Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Geology
Title: Spaceborne visible and thermal infrared lithologic mapping of impact-exposed subsurface lithologies at the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic: Applications to Mars
Abstract: Abstract— This study serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the technique of using visible‐near infrared (VNIR), short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) spectroscopic observations to map impact‐exposed subsurface lithologies and stratigraphy on Earth or Mars. The topmost layer, three subsurface layers and undisturbed outcrops of the target sequence exposed just 10 km to the northeast of the 23 km diameter Haughton impact structure (Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada) were mapped as distinct spectral units using Landsat 7 ETM+ (VNIR/SWIR) and ASTER (VNIR/SWIR/TIR) multispectral images. Spectral mapping was accomplished by using standard image contrast‐stretching algorithms. Both spectral matching and deconvolution algorithms were applied to image‐derived ASTER TIR emissivity spectra using spectra from a library of laboratory‐measured spectra of minerals (Arizona State University) and whole‐rocks (Ward's). These identifications were made without the use of a priori knowledge from the field (i.e., a “blind” analysis). The results from this analysis suggest a sequence of dolomitic rock (in the crater rim), limestone (wall), gypsum‐rich carbonate (floor), and limestone again (central uplift). These matched compositions agree with the lithologic units and the pre‐impact stratigraphic sequence as mapped during recent field studies of the Haughton impact structure by Osinski et al. (2005a). Further conformation of the identity of image‐derived spectra was confirmed by matching these spectra with laboratory‐measured spectra of samples collected from Haughton. The results from the “blind” remote sensing methods used here suggest that these techniques can also be used to understand subsurface lithologies on Mars, where ground truth knowledge may not be generally available.
Extracted statement — Minerals Identified (Terrestrial samples): gypsum
Research field: Geology
Title: Spectral and chemical characterization of gypsum-phyllosilicate association in Tiruchirapalli, South India, and its implications
Abstract: Here, we present the detailed chemical and spectral characteristics of gypsum‐phyllosilicate association of Karai Shale Formation in Tiruchirapalli region of the Cauvery Basin in South India. The Karai Shale Formation comprises Odiyam sandy clay and gypsiferous clay, well exposed in Karai village of Tiruchirapalli area, Tamil Nadu in South India. Gypsum is fibrous to crystalline and translucent/transparent type with fluid inclusions preserved in it. Along some cleavage planes, alteration features have been observed. Visible and near infrared (VNIR), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared techniques were used to obtain the excitation/vibration bands of mineral phases. VNIR spectroscopic analysis of the gypsum samples has shown absorption features at 560, 650, 900, 1,000, 1,200, 1,445, 1,750, 1,900, 2,200, and 2,280 nm in the electrical and vibrational range of electromagnetic radiation. VNIR results of phyllosilicate samples have shown absorption features at 1,400, 1,900, and 2,200 nm. Further, we have identified the prominent Raman bands at 417.11, 496.06, 619.85, 673.46, 1,006.75, 1,009.75, ∼1,137.44, ∼3,403, and 3,494.38 cm−1 for gypsum due to sulphate and hydroxyl ion vibrations. We propose that gypsum veins in Karai may have precipitated in the fractures formed due to pressure/forces generated by crystal growth. The combined results of chemical and spectral studies have shown that these techniques have significant potential to identify the pure/mineral associates/similar chemical compositions elsewhere. Our results definitely provide the database from a range of spectroscopic techniques to better identify similar minerals and/or mineral‐associations in an extraterrestrial scenario. This study has significant implications in understanding various geological processes such as fluid‐rock interactions and alteration processes involving water on the planets such as Mars.
Extracted statement — Minerals Identified (Terrestrial samples): gypsum
Research field: Geology
Title: Comparison of Airborne Hyperspectral Data and EO-1 Hyperion for Mineral Mapping
Abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well documented. The launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing 1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4-2.5-/spl mu/m range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10-nm spectral resolution and 30-m spatial resolution. Analytical Imaging and Geophysics LLC and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperions's utility for geologic mapping in a variety of sites in the United States and around the world. Initial results over several sites with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion data from the shortwave infrared spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped include carbonates, chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, hydrothermal silica, and zeolite. Hyperion data collected under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets, well-exposed geology) indicate that Hyperion data meet prelaunch specifications and allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping solid solution differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data [from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)] to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar basic mineralogic information, with the principal limitation being limited mapping of fine spectral detail under less-than-optimum acquisition conditions (winter season, dark targets) based on lower signal-to-noise ratios. Case histories demonstrate the analysis methodologies and level of information available from the Hyperion data. They also show the viability of Hyperion as a means of extending hyperspectral mineral mapping to areas not accessible to aircraft sensors. The analysis results demonstrate that spaceborne hyperspectral sensors can produce useful mineralogic information, but also indicate that SNR improvements are required for future spaceborne sensors to allow the same level of mapping that is currently possible from airborne sensors such as AVIRIS.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Buddingtonite
Research field: Geology
Title: Comparison of Airborne Hyperspectral Data and EO-1 Hyperion for Mineral Mapping
Abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well documented. The launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing 1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4-2.5-/spl mu/m range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10-nm spectral resolution and 30-m spatial resolution. Analytical Imaging and Geophysics LLC and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperions's utility for geologic mapping in a variety of sites in the United States and around the world. Initial results over several sites with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion data from the shortwave infrared spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped include carbonates, chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, hydrothermal silica, and zeolite. Hyperion data collected under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets, well-exposed geology) indicate that Hyperion data meet prelaunch specifications and allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping solid solution differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data [from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)] to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar basic mineralogic information, with the principal limitation being limited mapping of fine spectral detail under less-than-optimum acquisition conditions (winter season, dark targets) based on lower signal-to-noise ratios. Case histories demonstrate the analysis methodologies and level of information available from the Hyperion data. They also show the viability of Hyperion as a means of extending hyperspectral mineral mapping to areas not accessible to aircraft sensors. The analysis results demonstrate that spaceborne hyperspectral sensors can produce useful mineralogic information, but also indicate that SNR improvements are required for future spaceborne sensors to allow the same level of mapping that is currently possible from airborne sensors such as AVIRIS.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Calcite
Research field: Geology
Title: Comparison of Airborne Hyperspectral Data and EO-1 Hyperion for Mineral Mapping
Abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well documented. The launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing 1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4-2.5-/spl mu/m range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10-nm spectral resolution and 30-m spatial resolution. Analytical Imaging and Geophysics LLC and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperions's utility for geologic mapping in a variety of sites in the United States and around the world. Initial results over several sites with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion data from the shortwave infrared spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped include carbonates, chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, hydrothermal silica, and zeolite. Hyperion data collected under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets, well-exposed geology) indicate that Hyperion data meet prelaunch specifications and allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping solid solution differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data [from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)] to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar basic mineralogic information, with the principal limitation being limited mapping of fine spectral detail under less-than-optimum acquisition conditions (winter season, dark targets) based on lower signal-to-noise ratios. Case histories demonstrate the analysis methodologies and level of information available from the Hyperion data. They also show the viability of Hyperion as a means of extending hyperspectral mineral mapping to areas not accessible to aircraft sensors. The analysis results demonstrate that spaceborne hyperspectral sensors can produce useful mineralogic information, but also indicate that SNR improvements are required for future spaceborne sensors to allow the same level of mapping that is currently possible from airborne sensors such as AVIRIS.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Carbonate
Research field: Geology
Title: The Performance of the Satellite-borne Hyperion Hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR Imaging System for Mineral Mapping at Mount Fitton, South Australia
Abstract: Satellite-based hyperspectral imaging became a reality in November 2000 with the successful launch and operation of the Hyperion system on board the EO-1 platform. Hyperion is a pushbroom imager with 220 spectral bands in the 400-2500 nm wavelength range, a 30 meter pixel size and a 7.5 km swath. Pre-launch characterization of Hyperion measured low signal to noise (SNR<40:1) for the geologically significant shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength region (2000-2500 nm). The impact of this low SNR on Hyperion's capacity to resolve spectral detail was evaluated for the Mount Fitton test site in South Australia, which comprises a diverse range of minerals with narrow, diagnostic absorption bands in the SWIR. Following radiative transfer correction of the Hyperion radiance at sensor data to surface radiance (apparent reflectance), diagnostic spectral signatures were clearly apparent, including: green vegetation; talc; dolomite; chlorite; white mica and possibly tremolite. Even though the derived surface composition maps generated from these image endmembers were noisy (both random and column), they were nonetheless spatially coherent and correlated well with the known geology. In addition, the Hyperion data were used to measure and map spectral shifts of <10 nm in the SWIR related to white mica chemical variations.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Chlorite
Research field: Geology
Title: Spaceborne visible and thermal infrared lithologic mapping of impact-exposed subsurface lithologies at the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic: Applications to Mars
Abstract: Abstract— This study serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the technique of using visible‐near infrared (VNIR), short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) spectroscopic observations to map impact‐exposed subsurface lithologies and stratigraphy on Earth or Mars. The topmost layer, three subsurface layers and undisturbed outcrops of the target sequence exposed just 10 km to the northeast of the 23 km diameter Haughton impact structure (Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada) were mapped as distinct spectral units using Landsat 7 ETM+ (VNIR/SWIR) and ASTER (VNIR/SWIR/TIR) multispectral images. Spectral mapping was accomplished by using standard image contrast‐stretching algorithms. Both spectral matching and deconvolution algorithms were applied to image‐derived ASTER TIR emissivity spectra using spectra from a library of laboratory‐measured spectra of minerals (Arizona State University) and whole‐rocks (Ward's). These identifications were made without the use of a priori knowledge from the field (i.e., a “blind” analysis). The results from this analysis suggest a sequence of dolomitic rock (in the crater rim), limestone (wall), gypsum‐rich carbonate (floor), and limestone again (central uplift). These matched compositions agree with the lithologic units and the pre‐impact stratigraphic sequence as mapped during recent field studies of the Haughton impact structure by Osinski et al. (2005a). Further conformation of the identity of image‐derived spectra was confirmed by matching these spectra with laboratory‐measured spectra of samples collected from Haughton. The results from the “blind” remote sensing methods used here suggest that these techniques can also be used to understand subsurface lithologies on Mars, where ground truth knowledge may not be generally available.
Extracted statement — Preprocessing required: Deconvolution
Research field: Geology
Title: The Performance of the Satellite-borne Hyperion Hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR Imaging System for Mineral Mapping at Mount Fitton, South Australia
Abstract: Satellite-based hyperspectral imaging became a reality in November 2000 with the successful launch and operation of the Hyperion system on board the EO-1 platform. Hyperion is a pushbroom imager with 220 spectral bands in the 400-2500 nm wavelength range, a 30 meter pixel size and a 7.5 km swath. Pre-launch characterization of Hyperion measured low signal to noise (SNR<40:1) for the geologically significant shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength region (2000-2500 nm). The impact of this low SNR on Hyperion's capacity to resolve spectral detail was evaluated for the Mount Fitton test site in South Australia, which comprises a diverse range of minerals with narrow, diagnostic absorption bands in the SWIR. Following radiative transfer correction of the Hyperion radiance at sensor data to surface radiance (apparent reflectance), diagnostic spectral signatures were clearly apparent, including: green vegetation; talc; dolomite; chlorite; white mica and possibly tremolite. Even though the derived surface composition maps generated from these image endmembers were noisy (both random and column), they were nonetheless spatially coherent and correlated well with the known geology. In addition, the Hyperion data were used to measure and map spectral shifts of <10 nm in the SWIR related to white mica chemical variations.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Dolomite
Research field: Geology
Title: Comparison of Airborne Hyperspectral Data and EO-1 Hyperion for Mineral Mapping
Abstract: Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well documented. The launch of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observing 1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4-2.5-/spl mu/m range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10-nm spectral resolution and 30-m spatial resolution. Analytical Imaging and Geophysics LLC and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperions's utility for geologic mapping in a variety of sites in the United States and around the world. Initial results over several sites with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion data from the shortwave infrared spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped include carbonates, chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, muscovite, hydrothermal silica, and zeolite. Hyperion data collected under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets, well-exposed geology) indicate that Hyperion data meet prelaunch specifications and allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping solid solution differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data [from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)] to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar basic mineralogic information, with the principal limitation being limited mapping of fine spectral detail under less-than-optimum acquisition conditions (winter season, dark targets) based on lower signal-to-noise ratios. Case histories demonstrate the analysis methodologies and level of information available from the Hyperion data. They also show the viability of Hyperion as a means of extending hyperspectral mineral mapping to areas not accessible to aircraft sensors. The analysis results demonstrate that spaceborne hyperspectral sensors can produce useful mineralogic information, but also indicate that SNR improvements are required for future spaceborne sensors to allow the same level of mapping that is currently possible from airborne sensors such as AVIRIS.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Dolomite
Research field: Geology
Title: Mapping of Alteration Zones in Mineral Rich Belt of South-East Rajasthan Using Remote Sensing Techniques
Abstract: Remote sensing techniques have emerged as an asset for various geological studies. Satellite images obtained by different sensors contain plenty of information related to the terrain. Digital image processing further helps in customized ways for the prospecting of minerals. In this study, an attempt has been made to map the hydrothermally altered zones using multispectral and hyperspectral datasets of South East Rajasthan. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Hyperion (Level1R) dataset have been processed to generate different Band Ratio Composites (BRCs). For this study, ASTER derived BRCs were generated to delineate the alteration zones, gossans, abundant clays and host rocks. ASTER and Hyperion images were further processed to extract mineral end members and classified mineral maps have been produced using Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) method. Results were validated with the geological map of the area which shows positive agreement with the image processing outputs. Thus, this study concludes that the band ratios and image processing in combination play significant role in demarcation of alteration zones which may provide pathfinders for mineral prospecting studies. Keywords—Advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer, ASTER, Hyperion, Band ratios, Alteration zones, spectral angle mapper.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Gossan
Research field: Geology
Title: Comparison of three principal component analysis techniques to porphyry copper alteration mapping: A case study, meiduk area, kerman, iran)
Abstract: RÉSUMÉ La méthode d'analyse en composantes principales est utilisée couramment pour la cartographie des altérations dans les provinces métallogéniques. Trois techniques d'analyse en composantes principales sont utilisées pour la cartographie des altérations autour d'intrusions porphyriques dans la zone de Meiduk: la méthode sélective, la méthode sélective développée ou Crosta et la méthode standard. Dans cette étude, on compare les résultats de l'application de ces trois techniques différentes sur les bandes Landsat TM. La comparaison est basée principalement sur l'analyse visuelle et les observations des résultats sur le terrain. L'analyse en composantes principales sélective utilisant les bandes 5 et 7 de TM est la plus adéquate pour la cartographie des altérations. Toutefois, les zones végétales sont aussi mises en évidence dans l'image PC2. L'application de la méthode sélective développée sur les bandes 1, 4, 5 et 7 de TM pour la cartographie des hydroxyles met en évidence des halos d'altération autour des intrusions, mais son application à la cartographie des oxydes de fer permet de distinguer une zone étendue avec lithologie sédimentaire. La méthode d'analyse en composantes principales standard par contre permet de rehausser les altérations dans l'image PC5, mais elle est laborieuse en termes de temps machine. La cartographie des hydroxyles utilisant la technique sélective développée ou Crosta est plus appropriée pour la cartographie des altérations autour des masses intrusives porphyriques.
Extracted statement — Minerals Mapped/ Identified: Hydroxyl
Research field: Geology
Title: Principal Component Analysis for Alteration Mapping
Abstract: Reducing the number of image bands input for principal component analysis (PCA) ensures that certain materials will not be mapped and increases the likelihood that others will be unequivocally mapped into only one of the principal component images. In arid terrain, PCA of four TM bands will avoid iron-oxide and thus more reliably detect hydroxyl-bearing minerals if only one input band is from the visible spectrum. PCA for iron-oxide mapping will avoid hydroxyls if only one of the SWIR bands is used. A simple principal component color composite image can then be created in which anomalous concentrations of hydroxyl, hydroxyl plus iron-oxide, and iron-oxide are displayed brightly in red-green-blue (RGB) color space. This composite allows qualitative inferences on alteration type and intensity to be made which can be widely applied.
Extracted statement — Minerals/ Feature Mapped: Hydroxyl