Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Machine Learning
Title: An Integrated Approach for Improving Brand Consistency of Web Content: Modeling, Analysis, and Recommendation
Abstract: A consumer-dependent (business-to-consumer) organization tends to present itself as possessing a set of human qualities, which is termed the brand personality of the company. The perception is impressed upon the consumer through the content, be it in the form of advertisement, blogs, or magazines, produced by the organization. A consistent brand will generate trust and retain customers over time as they develop an affinity toward regularity and common patterns. However, maintaining a consistent messaging tone for a brand has become more challenging with the virtual explosion in the amount of content that needs to be authored and pushed to the Internet to maintain an edge in the era of digital marketing. To understand the depth of the problem, we collect around 300K web page content from around 650 companies. We develop trait-specific classification models by considering the linguistic features of the content. The classifier automatically identifies the web articles that are not consistent with the mission and vision of a company and further helps us to discover the conditions under which the consistency cannot be maintained. To address the brand inconsistency issue, we then develop a sentence ranking system that outputs the top three sentences that need to be changed for making a web article more consistent with the company’s brand personality.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Sentence Ranking
Research field: Machine Learning
Title: Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer
Abstract: Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being fine-tuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts every language problem into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled datasets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our dataset, pre-trained models, and code.
Extracted statement — has research problem: transfer learning
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Fluorescent N-Doped Carbon Dots as in Vitro and in Vivo Nanothermometer
Abstract: The fluorescent N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) obtained from C3N4 emit strong blue fluorescence, which is stable with different ionic strengths and time. The fluorescence intensity of N-CDs decreases with the temperature increasing, while it can recover to the initial one with the temperature decreasing. It is an accurate linear response of fluorescence intensity to temperature, which may be attributed to the synergistic effect of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and hydrogen bonds. Further experiments also demonstrate that N-CDs can serve as effective in vitro and in vivo fluorescence-based nanothermometer.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Nanothermometer
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Carbon Dot Nanothermometry: Intracellular Photoluminescence Lifetime Thermal Sensing
Abstract: Nanoscale biocompatible photoluminescence (PL) thermometers that can be used to accurately and reliably monitor intracellular temperatures have many potential applications in biology and medicine. Ideally, such nanothermometers should be functional at physiological pH across a wide range of ionic strengths, probe concentrations, and local environments. Here, we show that water-soluble N,S-co-doped carbon dots (CDs) exhibit temperature-dependent photoluminescence lifetimes and can serve as highly sensitive and reliable intracellular nanothermometers. PL intensity measurements indicate that these CDs have many advantages over alternative semiconductor- and CD-based nanoscale temperature sensors. Importantly, their PL lifetimes remain constant over wide ranges of pH values (5-12), CD concentrations (1.5 × 10-5 to 0.5 mg/mL), and environmental ionic strengths (up to 0.7 mol·L-1 NaCl). Moreover, they are biocompatible and nontoxic, as demonstrated by cell viability and flow cytometry analyses using NIH/3T3 and HeLa cell lines. N,S-CD thermal sensors also exhibit good water dispersibility, superior photo- and thermostability, extraordinary environment and concentration independence, high storage stability, and reusability-their PL decay curves at temperatures between 15 and 45 °C remained unchanged over seven sequential experiments. In vitro PL lifetime-based temperature sensing performed with human cervical cancer HeLa cells demonstrated the great potential of these nanosensors in biomedicine. Overall, N,S-doped CDs exhibit excitation-independent emission with strongly temperature-dependent monoexponential decay, making them suitable for both in vitro and in vivo luminescence lifetime thermometry.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Nanothermometer
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Intracellular ratiometric temperature sensing using fluorescent carbon dots
Abstract: A self-referencing dual fluorescing carbon dot-based nanothermometer can ratiometrically sense thermal events in HeLa cells with very high sensitivity.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Nanothermometer
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Dual functional highly luminescence B, N Co-doped carbon nanodots as nanothermometer and Fe3+/Fe2+ sensor
Abstract: Abstract Dual functional fluorescence nanosensors have many potential applications in biology and medicine. Monitoring temperature with higher precision at localized small length scales or in a nanocavity is a necessity in various applications. As well as the detection of biologically interesting metal ions using low-cost and sensitive approach is of great importance in bioanalysis. In this paper, we describe the preparation of dual-function highly fluorescent B, N-co-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) that work as chemical and thermal sensors. The CDs emit blue fluorescence peaked at 450 nm and exhibit up to 70% photoluminescence quantum yield with showing excitation-independent fluorescence. We also show that water-soluble CDs display temperature-dependent fluorescence and can serve as highly sensitive and reliable nanothermometers with a thermo-sensitivity 1.8% °C −1 , and wide range thermo-sensing between 0–90 °C with excellent recovery. Moreover, the fluorescence emission of CDs are selectively quenched after the addition of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions while show no quenching with adding other common metal cations and anions. The fluorescence emission shows a good linear correlation with concentration of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ (R 2 = 0.9908 for Fe 2+ and R 2 = 0.9892 for Fe 3+ ) with a detection limit of of 80.0 ± 0.5 nM for Fe 2+ and 110.0 ± 0.5 nM for Fe 3+ . Considering the high quantum yield and selectivity, CDs are exploited to design a nanoprobe towards iron detection in a biological sample. The fluorimetric assay is used to detect Fe 2+ in iron capsules and total iron in serum samples successfully.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Nanothermometer
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: CdSe Quantum Dots for Two-Photon Fluorescence Thermal Imaging
Abstract: The technological development of quantum dots has ushered in a new era in fluorescence bioimaging, which was propelled with the advent of novel multiphoton fluorescence microscopes. Here, the potential use of CdSe quantum dots has been evaluated as fluorescent nanothermometers for two-photon fluorescence microscopy. In addition to the enhancement in spatial resolution inherent to any multiphoton excitation processes, two-photon (near-infrared) excitation leads to a temperature sensitivity of the emission intensity much higher than that achieved under one-photon (visible) excitation. The peak emission wavelength is also temperature sensitive, providing an additional approach for thermal imaging, which is particularly interesting for systems where nanoparticles are not homogeneously dispersed. On the basis of these superior thermal sensitivity properties of the two-photon excited fluorescence, we have demonstrated the ability of CdSe quantum dots to image a temperature gradient artificially created in a biocompatible fluid (phosphate-buffered saline) and also their ability to measure an intracellular temperature increase externally induced in a single living cell.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Nanothermometer
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: A Solution-Processable Electron Acceptor Based on Dibenzosilole and Diketopyrrolopyrrole for Organic Solar Cells
Abstract: Organic solar cells (OSCs) are a promising cost-effective alternative for utility of solar energy, and possess low-cost, light-weight, and fl exibility advantages. [ 1–7 ] Much attention has been focused on the development of OSCs which have seen a dramatic rise in effi ciency over the last decade, and the encouraging power conversion effi ciency (PCE) over 9% has been achieved from bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs. [ 8 ] With regard to photoactive materials, fullerenes and their derivatives, such as [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), have been the dominant electron-acceptor materials in BHJ OSCs, owing to their high electron mobility, large electron affi nity and isotropy of charge transport. [ 9 ] However, fullerenes have a few disadvantages, such as restricted electronic tuning and weak absorption in the visible region. Furthermore, in typical BHJ system of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):PC 61 BM, mismatching energy levels between donor and acceptor leads to energy loss and low open-circuit voltages ( V OC ). To solve these problems, novel electron acceptor materials with strong and broad absorption spectra and appropriate energy levels are necessary for OSCs. Recently, non-fullerene small molecule acceptors have been developed. [ 10 , 11 ] However, rare reports on the devices based on solution-processed non-fullerene small molecule acceptors have shown PCEs approaching or exceeding 1.5%, [ 12–19 ] and only one paper reported PCEs over 2%. [ 16 ]
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Push–Pull Type Non-Fullerene Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cells: Effect of the Donor Core
Abstract: There has been a growing interest in the design and synthesis of non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells that may overcome the drawbacks of the traditional fullerene-based acceptors. Herein, two novel push-pull (acceptor-donor-acceptor) type small-molecule acceptors, that is, ITDI and CDTDI, with indenothiophene and cyclopentadithiophene as the core units and 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (INCN) as the end-capping units, are designed and synthesized for non-fullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). After device optimization, PSCs based on ITDI exhibit good device performance with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 8.00%, outperforming the CDTDI-based counterparts fabricated under identical condition (2.75% PCE). We further discuss the performance of these non-fullerene PSCs by correlating the energy level and carrier mobility with the core of non-fullerene acceptors. These results demonstrate that indenothiophene is a promising electron-donating core for high-performance non-fullerene small-molecule acceptors.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: A simple small molecule as an acceptor for fullerene-free organic solar cells with efficiency near 8%
Abstract: A simple small molecule acceptor named DICTF, with fluorene as the central block and 2-(2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-1H-inden-1-ylidene)propanedinitrile as the end-capping groups, has been designed for fullerene-free organic solar cells. The new molecule was synthesized from widely available and inexpensive commercial materials in only three steps with a high overall yield of ∼60%. Fullerene-free organic solar cells with DICTF as the acceptor material provide a high PCE of 7.93%.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: High-Performance Electron Acceptor with Thienyl Side Chains for Organic Photovoltaics
Abstract: We develop an efficient fused-ring electron acceptor (ITIC-Th) based on indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene core and thienyl side-chains for organic solar cells (OSCs). Relative to its counterpart with phenyl side-chains (ITIC), ITIC-Th shows lower energy levels (ITIC-Th: HOMO = -5.66 eV, LUMO = -3.93 eV; ITIC: HOMO = -5.48 eV, LUMO = -3.83 eV) due to the σ-inductive effect of thienyl side-chains, which can match with high-performance narrow-band-gap polymer donors and wide-band-gap polymer donors. ITIC-Th has higher electron mobility (6.1 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) than ITIC (2.6 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) due to enhanced intermolecular interaction induced by sulfur-sulfur interaction. We fabricate OSCs by blending ITIC-Th acceptor with two different low-band-gap and wide-band-gap polymer donors. In one case, a power conversion efficiency of 9.6% was observed, which rivals some of the highest efficiencies for single junction OSCs based on fullerene acceptors.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Halogenated conjugated molecules for ambipolar field-effect transistors and non-fullerene organic solar cells
Abstract: A series of halogenated conjugated molecules, containing F, Cl, Br and I, were easily prepared via Knoevenagel condensation and applied in field-effect transistors and organic solar cells. Halogenated conjugated materials were found to possess deep frontier energy levels and high crystallinity compared to their non-halogenated analogues, which is due to the strong electronegativity and heavy atom effect of halogens. As a result, halogenated semiconductors provide high electron mobilities up to 1.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 in transistors and high efficiencies over 9% in non-fullerene solar cells.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Enhancing Performance of Nonfullerene Acceptors via Side‐Chain Conjugation Strategy
Abstract: A side‐chain conjugation strategy in the design of nonfullerene electron acceptors is proposed, with the design and synthesis of a side‐chain‐conjugated acceptor (ITIC2) based on a 4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]di(cyclopenta‐dithiophene) electron‐donating core and 1,1‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐indanone electron‐withdrawing end groups. ITIC2 with the conjugated side chains exhibits an absorption peak at 714 nm, which redshifts 12 nm relative to ITIC1. The absorption extinction coefficient of ITIC2 is 2.7 × 105m−1 cm−1, higher than that of ITIC1 (1.5 × 105m−1 cm−1). ITIC2 exhibits slightly higher highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (−5.43 eV) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (−3.80 eV) energy levels relative to ITIC1 (HOMO: −5.48 eV; LUMO: −3.84 eV), and higher electron mobility (1.3 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) than that of ITIC1 (9.6 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1). The power conversion efficiency of ITIC2‐based organic solar cells is 11.0%, much higher than that of ITIC1‐based control devices (8.54%). Our results demonstrate that side‐chain conjugation can tune energy levels, enhance absorption, and electron mobility, and finally enhance photovoltaic performance of nonfullerene acceptors.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Design, synthesis, and structural characterization of the first dithienocyclopentacarbazole-based n-type organic semiconductor and its application in non-fullerene polymer solar cells
Abstract: Ladder-type dithienocyclopentacarbazole (DTCC) cores, which possess highly extended π-conjugated backbones and versatile modular structures for derivatization, were widely used to develop high-performance p-type polymeric semiconductors. However, an n-type DTCC-based organic semiconductor has not been reported to date. In this study, the first DTCC-based n-type organic semiconductor (DTCC–IC) with a well-defined A–D–A backbone was designed, synthesized, and characterized, in which a DTCC derivative substituted by four p-octyloxyphenyl groups was used as the electron-donating core and two strongly electron-withdrawing 3-(dicyanomethylene)indan-1-one moieties were used as the terminal acceptors. It was found that DTCC–IC has strong light-capturing ability in the range of 500–720 nm and exhibits an impressively high molar absorption coefficient of 2.24 × 105 M−1 cm−1 at 669 nm owing to effective intramolecular charge transfer and a strong D–A effect. Cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated that the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of DTCC–IC are −5.50 and −3.87 eV, respectively. More importantly, a high electron mobility of 2.17 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 was determined by the space-charge-limited current method; this electron mobility can be comparable to that of fullerene derivative acceptors (μe ∼ 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1). To investigate its application potential in non-fullerene solar cells, we fabricated organic solar cells (OSCs) by blending a DTCC–IC acceptor with a PTB7-Th donor under various conditions. The results suggest that the optimized device exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 6% and a rational high VOC of 0.95 V. These findings demonstrate that the ladder-type DTCC core is a promising building block for the development of high-mobility n-type organic semiconductors for OSCs.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Fused Hexacyclic Nonfullerene Acceptor with Strong Near‐Infrared Absorption for Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with 9.77% Efficiency
Abstract: A fused hexacyclic electron acceptor, IHIC, based on strong electron‐donating group dithienocyclopentathieno[3,2‐b]thiophene flanked by strong electron‐withdrawing group 1,1‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐indanone, is designed, synthesized, and applied in semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs). IHIC exhibits strong near‐infrared absorption with extinction coefficients of up to 1.6 × 105m−1 cm−1, a narrow optical bandgap of 1.38 eV, and a high electron mobility of 2.4 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. The ST‐OSCs based on blends of a narrow‐bandgap polymer donor PTB7‐Th and narrow‐bandgap IHIC acceptor exhibit a champion power conversion efficiency of 9.77% with an average visible transmittance of 36% and excellent device stability; this efficiency is much higher than any single‐junction and tandem ST‐OSCs reported in the literature.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Naphthodithiophene‐Based Nonfullerene Acceptor for High‐Performance Organic Photovoltaics: Effect of Extended Conjugation
Abstract: Naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene is extended to a fused octacyclic building block, which is end capped by strong electron‐withdrawing 2‐(5,6‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile to yield a fused‐ring electron acceptor (IOIC2) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Relative to naphthalene‐based IHIC2, naphthodithiophene‐based IOIC2 with a larger π‐conjugation and a stronger electron‐donating core shows a higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level (IOIC2: −3.78 eV vs IHIC2: −3.86 eV), broader absorption with a smaller optical bandgap (IOIC2: 1.55 eV vs IHIC2: 1.66 eV), and a higher electron mobility (IOIC2: 1.0 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 vs IHIC2: 5.0 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1). Thus, IOIC2‐based OSCs show higher values in open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and thereby much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) values than those of the IHIC2‐based counterpart. In particular, as‐cast OSCs based on FTAZ: IOIC2 yield PCEs of up to 11.2%, higher than that of the control devices based on FTAZ: IHIC2 (7.45%). Furthermore, by using 0.2% 1,8‐diiodooctane as the processing additive, a PCE of 12.3% is achieved from the FTAZ:IOIC2‐based devices, higher than that of the FTAZ:IHIC2‐based devices (7.31%). These results indicate that incorporating extended conjugation into the electron‐donating fused‐ring units in nonfullerene acceptors is a promising strategy for designing high‐performance electron acceptors.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Dithieno[3,2-b
:2′,3′-d
]pyrrol Fused Nonfullerene Acceptors Enabling Over 13% Efficiency for Organic Solar Cells
Abstract: A new electron‐rich central building block, 5,5,12,12‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐indacenobis‐(dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrol) (INP), and two derivative nonfullerene acceptors (INPIC and INPIC‐4F) are designed and synthesized. The two molecules reveal broad (600–900 nm) and strong absorption due to the satisfactory electron‐donating ability of INP. Compared with its counterpart INPIC, fluorinated nonfullerene acceptor INPIC‐4F exhibits a stronger near‐infrared absorption with a narrower optical bandgap of 1.39 eV, an improved crystallinity with higher electron mobility, and down‐shifted highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on INPIC‐4F exhibit a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.13% and a relatively low energy loss of 0.54 eV, which is among the highest efficiencies reported for binary OSCs in the literature. The results demonstrate the great potential of the new INP as an electron‐donating building block for constructing high‐performance nonfullerene acceptors for OSCs.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Organic solar cells
Research field: Materials Chemistry
Title: Our plastic age
Abstract: Within the last few decades, plastics have revolutionized our daily lives. Globally we use in excess of 260 million tonnes of plastic per annum, accounting for approximately 8 per cent of world oil production. In this Theme Issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, we describe current and future trends in usage, together with the many benefits that plastics bring to society. At the same time, we examine the environmental consequences resulting from the accumulation of waste plastic, the effects of plastic debris on wildlife and concerns for human health that arise from the production, usage and disposal of plastics. Finally, we consider some possible solutions to these problems together with the research and policy priorities necessary for their implementation.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Plastic