Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics
Title: Paclitaxel-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for radiotherapy in hypoxic human tumor cells in vitro
Abstract: Radioresistant hypoxic cells may contribute to the failure of radiation therapy in controlling certain tumors. Some studies have suggested the radiosensitizing effect of paclitaxel. The poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) nanoparticles containing paclitaxel were prepared by o/w emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles (i.e. encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, morphology, in vitro release) were studied. The morphology of the two human tumor cell lines: a carcinoma cervicis (HeLa) and a hepatoma (HepG2), treated with paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles was photomicrographed. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the number of the tumor cells held in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was evaluated by transmission electronic microscopy. Cell viability was determined by the ability of single cell to form colonies in vitro. The prepared nanoparticles were spherical in shape with size between 200nm and 800nm. The encapsulation efficiency was 85.5％. The release behaviour of paclitaxel from the nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic pattern characterised by a fast initial release during the first 24 h, followed by a slower and continuous release. Co-culture of the two tumor cell lines with paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles demonstrated that the cell morphology was changed and the released paclitaxel retained its bioactivity to block cells in the G2/M phase. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was observed. The free paclitaxel and paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles effectively sensitized hypoxic HeLa and HepG2 cells to radiation. Under this experimental condition, the radiosensitization of paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles was more significant than that of free paclitaxel.Keywords: Paclitaxel；Drug delivery；Nanoparticle；Radiotherapy；Hypoxia；Human tumor cells；cellular uptake
Extracted statement — Drug entrapment efficiency (%): 85.5
Research field: Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics
Title: Formulation, optimization, hemocompatibility and pharmacokinetic evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles containing paclitaxel
Abstract: Abstract Objective: Paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded polymer (Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA)-based nanoformulation was developed with the objective of formulating cremophor EL-free nanoformulation intended for intravenous use. Significance: The polymeric PTX nanoparticles free from the cremophor EL will help in eliminating the shortcomings of the existing delivery system as cremophor EL causes serious allergic reactions to the subjects after intravenous use. Methods and results: Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by nanoprecipitation method. The diminutive nanoparticles (143.2 nm) with uniform size throughout (polydispersity index, 0.115) and high entrapment efficiency (95.34%) were obtained by employing the Box–Behnken design for the optimization of the formulation with the aid of desirability approach-based numerical optimization technique. Optimized levels for each factor viz. polymer concentration (X1), amount of organic solvent (X2), and surfactant concentration (X3) were 0.23%, 5 ml %, and 1.13%, respectively. The results of the hemocompatibility studies confirmed the safety of PLGA-based nanoparticles for intravenous administration. Pharmacokinetic evaluations confirmed the longer retention of PTX in systemic circulation. Conclusion: In a nutshell, the developed polymeric nanoparticle formulation of PTX precludes the inadequacy of existing PTX formulation and can be considered as superior alternative carrier system of the same.
Extracted statement — Drug entrapment efficiency (%): 95.34
Research field: Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics
Title: Formulation, optimization, hemocompatibility and pharmacokinetic evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles containing paclitaxel
Abstract: Abstract Objective: Paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded polymer (Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA)-based nanoformulation was developed with the objective of formulating cremophor EL-free nanoformulation intended for intravenous use. Significance: The polymeric PTX nanoparticles free from the cremophor EL will help in eliminating the shortcomings of the existing delivery system as cremophor EL causes serious allergic reactions to the subjects after intravenous use. Methods and results: Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by nanoprecipitation method. The diminutive nanoparticles (143.2 nm) with uniform size throughout (polydispersity index, 0.115) and high entrapment efficiency (95.34%) were obtained by employing the Box–Behnken design for the optimization of the formulation with the aid of desirability approach-based numerical optimization technique. Optimized levels for each factor viz. polymer concentration (X1), amount of organic solvent (X2), and surfactant concentration (X3) were 0.23%, 5 ml %, and 1.13%, respectively. The results of the hemocompatibility studies confirmed the safety of PLGA-based nanoparticles for intravenous administration. Pharmacokinetic evaluations confirmed the longer retention of PTX in systemic circulation. Conclusion: In a nutshell, the developed polymeric nanoparticle formulation of PTX precludes the inadequacy of existing PTX formulation and can be considered as superior alternative carrier system of the same.
Extracted statement — Particle size of nanoparticles (nm): 143.2
Research field: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Title: A Highly Sensitive and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on a Porous Three-Dimensional PDMS/Microsphere Composite
Abstract: <jats:p>In recent times, polymer-based flexible pressure sensors have been attracting a lot of attention because of their various applications. A highly sensitive and flexible sensor is suggested, capable of being attached to the human body, based on a three-dimensional dielectric elastomeric structure of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and microsphere composite. This sensor has maximal porosity due to macropores created by sacrificial layer grains and micropores generated by microspheres pre-mixed with PDMS, allowing it to operate at a wider pressure range (~150 kPa) while maintaining a sensitivity (of 0.124 kPa−1 in a range of 0~15 kPa) better than in previous studies. The maximized pores can cause deformation in the structure, allowing for the detection of small changes in pressure. In addition to exhibiting a fast rise time (~167 ms) and fall time (~117 ms), as well as excellent reproducibility, the fabricated pressure sensor exhibits reliability in its response to repeated mechanical stimuli (2.5 kPa, 1000 cycles). As an application, we develop a wearable device for monitoring repeated tiny motions, such as the pulse on the human neck and swallowing at the Adam’s apple. This sensory device is also used to detect movements in the index finger and to monitor an insole system in real-time.</jats:p>
Extracted statement — Sensibility of the pressure sensor ( /kPa): 0.124
Research field: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Title: Fabrication and characterization of Ga-doped ZnO / Si heterojunction nanodiodes
Abstract: In this study, temperature-dependent electrical properties of n-type Ga-doped ZnO thin film / p-type Si nanowire heterojunction diodes were reported. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process was performed to fabricate Si nanowires. Ga-doped ZnO films were then deposited onto nanowires through chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique to build three-dimensional nanowire-based heterojunction diodes. Fabricated devices revealed significant diode characteristics in the temperature range of 220 - 360 K. Electrical measurements shown that diodes had a well-defined rectifying behavior with a good rectification ratio of 103 ±3 V at room temperature. Ideality factor (n) were changed from 2.2 to 1.2 with increasing temperature.In this study, temperature-dependent electrical properties of n-type Ga-doped ZnO thin film / p-type Si nanowire heterojunction diodes were reported. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process was performed to fabricate Si nanowires. Ga-doped ZnO films were then deposited onto nanowires through chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique to build three-dimensional nanowire-based heterojunction diodes. Fabricated devices revealed significant diode characteristics in the temperature range of 220 - 360 K. Electrical measurements shown that diodes had a well-defined rectifying behavior with a good rectification ratio of 103 ±3 V at room temperature. Ideality factor (n) were changed from 2.2 to 1.2 with increasing temperature.
Extracted statement — Ideality factor: 2.2
Research field: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Title: Electrically conductive thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites at ultralow graphene loading levels for strain sensor applications
Abstract: An electrically conductive ultralow percolation threshold of 0.1 wt% graphene was observed in the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites. The homogeneously dispersed graphene effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of TPU significantly at a low graphene loading of 0.2 wt%. These nanocomposites were subjected to cyclic loading to investigate the influences of graphene loading, strain amplitude and strain rate on the strain sensing performances. The two dimensional graphene and the flexible TPU matrix were found to endow these nanocomposites with a wide range of strain sensitivity (gauge factor ranging from 0.78 for TPU with 0.6 wt% graphene at the strain rate of 0.1 min−1 to 17.7 for TPU with 0.2 wt% graphene at the strain rate of 0.3 min−1) and good sensing stability for different strain patterns. In addition, these nanocomposites demonstrated good recoverability and reproducibility after stabilization by cyclic loading. An analytical model based on tunneling theory was used to simulate the resistance response to strain under different strain rates. The change in the number of conductive pathways and tunneling distance under strain was responsible for the observed resistance-strain behaviors. This study provides guidelines for the fabrication of graphene based polymer strain sensors.
Extracted statement — Gauge Factor (GF): 17.7
Research field: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Title: A highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on graphene–elastomer composites with a novel double-interconnected network
Abstract: The construction of a continuous conductive network with a low percolation threshold plays a key role in fabricating a high performance strain sensor. Herein, a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on binary rubber blend/graphene was fabricated by a simple and effective assembly approach. A novel double-interconnected network composed of compactly continuous graphene conductive networks was designed and constructed using the composites, thereby resulting in an ultralow percolation threshold of 0.3 vol%, approximately 12-fold lower than that of the conventional graphene-based composites with a homogeneously dispersed morphology (4.0 vol%). Near the percolation threshold, the sensors could be stretched in excess of 100% applied strain, and exhibited a high stretchability, sensitivity (gauge factor ∼82.5) and good reproducibility (∼300 cycles) of up to 100% strain under cyclic tensile tests. The proposed strategy provides a novel effective approach for constructing a double-interconnected conductive network using polymer composites, and is very competitive for developing and designing high performance strain sensors.
Extracted statement — Gauge Factor (GF): 82.5
Research field: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Title: Bioinspired Cocatalysts Decorated WO3 Nanotube Toward Unparalleled Hydrogen Sulfide Chemiresistor
Abstract: Herein, we incorporated dual biotemplates, i.e., cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and apoferritin, into electrospinning solution to achieve three distinct benefits, i.e., (i) facile synthesis of a WO3 nanotube by utilizing the self-agglomerating nature of CNC in the core of as-spun nanofibers, (ii) effective sensitization by partial phase transition from WO3 to Na2W4O13 induced by interaction between sodium-doped CNC and WO3 during calcination, and (iii) uniform functionalization with monodispersive apoferritin-derived Pt catalytic nanoparticles (2.22 ± 0.42 nm). Interestingly, the sensitization effect of Na2W4O13 on WO3 resulted in highly selective H2S sensing characteristics against seven different interfering molecules. Furthermore, synergistic effects with a bioinspired Pt catalyst induced a remarkably enhanced H2S response ( Rair/ Rgas = 203.5), unparalleled selectivity ( Rair/ Rgas < 1.3 for the interfering molecules), and rapid response (<10 s)/recovery (<30 s) time at 1 ppm of H2S under 95% relative humidity level. This work paves the way for a new class of cosensitization routes to overcome critical shortcomings of SMO-based chemical sensors, thus providing a potential platform for diagnosis of halitosis.
Extracted statement — Gas response (S=Ra/Rg): 203.5
Research field: Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Title: Prevalence and Incidence of Epilepsy in Italy Based on a Nationwide Database
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Italy using a national database of general practitioners (GPs). Methods: The Health Search CSD Longitudinal Patient Database (HSD) has been established in 1998 by the Italian College of GPs. Participants were 700 GPs, representing a population of 912,458. For each patient, information on age and sex, EEG, CT scan, and MRI was included. Prevalent cases with a diagnosis of ‘epilepsy' (ICD9CM: 345*) were selected in the 2011 population. Incident cases of epilepsy were identified in 2011 by excluding patients diagnosed for epilepsy and convulsions and those with EEG, CT scan, MRI prescribed for epilepsy and/or convulsions in the previous years. Crude and standardized (Italian population) prevalence and incidence were calculated. Results: Crude prevalence of epilepsy was 7.9 per 1,000 (men 8.1; women 7.7). The highest prevalence was in patients <25 years and ≥75 years. The incidence of epilepsy was 33.5 per 100,000 (women 35.3; men 31.5). The highest incidence was in women <25 years and in men 75 years or older. Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in this study were similar to those of other industrialized countries. HSD appears as a reliable data source for the surveillance of epilepsy in Italy. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Extracted statement — Females: 7.7
Research field: Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Title: Prevalence and Incidence of Epilepsy in Italy Based on a Nationwide Database
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Italy using a national database of general practitioners (GPs). Methods: The Health Search CSD Longitudinal Patient Database (HSD) has been established in 1998 by the Italian College of GPs. Participants were 700 GPs, representing a population of 912,458. For each patient, information on age and sex, EEG, CT scan, and MRI was included. Prevalent cases with a diagnosis of ‘epilepsy' (ICD9CM: 345*) were selected in the 2011 population. Incident cases of epilepsy were identified in 2011 by excluding patients diagnosed for epilepsy and convulsions and those with EEG, CT scan, MRI prescribed for epilepsy and/or convulsions in the previous years. Crude and standardized (Italian population) prevalence and incidence were calculated. Results: Crude prevalence of epilepsy was 7.9 per 1,000 (men 8.1; women 7.7). The highest prevalence was in patients <25 years and ≥75 years. The incidence of epilepsy was 33.5 per 100,000 (women 35.3; men 31.5). The highest incidence was in women <25 years and in men 75 years or older. Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in this study were similar to those of other industrialized countries. HSD appears as a reliable data source for the surveillance of epilepsy in Italy. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Extracted statement — Overall: 7.9
Research field: Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Title: Prevalence and Incidence of Epilepsy in Italy Based on a Nationwide Database
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Italy using a national database of general practitioners (GPs). Methods: The Health Search CSD Longitudinal Patient Database (HSD) has been established in 1998 by the Italian College of GPs. Participants were 700 GPs, representing a population of 912,458. For each patient, information on age and sex, EEG, CT scan, and MRI was included. Prevalent cases with a diagnosis of ‘epilepsy' (ICD9CM: 345*) were selected in the 2011 population. Incident cases of epilepsy were identified in 2011 by excluding patients diagnosed for epilepsy and convulsions and those with EEG, CT scan, MRI prescribed for epilepsy and/or convulsions in the previous years. Crude and standardized (Italian population) prevalence and incidence were calculated. Results: Crude prevalence of epilepsy was 7.9 per 1,000 (men 8.1; women 7.7). The highest prevalence was in patients <25 years and ≥75 years. The incidence of epilepsy was 33.5 per 100,000 (women 35.3; men 31.5). The highest incidence was in women <25 years and in men 75 years or older. Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in this study were similar to those of other industrialized countries. HSD appears as a reliable data source for the surveillance of epilepsy in Italy. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Extracted statement — Males: 8.1
Research field: Oceanography
Title: Environmental controls on the seasonal carbon dioxide fluxes in the northeastern Indian Ocean
Abstract: Total carbon dioxide (TCO 2) and computations of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) had been examined in Northerneastern region of Indian Ocean. It exhibit seasonal and spatial variability. North-south gradients in the pCO 2 levels were closely related to gradients in salinity caused by fresh water discharge received from rivers. Eddies observed in this region helped to elevate the nutrients availability and the biological controls by increasing the productivity. These phenomena elevated the carbon dioxide draw down during the fair seasons. Seasonal fluxes estimated from local wind speed and air-sea carbon dioxide difference indicate that during southwest monsoon, the northeastern Indian Ocean acts as a strong sink of carbon dioxide (-20.04 mmol m –2 d -1 ). Also during fall intermonsoon the area acts as a weak sink of carbon dioxide (-4.69 mmol m –2 d -1 ). During winter monsoon, this region behaves as a weak carbon dioxide source with an average sea to air flux of 4.77 mmol m -2 d -1 . In the northern region, salinity levels in the surface level are high during winter compared to the other two seasons. Northeastern Indian Ocean shows significant intraseasonal variability in carbon dioxide fluxes that are mediated by eddies which provide carbon dioxide and nutrients from the subsurface waters to the mixed layer.
Extracted statement — CO2 flux (lower limit): -20
Research field: Oceanography
Title: Evidence of active dinitrogen fixation in surface waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific during El Niño and La Niña events and evaluation of its potential nutrient controls: N2FIXATION IN THE ETSP
Abstract: Biological N2 fixation rates were quantified in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) during both El Niño (February 2010) and La Niña (March–April 2011) conditions, and from Low‐Nutrient, Low‐Chlorophyll (20°S) to High‐Nutrient, Low‐Chlorophyll (HNLC) (10°S) conditions. N2 fixation was detected at all stations with rates ranging from 0.01 to 0.88 nmol N L−1 d−1, with higher rates measured during El Niño conditions compared to La Niña. High N2 fixations rates were reported at northern stations (HNLC conditions) at the oxycline and in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), despite nitrate concentrations up to 30 µmol L−1, indicating that inputs of new N can occur in parallel with N loss processes in OMZs. Water‐column integrated N2 fixation rates ranged from 4 to 53 µmol N m−2 d−1 at northern stations, and from 0 to 148 µmol m−2 d−1 at southern stations, which are of the same order of magnitude as N2 fixation rates measured in the oligotrophic ocean. N2 fixation rates responded significantly to Fe and organic carbon additions in the surface HNLC waters, and surprisingly by concomitant Fe and N additions in surface waters at the edge of the subtropical gyre. Recent studies have highlighted the predominance of heterotrophic diazotrophs in this area, and we hypothesize that N2 fixation could be directly limited by inorganic nutrient availability, or indirectly through the stimulation of primary production and the subsequent excretion of dissolved organic matter and/or the formation of micro‐environments favorable for heterotrophic N2 fixation.
Extracted statement — Volumetric N2 fixation rate (lower limit): 0.01
Research field: Oceanography
Title: Nitrogen fixation in the western equatorial Pacific: Rates, diazotrophic cyanobacterial size class distribution, and biogeochemical significance: N2FIXATION IN THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC
Abstract: A combination of 15N2 labeling, Tyramide Signal Amplification–Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (TSA‐FISH) assay, and chemical analyses were performed along a trophic gradient (8000 km) in the equatorial Pacific. Nitrogen fixation rates were low (0.06 ± 0.02 to 2.8 ± 2.1 nmol L−1 d−1) in HNLC waters, higher in the warm pool (0.11 ± 0.0 to 18.2 ± 2.8 nmol L−1 d−1), and extremely high close to Papua New Guinea (38 ± 9 to 610 ± 46 nmol L−1 d−1). Rates attributed to the <10‐μm fraction accounted for 74% of total activity. Both unicellular and filamentous diazotrophs were detected and reached 17 cells mL−1 and 1.85 trichome mL−1. Unicellular diazotrophs were found to be free‐living in <10‐μm fraction or in association with mucilage, particles, or eukaryotes in the >10‐μm fraction, leading to a possible overestimation of this fraction to total N2 fixation. In oceanic waters, 98% of the unicellular diazotrophs were picoplanktonic. Finally, we found a clear longitudinal pattern of niche partitioning between diazotroph groups: while unicellular diazotrophs were present all along the transect, Trichodesmium spp. were detected only in coastal waters, where nitrogen fixation associated to both size fractions was greatly stimulated.
Extracted statement — Volumetric N2 fixation rate (lower limit): 0.06
Research field: Oceanography
Title: Quantifying the nitrous oxide source from coastal upwelling: N2O FROM COASTAL UPWELLING
Abstract: A continuous record of atmospheric N2O measured from a tower in northern California captures strong pulses of N2O released by coastal upwelling events. The atmospheric record offers a unique, observation‐based method for quantifying the coastal N2O source. A coastal upwelling model is developed and compared to the constraints imposed by the atmospheric record in the Pacific Northwest coastal region. The upwelling model is based on Ekman theory and driven by high‐resolution wind and SST data and by relationships between subsurface N2O and temperature. A simplified version of the upwelling model is extended to the world's major eastern boundary regions to estimate a total coastal upwelling source of ∼0.2 ± >70% Tg N2O‐N/yr. This flux represents ∼5% of the total ocean source, estimated here at ∼4 Tg N2O‐N/yr using traditional gas‐transfer methods, and is probably largely neglected in current N2O budgets.
Extracted statement — N2O flux (upper limit): 0.2