Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Science
Title: Building Prioritized Pairwise Interaction Test Suites with Ant Colony Optimization
Abstract: Interaction testing offers a stable cost-benefit ratio in identifying faults. But in many testing scenarios, the entire test suite cannot be fully executed due to limited time or cost. In these situations, it is essential to take the importance of interactions into account and prioritize these tests. To tackle this issue, the biased covering array is proposed and the Weighted Density Algorithm (WDA) is developed. To find a better solution, in this paper we adopt ant colony optimization (ACO) to build this prioritized pairwise interaction test suite (PITS). In our research, we propose four concrete test generation algorithms based on Ant System, Ant System with Elitist, Ant Colony System and Max-Min Ant System respectively. We also implement these algorithms and apply them to two typical inputs and report experimental results. The results show the effectiveness of these algorithms.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: An approach of optimal path generation using ant colony optimization
Abstract: Software Testing is one of the indispensable parts of the software development lifecycle and structural testing is one of the most widely used testing paradigms to test various software. Structural testing relies on code path identification, which in turn leads to identification of effective paths. Aim of the current paper is to present a simple and novel algorithm with the help of an ant colony optimization, for the optimal path identification by using the basic property and behavior of the ants. This novel approach uses certain set of rules to find out all the effective/optimal paths via ant colony optimization (ACO) principle. The method concentrates on generation of paths, equal to the cyclomatic complexity. This algorithm guarantees full path coverage.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Optimized Test Sequence Generation from Usage Models using Ant Colony Optimization
Abstract: Software Testing is the process of testing the software in order to ensure that it is free of errors and produces the desired outputs in any given situation. Model based testing is an approach in which software is viewed as a set of states. A usage model describes software on the basis of its statistical usage data. One of the major problems faced in such an approach is the generation of optimal sets of test sequences. The model discussed in this paper is a Markov chain based usage model. The analytical operations and results associated with Markov chains make them an appropriate choice for checking the feasibility of test sequences while they are being generated. The statistical data about the estimated usage has been used to build a stochastic model of the software under test. This paper proposes a technique to generate optimized test sequences from a markov chain based usage model. The proposed technique uses ant colony optimization as its basis and also incorporates factors like cost and criticality of various states in the model. It further takes into consideration the average number of visits to any state and the trade-off between cost considerations and optimality of the test coverage.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Automated Software Testing Using Metaheuristic Technique Based on an Ant Colony Optimization
Abstract: Software testing is an important and valuable part of the software development life cycle. Due to time, cost and other circumstances, exhaustive testing is not feasible that’s why there is a need to automate the testing process. Testing effectiveness can be achieved by the State Transition Testing (STT) which is commonly used in real time, embedded and web-based kinds of software systems. The tester’s main job to test all the possible transitions in the system. This paper proposed an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique for the automated and full coverage of all state-transitions in the system. Present paper approach generates test sequence in order to obtain the complete software coverage. This paper also discusses the comparison between two metaheuristic techniques (Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony optimization) for transition based testing.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Generation of test data using Meta heuristic approach
Abstract: Software testing is of huge importance to development of any software. The prime focus is to minimize the expenses on the testing. In software testing the major problem is generation of test data. Several metaheuristic approaches in this field have become very popular. The aim is to generate the optimum set of test data, which would still not compromise on exhaustive testing of software. Our objective is to generate such efficient test data using genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization for a given software. We have also compared the two approaches of software testing to determine which of these are effective towards generation of test data and constraints if any.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Automatic Test Data Generation Based on Ant Colony Optimization
Abstract: Software testing is a crucial measure used to assure the quality of software. Path testing can detect bugs earlier because of it performs higher error coverage. This paper presents a model of generating test data based on an improved ant colony optimization and path coverage criteria. Experiments show that the algorithm has a better performance than other two algorithms and improve the efficiency of test data generation notably.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: A New Software Data-Flow Testing Approach via Ant Colony Algorithms
Abstract: Search-based optimization techniques (e.g., hill climbing, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms) have been applied to a wide variety of software engineering activities including cost estimation, next release problem, and test generation. Several search based test generation techniques have been developed. These techniques had focused on finding suites of test data to satisfy a number of control-flow or data-flow testing criteria. Genetic algorithms have been the most widely employed search-based optimization technique in software testing issues. Recently, there are many novel search-based optimization techniques have been developed such as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Immune System (AIS), and Bees Colony Optimization. ACO and AIS have been employed only in the area of control-flow testing of the programs. This paper aims at employing the ACO algorithms in the issue of software data-flow testing. The paper presents an ant colony optimization based approach for generating set of optimal paths to cover all definition-use associations (du-pairs) in the program under test. Then, this approach uses the ant colony optimization to generate suite of test-data for satisfying the generated set of paths. In addition, the paper introduces a case study to illustrate our approach. Keywordsdata-flow testing; path-cover generation, test-data generation; ant colony optimization algorithms
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Test Case Prioritization Using Ant Colony optimization,” Association in Computing Machinery
Abstract: Regression testing is primarily a maintenance activity that is performed frequently to ensure the validity of the modified software. In such cases, due to time and cost constraints, the entire test suite cannot be run. Thus, it becomes essential to prioritize the tests in order to cover maximum faults in minimum time. In this paper, ant colony optimization is used, which is a new way to solve time constraint prioritization problem. This paper presents the regression test prioritization technique to reorder test suites in time constraint environment along with an algorithm that implements the technique.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Ant Colony Optimization
Research field: Science
Title: Clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy
Abstract: Clostridium difficile infection is usually associated with antibiotic therapy and is almost always limited to the colonic mucosa. Small bowel enteritis is rare: only 9 cases have been previously cited in the literature. This report describes a case of C. difficile small bowel enteritis that occurred in a patient after total colectomy and reviews the 9 previously reported cases of C. difficile enteritis.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Clostridium difficile infection
Research field: Science
Title: Treatment of metronidazole-refractory Clostridium difficile enteritis with vancomycin
Abstract: BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infection of the colon is a common and well-described clinical entity. Clostridium difficile enteritis of the small bowel is believed to be less common and has been described sparsely in the literature. METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS We describe a patient who had undergone total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis who was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and contracted C. difficile refractory to metronidazole. The enteritis resolved quickly after initiation of combined oral vancomycin and metronidazole. A literature review found that eight of the fifteen previously reported cases of C. difficile-associated small-bowel enteritis resulted in death. CONCLUSIONS It is important for physicians who treat acolonic patients to be aware of C. difficile enteritis of the small bowel so that it can be suspected, diagnosed, and treated.
Extracted statement — has research problem: Clostridium difficile infection
Research field: Science
Title: Are environmental Kuznets curves misleading us? The case of CO2 emissions
Abstract: Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) analysis links changes in environmental quality to national economic growth. The reduced form models, however, do not provide insight into the underlying processes that generate these changes. We compare EKC models to structural transition models of per capita CO2 emissions and per capita GDP, and find that, for the 16 countries which have undergone such a transition, the initiation of the transition correlates not with income levels but with historic events related to the oil price shocks of the 1970s and the policies that followed them. In contrast to previous EKC studies of CO2 the transition away from positive emissions elasticities for these 16 countries is found to occur as a sudden, discontinuous transition rather than as a gradual change. We also demonstrate that the third order polynomial 'N' dependence of emissions on income is the result of data aggregation. We conclude that neither the 'U'- nor the 'N'-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and income provide a reliable indication of future behaviour.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: A panel data heterogeneous Bayesian estimation of environmental Kuznets curves for CO2emissions
Abstract: This article investigates the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC) for CO2 emissions in a panel of 109 countries during the period 1959 to 2001. The length of the series makes the application of a heterogeneous estimator suitable from an econometric point of view. The results, based on the hierarchical Bayes estimator, show that different EKC dynamics are associated with the different sub-samples of countries considered. On average, more industrialized countries show evidence of EKC in quadratic specifications, which nevertheless are probably evolving into an N-shape based on their cubic specification. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the EU, and not the Umbrella Group led by US, has been driving currently observed EKC-like shapes. The latter is associated to monotonic income–CO2 dynamics. The EU shows a clear EKC shape. Evidence for less-developed countries consistently shows that CO2 emissions rise positively with income, though there are some signs of an EKC. Analyses of future performance, nevertheless, favour quadratic specifications, thus supporting EKC evidence for wealthier countries and non-EKC shapes for industrializing regions.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: An Empirical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions in Indonesia: The Role of Energy Consumption and Foreign Trade
Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and foreign trade based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Indonesia for the period 1971–2007, using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology. The results do not support the EKC hypothesis, which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. The long-run results indicate that foreign trade is the most significant variable in explaining CO2 emissions in Indonesia followed by Energy consumption and economic growth. The stability of the variables in estimated model is also examined. The result suggests that the estimated model is stable over the study period.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: A panel estimation of the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth and CO2 emissions in BRICS countries
Abstract: In the last few years, several studies have found an inverted-U relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation. This relationship, known as the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), suggests that environmental degradation increases in the early stages of growth, but it eventually decreases as income exceeds a threshold level. However, this paper investigation relationship between per capita CO2 emission, growth economics and trade liberalization based on econometric techniques of unit root test, co-integration and a panel data set during the period 1960-1996 for BRICS countries. Data properties were analyzed to determine their stationarity using the LLC , IPS , ADF and PP unit root tests which indicated that the series are I(1). We find a cointegration relationship between per capita CO2 emission, growth economics and trade liberalization by applying Kao panel cointegration test. The evidence indi cates that in the long-run trade liberalization has a positive significant impact on CO2 emissions and impact of trade liberalization on emissions growth depends on the level of income Our findings suggest that there is a quadratic relationship between relationship between real GDP and CO2 emissions for the region as a whole. The estimated long-run coefficients of real GDP and its square satisfy the EKC hypothesis in all of studied countries. Our estimation shows that the inflection point or optimal point real GDP per capita is about 5269.4 dollars. The results show that on average, sample countries are on the positive side of the inverted U curve. The turning points are very low in some cases and very high in other cases, hence providing poor evidence in support of the EKC hypothesis. Thus, our findings suggest that all BRICS countries need to sacrifice economic growth to decrease their emission levels
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: The potential of renewable energy: using the environmental Kuznets curve model
Abstract: This study examines the potential of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in reducing the impact of carbon emission in Malaysia and the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, which leads to global warming. Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this study analyses the impact of electricity generated using RES on the environment and trade openness for the period 1980-2009. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach the results show that the elasticities of electricity production from renewable sources with respect to CO2 emissions are negative and significant in both the short and long-run. This implies the potential of renewable energy in controlling CO2 emissions in both short and long-run in Malaysia. Renewable energy can ensure sustainability of electricity supply and at the same time can reduce CO2 emissions. Trade openness has a significant negative effect on CO2 emissions in the long-run. The Granger causality test based on Vector Error Correction Mode (VECM) indicates that there is an evidence of positive bi-directional Granger causality relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the short and long-run suggesting that carbon emissions and economic growth are interrelated to each other. Furthermore, there is a negative long-run bi-directional Granger causality relationship between electricity production from renewable sources and CO2 emissions. The short-run Granger causality shows a negative uni-directional causality for electricity production from renewable sources to CO2 emissions. This result suggests that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: a bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in an open economy like Tunisia using annual time series data for the period of 1971-2010. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration is applied to test long run relationship in the presence of structural breaks and vector error correction model (VECM) to detect the causality among the variables. The robustness of causality analysis has been tested by applying the innovative accounting approach (IAA). The findings of this paper confirmed the long run relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness and CO2 emissions in Tunisian Economy. The results also indicated the existence of EKC confirmed by the VECM and IAA approaches. The study has significant contribution for policy implications to curtail energy pollutants by implementing environment friendly regulations to sustain the economic development in Tunisia.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: The environmental Kuznets curve at different levels of economic development: a counterfactual quantile regression analysis for CO2emissions
Abstract: This paper applies the quantile fixed effects technique in exploring the CO2 environmental Kuznets curve within two groups of economic development (OECD and Non-OECD countries) and six geographical regions West, East Europe, Latin America, East Asia, West Asia and Africa. A comparison of the findings resulting from the use of this technique with those of conventional fixed effects method reveals that the latter may depict a flawed summary of the prevailing incomeemissions nexus depending on the conditional quantile examined. We also extend the Machado and Mata decomposition method to the Kuznets curve framework to explore the most important explanations for the CO2 emissions gap between OECD and Non-OECD countries. We find a statistically significant OECD-Non-OECD emissions gap and this contracts as we ascent the emissions distribution. The decomposition further reveals that there are non-income related factors working against the Non-OECD group's greening. We tentatively conclude that deliberate and systematic mitigation of current CO2 emissions in the Non-OECD group is required. JEL Classification: Q56, Q58.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: The Relationship between CO2 Emission, Energy Consumption, Urbanization and Trade Openness for Selected CEECs
Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between CO2 emission, real GDP, energy consumption, urbanization and trade openness for 10 for selected Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), including, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia for the period of 1991–2011. The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis holds for these countries. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) results reveal that a 1% increase in energy consumption leads to a %1.0863 increase in CO2 emissions. Results for the existence and direction of panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality method show that there is bidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emissions - real GDP and energy consumption-real GDP as well.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: CO2emissions in Australia: economic and non-economic drivers in the long-run
Abstract: ABSTRACT Australia has sustained a relatively high economic growth rate since the 1980s compared to other developed countries. Per capita CO2 emissions tend to be highest amongst OECD countries, creating new challenges to cut back emissions towards international standards. This research explores the long-run dynamics of CO2 emissions, economic and population growth along with the effects of globalization tested as contributing factors. We find economic growth is not emission-intensive in Australia, while energy consumption is emissions intensive. Second, in an environment of increasing population, our findings suggest Australia needs to be energy efficient at the household level, creating appropriate infrastructure for sustainable population growth. High population growth and open migration policy can be detrimental in reducing CO2 emissions. Finally, we establish globalized environment has been conducive in combating emissions. In this respect, we establish the beneficial effect of economic globalization compared to social and political dimensions of globalization in curbing emissions.
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions
Research field: Science
Title: Relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation: is there evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for Brazil?
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy use and electricity production by hydroelectric sources in Brazil. To verify the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis we use time-series data for the period 1971-2011. The autoregressive distributed lag methodology was used to test for cointegration in the long run. Additionally, the vector error correction model Granger causality test was applied to verify the predictive value of independent variables. Empirical results find that there is a quadratic long run relationship between CO2emissions and economic growth, confirming the existence of an EKC for Brazil. Furthermore, energy use shows increasing effects on emissions, while electricity production by hydropower sources has an inverse relationship with environmental degradation. The short run model does not provide evidence for the EKC theory. The differences between the results in the long and short run models can be considered for establishing environmental policies. This suggests that special attention to both variables-energy use and the electricity production by hydroelectric sources- could be an effective way to mitigate CO2 emissions in Brazil
Extracted statement — has research problem: CO2 emissions