may lead to a worsening heart failure status. Indeed, in a patient with heart failure, or in the post-myocardial infarction, sympathetic activity is excessive (hypertonic sympathetic state), with a rather depressed parasympathetic system, leading to a heart rate faster than normal. The problem addressed by the invention is related to the fact that the efficiency of neuronal therapy by VNS stimulation, if it is effective at the beginning of its implementation, decreases rapidly, probably due to compensation phenomena coming from the formation of a physiological control loop. Thus, if, for example, the heart rate (or RR interval) of the patient is measured just before and just after the triggering of the VNS stimulation (that is to say just before and just after the transition from OFF to ON), there is a significant decrease in heart rate, which reaches a maximum after about ten seconds. However, all things being equal, the frequency starts to gradually increase even as the VNS stimulation continues to be applied. After a few tens of seconds, slower heart beat obtained by the stimulation VNS is only from 80% to 60% of what it was originally (when the VNS stimulation had begun to be applied). However, if the VNS stimulation is stopped (transition from ON to OFF) then reactivated later (end of OFF period), the initial effectiveness is recovered, followed by the same gradual weakening of the effect of the therapy. The continuous application of VNS stimulation is therefore of diminishing benefit and it is for this reason that the technique of ON and OFF alternating periods of stimulation is implemented. Another aspect to be considered is that of deleterious events such as cough, apnea, ectopic ventricular contractions, or PVCs (Premature Ventricular Contractions), which may occur as secondary effects of VNS stimulation. If such symptoms occur, the VNS stimulation should be reduced so that the drawbacks of the latter do not outweigh the benefits. Today, the durations of the ON and OFF periods are essentially empirically programmed by the practitioner. The practitioner must find a compromise between a sufficiently long ON period for the VNS stimulation is beneficial to the patient, while avoiding a prolonged stimulation does not produce deleterious effects such as the occurrence of cough, etc. In practice, the practitioner should follow patients over a long period so as to finely adjust the durations of ON and OFF periods to the best of each patient. Procedures that could help practitioners program these parameters would be beneficial, particularly in the field of cardiac rhythm management, especially for patients experiencing heart failure. As explained above, the ON duration periods have a significant impact on changes in rhythmic and/or hemodynamic parameters. SUMMARY One object of the invention is first to provide a device to overcome the above drawbacks by automatic dynamic adjustment of the ON periods to maximize the benefit to the patient of the VNS stimulation and second, to avoid the occurrence of adverse events that may be induced by that VNS stimulation. WO 2007/127150 A1 (EP 2019714 A1) proposes to avoid the phenomena of compensation, to change the VNS “therapeutic protocol” by modulation of the applied ON/OFF periods (keeping the same duty cycle ratio) periodically after a predetermined time, or on detection of an event such as external activation by the user or the practitioner, or a signal from a sensor. The protocols, including the durations of ON periods, however, are determined a priori, arbitrarily and are unrelated to a physiological parameter that reflects the patient's current status at a given time. US 2006/0015153 A1 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,483,747 B2) proposes to recalculate from time to time the duration of ON and OFF periods at regular intervals or not, or randomly. However, this technique does not take into account the instantaneous effects of VNS therapy. US 2012/172741 A1 proposes to recalculate the duration of the ON periods to take into account physiological modifications with slow dynamic, such as impedance variations, fibrosis or alteration of nerve tissue that may change over the long term the physiological response to VNS therapy. The proposed method implements a closed loop which continuously adapts the duty cycle ratio, but without any threshold consideration or absolute duration of the ON and OFF periods. WO 2014/074523 A1 describes another VNS therapy system, operating according to a principle of modification of a “maintaining” therapy. This approach consists in defining a level of maintaining ON-OFF duty cycle ratio and to adapt it, but only during the periods wherein a predefined physiological event (e.g. a tachyarrhythmia) is detected. The adaptation is made by iteratively increasing the maintaining value of the duty cycle ratio, without reaching a maximum level which could produce undesirable effects. Various embodiments of the invention virtually adapt in real time, and continuously (and not only during the detection of a particular event, like in the case of the WO 2014/074523 A1 cited above), both the ON and OFF periods for every VNS stimulation cycle according to a continuously measured physiological parameter representative of cardiac activity and/or of the patient's hemodynamic status. This parameter, which provides a direct indicator of the efficacy of VNS stimulation on the functions that are the subject of therapy, is used to directly control the application of the VNS pulses to maximize the benefit to the patient. More specifically, various embodiments of the invention provide an implantable device for neurostimulation therapy by stimulation of the vagus nerve or of one of its branches, for example, in a manner disclosed in US2012/172744 A1 above. The device includes a generator capable of producing sequences of stimulation pulses continuously generated in succession during periods of activity separated by inactivity periods during which no stimulation is issued. The device further includes circuitry for receiving an input signal, provided by a physiological sensor, representative of the cardiac activity and/or the hemodynamic status of the patient implanted with the device, and outputting to the generator a control parameter of the current effectiveness of neurostimulation therapy. The circuitry further provides for dynamic control of the neurostimulation therapy, capable of modulating the duration of the periods of activity based on the current value level of the control parameter. The circuitry may be adapted to modulate for each VNS stimulation cycle the duration of the activity period, and are further adapted to calculate, at the end of each activity period, the duration of the inactivity period depending on the duration of the previous period. According to various advantageous subsidiary characteristics: the circuitry may be adapted to modulate the duration of the activity periods by comparison of the control parameter with a predetermined threshold; the circuitry may be capable of modulating the duration of the inactivity periods to maintain a constant duty cycle ratio between activity periods and inactivity periods; the circuitry may be further capable of monitoring for each cardiac cycle the crossing of a threshold value by the current value level of the control parameter, and ending at each cardiac cycle the period of activity from the crossing this threshold; the threshold may be a fixed predetermined threshold, or a dynamic threshold, the device then further including circuitry for calculating a threshold of the control parameter for each current activity period; in the latter case, the threshold calculation includes calculating the threshold based on an extremum value of the control parameter achieved consecutively to the triggering of the current activity period; the threshold calculation may be based on: the measured difference between i) a base value of the control parameter before the triggering of the current activity period and ii) the extremum value of the control parameter reached after the triggering of the current activity period; a base value of the control parameter before the start of the current activity period; and/or the extremum value of the control parameter reached after the triggering of the current activity period; the device may further include circuitry for detecting the occurrence of deleterious events such as cough, ventricular extrasystoles and/or apnea, and inhibiting the triggering of a sequence of stimulation pulses by the generator in the event of occurrence of a harmful event; the circuitry further provides for a timing control adapted to unconditionally stop the generation of the stimulation pulse sequence after lapse of a predetermined period; and the neurostimulation therapy may be provided via stimulation of the vagus nerve. Various embodiments of the invention further provide a method of providing neurostimulation therapy to a patient. The method includes initiating an inactivity period in which no stimulation is applied. The method further includes checking if conditions are met to allow the triggering of an activity period. The conditions may include the absence of cough events, the absence of apnea events, and the absence of ventricular ectopic beats. If the conditions are not met, the inactivity period is reactivated and maintained for a predetermined duration. If the conditions are met, an activity period is initiated in which stimulation is applied. The method further includes monitoring a physiological control parameter representative of the cardiac activity and/or the hemodynamic status of the patient. If the physiological control parameter falls below a predetermined threshold, the activity period is terminated and the duration of a subsequent inactivity period is calculated. If a maximum duration of the activity period is reached, the activity period is terminated and the duration of a subsequent inactivity period is calculated. The duration of the subsequent activity period is calculated to maintain a constant duty cycle ratio between the inactivity period and the activity period.

11301229

This application is a National Stage Entry of PCT/JP2019/008058 filed on Mar. 1, 2019, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application 2018-063842 filed on Mar. 29, 2018, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a system update device and a system update method. BACKGROUND ART System administrators develop a procedure for a system construction operation and a procedure for a system update operation on the basis of, for example, an appropriate template acquired from a storage unit storing procedure templates. However, administrators are sometimes required to manually develop a procedure from the beginning depending on the situation. For example, when a system update operation is executed and if appropriate procedure templates for the current system configuration before the update and the target system configuration after the update are not stored in the storage unit, an administrator is required to manually develop an appropriate procedure from the beginning. As described above, a system construction operation and a system update operation in which a procedure according to a request is manually developed are referred to as an imperative system construction operation and an imperative system update operation. In particular, since an updating operation itself is often complicated, the imperative system update operation has a problem that developing a procedure takes enormous man-hours. In contrast to the imperative system construction operation and the imperative system update operation, a system construction operation and a system update operation in which a procedure according to a request is automatically generated are referred to as a declarative system construction operation and a declarative system update operation. In the declarative system construction operation and the declarative system update operation, the storage unit stores system components, such as parts, and the relations between the components. For example, in the declarative system update operation, the stored information is used to divide the current system configuration and the target system configuration into respective components. Then, the divided components of the respective configurations are compared with each other, whereby an operation procedure capable of updating the current system configuration to the target system configuration is generated each time the update operation is executed. As described above, the declarative system update operation has an advantage that no procedure needs to be manually developed. That is, the declarative system update operation is an operation for automatically updating the system configuration to the update target configuration. The declarative system construction operation is an operation for automatically constructing the construction target system. As a technique for automatically generating a construction procedure and an update procedure on the basis of a difference between the current system configuration and the target system configuration, using the above declarative system construction technique and declarative system update technique, Non Patent Literature (NPL)1to NPL 3 each disclose a procedure generation device.FIG. 32is an explanatory diagram showing an example of an automatic procedure generation process by a general procedure generation device. As shown inFIG. 32, the configuration management unit of a system inputs the current system configuration as configuration information to the procedure generation device. In addition, the system administrator inputs the target system configuration as configuration information to the procedure generation device. The procedure generation device shown inFIG. 32compiles the input configuration information to generate state information indicating the state of the current system configuration and state information indicating the state of the target system configuration. The state information indicates the components of the system and the relations between the components described above. Then, the procedure generation device shown inFIG. 32obtains a state difference that is a difference between the state of the current system configuration and the state of the target system configuration by comparing the generated state information of each of them. Then, the procedure generation device searches for an operation procedure capable of updating the current system configuration to the target system configuration using the state difference. As a result of searching for the procedure, Workflow as shown inFIG. 32is generated. In addition, as shown inFIG. 32, the procedures constituting Workflow are executed in the respective systems. That is, the administrator who develops an operation procedure using the procedure generation device shown inFIG. 32can automatically obtain a relatively reliable operation procedure by simply inputting the target system configuration. In addition, Patent Literature (PTL) 1 also discloses a software update device capable of automating software update operations for a plurality of information processing devices, including an action confirmation operation, thereby reducing the load on a system administrator. In addition, PTL 2 also discloses an operation manual management method for specifying the execution order of a plurality of operations for a plurality of related components. In addition, PTL 3 discloses a firmware update device that can handle malfunction during updating and has a short system down time due to updating, while reducing the nonvolatile memory capacity for storing firmware. In addition, NPL 4 discloses about the MaxSAT solver. CITATION LIST Patent Literature PTL 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-119848PTL 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2017-162256PTL 3: International Publication WO 2010/035596 Non Patent Literature NPL 1: T. Kuroda and A. Gokhale, “Model-Based IT Change Management for Large System Definitions with State-Related Dependencies,” 2014 IEEE 18th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, Ulm, 2014, pages 170-179.NPL 2: T. Kuroda, M. Nakanoya, A. Kitano and A. Gokhale, “The configuration-oriented planning for fully declarative IT system provisioning automation,” NOMS 2016-2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, Istanbul, 2016, pages 808-811.NPL 3: M. Nakanoya, T. Kuroda and A. Kitano, “Automated Change Planning for Differential Update IT Systems with State Constraint,” 2016 IEEE 20th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop (EDOCW), Vienna, 2016, pages 130-138.NPL 4: C. Muise, S. A. McIlraith and J. C. Beck, “Optimally relaxing partial-order plans with MaxSAT,” In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, 2012, pages 358-362. SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem In general, when a construction operation procedure and an update operation procedure are developed, a rollback procedure (an exception handling procedure), which is the procedure of the operation executed when an exception occurs, is also required to be developed each time an operation is executed. The required rollback procedure is a procedure to be used to return the state of a system to the initial state when, for example, the next execution target task that constitutes a normal procedure cannot be executed. The initial state is the state of the system before an operation is executed. Exceptions that can occur are, for example, lack of resources, stop due to a user's interruption, occurrence of abnormality in firmware after update, and extension of scheduled execution time. The exception state is a state of the target system other than the states of the target system that can occur during execution of the normal procedure. For example, when a communication service provided by a communication network of a telecommunications carrier is stopped, the damage to the carrier is large. In addition, when a communication service is stopped, the telecommunications carrier is also required to report the failure to the relevant government ministries and agencies. As described above, in order to operate a communication network, it is required to promptly restore the communication service when an exception occurs, and a safe restoration operation plan is required in advance. For example, a recovery operation plan “guaranteeing that recovery is done within 30 minutes at most if an exception occurs” is required. The procedure generation device shown inFIG. 32is not supposed to generate a rollback procedure. Thus, if the procedure generation device is simply used when an exception occurs, a rollback procedure for transitioning the state of the system from the state when the exception has occurred to the initial state is generated each time an exception occurs. Then, the generated rollback procedure is executed. However, if the procedure generation device cannot generate a procedure that can be rolled back, the administrator fails to handle the exception. In addition, if the procedure generation device takes a long time to execute the computation process for generating a rollback procedure, it can be too late to handle the exception. Thus, it is preferable that rollback procedures generated on the basis of a safe recovery operation plan are prepared in advance for all points at which an exception can occur. Note that, all the points are basically all the points during a construction operation or all the points during an update operation. FIG. 33shows a system update process to be executed on the basis of the above design concept of “preparing rollback procedures for all points at which an exception can occur”.FIG. 33is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a system update process by a system update device. The administrator inputs, for example, a component model indicating the current system configuration and a component model indicating the modification target system configuration to the system update device (step S001). The system update device designs an update operation procedure on the basis of the input component models (step S002). In addition, the system update device constructed on the basis of the above design concept designs rollback procedures for all points at which an exception can occur during an update operation (step S003). The system update device stores the designed rollback procedure group in the storage unit (step S004). Then, the system update device modifies the configuration of the target system in accordance with the designed update operation procedure (step S005). By executing the process of step S005, the state of the target system transitions from the initial state to the target state. The target state is the state of the system after the operation is executed. In addition, when an exception occurs during execution of the update operation procedure, the system update device acquires, from the storage unit, a rollback procedure corresponding to the state of the system when the exception has occurred. Then, the system update device executes rollback in accordance with the acquired rollback procedure (step S006). By executing the process of step S006, the state of the target system transitions from the state when the exception has occurred to the initial state. That is, in the system update process shown inFIG. 33, rollback procedures are comprehensively designed in advance on the basis of the component model information. Thus, when an exception occurs, the system update device can immediately roll back the state of the target system from the fault state to the initial state. However, the system update process shown inFIG. 33has a problem that there are many states during the update operation for which rollback procedures are prepared in advance. For example, if there are 149 states in total that can occur during the update operation, the system update device is required to prepare 149 rollback procedures in advance. Thus, when the method of preparing the rollback procedures for the states during the update operation is adopted, the resource amount required for the preparation of the rollback procedures (particularly, the resource amount required for the computation process) can become enormous. In addition, when the update operation procedure is represented by a partially-ordered set of tasks, the number of states that occur during execution of a predetermined task is not fixed to one. An ordered set is a set in which the concept of order is defined. Of ordered sets, a partially-ordered set is an ordered set that allows the cases in which the order of elements cannot be compared. In addition, of ordered sets, a totally ordered set is an ordered set that does not allow the cases in which the order of elements cannot be compared. That is, a procedure represented by a totally ordered set (hereinafter referred to as a totally ordered procedure) is a serial procedure in which tasks are arranged in a line. Alternatively, a procedure represented by a partially-ordered set (hereinafter, referred to as a partially-ordered procedure) is a procedure in which two or more tasks are arranged in random order to be executable.FIG. 34is an explanatory diagram showing an example of a partially-ordered procedure. The partially-ordered procedure shown inFIG. 34is a procedure for constructing two virtual machines using OpenStack (registered trademark) and activating them as an application server and a database server. One rectangle shown inFIG. 34represents one task. The Black rectangles represent executed tasks. The white rectangles represent unexecuted tasks. Each arrow shown inFIG. 34extends from a task to be executed earlier to a task to be executed later. In the partially-ordered procedure shown inFIG. 34, the execution order of tasks that can be executed in parallel differs depending on the situation at the time of execution. For example, the execution order of the task “Create serverXml1”, the task “Make directory C”, and the task “Create DBInstance YY” shown inFIG. 34is not determined. That is, when the system construction or the system update is executed in accordance with the partially-ordered procedure as shown inFIG. 34, the number of states of the system that can occur during the execution is more than that when the totally-ordered procedure is used. If a partially-ordered procedure is used, the resource amount required to prepare rollback procedures can be further increased. As a method for reducing the resource amount required to prepare rollback procedures, for example, PTL 3 discloses a method for simply generating a rollback procedure by generating reverse operations of operations included in an update operation procedure and arranging the generated reverse operations in the reverse order of the update operation procedure. However, due to the complexity of a system being updated, a rollback procedure simply generated by the above method is sometimes un-executable. In order to generate an executable rollback procedure, preparation based on the update operation procedure is required. Object of Invention For this reason, one of an object of the present invention is to provide a system update device and a system update method that can solve the above problems and reduce the resource amount required to prepare rollback procedures. Solution to Problem In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system update device includes a reverse operation generation unit that generates a reverse operation, which is an operation for transitioning the state of a state element to the current state from an arbitrary state during execution of an update procedure on the basis of operations included in the update procedure, wherein the operations are for transitioning, from the current state to a target state, the state of a state element configuring a system being updated, and the update procedure is a procedure including multiple operations arranged in a predetermined order, a first procedure generation unit that generates a reverse execution procedure, which is a procedure including multiple reverse operations generated on the basis of a part of the update procedure that does not include operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, wherein said multiple reverse operations are arranged in a reverse order of the predetermined order, a planning unit that plans an operation procedure for transitioning, from an arbitrary state during execution of the update procedure to the current state, the state of a state element which corresponds to a part of the update procedure that includes operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, and a second procedure generation unit that generates a rollback procedure by combining the generated reverse execution procedure and the planned procedure. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system update method includes generating a reverse operation, which is an operation for transitioning the state of a state element to the current state from an arbitrary state during execution of an update procedure on the basis of operations included in the update procedure, wherein the operations are for transitioning, from the current state to a target state, the state of a state element configuring a system being updated, and the update procedure is a procedure including multiple operations arranged in a predetermined order, generating a reverse execution procedure, which is a procedure including multiple reverse operations generated on the basis of a part of the update procedure that does not include operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, wherein said multiple reverse operations are arranged in a reverse order of the predetermined order, planning an operation procedure for transitioning, from an arbitrary state during execution of the update procedure to the current state, the state of a state element which corresponds to a part of the update procedure that includes operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, and generating a rollback procedure by combining the generated reverse execution procedure and the planned procedure. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system update program causing a computer to execute a reverse operation generation process for generating a reverse operation, which is an operation for transitioning the state of a state element to the current state from an arbitrary state during execution of an update procedure on the basis of operations included in the update procedure, wherein the operations are for transitioning, from the current state to a target state, the state of a state element configuring a system being updated, and the update procedure is a procedure including multiple operations arranged in a predetermined order, a first procedure generation process for generating a reverse execution procedure, which is a procedure including multiple reverse operations generated on the basis of a part of the update procedure that does not include operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, wherein said multiple reverse operations are arranged in a reverse order of the predetermined order, a planning process for planning an operation procedure for transitioning, from an arbitrary state during execution of the update procedure to the current state, the state of a state element which corresponds to a part of the update procedure that includes operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, and a second procedure generation process for generating a rollback procedure by combining the generated reverse execution procedure and the planned procedure. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a computer-readable recording medium stores a system update program causing, when executed by a computer, the computer to execute generating a reverse operation, which is an operation for transitioning the state of a state element to the current state from an arbitrary state during execution of an update procedure on the basis of operations included in the update procedure, wherein the operations are for transitioning, from the current state to a target state, the state of a state element configuring a system being updated, and the update procedure is a procedure including multiple operations arranged in a predetermined order, generating a reverse execution procedure, which is a procedure including multiple reverse operations generated on the basis of a part of the update procedure that does not include operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, wherein said multiple reverse operations are arranged in a reverse order of the predetermined order, planning an operation procedure for transitioning, from an arbitrary state during execution of the update procedure to the current state, the state of a state element which corresponds to a part of the update procedure that includes operations for which a reverse operation cannot be generated, and generating a rollback procedure by combining the generated reverse execution procedure and the planned procedure. Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present invention, it is possible to reduce the resource amount required to prepare rollback procedures.

11351496

BACKGROUND Diesel particulate filter (DPF) devices are implemented in diesel engines to remove soot from the exhaust. While some filters are single-use (e.g., disposable), more commonly, these filters are designed to regenerate during operation, either via a catalyst or fuel burner which heats the filter to combust the soot collected in the filters. Cleaning DPF devices is also required as part of periodic maintenance. DPF devices may also need to be cleaned outside of regular maintenance when contaminated (e.g., with fuel and/or oil). However, many cleaning techniques release soot from the DPF devices into the air, raising health concerns of those cleaning the filters and reducing the intended environmental benefit of reusing a DPF device.

11268331

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to rod rotator systems for positive drive rotating a string of reciprocating sucker rods during the operation of oil pumping equipment for deviated wells in the oil and gas industry. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Upon completion of drilling an oil well, fluids from the oil well may be under sufficient innate or natural pressure to allow the oil well to produce on its own. Therefore, crude oil in such wells can rise to the well surface without any assistance. But, even though an oil well can initially produce on its own, natural pressure generally declines as the well ages. In many oil wells, therefore, fluids are artificially lifted to the surface with downhole or subsurface pumps. Sucker rod pump systems are commonly used systems to transport these fluids from downhole oil-bearing zones to the well surface to be collected, refined, and used for various applications. Typical sucker rod pump systems have a plunger that reciprocates inside a barrel while attached at the end of a string of sucker rods. Reciprocation of the sucker rod string in deviated wells within the sucker rod pump system often leads to uneven frictional wear on the surface of sucker rod pump components such as the sucker rod, tubing, guide, and coupling. Uneven wear of the components leads to costly maintenance and repairs. To counteract this, rod rotators are used to at least partially homogenize frictional wear of the sucker rod pump system components by more evenly distributing frictional wear by slowly rotating the sucker rod or string of sucker rods within the tubing. However, even though rod rotators may prolong the life of sucker rod pump system components, contemporary rod rotators eventually fail to rotate in deviated wells that have high torsional drag due to the excessive contact of the rod string and the tubing and such failures lead to oil well production interruptions.

11422650

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from Republic of Korea Patent Application No. 10-2019-0107612 filed on Aug. 30, 2019, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND Field of Technology Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a touch display device and a driving method of the same. Description of the Related Art Touch display devices may provide a touch-based input function that allows a user to input information or a command intuitively and conveniently in addition to a function of displaying a video or an image. Such touch display devices should be able to check the presence or absence of a user's touch and accurately sense touch coordinates in order to provide a touch-based input function. To this end, the touch display device includes a touch sensor, a sensing circuit, or the like. A touch panel including a plurality of touch electrodes, which correspond to touch sensors, may be an external touch panel which is manufactured separately from a display panel and bonded to the display panel or may be an embedded touch panel embedded in a display panel. In the case of the external touch panel, there is a problem in that an additional process of separately manufacturing and assembling two types of panels (a display panel and a touch panel) is required and the size of a touch display device is increased. Further, in the case of the embedded touch panel, there is a problem in that, in manufacturing a display panel, touch electrodes should be additionally formed when electrodes or lines for display are formed, and thus a manufacturing process of the display panel is complicated. SUMMARY The present disclosure has been made in an effort to provide a touch display device, in which, without providing a touch panel additionally or forming additional touch electrodes in a display panel, a touch is sensed by only utilizing electrodes and a line structure for display, and a driving method of the same. The present disclosure has been made in an effort to provide a touch display device, in which a touch is sensed by utilizing pixel electrodes for display as touch electrodes, and a driving method of the same. The present disclosure has been made in an effort to provide a touch display device, in which, when pixel electrodes for display are used as touch electrodes and touch driving for touch sensing is performed thereon, electrodes or lines in the vicinity of the pixel electrodes serving as the touch electrodes are driven in a similar manner to the touch driving, thereby preventing formation of unnecessary parasitic capacitance and improving touch sensitivity, and a driving method of the same. The present disclosure has been made in an effort to provide a touch display device, in which the size of a touch electrode is increased by controlling an output of a gate signal, and a driving method of the same. The present disclosure has been made in an effort to provide a touch display device, in which the size of a touch electrode including one or more pixel electrodes is changed, and a driving method of the same. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a touch display device including a display panel including a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines, and a plurality of subpixels, wherein each of the plurality of subpixels includes a pixel electrode, a driving transistor, and a storage capacitor, and a sensing circuit, which is electrically connected to a first pixel electrode included in a first subpixel among the plurality of subpixels, applies a reference signal for touch driving of which a voltage level is variable to the first pixel electrode, and senses the first pixel electrode, during a touch mode period. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a touch display device including a display panel in which a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines, a plurality of sense lines, and a plurality of reference lines are disposed and which includes a plurality of subpixels, and a sensing circuit configured to output a reference signal of which a voltage level is variable. Each of the plurality of subpixels may include a light-emitting device including a pixel electrode, a light-emitting layer, and a common electrode, a driving transistor configured to drive the light-emitting device, a scan transistor which is controlled by a scan signal and disposed between and connected to a first node of the driving transistor and the data line, a sense transistor which is controlled by a sense signal and disposed between and connected to a second node of the driving transistor and the reference line, and a storage capacitor disposed between and connected to the first node and the second node of the driving transistor. During the touch mode period, the sense signal of which a voltage level is variable may be supplied to two or more sense lines among the plurality of sense lines. At least one of a frequency, a phase, and an amplitude of the sense signal of which the voltage level is variable may correspond to that of the reference signal of which the voltage level is variable. The reference signal of which the voltage level is variable may be supplied to one or more reference lines among the plurality of reference lines and may be applied to the pixel electrode which is electrically connected to the second node of the driving transistor in two or more subpixels among the plurality of subpixels. According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a touch display device including a display panel including a plurality of subpixels, wherein each of the plurality of subpixels includes a light-emitting device including a pixel electrode and a common electrode, a driving transistor configured to drive the light-emitting device, and a storage capacitor including a first plate electrically connected to a first node of the driving transistor and a second plate electrically connected to the pixel electrode, and a sensing circuit configured to detect a signal using at least one first pixel electrode included in at least one first subpixel among the plurality of subpixels during a touch mode period. During a display mode period, the first plate and the second plate in the storage capacitor in the first subpixel may have a first voltage difference. During the touch mode period, each of the first plate and the second plate in the storage capacitor in the first subpixel may have a voltage state in which a voltage level is changed. During the touch mode period, the first plate and the second plate in the storage capacitor in the first subpixel may maintain the first voltage difference. According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a driving method of a touch display device which includes a common electrode, a plurality of data lines, a plurality of scan lines, and a plurality of subpixels, wherein each of the plurality of subpixels includes a pixel electrode, a driving transistor, and a storage capacitor. The driving method of the touch display device may include a touch mode operation of applying a reference signal for touch driving of which a voltage level is variable to a first pixel electrode included in a first subpixel among the plurality of subpixels during a touch mode period and sensing the first pixel electrode during the touch mode period. Advantageous Effects According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a touch is sensed by only utilizing electrodes and a line structure for display, and thus there is no need to provide a touch panel additionally or form additional touch electrodes in a display panel. Accordingly, the size (thickness) of a touch display device can be reduced and a manufacturing process of the touch display device can be simplified. According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a touch is sensed by utilizing pixel electrodes for display as touch electrodes, and thus a driving process and a signal detection process for touch sensing can be facilitated. According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, when pixel electrodes for display are used as touch electrodes and touch driving for touch sensing is performed thereon, electrodes or lines in the vicinity of the pixel electrodes serving as the touch electrodes are driven in a similar manner to the touch driving, and thus formation of unnecessary parasitic capacitance can be prevented and touch sensitivity can be improved. According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the size of a touch electrode can be increased by controlling an output of a gate signal. Accordingly, the number of channels of a sensing circuit can be reduced. According to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the size of a touch electrode including one or more pixel electrodes can be changed. Accordingly, it is possible to provide touch sensing suitable for the situation.

11324226

This application claims the benefit of Great Britain Patent Application No. 1520016.5, filed Nov. 12, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to a carcass cleaning system. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to a system for cleaning an animal carcass using potable water passed through an offline treatment system and the application of this treated water to the surface of the carcass, for example, by running through a bath or by spraying or nebulisation at or onto the surface of the carcass. The invention finds utility in the fields of butchery and slaughtering of animals in the preparation for sale as meat. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION Microbes contaminate the majority of animal carcasses sold to consumers through retail chains, with the vast majority of this contamination process happening during the production process. This microbial contamination occurs through the contamination of the animal carcass by faecal matter from the intestine and the associated microflora includingCampylobacterspp;Escherichia coli(E. coli) spp;Salmonellaspp;Listeriaspp; andPseudomonasspp; as well as other problematic microbes. Currently, these microbes cause the majority of food poisoning cases globally. At present, the meat and poultry industry apply water at numerous stages in the mistaken belief that the addition of water to the surface of the animal carcass reduces the chances of material drying out on the surface.Pseudomonasspp. produce a slime on the surface of the meat, which provides a protective coat for the problematic bacteria. This protective coat of slime makes it is virtually impossible to affect the surface contamination using current technologies. Further, recent legislation from the European Commission as well as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and United Kingdom Food Standards Agency (FSA) has only allowed the use of potable water to reduce the levels of contamination on meat such as chicken. A number of drawbacks are associated with the systems and methods of the prior art, in particular microbial spoilage, often resulting from infection by a bacterium such asCampylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, orListeria, the presence of which is indicative of the high faecal contamination on the surface of the carcass. Moreover, kill lines are so quick, it is incredibly difficult to create a sterile environment in a carcass processing plant and any solution must provide protection throughout the whole process. The current cost to implement a decontamination system and method is 4-50 p/kg of carcass (e.g. chicken) but produces only minimal reduction steps. Accordingly, there is a need to provide a carcass cleaning system that is suitable for cleaning an animal carcass using potable water. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for cleaning a carcass, the system comprising:(a) a fluid source;(b) a source of ozone;(c) a source of radiation; and(d) a source of disinfectant. Optionally, the fluid source is a liquid source. Further optionally, the fluid source is a water source. Still further optionally, the fluid source is a potable water source. Optionally, the fluid source is a fluid reservoir. Further optionally, the fluid source is a liquid reservoir. Still further optionally, the fluid source is a water reservoir. Still further optionally, the fluid source is a potable water reservoir. Still further optionally, the fluid source is a potable water wash or spray bath. Optionally, the fluid source provides fluid at a rate of 0.2-3.0 m3/hour. Further optionally, the fluid source provides fluid at a rate of 0.2-1.0 m3/hour. Alternatively, the fluid source provides fluid at a rate of 1.0-2.0 m3/hour. Optionally, the fluid source provides fluid at a rate of 2.0-3.0 m3/hour. Optionally, the system further comprises delivery means for cleaning the carcass. Optionally, the delivery means comprise a reservoir. Further optionally, the delivery means comprise a reservoir comprising the fluid of the present invention. Still further optionally, the delivery means comprise a reservoir comprising the fluid of the present invention, and into which a carcass can be immersed, optionally temporarily immersed. Optionally, the delivery means comprise an actuator. Further optionally, the delivery means comprise a hose or pipe. Still further optionally, the delivery means comprise a spray. Optionally, the fluid source; the source of ozone; the source of radiation; and the source of disinfectant are in fluid communication. Optionally, the fluid source and the delivery means are in fluid communication. Further optionally, the fluid source, the source of radiation, and the delivery means are in fluid communication. Still further optionally, the fluid source, the source of ozone, the source of radiation, and the delivery means are in fluid communication. Still further optionally, the fluid source, the source of ozone, the source of radiation, the source of disinfectant, and the delivery means are in fluid communication. Optionally, the source of ozone is an ozone generator. Further optionally, the source of ozone is a medical or food grade ozone generator. Optionally, the ozone generator further comprises a source of fluid. Further optionally, the ozone generator further comprises a source of gas. Optionally, the ozone generator further comprises a source of air. Optionally, the source of air is an air pump for pumping ambient air. Optionally, the source of air provides air at a rate of up to 20 L/min. Further optionally, the source of air provides air at a rate of 5-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of air provides air at a rate of 10-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of air provides air at a rate of 15-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of air provides air at a rate of 17-20 L/min. Further optionally, the ozone generator further comprises a source of oxygen. Optionally, the source of oxygen is an oxygen concentrator. Optionally, the source of oxygen is a rapid pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentrator. Alternatively, the source of oxygen is a vacuum swing adsorption oxygen concentrator. Optionally, the source of oxygen provides oxygen at a rate of up to 20 L/min. Further optionally, the source of oxygen provides oxygen at a rate of 5-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of oxygen provides oxygen at a rate of 10-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of oxygen provides oxygen at a rate of 15-20 L/min. Still further optionally, the source of oxygen provides oxygen at a rate of 17-20 L/min. Optionally, the ozone generator comprises a corona discharge tube. Further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a corona discharge tube having an electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode with a negative electrode potential. Optionally the ozone generator uses a high voltage generator to generate a corona effect, which causes the production or singlet oxygen and then ozone. Optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage corona discharge tube. Further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage corona discharge tube having an electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode with a negative electrode potential. Optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage ceramic corona discharge tube. Further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage ceramic corona discharge tube having an electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage ceramic corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode. Still further optionally, the ozone generator comprises a high voltage ceramic corona discharge tube having a discharge electrode with a negative electrode potential. Optionally or additionally, the ozone generator generates up to 8 g/hour of ozone. Further optionally or additionally, the ozone generator generates 3-8 g/hour of ozone. Still further optionally or additionally, the ozone generator generates 5-8 g/hour of ozone. Still further optionally or additionally, the ozone generator generates 6-8 g/hour of ozone. Still further optionally or additionally, the ozone generator generates 8 g/hour of ozone. Alternatively, the ozone generator comprises a source of ultraviolet radiation. Alternatively, the ozone generator comprises a source of ultraviolet radiation. Optionally, the source of ultraviolet radiation is selected from an arc lamp or gas discharge lamp, a tanning lamp, a filtered lamp, a fluorescent/phosphor lamp, and a light-emitting diode. Further optionally, the source of ultraviolet radiation is selected from a mercury-vapour lamp, a tanning lamp, and a black light. Optionally, the source of radiation is a source of electromagnetic radiation. Further optionally, the radiation is a source of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 400 nm to 100 nm. Still further optionally, the radiation is a source of ultraviolet radiation. Further optionally, the radiation is a source of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 315 nm to 254 nm. Still further optionally, the radiation is a source of UVB radiation. Optionally, the source of ultraviolet radiation is selected from an arc lamp or gas discharge lamp, a tanning lamp, a filtered lamp, a fluorescent/phosphor lamp, and a light-emitting diode. Further optionally, the source of ultraviolet radiation is selected from a mercury-vapour lamp, a tanning lamp, and a black light. Optionally, the source of disinfectant further comprises a liquid source. Further optionally, the source of disinfectant further comprises a water source. Still further optionally, the source of disinfectant further comprises a potable water source. Alternatively, the source of disinfectant further comprises a water source, wherein the water comprises salt. Further alternatively, the source of disinfectant further comprises a water source, wherein the water comprises sodium chloride. Further alternatively, the source of disinfectant further comprises a water source, wherein the water comprises dissolved sodium chloride. Alternatively, the source of disinfectant further comprises an electrolysed water source. Further optionally, the source of disinfectant further comprises a water source and means for splitting the water. Still further optionally, the source of disinfectant further comprises a potable water source and means for splitting the potable water. Optionally, the water splitting means comprise a photocatalyst. Further optionally, the water splitting means comprise a metal. Still further optionally, the water splitting means comprise a metal selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, or an alloy each thereof, or a mixture each thereof, optionally a steel alloy. Still further optionally, the water splitting means comprise palladium or an alloy thereof, or a mixture each thereof, optionally stainless steel. Optionally, the water splitting means comprise a titanium plate. Further optionally, the water splitting means comprise a titanium and platinum plate. Optionally, the water splitting means comprise a palladium plate. Further optionally, the water splitting means comprise an electrified palladium plate. Still further optionally, the water splitting means comprise a multiple membrane electrified palladium plate. Optionally the electrified palladium plate combined with a multiple membrane acts on the mineral portion of the water helping to maintain the potability of the water. Optionally, the water splitting means comprise more than one plate. Optionally the electrified palladium plate combined with a multiple membrane acts on the mineral portion of the water helping to remove contamination from the surface of the carcass. Optionally, the system comprises: (a) a fluid source; (b) a source of ozone; (c) a source of radiation; and (d) a source of disinfectant; arranged in any order or arrangement. Alternatively, the system comprises the sequential arrangement of (a) a fluid source; (b) a source of ozone; (c) a source of radiation; and (d) a source of disinfectant. Further alternatively, the system comprises the sequential arrangement of (d) a source of disinfectant; and (a) a fluid source, (b) a source of ozone, or (c) a source of radiation arranged in any order or arrangement. Further alternatively, the system comprises the sequential arrangement of (a) a fluid source and (d) a source of disinfectant; and (b) a source of ozone or (c) a source of radiation arranged in any order or arrangement. Still further alternatively, the system comprises the sequential arrangement of (d) a source of disinfectant; (a) a fluid source; (b) a source of ozone; and (c) a source of radiation. Optionally, the carcass is an animal carcass. Optionally, the carcass is the carcass of a livestock animal. Further optionally, the carcass is the carcass of an animal selected from poultry and ungulates. Still further optionally, the carcass is the carcass of an animal selected from poultry, bovines, suids (pigs), and ovines (sheep or goats). Optionally, the carcass is a whole carcass. Alternatively, the carcass is part of a whole carcass. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for cleaning a carcass, the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a fluid source;(b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source;(c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source;(d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; and(e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Optionally, the method comprises the steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source, (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source, or (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source, in any order; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Alternatively, the method comprises the sequential steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source; (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source; (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Further alternatively, the method comprises the sequential steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source, or (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source, in any order; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Optionally, the cleaning step comprises delivering the fluid to the carcass. Optionally, the cleaning step comprises immersing, optionally temporarily immersing, the carcass in a reservoir comprising the fluid. Alternatively, the cleaning step comprises spraying the fluid onto the carcass. Further alternatively, the cleaning step comprises a combination of delivering the fluid to the carcass and spraying the fluid onto the carcass. According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for reducing infection of a carcass, the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a fluid source;(b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source;(c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source;(d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; and(e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Optionally, the infection is a bacterial infection. Optionally, the infection is an infection of a bacterium selected from at least one ofCampylobacter spp; Escherichia coli(E. coli) spp;Salmonellaspp;Listeriaspp; andPseudomonasspp. Optionally, the method comprises the steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source, (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source, or (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source, in any order; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Alternatively, the method comprises the sequential steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source; (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source; (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Further alternatively, the method comprises the sequential steps of (a) providing a fluid source; (d) providing a source of disinfectant to or at the fluid source; (b) providing a source of ozone to or at the fluid source, or (c) providing a source of radiation to or at the fluid source, in any order; and (e) cleaning a carcass with the fluid. Optionally, the cleaning step comprises delivering the fluid to the carcass. Optionally, the cleaning step comprises immersing, optionally temporarily immersing, the carcass in a reservoir comprising the fluid. Alternatively, the cleaning step comprises spraying the fluid onto the carcass. Further alternatively, the cleaning step comprises a combination of delivering the fluid to the carcass and spraying the fluid onto the carcass. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention provide a system and methods for cleaning an animal carcass, and which cleans the water with which the animal carcass is to be cleaned, thereby ensuring bacteria are removed. The present invention in embodiments also slightly changes the charge of the water allowing bacteria, problematicPseudomonasslime, and/or faecal matter to be removed. The invention in embodiments also results in removal of excess bacteria that may not have been removed by filtration from the meat, for example chicken, surface, thereby circumventing the problem resulting from the attraction between bacterial cells being greater than between bacteria cell walls and animal skin. The system of the present invention can be used in embodiments in combination with currently used spray bath systems, which will provide vigorous washing and so help with the removal of bacteria and faecal matter. The present invention in embodiments also provides the following added benefits and potential cost savings:1. the fluid is treated stage by stage throughout the present system and method so there is no heavy loading on the final treatment plant;2. the present system and method overcomes the problem that water currently used in treatment plants can become contaminated due to the production environment;3. bio-films are a constant source of worry in the production environment and the chances of bio-film production are reduced by the present system and method; and4. the present system and method provides means for water currently used in carcass processing plants to meet the potable water standard. The invention is not limited to the embodiment(s) described herein but can be amended or modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.

11333906

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a method, an apparatus, and a computer program for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, and also a method for producing a spectacle lens using the at least one optical parameter. BACKGROUND Methods for determining optical parameters of spectacle lenses are known from the related art. The standard DIN EN ISO 13666:2013-10, also referred to hereinafter as the “standard,” sections 9-12, is concerned with optical parameters of spectacle lenses, in particular with regard to spherical, prismatic and astigmatic properties of the spectacle lenses. In particular, the standard, 9.7.1 and 9.7.2 defines a “back vertex power” as the reciprocal of a paraxial back vertex focal length and a “front vertex power” as the reciprocal of the paraxial front vertex focal length, in each case measured in meters, the “back vertex power” usually also being referred to simply as “vertex power.” Hereinafter, therefore, unless expressly mentioned in specific detail, the term “vertex power” denotes the “back vertex power.” For further details with regard to the vertex power, reference is made to the standard. Furthermore, the standard, 11.2, presents a so-called “spherical power,” which is defined as a value for the vertex power of a spectacle lens with spherical power or for the respective vertex power in one of two principal meridians of the spectacle lens with astigmatic power. The spectacle lens with astigmatic power in accordance with the standard, 12, combines a paraxial, parallel beam of light in two separate focal lines perpendicular to one another and therefore has a vertex power only in the two principal meridians. In this case, spectacle lenses with astigmatic power may also be referred to as cylindrical spectacle lenses, spherocylindrical spectacle lenses, toric spectacle lenses or spherotoric spectacle lenses. In accordance with the standard, the “astigmatic power” is defined by cylinder power and axis position. In this case, the “cylinder strength” in accordance with the standard, 12.5, represents the absolute value of an “astigmatic difference,” which indicates the difference between the vertex powers in the two principal meridians. In accordance with the standard, 12.6, the “axis position” denotes a direction of the principal meridian whose vertex power is used as a reference value. Finally, according to the standard, 12.8, the “strength” of the spectacle lens with astigmatic power is specified by means of three values, comprising the vertex powers of each of the two principal meridians and the cylinder strength. Alternatively, it is possible to specify an arithmetic mean of the three values as a “spherical equivalent,” which is defined as spherical distance correction±½ astigmatic correction, the “astigmatic correction” being defined by cylinder strength and axis position. The vertex powers and the prismatic powers of spectacle lenses are usually determined using a special “vertex power measuring instrument” in accordance with the standard, 8.5. What is disadvantageous about that is that these measuring instruments have to be operated by a specialist, in particular an optician, trained for this purpose, and that these measuring instruments are arranged in a stationary fashion. Such measuring instruments are generally configured moreover to ascertain wearing parameters of the spectacles, which include in particular a corneal vertex distance, a pupil diameter, a pupillary distance and an “as-worn” pantoscopic angle of the spectacle lens. In accordance with the standard, 5.27, the “corneal vertex distance” is defined as the distance between the apex of the cornea (cornea apex) of a user's eye and the back surface of the spectacle lens, measured perpendicular to a plane of the spectacle frame (frame plane). The “pupil” denotes an entrance opening which is present in each of the user's eyes and through which radiation in the form of light can enter the interior of the eye, and for these openings it is possible to determine diameters and distances from photographs of the user. In accordance with the standard, 5.18, the “as-worn pantoscopic angle” or the “pantoscopic angle” is defined as the angle in a vertical plane between a normal with respect to the front surface of a spectacle lens at the center thereof according to the boxed system and a horizontal fixation line of the eye. DE 10 2011 115 239 A1 discloses ascertaining user data for the production of a spectacle lens with respect to a selected spectacle frame for a user. A method according to the disclosure comprises providing a tracer data set, which defines the shape of the course of the edge of the spectacle lens to be produced; acquiring user image data of at least one partial region of the user's head together with the selected spectacle frame worn by the user; and ascertaining contour points of the edge of the spectacle lens to be manufactured in the user image data on the basis of the tracer data set. EP 2 608 109 A1 discloses a method for estimating the optical power of correction lenses in spectacles worn by a user, said method comprising the following steps: Capturing two successive images of the user's face, which are arranged in front of a means for capturing these two images, wherein one of these images is captured with spectacles and the other image without spectacles; calibrating one of the two captured images with respect to the other; identifying the position of the iris of each eye in each image; evaluating the magnification or reduction of each imaged iris; and estimating the optical power of the correction lenses on the basis of the evaluated magnification or reduction. EP 2 830 001 A1 and US 2015/0029323 A1 in each case disclose an image processing apparatus, comprising a determining unit, which determines a property of spectacles on the basis of a first contour position and a second contour position, wherein the first contour position indicates a contour position of a face which appears without the spectacles and is captured from the acquired face image data of a user, and the second contour position indicates a contour position of the face which appears through the spectacles and is captured from the acquired face image data of the user. WO 2016/181310 A1 discloses apparatuses, methods, and computer programs for determining at least one optical parameter of spectacle lenses. In respect thereof, at least one image of an object which has at least one known dimension and which was recorded through the spectacle lens is subjected to an image processing method in order to ascertain the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens. The optical parameters of the spectacle lenses include, in particular, the spherical power, the cylindrical strength and the axis position of the spectacle lens. By means of the optical parameters thus determined, the wearer of spectacles can instigate the manufacture of a duplicate of his/her spectacle lenses and/or spare lenses. WO 2017/125 902 A1 discloses one or more tangible, computer-readable, non-transitory storage media with computer-executable instructions which, when they are executed by at least one computer processor, enable the at least one computer processor to process at least one captured image of at least one reflection of a flash of light on a spectacle lens and to determine one or more optical parameters of the lens on the basis of at least one captured image. WO 2017/134 275 A1 discloses a method for determining an optical axis of a lens with unknown position and/or orientation. The method comprises: a) acquiring at least one direct image of a background comprising identifiable features; b) providing a lens between the background and a camera, such that light rays from the background pass through the lens before they impinge on the camera; c) using the camera to acquire at least one indirect image comprising the background when viewed through the lens; d) identifying at least one identifiable feature in the direct image and a corresponding identifiable feature in the indirect image; and e) using the correspondences from d) to determine an optical axis of the lens without aligning the optical axis of the lens with respect to the camera. SUMMARY Proceeding from the disclosure of EP 2 830 001 A1 and US 2015/0029323 A1, in particular, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide a method, an apparatus, and a computer program for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, and also a method for producing the spectacle lens using the at least one optical parameter which at least partly overcome the presented disadvantages and limitations of the related art. In particular, the present method, apparatus, and computer program are intended to make it possible to determine at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, typically a vertex power in a spectacle lens with spherical power or the cylindrical strength and the respective vertex power in one of two principal meridians in a spectacle lens with astigmatic power, without the need for special instruments and the determination can therefore be carried out even by laypersons. This object is achieved by means of a method, an apparatus, and a computer program for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, and also a method for producing a spectacle lens using the at least one optical parameter is determined on the basis of the alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user or of the face portion of the user adjacent to the at least one eye. Exemplary embodiments, which can be realized individually or in combination, are presented below. Hereinafter the terms “exhibit,” “have,” “comprise,” or “include” or any grammatical deviations therefrom are used in a non-exclusive way. Accordingly, these terms can refer either to situations in which, besides the feature introduced by these terms, no further features are present, or to situations in which one or more further features are present. For example, the expression “A exhibits B,” “A has B,” “A comprises B,” or “A includes B” can refer both to the situation in which no further element aside from B is provided in A, that is to say to a situation in which A consists exclusively of B, and to the situation in which, in addition to B, one or more further elements are provided in A, for example element C, elements C and D, or even further elements. In a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens. The method comprises the following steps a) and b), typically in the order indicated, it also being possible for the method steps to be carried out partly simultaneously. Furthermore, individual or all steps of the method can be carried out repeatedly. In addition to the stated method steps, the method can also comprise further method steps. The method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens comprises the following steps:a) Recording at least one image using a spectacle lens; andb) Determining at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens by means of image processing of the at least one image,wherein the at least one image comprises an eye portion including the eyes and/or a face portion adjacent to the eyes of a user of the spectacle lens. In accordance with the standard, 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, a “spectacle lens” is understood to mean an optical lens that serves for correcting ametropia of the eye, the optical lens being worn in front of the user's eye, but not in contact with the eye. In the context of the present disclosure, the term “spectacles” denotes any element which comprises two individual spectacle lenses and a spectacle frame, the spectacle lens being provided for insertion into a spectacle frame that is selected by a user of the spectacles. Instead of the term “user” employed here, one of the terms “wearer,” “wearer of spectacles” or “subject” can also be used synonymously. The method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens as proposed here is suitable for measuring the optical parameters of a spectacle lens. The value determined in the process can additionally be used for the selection and production of further spectacles, which can serve e.g. as duplicate spectacles or as spare spectacles. In one particular configuration, values obtained by means of the present disclosure for the correction of the spectacle lenses can be used, in particular during virtual viewing of the user who has put on spectacles, this also being referred to as so-called “Virtual Try on,” to include the observable reduction or magnification by the spectacle lenses in such a way that a representation of the user with spectacles appears even more realistic. The at least one optical parameter determined by the present method can be used, in particular, to determine values for a spherocylindrical lens that can be used as a spectacle lens in order to compensate for refractive errors of the eye by means of correction in such a way that as optimal image quality as possible can be achieved for the user. In this case, the term “optical parameter” denotes a value for a property of the spectacle lens which can be set in particular during the production of the spectacle lens from the glass blank or lens blank, typically in order to achieve the intended correction. Various modes of expressions are suitable for describing the spherocylindrical lens. The standard defines for this purpose, in section 11.2, a “spherical power,” which is defined as a value for a vertex power of a spectacle lens with spherical power or for the respective vertex power in one of two principal meridians of the spectacle lens with astigmatic power. According to the standard, 9.7.1-9.7.2, the “vertex power” is defined as the reciprocal of a paraxial back vertex focal length, in each case measured in meters. The spherocylindrical spectacle lens with astigmatic power in accordance with the standard, 12, combines a paraxial, parallel beam of light in two separate focal lines perpendicular to one another and therefore has a vertex power only in the two principal meridians. In accordance with the standard, the “astigmatic power” is defined by cylinder power and axis position. In this case, the “cylinder strength” in accordance with the standard, 12.5, represents the absolute value of an “astigmatic difference,” which indicates the difference between the vertex powers in the two principal meridians. In accordance with the standard, 12.6, the “axis position” denotes a direction of the principal meridian whose vertex power is used as a reference value. Finally, according to the standard, 12.8, the “strength” of the spectacle lens with astigmatic power is specified by means of three values, comprising the vertex powers of each of the two principal meridians and the cylinder strength. According to L. N. Thibos, W. Wheeler and D. Horner (1997),Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error, Optometry and Vision Science 74 (6), pages 367-375, in order to describe an arbitrary spherocylindrical lens and/or the refractive error, it is suitable in each case to specify a visual acuity vector which can be described by exactly one point in a three-dimensional dioptric space, wherein the three-dimensional dioptric space can be spanned by coordinates which correspond to the visual acuity and the cylindrical strength or are correlated therewith. Step a) of the present method involves recording at least one image using a spectacle lens. The term “image” relates to a two-dimensional or three-dimensional representation of an object, said representation also being referred to as “imaging” by means of an optical recording unit, referred to hereinafter as “camera.” A single image or a plurality of images, in particular a video sequence, can be recorded for this purpose. In this case, the at least one image is recorded by means of the camera in such a way that the spectacle lens is arranged between the camera and the object to be imaged so that a course of a light beam emanating from the camera or impinging on the camera, said course also being referred to as “beam path,” is led through the spectacle lens. According to the disclosure, recording the at least one image in accordance with step a) is effected in such a way that the object represented on the at least one image comprises at least one eye of the user, a face portion of the user adjacent to at least one eye, at least the eyes of the user, a face portion of the user adjacent to the eyes, or both objects, that is to say eye and face portion, wherein the spectacle lens can be arranged between the camera and the object to be imaged by virtue of the user wearing the spectacle lens typically as intended. “Wearing the spectacle lens as intended” by the user means that the user uses the spectacle lens in such a way that the latter can perform its function in accordance with the standard, 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, for correcting ametropia of the user's eye. For this purpose, the user can arrange on his/her face in particular spectacles comprising the spectacle lens in such a way that the spectacle lens can perform the envisaged function. In one particularly typical configuration of the present disclosure, in addition to the at least one image on which the user wears as intended the spectacles comprising the spectacle lens, at least one further image of the user as comparison image can be recorded on which the user does not wear the spectacles, wherein the remaining parameters used during the recording of the at least one further image are intended as far as possible to be unchanged. The at least one further image of the user without spectacles can thus be used as comparison image, as explained in greater detail below, for the determination—effected in accordance with step b)—of the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens in the context of the image processing. In an alternative or additional configuration, a comparison image can be dispensed with, particularly if recourse can be had to already available images of the same object without spectacles or to already available geometric dimensions of the eyes of the user and/or of the face portion of the user adjacent to the eyes, or corresponding data can be at least approximately determined by means of image processing. In one particularly typical configuration of the present disclosure, the at least one image recorded in accordance with step a) can thus represent at least one eye of the user, wherein the eye of the user, as mentioned, is recorded while the user is wearing the spectacle lens as intended. In an alternative or additional configuration, the at least one image of the face portion of the user adjacent to the eyes can comprise at least one lateral head shape of the user, in particular a region around the relevant temple of the user, which is arranged laterally with respect to the position of the user's eyes. Here, too, this face portion of the user, as already mentioned, is recorded while the spectacle lens is being worn as intended by the user. For this purpose, it is possible to use a single image recorded in accordance with step a) or a plurality of images recorded in accordance with step a), in particular in order to obtain an increased measurement certainty in this way. As already mentioned moreover, the camera serves as an optical recording unit for recording one or more images of the eye or eyes and/or of a face portion of the user adjacent to the eye or eyes, while the user is wearing spectacles comprising the spectacle lens. In this case, the camera can typically be comprised by a mobile communication device. In this case, the term “mobile communication device” encompasses in particular a cellular phone (cellphone), a smartphone or a tablet. However, other types of mobile communication devices are conceivable. However, other types of cameras are possible. In particular, this can involve at least one rear camera or typically at least one front camera of the mobile communication device. In this way, the desired image of the eye or eyes and/or of the face portion of the user adjacent to the eye or eyes can be recorded by means of the at least one camera advantageously at any arbitrary location. In one particular configuration, the at least one camera can have a sensitivity in the visible spectral range, i.e. at a wavelength of 380 nm to 780 nm in accordance with ISO standard 20473:2007, in particular in order to be able to carry out recordings in daylight and/or under artificial lighting, for example in an illuminated region of a room. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one camera can have a sensitivity in the infrared spectral range, i.e. at a wavelength of 780 nm to 1 mm, typically of 780 nm to 3 μm, in particular of 780 nm to 1.4 μm (according to the standard, section 4.4, also referred to as “IR-A”). In order to provide infrared radiation, for this purpose provision can be made of a light source which emits in the infrared spectral range, in particular with a wavelength for which the camera has a sufficient sensitivity. The light source can typically be selected from a micro incandescent light or an IR emitter on a solid-state basis. In accordance with step b), the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens is determined by means of image processing of the at least one image that was recorded during step a). From the at least one image recorded by the at least one camera, the desired at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be determined by means of image processing, typically in an evaluation unit configured therefor. As already mentioned, in accordance with the standard, 9.7.1-9.7.2, the term “vertex power” denotes the reciprocal of the paraxial back vertex focal length. A spherocylindrical spectacle lens with astigmatic power has a vertex power in both principal meridians, the astigmatic power being defined by cylinder strength and axis position. As already mentioned moreover, in one particularly typical configuration, the at least one image recorded in accordance with step a) can represent at least one eye portion of the user comprising an eye of the user, from which the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be determined by means of image processing with geometric dimensions of the eye being determined. In this case, the term “geometric dimensions of the eye” can encompass any type of dimension with respect to each of the two eyes of the user. This includes in particular dimensions regarding the user's pupil, in particular a position and/or a diameter of the pupil and/or of the iris surrounding the pupil. As already defined above, the “pupil” denotes an entrance opening which is present in each of the user's eyes and through which light can enter the interior of the eye. In the opposite direction, the pupil can be regarded as an exit opening, through which a viewing direction of the user from the eye to the surroundings can be defined. In one particularly typical configuration of the present disclosure, a common diameter of pupil and iris can be used as a typical geometric dimension of the user's eye. Typically, said diameter can be determined by means of determining a white-to-white distance in the user's eye. In this case, the “white-to-white distance” denotes the common diameter of a transparent region of the respective eye which is protected by the cornea and which comprises the pupil and the iris of the eye, which are surrounded by a so-called “white region” of the eye. For further details, reference is made to the exemplary embodiments below. However, further ways of determining the diameter of pupil and/or iris are possible. In an alternative or additional configuration, a horizontal distance between a right corner and a left corner of the eye and/or a vertical distance between an upper lid and a lower lid of the eye can be specified as a geometric dimension of the user's eye. Further geometric dimensions are conceivable. In one particularly typical configuration of the present disclosure, for determining absolute values for the geometric dimensions of the user's eye by means of image processing it is possible moreover to include a distance between the relevant eye and the camera. In one configuration, in this case known or estimated values can be used for indicating the distances between the user's eye and the camera. In one typical configuration, the distance between the user's eye and the camera can be detected metrologically. For this purpose, the evaluation unit can furthermore have a device for detecting the distance between the user's eye and the camera. It is thereby possible, by image processing of the image of the user's eye, which image was typically recorded by the camera in accordance with step a), to determine a distance between the camera and the user's eye, this distance also being referred to as “pupil distance.” For this purpose it is possible to use known algorithms, in particular pixel matching; artificial intelligence, typically machine learning, particularly typically neural networks, in particular for classification or for regression, i.e. fitting parameters to a predefined function (Fit). In a further configuration, provision can be made of at least two cameras which are arranged jointly in the form of a stereo camera and are therefore configured for detecting the distance between the user's eye and the screen. In this case, the evaluation can be effected by triangulation typically by way of a known number of pixels of the camera during detection of a known object or image content. Alternatively or additionally, the mobile communication device comprising the camera can have a separate distance measuring unit configured for determining the pupil distance between the camera and the user's eye. In addition to the geometric dimensions of the user's eye which were determined from the at least one image on which the user is wearing as intended the spectacles comprising the spectacle lens, comparison data with respect to the geometric dimensions of the user's eye without spectacles may be available. As already mentioned, for this purpose at least one further image of the user as comparison image can be recorded on which the user is not wearing the spectacles, wherein the remaining parameters of the recording of the image are intended as far as possible to be unchanged. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible to have recourse to already available images or to already known geometric dimensions of the user's eyes or corresponding data can be at least approximately determined by means of the image processing. From a comparison of the geometric dimension of the user's eyes that were recorded while the user is wearing the spectacles comprising the spectacle lens and the comparison data with respect to the geometric dimensions of the user's eye without spectacles, a change in the geometric dimensions of the user's eye can be determined, in particular using the evaluation unit, which change can be used according to the disclosure to deduce a spherical equivalent of the distance correction of the user's eye that is effected by means of the spectacle lens. What change in the geometric dimensions of the user's eye is observable depends initially on the dioptric power of the spectacle lens used. A spectacle lens with negative dioptric power, which is also referred to as a “negative lens,” and which can therefore be used to correct short-sightedness (myopia) of the user, has—in comparison with a dummy lens—an increased thickness at the edge of the lens, while the thickness in the center of the lens is reduced. By contrast, a spectacle lens with positive dioptric power, which is also referred to as a “positive lens” and which can therefore be used to correct long-sightedness (hyperopia) of the user, has—in comparison with the dummy lens—a reduced thickness at the edge of the lens, while the thickness in the center of the lens is increased. In accordance with ISO standard 8624:2011, the terms “dummy lens” or “demo lens” are understood to mean an arbitrary element composed of a slightly curved, optically transparent material without dioptric power, which is configured, in particular for demonstration purposes, to serve as a template for the contour of a spectacle lens. On the basis of the dioptric power and taking account of the sign of its vertex power, when the relevant eye of the user is viewed from the front through the respective spectacle lens, the spectacle lens causes a region of the eye portion of the user that is visible through the spectacle lens to be represented in a varied fashion. In particular, a reduction and a magnification of the region of the eye portion of the user that is visible through the spectacle lens occur in the case of a negative lens and in the case of a positive lens, respectively. Equation (1) specifies as follows an estimation for an absolute value of an observable alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user from a magnitude of a vertex power S′ of the spectacle lens: VE=11-dn⁢D1·11-((e+e′)⁢S′),(1) wherein for d=0.0005 m given the presence of a negative lens and d=0.001 m given the presence of a positive lens, a refractive index n=1.5 or 1.52 or 1.6, e=0.012 m and e′=0.013348 m are used. In this case, d is the thickness of a spectacle lens, e is the corneal vertex distance (HSA) and e′ is the sum of the HSA and a distance between the corneal vertex and the center of rotation of the eye. D1is the power of the front lens surface, but for small values can simply be set equal to the vertex power S′ in the case of planar spectacle lenses (planolenses). Alternatively or additionally, it is possible here to use a further value for the refractive index, in particular of 1.67 or 1.74 or a combination of values. The observable alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user can thus bring about an alteration of at least one of the geometric dimensions, typically of the white-to-white distance defined above, but also of the distance between the corners of the eye or the eyelids, which can be detected metrologically in a simple manner. In accordance with equation (1), the observable alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user is dependent not only on the sign but also on the magnitude of the vertex power S′. From the determination of the observable alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user, it is thus possible to deduce the sign and magnitude of the vertex power S′ of the respective spectacle lens, and, in the event of a known calibration being present, the sign and the absolute value of the vertex power S′ of the respective spectacle lens. In a further particularly typical configuration, as likewise already mentioned, the image of the face portion of the user adjacent to the eye or eyes can comprise at least the lateral head shape of the user. In this exemplary embodiment, in particular using the evaluation unit, a spherical equivalent of the distance correction of the user's eye can be deduced by taking account of a change in the lateral head shape of the user. Here, too, what observable change in the lateral head shape of the user occurs depends on the dioptric power of the spectacle lens used. In the case of a negative lens, owing to a distortion, the observable change exhibits a concave lateral offset of the lateral head shape which is oriented in the direction of the relevant eye. By contrast, when a positive lens is used, an observable change in the form of a convex lateral offset of the lateral head shape occurs, oriented outwardly away from the relevant eye. For detecting the change in lateral head shape as accurately as possible, it is possible here, too, to use the abovementioned algorithms, in particular pixel matching; artificial intelligence, typically machine learning, particularly typically neural networks, in particular for classification or for regression, i.e. fitting parameters to a predefined function (Fit). However, here, too, the observable change in the lateral head shape depends not only on the sign but also on the magnitude of the vertex power S′. From the determination of the observable change in the lateral head shape, according to the disclosure it is thus likewise possible to deduce the sign and magnitude of the vertex power S′ of the respective spectacle lens, and, in the event of a known calibration being present, the sign and the absolute value of the vertex power S′ of the respective spectacle lens. In a particular configuration, in particular for determining the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis, an algorithmic evaluation can be effected using artificial intelligence, in particular machine learning, typically by means of a neural network. In one particularly typical configuration, in the case where data about an influence of the spherocylindrical correction on meridional differences in the magnification and/or reduction are present, the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis can already be deduced from a single image. In one particular configuration, moreover, in particular for determining the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis for distance correction, a surface shape of the cornea of the eye can be recorded by the camera, wherein typically a first recording without and a second recording with projection of an arbitrary, but known structure, in particular a stripe structure, a chequered structure or a structure comprising crosses or circles, can be effected. On the basis of determining the surface shape of the cornea, it is possible for the astigmatic portion of the correction and of the axis to be determined in a manner known to a person skilled in the art. In a further aspect of the present disclosure, the at least one image comprising the eye portion including the eyes and/or a face portion adjacent to the eyes of the user of the spectacle lens, which is recorded using a spectacle lens in accordance with step a), and the at least one further image recorded as the at least one comparison image without the use of the spectacle lens can be regarded jointly as a moving pattern with respect to a typically static position of the spectacle lens. Instead of or in addition to the recording of the comparison image, it is possible to have recourse to an already available comparison image. The at least one image and the at least one comparison image can be configured as black and white, monochromatic or multicolored. Accordingly, in accordance with step b), the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be determined by means of image processing of the moving pattern defined in this way. In this case, the image processing can typically comprise at least one image analysis algorithm, wherein at least one image statistical parameter is used for image analysis. In this case, the term “image statistical parameter” concerns a static parameter which relates to the at least one image, in particular to at least one selected region, typically to at least one pixel, of the at least one image, in particular of the moving pattern. Typically, the at least one image statistical parameter can be selected from an orientation of at least one selected region in the at least one image, in particular of an edge in the at least one image; a grayscale value distribution in the at least one image or at least one selected region thereof; an optical flow of the moving pattern in terms of direction and manifestation; a local and global change in the moving pattern; a distribution of spatial frequencies by means of Fourier transformation. However, other types of image statistical parameters are possible. Particularly typically, the at least one image statistical parameter can serve for determining the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens by means of the at least one image, in particular by means of the moving pattern. In this case, typically a classification or a regression of the at least one image statistical parameter can be carried out. However, other ways of determining the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens from the at least one image statistical parameter are conceivable. In this case, the term “classification” denotes an assignment of a value to one of at least two defined value ranges, referred to as “classes.” By way of example, the image statistical parameter can be classified with respect to its dioptric power and thus be assigned e.g. to the class “+0.5 diopter” or to the class “+1 diopter.” By contrast, the term “regression” denotes a fitting of the at least one image statistical parameter to a predefined function, the fitting also being referred to as “Fit.” For this purpose, the fit can comprise e.g. a function which establishes a relationship between the selected image statistical parameter, e.g. an orientation of an edge, and an associated dioptric power. In the case of the present disclosure, in which a value for the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be selected from a continuous value range, the use of regression is therefore typical. For determining the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens from the at least one image statistical parameter in particular by means of classification or regression, typically a method of artificial intelligence, in particular a machine learning method, can be used. The term “machine learning” refers to a method using artificial intelligence which is used for automatically generating a model for the classification or regression. Here use can typically be made of a machine learning algorithm configured to generate the desired model on the basis of a multiplicity of training data sets. In this case, the machine learning algorithm can be a supervised algorithm or a self-learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm can utilize and/or comprise a neural network which can typically be developed into a trained neural network by means of the at least one training data set. The neural network can have at least one element selected from hierarchical decision trees, Hough forest, regression forest, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Neural Network (DNN) residual neural network, pixel-wise voting, pixel-wise fusion network, deep learning. Alternatively or additionally, use of at least one other method of artificial intelligence, typically a Kernel method, in particular a Support Vector Machine (SVM), is possible. The present disclosure is explained below—without restriction of the generality—on the basis of the typical example of neural networks; however, the use of some other machine learning algorithm is possible in an analogous manner. Particularly in order to obtain the desired trained neural network, training of the neural network can be effected typically before step b), particularly typically before step a). Typically a multiplicity of training data sets are used for this purpose. In this case, the term “training data set” concerns a data set comprising at least one pair comprising an image, typically a moving pattern composed of the abovementioned image and an associated comparison image, and also at least one assigned optical parameter, wherein the optical parameter can be selected from an optical parameter of the spectacle lens or an optical power related to the spectacle lens, in particular a magnification or distortion caused by the spectacle lens in the image recorded with the spectacle lens. Typically, the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be selected from a spherical power, a cylindrical power with axis position and/or an addition in the case of progressive lenses. However, other optical parameters of the spectacle lens are possible. In order to generate a sufficient number of training data sets, a database comprising a multiplicity of such data sets can typically be used for this purpose. In this case, the data sets used for this purpose can comprise a multiplicity of images recorded in accordance with step a), of artificially generated images for spectacle lenses with different optical parameters, of video sequences that can be created manually by automated robot movements for different spectacle lenses, wherein the at least one spectacle lens or the at least one camera can be moved, or of processing images created by data augmentation. Alternatively or additionally, the database can comprise further data sets suitable as training data sets for the selected neural network. In this case, from the training data sets, typically firstly the at least one image statistical parameter can be determined and then the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens can be determined therefrom. A direct, time-saving and targeted assignment of the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens to the moving pattern can thus be effected. Typically, the at least one image and the at least one comparison image can be recorded by means of at least one camera, preference being given to at least one camera comprised by a mobile communication device, in particular a smartphone or a tablet. However, other types of cameras are conceivable. Likewise, it is possible to effect the determination of the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens from the at least one image statistical parameter, in particular by means of classification or regression, typically by means of a trained neural network which is stored on the mobile communication device and can be implemented there, while the previous training of the neural network can typically be carried out on a stationary computer. However, other types of configuration are conceivable. If the spectacle lens is shaped as a cylindrical lens as usual, it is possible to consider manifestations of the at least one image statistical parameter typically separately in two different spatial axis directions. Furthermore, given the occurrence of a refractive power profile or a magnification profile on the spectacle lens, as is usual particularly in the case of a progressive lens, an alteration of the at least one image statistical parameter along the refractive power profile may be different. In order to be able to evaluate such patterns, it is possible to create a multiplicity of different training data sets for correspondingly trained neural networks in order thus to classify different types of spectacle lenses with regard to different image statistical parameters. In order to be able to carry out a determination of the at least one spatial axis, an ascertainment of the relative orientation of the spectacle lens can furthermore necessarily be ascertained. Various methods that enable frame detection can be used for this purpose. In particular, a discontinuity of the optical parameter, e.g. of the refractive power or the magnification, can occur at the spatial transition at the edge of the spectacle lens, wherein a relative position of the spectacle lens can be determined if the discontinuity is detected. However, other types of frame detection are possible. In this particularly typical configuration of the present disclosure, therefore, there is no need for analytical descriptions between a change in the moving pattern assumed between the at least one image and the at least one comparison image and the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens. In this case, rather, such a nonlinear, high-dimensional function can be generated and used by employing the training data sets used to train the selected neural network for determining the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens from the at least one image statistical parameter, in particular by means of classification or regression. In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a computer program for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, wherein the computer program is configured to carry out the determination of the at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens in accordance with the method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens as described herein. In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for producing a spectacle lens, wherein the spectacle lens is produced by processing a lens blank (standard, section 8.4.1) or a spectacle lens semifinished product (standard, section 8.4.2), wherein the lens blank or the spectacle lens semifinished product is processed in each case on the basis of refraction data and optionally centration data, wherein the refraction data are defined in accordance with the method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens as described herein. The refraction data typically comprise the correction of the refractive error of the at least one eye of the user with respect to the spherical correction and the astigmatic correction with axis position, in each case for distance vision and/or for near vision. The centration data typically comprise at least the face form angle, the angle between the frame plane and the right or left lens plane, pursuant to the standard, section 17.3, and/or the coordinates of the centration point, i.e., the absolute value of the distance of the centration point from the nasal vertical side or from the lower horizontal side of the boxed system, measured in the lens plane, pursuant to the standard, section 17.4, and/or the corneal vertex distance, i.e., the distance between the back surface of the spectacle lens and the apex of the cornea measured in the viewing direction perpendicular to the frame plane, pursuant to the standard, section 5.27, and/or the “as-worn” pantoscopic angle or pantoscopic angle, i.e., the angle in the vertical plane between the normal with respect to the front surface of a spectacle lens at the center thereof according to the boxed system and the fixation line of the eye in the primary position, which is usually assumed as horizontal, pursuant to the standard, section 5.18, and/or optionally the far visual point, i.e., the assumed position of the visual point on a spectacle lens for distance vision under given conditions, pursuant to the standard, section 5.16, and/or optionally the near visual point, i.e., the assumed position of the visual point on a spectacle lens for near vision under given conditions, pursuant to the standard, section 5.17. In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens. According to the disclosure, the apparatus comprises at least one camera configured for recording at least one image using a spectacle lens; and an evaluation unit configured for determining at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens by means of image processing of the image, wherein the at least one camera is configured to carry out the recording of the at least one image in such a way that the at least one image comprises an eye portion including the eyes and/or a face portion adjacent to the eyes of a user of the spectacle lens. In one particularly typical configuration, the evaluation unit can furthermore have a device for detecting a distance between the user's eye and the screen or the camera. For this purpose, by means of image processing, an image which was recorded by the camera in particular from the eye portion of the user, from a determination of a pupil distance between the camera and the user's eye, can to carry out a determination of the diameter of pupil and/or iris. In one typical configuration, provision can be made of at least two cameras which are arranged jointly in the form of a stereo camera and are therefore configured for detecting the distance between the user's eye and the screen. Alternatively or additionally, the apparatus can comprise a distance measuring unit configured for determining the pupil distance between the camera and the user's eye. For definitions and optional configurations of the computer program and of the apparatus for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens and also of the method for producing a spectacle lens, reference is made to the description above or below of the method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens. The apparatus according to the disclosure and the present methods have numerous advantages over conventional apparatuses and methods. In summary, in the context of the present disclosure, the following exemplary embodiments are particularly typical: Exemplary embodiment 1. A method for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) Recording at least one image using a spectacle lens; andb) Determining at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens by means of image processing of the at least one image,wherein the at least one image comprises an eye portion including at least one eye or an eye portion including the eyes and/or a face portion adjacent to at least one eye or a face portion adjacent to the eyes of a user of the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 2. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein a vertex power is determined as the optical parameter. Exemplary embodiment 3. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the vertex power is selected from: the vertex power of the spectacle lens with spherical power or the respective vertex power in one of two principal meridians of the spectacle lens with astigmatic power. Exemplary embodiment 4. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein an alteration of a region of the eye portion of the user that is visible through the spectacle lens is effected by the recording of the at least one image using the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 5. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the alteration concerns at least one geometric dimension of the eye. Exemplary embodiment 6. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the geometric dimension of the eye is selected from: a white-to-white distance in the eye, a horizontal distance between a right corner and a left corner of the eye and a vertical distance between an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid of the eye. Exemplary embodiment 7. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the alteration VEof the visible region of the eye portion of the user or of the face portion of the user adjacent to the eyes is determined in accordance with equation VE=11-dn⁢D1·11-((e+e′)⁢S′),(1) wherein for d=0.0005 m in the case of a negative lens and d=0.001 m in the case of a positive lens, n=1.5 or 1.52 or 1.6 or 1.67 or 1.74 or a combination thereof, e=0.012 m and e′=0.013348 m are used, and wherein S′ corresponds to the vertex power of the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 8. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the face portion adjacent to the at least one eye or to the eyes comprises a lateral head shape of the user. Exemplary embodiment 9. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the lateral head shape comprises a region around the relevant temple of the user. Exemplary embodiment 10. The method according to either of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein an alteration of a shape of the lateral head shape of the user is effected by the recording of the at least one image using the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 11. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein a spectacle lens with negative dioptric power (negative lens) is used. Exemplary embodiment 12. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the alteration brings about a concave lateral offset of the lateral head shape of the user. Exemplary embodiment 13. The method according to any of the three preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein a spectacle lens with positive dioptric power (positive lens) is used. Exemplary embodiment 14. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the alteration in shape brings about a convex lateral offset of the lateral head shape of the user. Exemplary embodiment 15. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the method is carried out while the user is wearing spectacles. Exemplary embodiment 16. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein additionally at least one further image without the use of the spectacle lens is recorded as comparison image. Exemplary embodiment 17. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the at least one comparison image is recorded for determining the alteration. Exemplary embodiment 18. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the at least one comparison image is recorded while the user is not wearing spectacles or is wearing spectacles comprising a dummy lens instead of the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 19. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein for determining the alteration, recourse is had to an already available comparison image. Exemplary embodiment 20. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein for determining the alteration, recourse is made to already available geometric dimensions of at least one eye or of the eyes of the user and/or of the face portion of the user adjacent to at least one eye or to the eyes. Exemplary embodiment 21. The method according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein a distance between the user's eye and at least one camera configured for recording the at least one image is additionally detected. Exemplary embodiment 22. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the distance between the user's eye and the camera is a pupil distance. Exemplary embodiment 23. The method according to either of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the distance is detected by means of a distance measuring unit. Exemplary embodiment 24. The method according to any of the three preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the distance is detected by means of the camera. Exemplary embodiment 25. The method according to any of the four preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the distance is detected by means of at least two cameras configured jointly for detecting the distance. Exemplary embodiment 26. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the at least two cameras are arranged jointly in the form of a stereo camera. Exemplary embodiment 27. The method according to any one of the preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the cornea of the user's eye is additionally recorded. Exemplary embodiment 28. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein a first recording without and a second recording with projection of an arbitrary, known stripe structure are effected. Exemplary embodiment 29. The method according to either of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein a surface shape of the cornea of the user's eye is determined from the recording of the cornea of the user's eye. Exemplary embodiment 30. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the surface shape of the cornea of the user's eye is used for determining the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis. Exemplary embodiment 31. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein an astigmatic portion of a correction and of the axis are determined from the determination of the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis. Exemplary embodiment 32. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein for determining the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis, an algorithmic evaluation is effected using artificial intelligence, machine learning and/or a network, typically a neural network. Exemplary embodiment 33. The method according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the optometric parameters sphere, cylinder and axis are deduced from a single image, particularly if data about an influence of a spherocylindrical correction on meridional differences in the magnification and/or reduction are available. Exemplary embodiment 34. A computer program for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, wherein the computer program is configured to carry out the method steps according to any of the preceding exemplary embodiments. Exemplary embodiment 35. A method for producing at least one spectacle lens, wherein the spectacle lens is produced by processing a lens blank or spectacle lens semifinished product, wherein the lens blank or the spectacle lens semifinished product is processed on the basis of refraction data and optionally centration data, wherein the refraction data are defined in accordance with the method for determining at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens as described herein. Exemplary embodiment 36. An apparatus for determining at least one optical parameter of a spectacle lens, comprising at least one camera configured for recording at least one image using a spectacle lens; and an evaluation unit configured for determining at least one optical parameter of the spectacle lens by means of image processing of the at least one image, wherein the at least one camera is configured to carry out the recording of the at least one image in such a way that the at least one image comprises an eye portion including at least one eye or the eyes and/or a face portion adjacent to at least one eye or the eyes of a user of the spectacle lens. Exemplary embodiment 37. The apparatus according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the apparatus is furthermore configured to determine a distance between the apparatus and the user's eye. Exemplary embodiment 38. The apparatus according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the evaluation unit is furthermore configured to determine the distance between the apparatus and the user's eye by image processing of the image of the user's eye. Exemplary embodiment 39. The apparatus according to either of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the apparatus furthermore comprises a distance measuring unit, wherein the distance measuring unit is furthermore configured to determine the distance between the apparatus and the user's eye. Exemplary embodiment 40 apparatus according to any of the three preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein provision is made of at least two cameras configured jointly for detecting the distance between the apparatus and the user's eye. Exemplary embodiment 41. The apparatus according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the at least two cameras are arranged jointly in the form of a stereo camera. Exemplary embodiment 42. The apparatus according to any of the five preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the apparatus is configured as a mobile communication device. Exemplary embodiment 43. The apparatus according to the preceding exemplary embodiment, wherein the mobile communication device comprises the at least one camera, the evaluation unit and optionally the distance measuring unit. Exemplary embodiment 44. The apparatus according to either of the two preceding exemplary embodiments, wherein the mobile communication device is configured as a smartphone. In a further aspect, the method described above and/or the apparatus described above and/or the computer program described above can be employed together with at least one further method and/or at least one further apparatus and/or a further computer program. Said at least one further method can be for example a method for determining a refractive error of a user's eye, typically a method in accordance with EP3730036, wherein said method comprises the following steps:a) Representing a character on a screen, wherein a parameter of the character represented on the screen is varied;b) Detecting a reaction of the user depending on the character represented on the screen;c) Establishing a point in time at which a recognizability of the character represented on the screen for the user is evident from the reaction of the user; andd) Determining a value for the refractive error of the user's eye from the parameter defined at the point in time, wherein the character represented on the screen is a periodic pattern, wherein the parameter of the pattern represented on the screen comprises at least one spatial frequency, and the value for the refractive error is determined from the spatial frequency of the pattern defined at the point in time. As an alternative or in addition to the method described above, the at least one further method can for example also be a method for determining a refractive error of a user's eye, typically a method in accordance with EP3730037, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) Representing a character on a screen, wherein a parameter of the character represented on the screen is varied;b) Detecting an eye movement metric of the user's eye depending on the character represented on the screen; andc) Establishing a point in time at which a recognition threshold of the user for the character represented on the screen is evident from the eye movement metric of the user's eye; andd) Determining a value for the refractive error of the user's eye from the parameter defined at the point in time. As an alternative or in addition to the methods described above, the at least one further method can for example also be a method for measuring the refractive power distribution of a left and/or a right spectacle lens in a spectacle frame, typically a method in accordance with EP3730919.7, in which, in a first step, at least one image capturing device is used to capture at least one first imaging of a scene from at least one first recording position, wherein said at least one first imaging has at least two structure points and contains a left and/or a right spectacle lens in a spectacle frame with a section of the spectacle frame that defines a coordinate system of the spectacle frame, wherein the at least one imaging beam path for each of these at least two structure points in each case at least once passes and at least once does not pass through the first and/or the second spectacle lens of the spectacle frame. Each imaging beam path comprises the position of the structure point and also the chief ray incident in the at least one image capturing device. A further step, which can temporally precede or succeed the first step, involves capturing at least one further imaging of the scene without the first and/or the second spectacle lens of the spectacle frame or without the spectacle frame containing the first and/or the second spectacle lens with the same at least two structure points of the first imaging of a scene by means of at least one image capturing device from the first recording position or from at least one further recording position different than the first recording position. The at least one image capturing device in the further step can be identical or different to the at least one image capturing device from the first step. Typically, the at least one image capturing device in the further step is identical to the at least one image capturing device from the first step. That is followed by a calculating step which involves determining the coordinates of said at least two structure points in a coordinate system—referenced to the coordinate system of the spectacle frame—of the imaging of said scene from the respective at least one beam path of said at least two structure points which has respectively not passed through the left and/or right spectacle lens, and the at least one further imaging of the scene by means of image evaluation. After this step, the refractive power distribution is determined in a step of determining a refractive power distribution for at least one section of the left spectacle lens in the coordinate system of the spectacle frame and/or in a step of determining a refractive power distribution for at least one section of the right spectacle lens in the coordinate system of the spectacle frame, in each case from the imaging beam paths which have passed through the respective spectacle lens. As an alternative or in addition to the methods described above, the at least one further method can for example also be a method for measuring the refractive power distribution of a left and/or a right spectacle lens in a spectacle frame, typically a method in accordance with EP3730919, in which, in a first step, at least one image capturing device is used to capture at least one first imaging of a scene from at least one first recording position, wherein said at least one first imaging has at least two structure points and contains a left and/or a right spectacle lens in a spectacle frame with a section of the spectacle frame that defines a coordinate system of the spectacle frame, wherein the at least one imaging beam path for each of these at least two structure points in each case at least once passes and at least once does not pass through the first and/or the second spectacle lens of the spectacle frame. Each imaging beam path comprises the position of the structure point and also the chief ray incident in the at least one image capturing device. A further step, which can temporally precede or succeed the first step or be carried out simultaneously with the first step, involves capturing at least one further imaging of the scene with the left and/or the right spectacle lens in a spectacle frame and with a section of the spectacle frame defining a coordinate system of the spectacle frame by means of at least one image capturing device from at least one further recording position different than the first recording position, with at least one imaging beam path for the same at least two structure points captured in the first imaging, wherein said at least one imaging beam path in each case at least once passes and at least once does not pass through the first and/or the second spectacle lens of the spectacle frame. That is followed by a further step which involves calculating the coordinates of the at least two structure points in a coordinate system—referenced to the coordinate system of the spectacle frame—of the scene from the respective at least one beam path of said at least two structure points which has respectively not passed through the left and/or right spectacle lens, and the at least one further imaging of the scene by means of image evaluation. Afterward, the refractive power distribution is calculated for at least one section of the left spectacle lens in the coordinate system of the spectacle frame and/or the refractive power distribution is determined for at least one section of the right spectacle lens in the coordinate system of the spectacle frame, in each case from the imaging beam paths which have passed through the respective spectacle lens. Typically, in the two methods above for measuring the refractive power distribution of a left and/or a right spectacle lens, typically in a spectacle frame, a multiplicity of structure points are captured in the respectively first imaging of a scene from in each case at least one first recording position and the respectively succeeding steps are carried out on the basis of this respective multiplicity of structure points. A multiplicity of structure points is understood to mean typically at least 10, more typically at least 100, particularly typically at least 1000 and very particularly typically at least 10000 structure points. In particular, a multiplicity of structure points is ≥100 structure points and ≤1000 structure points. As an alternative or in addition to the methods described above, the at least one further method can for example also be a method for determining the refractive power distribution of a spectacle lens, typically a method in accordance with EP3730918, which makes possible a local refractive power from the size and/or shape comparison of the imaging of the front eye section for a specific viewing direction. This is done by carrying out at least one recording of the front eye section with and without a spectacle lens situated in front of the latter, and respectively comparing the recording with and without a spectacle lens with one another. In a superordinate application, the various methods described above, i.e. the method according to the disclosure and also the at least one further method, can be combined in order, from a comparison of the results respectively obtained, for example, to obtain a higher accuracy or a plausibility check of the results obtained in the individual methods. The various methods described above can be effected successively or simultaneously in the superordinate application. If the various methods are effected successively, their order can be independent of one another and/or any desired order can be involved. If the various methods are effected successively, preference may be given to carrying out at least one of the above-described methods for determining the refractive power distribution last. A superordinate application can be for example a computer program comprising the various methods.

11474381

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2018/059919 filed Apr. 18, 2018, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 17167151.4 filed Apr. 19, 2017. The entire contents of each of the above-referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated by reference herein without disclaimer. The present invention relates to an ophthalmic article. The term “ophthalmic article” is specifically understood to mean a lens, corrective or otherwise, that can be used as spectacle glass, for spectacles for example, particularly sunglasses, visors or the like. Photochromism is a phenomenon of reversible changes in color, which takes place when compounds of a certain sort are exposed for example to sunlight or ultraviolet-containing light. Lenses making use of the above-mentioned function of such compounds are widely known as photochromic lenses. They have been finding wide-spread commercial utility in sunglasses, prescription eyeglasses, goggles and so on. However known photochromic lenses are quite expensive and complex to manufacture. The present invention therefore aims to propose an ophthalmic article that has photochromic properties and is less expensive and easy to manufacture. With this aim, the invention proposes an ophthalmic article in particular for sunglasses, comprising:a first layer made of photochromic cellulose triacetate having a rear face to be oriented toward an eye of a user and a front face to be oriented toward the field of vision of the user, anda second layer made of polyamide having a rear face to be oriented toward an eye of a user and a front face to be oriented toward the field of vision of the user,the first layer being disposed proximate to the field of vision of the user with regard to the second layer being disposed proximate to the eye of the user. It is thus possible to obtain photochromic glasses at low cost in an easy way. Further, the obtained photochromic lens has an improved fatigue resistance of the photochromic feature with regard to other method provided. Further, using the principle of the invention, the photochromic dye is spread much more uniformly as compared to other methods of adding a photochromic layer on piano lenses. Indeed, when compared to methods such as adding photochromic dyes in a coating or in a glue layer, the method of the invention is prone to have less blotchy color when the photochromic dye is activated and a more uniform tint, without unwanted gradient when compared to dip coating techniques which can produce lenses clearer at the top and darker at the bottom. The ophthalmic article may present the following aspects separately or in combination. According to one aspect, the ophthalmic article comprises a third layer made of polarizing polyvinyl alcohol which is disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The third layer may be linearly polarized. Said layers are for example fixed together by thermoforming or by injection molding. The second layer made of polyamide may comprise a first sub-layer made of polyamide and a second sublayer made of polyamide. According to a further aspect, one of said first or second sub-layers is tinted by addition of a pigment or a colorant. One of said first or second sub-layers may be a non-tinted crystal sub-layer. Moreover, the sub-layer which is to be closest to the eye of the user is a non-tinted crystal sub-layer. One may foresee a hard coat is applied on the front face of the first layer. According to another aspect, the rear face of the second layer is surface finished for a corrective effect. The first layer may have a thickness comprised between 0.05 mm and 1 mm. The second layer may have a thickness comprised between 0.02 mm and 1 mm. The third layer may have a thickness comprised between 0.01 mm and 1 mm.

11346051

The contents of the above applications are all incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to paper products, inter alia, smoking paper products, stably enriched with aroma and/or flavor compounds. More particularly, the invention relates to paper products enriched with a terpene profile, mimicking flavor and/or aroma of a cannabis plant. BACKGROUND Terpenes are hydrocarbons occurring widely in plants and animals and built up from isoprene (i.e., C5H8) units. Terpenoids are regarded as modified terpenes, for example, when methyl groups are moved or removed, or when oxygen atoms added. The term “terpenes”, in many occasions is used to broadly include terpenoids. Terpenes are typically present in small amounts in living organisms, where they play numerous vital roles in plant physiology as well as important functions in cellular membranes. Terpenes are naturally formed by the combination of two molecules of acetic acid to give mevalonic acid (C6H12O4) and conversion of the latter to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which contains the five-carbon isoprene skeleton. Additional transformations of the isopentenyl compound yield the various terpenes and terpenoids. Terpenes are typically classified according to the number of isoprene units in the molecule. Monoterpenes (C10H16) contain two isoprene units, sesquiterpenes (C15H24) contain three, diterpenes (C20H32) contain four, triterpenes (C30H48) contain six, and tetraterpenes (C40H64) contain eight isoprene units. Polyterpenes (a.k.a. rubber and gutta-percha) contain 1,000-5,000 isoprene units, joined together to form a long chain. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes are abundant in essential oils of plants. Terpenes possess desirable properties for use in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The present invention pertains to a novel and advantageous use of those compounds in paper products. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Objects of the invention are achieved by providing a paper product, such as, a smoking rolling paper, stably enriched with aroma and/or flavor compounds. Objects of the invention are achieved by providing a paper product, such as, a smoking rolling paper, stably enriched with aroma and/or flavor compounds and/or with cannabinoid compounds. Objects of the invention are achieved by providing a rolling paper stably enriched with one or more terpene and/or terpenoid compounds. Objects of the invention are achieved by providing a rolling paper, stably enriched with one or more cannabinoids and/or at least one or more terpene and/or terpenoid compounds. Thus, an aspect of the invention pertains to a paper product infused with an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one of: a flavor compound, an aroma compound, and a cannabinoid compound. In one or more embodiments, the aroma compound and/or flavor compound and/or cannabinoid compound originate from a plant, such as a cannabis plant. In one or more embodiments, the aroma compound and/or flavor compound is a terpene and/or a terpenoid. In one or more embodiments, the aroma compound and/or flavor compound is a synthetic compound. In one or more embodiments, the paper products further comprise a fixative agent. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is a cannabinoid. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is a compound other than a cannabinoid. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is a combination of a cannabinoid and another fixative agent. The present invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery that certain fixative agents that can bind the cellulose of the paper product and also terpenes and/or terpenoids, efficiently allow a stabilizing effect on terpenes and terpenoids within paper products, thereby reducing the evaporation of those molecules from papers products. Thus, yet another aspect of the invention pertains to an aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the paper product comprising, at least one terpene and/or at least one terpenoid; at least one of a fixative agent, wherein the fixative agent is characterized by binding capacity to cellulose, and biding capacity to terpene and/or terpenoid; and at least one antioxidant; wherein the terpene and/or terpenoid is maintained in the paper product for a substantially longer time as compared to a paper product without a fixative agent and/or an antioxidant. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent imparts substantially increased stability of the terpenes and terpenoids in the paper products. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent exhibits one or more features effective in stabilizing the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the papers. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is a cannabinoid which exhibits one or more features effective in stabilizing the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the papers. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent does not include a compound other than a cannabinoid. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is characterized by at least one of the features: odorless, flavorless, low volatility (e.g., with vapor pressure less than 0.1 mm Hg at 20° C.), easy penetration through the cellulose pores and binding capacity to cellulose, binding capacity to terpene(s) and/or terpenoid(s), essential oil and terpene solubility with Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) between the cellulose and terpenes, reduction in the vapor pressure of the fragrances, preservation of lasting quality and end notes of fragrance mixtures, lack of toxicity, burning without producing any bad smelling/toxic/irritating products in the side stream smoke, and any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent contains oxygen atoms spaced or separated by 2 or more carbon atoms. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) below the cellulose of the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) above terpene(s) and terpenoid(s) applied onto the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) between the cellulose and terpene(s) and/or terpenoid(s) applied onto the papers. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is selected from the group consisting of: a polypropylene glycol, a PPG-20 methyl glucose ether, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol PEG-400, an ester of citric acid (e.g., triethyl citrate, and acetyl triethyl citrate), a derivative thereof, and any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the polypropylene glycol is a branched polypropylene glycol. In one or more embodiments, the branched polypropylene glycol is Glucam P-20, or a derivative thereof. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is a crystalline substance or oil able to dissolve in terpenes. The fixative agent may, in some embodiments, be an antioxidant. For example, cannabinoids may act concomitantly as antioxidants and as pseudo-fixatives. Optionally, the fixative agent is a cannabinoid. Advantageously, cannabinoids also act as antioxidants and many of those molecules also possess active beneficial physiological effects. Further, the activity of cannabinoids can be modulated by terpenes and terpenoids, resulting in an entourage effect provided within smoking papers. Hence, cannabinoids applied onto paper products, as herein disclosed, can allow a triple effect of stabilizing the binding of terpenes and terpenoids onto paper products, preventing oxidation of those molecules in the paper products, and allowing a modulated physiological effect elicited by the combination of the cannabinoids and terpenes and/or terpenoids. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent affords or mediates binding or incorporation of the flavor and/or aroma compound within the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the paper products further comprise an antioxidant agent. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant agent is a cannabinoid. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant agent is a compound other than a cannabinoid. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant agent is a combination of a cannabinoid and another antioxidant agent. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant agent reduces or prevents oxidation of the terpenes and terpenoids, resulting with an enhanced stability of the aroma and/or flavor of the paper products. In a further aspect, the present invention provides an aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the paper product comprising, one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s), and at least one of a fixative agent and an antioxidant. The amount and/or choice of antioxidant is of great importance in maintaining stability of the terpenes/terpenoids in the herein disclosed paper products. Essential oils, such as terpenes, and terpenoids are prone to oxidation, resulting in smell deterioration. The herein disclosed inventors successfully devised and prepared paper products with terpenes and/or terpenoids, wherein the terpenes and/or terpenoids stably maintained in the paper products. The inventors discovered that antioxidants presenting one or more features as defined below exhibited longer stability of the terpenes and/or terpenoids infused into the paper products. The antioxidants increased substantially the stability of terpenes and their mixtures by slowing down their decomposition by oxygen. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant exhibits one or more features effective in stabilizing the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the papers. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant is a cannabinoid which exhibits one or more features effective in stabilizing the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the papers. In one or more embodiments, the features are selected from: oil solubility, chemical inertness or non-reactivity with compounds in the paper product, odorless, flavorless, low toxicity, not producing toxic and irritating substances during smoking or burning. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant is selected from a tocopherol (e.g., vitamin E, E306-E309), vitamin C (E300), a natural cannabinoid (e.g., a mono- and diphenols), and a synthetic antioxidant (e.g., butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, E320), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, E321), propyl gallate (PG, E310), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, E319) and any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant is one or more of a phenol selected from a cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, phenolic acids, flavonoids, gingerol, curcumin, vitamin E, butylated hydroxyanisole, a derivative thereof and a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the terpene and/or terpenoid is maintained in the paper product for a substantially longer time as compared to a paper product without a fixative agent and an antioxidant or compared to a paper product with an antioxidant and without a fixative agent. Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the paper product comprising, one or more terpenes and/or terpenoids; one or more of a fixative agent; and one or more of an antioxidant; wherein the one or more of fixative agent chemically stabilizes the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the paper product, thereby maintaining the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the paper product for a longer time as compared to a paper product without a fixative agent and/or an antioxidant. Thus, in yet a further aspect, the present invention provides aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the paper product comprising, one or more terpenes and/or terpenoids; one or more of a fixative agent, wherein at least one of the fixative agent is a cannabinoid; and one or more of an antioxidant; wherein the one or more of cannabinoids chemically stabilizes the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the paper product, thereby maintaining the terpenes and/or terpenoids in the paper product for a longer time as compared to a paper product without cannabinoids and antioxidants. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, cannabidiol, propyl gallate, tertiary butylhydroquinone, tocopherol, vitamin E, and any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is characterized by at least one of: oil solubility, binding capacity to cellulose, biding capacity to terpene and/or terpenoid, non-toxicity, flavorless, odorless, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is selected from the group consisting of: a polypropylene glycol, a PPG-20 Methyl Glucose Ether, 1,3-butanediol, triethyl citrate, and any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the polypropylene glycol is having a M.W. of about 160 Da to about 10,000 Da. In one or more embodiments, the polypropylene glycol is having a M.W. selected from about 160 Da to about 400, and about 4,000 to about 10,000 Da. Various cannabinoids are herein contemplated and applicable. In one or more embodiments, the cannabinoid is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) below the cellulose of the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the cannabinoid is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) above terpenes and terpenoids applied onto the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the cannabinoid is having Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) between the cellulose and terpenes and/or terpenoids. Various cannabinoids are contemplated, including without limitation, cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), cannabivarin (CBV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabigerovarin (CBGV), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabielsoin (CBE), and any combination thereof. Various cannabinoid acids are contemplated including, without limitation, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabichromenenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA), tetrahydrocanabivarinic acid (THCVA), cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), a derivative thereof, and a combination thereof. Surprisingly and advantageously, the herein disclosed compositions and methods effectively produced paper products comprising relatively high levels of cannabinoids. In some embodiments, the fixative agent weight per paper area is about 2.2 mg/cm2. For example, the amount of the cannabinoid per each paper product is at least about 0.18 mg/cm2. For example, at least about 0.2 mg/cm2, at least about 0.25 mg/cm2, at least about 0.3 mg/cm2, at least about 0.4 mg/cm2, or at least about 0.5 mg/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the amount of the cannabinoid per each paper product is about 116 mg/g. For example, the amount of the cannabinoid per each paper product is at least about 15 mg, at least about 20 mg, at least about 30 mg, at least about 40 mg, at least about 50 mg, at least about 60 mg, at least about 70 mg, at least about 80 mg, or at least about 90 mg per gram paper. In one or more embodiments, the amount of the cannabinoid per each paper product is up to about 120 mg. For example, up to about 110 mg, 100 mg, 90 mg, 80 mg, 70 mg, 60 mg, 50 mg, 40 mg, 30 mg, or 20 mg. In one or more embodiments, the amount of the cannabinoid per each paper product is at least about 10 mg and up to about 120 mg. For example, at least about 15 mg and up to about 120 mg, at least about 20 mg and up to about 100 mg, or at least about 20 mg and up to about 80 mg. Such high concentration of cannabinoids within smoking papers is novel and affords consumption of those products with a viable effective dose of the cannabinoids. The capability to infuse such high amounts of cannabinoids and terpenes and/or terpenoids within a paper allows controlling their concentration in those products and thereby devises and produces papers having cannabinoids as active ingredients with specified controlled doses. In one or more embodiments, the cannabinoid binds both cellulose of the paper and the terpenes and/or terpenoids, thereby creating a chemical interaction that prolongs the retention time of the terpenes and/or terpenoids on the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the terpene and/or the terpenoid is provided as a natural cannabis plant extract. In one or more embodiments, the terpene and/or the terpenoid is an isolated terpene and/or the terpenoid. In one or more embodiments, the terpene and/or the terpenoid is a synthetic compound. In one or more embodiments, the herein disclosed paper products include selected terpenes/terpenoids profile produced from purified terpenes/terpenoids combined together to create a new profile of those molecules, that may or may not contain an amount of plant extract. In one or more embodiments, the paper product is a smoking paper product. In one or more embodiments, the smoking paper product is selected from a rolling paper, a tip and a filter. In one or more embodiments, the paper is porous presenting pores having a diameter of about 1×10−3μm to about 2×10−3μm. In one or more embodiments, the paper product is manufactured by applying onto the paper a composition comprising one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s), and at least one of a fixative agent and an antioxidant. In one or more embodiments, the one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) is present within the composition in an amount of about 45% to about 55%, by weight of the composition. For example, the one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) is present within the composition in an amount of about 20% to about 60%, by weight of the composition. For example, the one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) is present within the composition in an amount of about 15% to about 70%, by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the antioxidant is present within the composition in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the composition. For example, the antioxidant is present within the composition in an amount of about 0.5% to about 2.5% by weight of the composition. For example, the antioxidant is present within the composition in an amount of about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is present within the composition in an amount of about 45% to about 55% by weight of the composition. For example, the fixative agent is present within the composition in an amount of about 40% to about 75% by weight of the composition. For example, the fixative agent is present within the composition in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the composition comprises: one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) in an amount of at least about 20% by weight of the composition; and one or more of a fixative agent in an amount of at least about 5% by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the composition comprises: one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) in an amount of at least about 20% by weight of the composition; and one or more of a fixative agent in an amount of at least about 20% by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the composition comprises: one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s) in an amount of at least about 20% by weight of the composition; one or more of a cannabinoid in an amount of at least about 5% by weight of the composition; and one or more of a fixative agent other than cannabinoid in an amount of at least about 20% by weight of the composition. In one or more embodiments, the weight ratio between the fixative agent and the terpene and/or terpenoid is about 3:1 to about 1:3. For example, the weight ratio between the fixative agent and the terpene and/or terpenoid is about 4:1 to about 1:4. In one or more embodiments, the ratio is about 1:1. In one or more embodiments, evaporation of the terpene and/or terpenoid is substantially reduced as compared to a paper product without a fixative agent and an antioxidant, or as compared to a paper product with an antioxidant and without a fixative agent. In one or more embodiments, the overall amount of the terpene and/or terpenoid remains within the paper for at least about 10 minutes following exposure of the paper to the environment. In one or more embodiments, the paper product comprises a terpene and/or terpenoid profile presenting substantial similarity to the terpene and/or terpenoid profile present naturally within a cannabis strain. In one or more embodiments, the paper product comprises a cannabinoid profile presenting substantial similarity to the terpene and/or terpenoid profile present naturally within a cannabis strain. In one or more embodiments, the profile is stably maintained for at least about 10 minutes at ambient environment. In one or more embodiments, at least about 50% of the terpenes/terpenoids molecules remain in the paper product, following 5 minutes or even 10 minutes exposure to ambient air. In one or more embodiments, more than 70% of the terpenoids and terpenes are maintained in the paper products following 10 minutes exposure to the environment. In one or more embodiments, the paper further comprises a cellulose coat provided on top of said paper product. In one or more embodiments, the paper product is manufactured by applying pressure onto the paper following applying the terpenes/terpenoids composition. In one or more embodiments, the pressure is about 100 g/sq inch to about 5000 g/sq. In one or more embodiments, the pressure is at least about 16 g/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the pressure is about 16 g/cm2to about 775 g/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the terpene(s) and/or terpenoid(s) is present in the paper product in an amount of about 0.2 mg/cm2to about 1 mg/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the fixative agent is present in the paper product in an amount of about 0.2 mg/cm2to about 1 mg/cm2. In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing an aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the method comprising: preparing a composition comprising one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s); applying the composition onto the paper product; and applying pressure onto the paper product, thereby manufacturing an aromatized and/or flavored paper product. In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing an aromatized and/or flavored paper product, the method comprising preparing a composition comprising one or more terpene(s) and/or one or more terpenoid(s); applying the composition onto the paper product; applying pressure onto the paper product; and removing excess of the composition from the paper product; thereby manufacturing an aromatized and/or flavored paper product. In one or more embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of a fixative agent and an antioxidant. In one or more embodiments, the method further comprises applying a cellulose layer over said paper product. In one or more embodiment, the step of applying the composition onto the paper product occurs concomitantly to applying pressure onto the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the method further comprises packing the paper product within a hermetically sealed package. In one or more embodiments, applying pressure is conducted using a roller. In one or more embodiments, the pressure is at least about 16 g/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the pressure is within the range of about 16 g/cm2to about 775 g/cm2. In one or more embodiments, the paper product is a smoking paper product. In one or more embodiments, the smoking paper product is selected from a rolling paper, a tip and a filter. In one or more embodiments, the smoking paper product is a rolling paper and wherein applying the composition onto the paper product is conducted on both sides of the rolling paper. Yet a further aspect of the invention pertains to a method of producing the herein disclosed aroma and/or flavor compound-enriched paper product, the method comprising: preparing a composition comprising predetermined amounts of an aroma and/or a flavor compound; applying a predetermined amount of the composition on one side of the paper; spreading the composition onto the paper product; and inserting the composition within the paper product. In one or more embodiments, the methods comprise applying an amount of the composition on the other side of the paper, and spreading the composition on top of the paper, optionally with a fibrous pad or a roller. In one or more embodiments, inserting the composition within the paper is made by physical means, such as by pressure, to thereby press and insert the composition into the pores of the paper. In one or more embodiments, the method further comprises packing the terpene/terpenoid enriched paper. In one or more embodiments, the method further comprises sealing the package. Unless otherwise defined, all technical or/and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods or/and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

11361110

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 108116661, filed on May 15, 2019. The entirety of the above-mentioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification. BACKGROUND Technical Field The disclosure relates to a file verification method, and particularly relates to a file verification method, a file verification system and a file verification server applying a blockchain technique. Description of Related Art Electronic files have a risk of being easily tampered with and deleted without being detected. Therefore, a concept of storing the electronic files in a blockchain has been proposed to prevent data from being tampered with. The blockchain technique is composed of cryptography, mathematics, algorithms and economic models, and combines a point-to-point network relationship and adopts a distributed consensus algorithm to solve a synchronization problem of a conventional distributed database, which is a major breakthrough in integrating cross-domain technologies in modern times. Information recorded in the blockchain is not easily forged or cannot be tampered with. However, a block storage space of each block on the blockchain is limited. If the huge file data is split and written into multiple blocks, it is a waste of storage resources and computing resources, which leads to a high cost and impracticability. Therefore, how to make use of the characteristics of the blockchain to ensure data security is an issue of concern to people of the field. SUMMARY Therefore, the disclosure is directed to a file verification method, a file verification system and a file verification server, which are adapted to verify correctness of an electronic file in a low cost and high security manner. The disclosure provides a file verification method, which includes following steps. A tree data structure is established according to a plurality of first hash values of a plurality of first electronic files. A first root hash value of the tree data structure is stored into a block of a blockchain. A verification data including block information of the block, one of the first hash values and at least one non-terminal hash value of the tree data structure is generated for one of the first electronic files. A second electronic file is verified according to the verification data. The disclosure provides a file verification system including a memory, a communication interface, one or a plurality of processors. The memory is configured to store data, and the communication interface is configured to connect a blockchain platform. The processor is coupled to the memory and the communication interface, and is configured to: establish a tree data structure according to a plurality of first hash values of a plurality of first electronic files; store a first root hash value of the tree data structure into a block of a blockchain; generate a verification data including block information of the block, one of the first hash values and at least one non-terminal hash value of the tree data structure for one of the first electronic files; and verify a second electronic file according to the verification data. The invention provides a file verification server including a memory, a communication interface and a processor. The memory is configured to store data, and the communication interface is configured to connect a blockchain platform. The processor is coupled to the memory and the communication interface, and is configured to: establish a tree data structure according to a plurality of first hash values of a plurality of first electronic files; store a first root hash value of the tree data structure into a block of a blockchain; generate a verification data including block information of the block, one of the first hash values and at least one non-terminal hash value of the tree data structure for one of the first electronic files. Based on the above description, in the embodiment of the disclosure, the tree data structure is established according to a plurality of first hash values of a plurality of first electronic files, and the first root hash value corresponding to the first electronic files is stored in the blockchain to ensure that the first root hash value is not tampered with. Moreover, the verification data respectively corresponding to the first electronic files is also generated based on the tree data structure, so as to verify correctness of a second electronic file according to the generated verification data and the first root hash value recorded in the blockchain, and accordingly determine whether the second electronic file is a forged file generated by tampering with one of the first electronic files. To make the aforementioned more comprehensible, several embodiments accompanied with drawings are described in detail as follows.

11335996

BACKGROUND Satellite communication systems are complex systems that include multiple subsystems which, in turn, are made of multiple software and hardware components. The subsystems and components can also have multiple instances of software processes that implement the subsystems or components. For example, there may be multiple instances of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic handling subsystems to handle network traffic for a single satellite communication channel. Each subsystem, component, and software instance can have many pieces of status and statistical information that help define the state of the subsystem, component, of software instance. SUMMARY In some implementations, a communication system, e.g., a satellite communication system, can train and use machine learning models to predict causes of a condition of the satellite communication system. For example, a computer system can train machine learning models using data specifying properties of a satellite communication system at one or more points in time and, for each point in time, a label that indicates a cause (e.g., a primary cause or an initial or triggering cause) of a condition (e.g., a problem, degradation, or potential problem) of the satellite communication system at that time. The properties can include the status, statistics, metrics, and/or other appropriate data for each of multiple subsystems and components of the satellite communication system. The trained machine learning models can output machine learning outputs that indicate one or more potential causes of the condition of the satellite communication system based on properties of the satellite communication system. The machine learning outputs can also indicate, for each potential cause, a probability that the potential cause is the actual cause of the condition of the satellite communication system. The computer system can use the probabilities output by multiple machine learning models for a given point in time or over a given time period to determine a most likely cause (e.g., a primary cause) of the condition of the satellite communication system. For example, the system can identify, as the most likely cause, a cause having the highest probability across the probabilities output by the machine learning models. In another example, the system can identify, as the most likely cause, a cause having a probability that has increased over time and that exceeds a threshold probability. In yet another example, the system can identify, as the most likely cause, a cause having a probability that has increased to exceed the probabilities of other potential causes. The computer system can also select an action that alters the operation of the satellite communication system based on the identified most likely cause and/or the properties of the satellite communication system that were provided as input to the machine learning models. For example, if a slow storage device is slowing other components, preventing the other components from operating, and/or degrading the performance of the satellite communication system, the computer system can determine that the slow storage device is the most likely cause of the degraded performance (e.g., rather than the components affected by the slow storage device). The computer system can select switching to a different storage device as an action to take in response to the detected system conditions. The computer system can then provide, to a device, an indication of the most likely cause of the condition of the satellite communication system and/or the selected action. The device can present (e.g., using display or a spoken language interface) the most likely cause and/or the selected action to an operator. The operator can then cause a network management system (or the actual component or subsystem) to perform the selected action. In some implementations, the computer system can cause the selected action to be performed automatically, e.g., without input from the operator. As satellite communication systems are complex and include many subsystems and components, determining a cause of a condition of the satellite system can be difficult and time consuming. For example, determining a primary cause of a current problem can involve triaging at multiple levels of the operations. For problems that do not get resolved using a well-known procedure of evaluating certain data and restarting certain subsystems, the triage escalates to higher tiers of the support hierarchy and by the time someone is able to perform a deep dive into the problem, a significant amount of time can pass and the problem can get worse and cause further degradation to the performance of the satellite communication system. Using the machine learning techniques described herein, a computer system can determine the most likely cause of a condition of a satellite communication system that would otherwise not be detected. The machine learning models can detect and provide information indicating causes that are based on information (e.g., status and statistics information) for multiple subsystems or combinations of components that would not be evaluated by a human operator or expert. The computer system can also adapt the machine learning models to changes in the satellite communication system, for example, by retraining the models using newly detected causes and their associated properties of the satellite communication system. This is advantageous over a rules-based system that a human operator or expert would have to adjust over time based on changes to the satellite communication system or changes in the performance of the satellite communication system. For example, a speed-based threshold for determining that a component is slower than normal may have to be adjusted each time the satellite communication system is altered such that the component operates at a higher speed. The machine learning models can be updated (e.g., retrained) to account for such changes over time. For example, the machine learning models can be retrained using updated data regarding the properties of the satellite communication system and the cause of the condition of the satellite communication system corresponding to those properties. The machine learning models can also be used to determine the causes of conditions of other satellite communication networks, e.g., satellite communication systems that are similar to the satellite communication system for which the machine learning models are trained. This allows for the detection of causes of conditions of satellite communication systems for which a sufficient amount of data is not available, such as newly deployed satellite communication systems. In one general aspect, the techniques disclosed herein describe methods of training and using machine learning models to determine a cause of a condition of a satellite communication system. For example, a method performed by one or more computers can include: obtaining, by the one or more computers, one or more feature vectors that respectively correspond to different times, each feature vector including feature values that represent properties of a satellite communication system at the time corresponding to the feature vector; providing, by the one or more computers, the one or more feature vectors as input to one or more machine learning models, each of the one or more machine learning models being trained to receive at least one feature vector that includes feature values representing properties of the satellite communication system and output an indication of potential causes of a condition of the satellite communication system based on the properties of the satellite communication system; receiving, by the one or more computers and from each of the one or more machine learning models, one or more machine learning model outputs that indicate one or more potential causes of a condition of the satellite communication system based on the properties of the satellite communication system represented by the one or more feature vectors; determining, by the one or more computers and based on the one or more machine learning model outputs received from each of the one or more machine learning models, a particular cause indicated as being a most likely cause of the condition of the satellite communication system; and providing, to a device, an indication of the particular cause of the condition of the satellite communication system. Implementations can include one or more of the following features. For example, some implementations include selecting, by the one or more computers, an action to alter network operation of the satellite communication system based at least on the particular cause and causing the selected action to be performed. Some implementations include training the one or more machine learning models using labeled training data for a particular satellite communication system. The labeled training data can include, for each of multiple times, properties of the particular satellite communication system at the time and labels that indicate one or more causes of a condition of the particular satellite communication system at the time. The one or more labels can be assigned to the properties of the particular satellite communication system by a network operator. In some implementations, the one or more machine learning models include multiple machine learning models. Each machine learning model can be trained using different training parameters than each other machine learning model. The different training parameters can include at least one of (i) different types of machine learning models, (ii) different subsets of the labeled training data, or (iii) different configurations of a same type of machine learning model. In some implementations, the one or more machine learning models include multiple machine learning models. The one or more machine learning model outputs can include, for each potential cause of the condition of the satellite communication system, a probability that the potential cause is an actual cause of the condition of the satellite communication system. Determining the particular cause indicated as being a most likely cause of the condition of the satellite communication system can include determining the particular cause based on one or more combined scores generated by determining, for each of the one or more potential causes, a combination of the probabilities output by the machine learning models for the potential cause. In some implementations, the one or more machine learning models are trained to output an indication that the condition of the satellite communication system is normal based on the one or more feature vectors when the one or more machine learning models detect that the condition of the satellite communication is normal based on the properties of the satellite communication system. In some implementations, the one or more feature vectors include multiple feature vectors for a particular time period. Each feature vector can include feature values that represent properties of the satellite communication system at a different time within the time period than each other feature vector. The one or more machine learning models can be trained to output an indication of potential causes of the condition of the satellite communication system based on the properties of the satellite communication system during the time period represented by the multiple feature vectors. Some implementations include updating the one or more machine learning models. The updating can include receiving additional training data that includes a set of additional feature vectors and labels for the additional feature vectors, including a label, for each additional feature vector, that specifies a cause of a condition that of the satellite communication system at the time corresponding to the additional feature vector. Each additional feature vector can include feature values that represent actual properties of the satellite communication system detected at a time corresponding to the additional feature vector. The updating can also include training the one or more machine learning models using the additional training data. Some implementations include using the one or more machine learning models to determine most likely causes of conditions of a second satellite communication system different from the satellite communication system based on properties of the second satellite communication system. Some implementations include selecting, by the one or more computers, an action to alter network operation of the satellite communication system based at least on the machine learning model outputs and the particular cause. The selecting can include accessing a set of rules that specify, for each potential cause, one or more corresponding actions for altering the network operation of the satellite communication system and selecting, as the action to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system, at least one of the one or more actions that correspond to the particular cause. Some implementations include selecting, by the one or more computers, an action to alter network operation of the satellite communication system based at least on the particular cause. The selecting can include providing data indicating the particular cause and the one or more feature vectors as input to one or more second machine learning models trained to receive a cause of a condition of the satellite communication system and at least one feature vector that includes feature values representing properties of the satellite communication system and outputs an indication of one or more actions to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system based on the cause and the at least one feature vector. The selecting can also include receiving, from each of the one or more second machine learning models, one or more second machine learning outputs that indicate one or more actions to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system based on the particular cause and the one or more feature vectors. The action to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system can be selected based at least on the one or more second machine learning outputs. In some implementations, selecting the action to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system can include selecting the action based on data specifying results of each of the one or more actions indicated by the one or more second machine learning outputs when each of the one or more actions were previously performed in response to a previous instance of satellite communication system conditions associated with the particular cause. In some implementations, the one or more second machine learning models are trained to output the indication of one or more actions to alter the network operation of the satellite communication system based on results of previous actions performed in response to previous conditions of the satellite communication system and associated causes of the previous conditions. In some implementations, determining, by the one or more computers and based on the one or more machine learning model outputs received from each of the one or more machine learning models, a particular cause indicated as being a most likely cause of the condition of the satellite communication system can include identifying, for each of the one or more potential causes and based on the one or more machine learning outputs received from each of the one or more machine learning models for feature vectors that represent properties of the satellite communication system over a particular time period, a sequence of probabilities that the potential cause is an actual cause of the condition of the satellite communication system over the particular time period. The determining can also include selecting the particular cause based at on the sequence of probabilities for the particular cause and the sequence of probabilities for each other potential cause. In some implementations, selecting the particular cause based at on the sequence of probabilities for the particular cause and the sequence of probabilities for each other potential cause can include selecting the particular cause in response to detecting an increase in the probabilities for the particular cause during the particular time period. Some implementations include selecting, by the one or more computers, an action to alter network operation of the satellite communication system based at least on the particular cause and determining to perform the selected action automatically based on at least one of (i) a duration of time between providing the indication of the particular cause of the condition of the satellite communication system and receiving an operator command to perform the selected action exceeding a threshold duration, (ii) a category of the particular cause, (iii) a severity of the particular cause, or (iv) a severity of the condition of the satellite communication system. Some implementations can also include causing the selected action to be performed. Some implementations include generating each of the one or more feature vectors. The generating for each particular feature vector can include identifying, for a component of the satellite communication system, properties of multiple sub-components of the component at the time corresponding to the particular feature vector; determining a property that represents the multiple sub-components based on the properties of the multiple sub-components; and including, in the particular feature vector and as a property of the component, the determined property. Some implementations include generating each of the one or more feature vectors. The generating for each particular feature vector can include identifying, for a particular satellite beam, multiple components of a same type; identifying multiple properties of each of the multiple components; determining, for each property of the multiple properties, an aggregated value that represents an aggregation of the property across each of the multiple components; and including, in the particular feature vector and as a property of the satellite beam, the determined aggregated value. Other embodiments include corresponding systems, apparatus, and software programs, configured to perform the actions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices. For example, some embodiments include a satellite terminal and/or a satellite gateway configured to perform the actions of the methods. A device or system of devices can be so configured by virtue of software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them installed so that in operation cause the system to perform the actions. One or more software programs can be so configured by virtue of having instructions that, when executed by data processing apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions. The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.