Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Nutritional Epidemiology
Title: Association between dietary patterns and overweight risk among Malaysian adults: evidence from nationally representative surveys
Abstract: Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between dietary patterns (DP) and overweight risk in the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Surveys (MANS) of 2003 and 2014. Design: DP were derived from the MANS FFQ using principal component analysis. The cross-sectional association of the derived DP with prevalence of overweight was analysed. Setting: Malaysia. Participants: Nationally representative sample of Malaysian adults from MANS (2003, n 6928; 2014, n 3000). Results: Three major DP were identified for both years. These were ‘Traditional’ (fish, eggs, local cakes), ‘Western’ (fast foods, meat, carbonated beverages) and ‘Mixed’ (ready-to-eat cereals, bread, vegetables). A fourth DP was generated in 2003, ‘Flatbread & Beverages’ (flatbread, creamer, malted beverages), and 2014, ‘Noodles & Meat’ (noodles, meat, eggs). These DP accounted for 25·6 and 26·6 % of DP variations in 2003 and 2014, respectively. For both years, Traditional DP was significantly associated with rural households, lower income, men and Malay ethnicity, while Western DP was associated with younger age and higher income. Mixed DP was positively associated with women and higher income. None of the DP showed positive association with overweight risk, except for reduced adjusted odds of overweight with adherence to Traditional DP in 2003. Conclusions: Overweight could not be attributed to adherence to a single dietary pattern among Malaysian adults. This may be due to the constantly morphing dietary landscape in Malaysia, especially in urban areas, given the ease of availability and relative affordability of multi-ethnic and international foods. Timely surveys are recommended to monitor implications of these changes.
Extracted statement — Age group: Adults
Research field: Oceanography
Title: NITROGEN SOURCES FOR NEW PRODUCTION IN THE NE INDIAN OCEAN
Abstract: Productivity measurements were carried out during spring 2007 in the northeastern (NE) Indian Ocean, where light availability is controlled by clouds and surface productivity by nutrient and light availability. New productivity is found to be higher than regenerated productivity at most locations, consistent with the earlier findings from the region. A comparison of the present results with the earlier findings reveals that the region contributes significantly in the sequestration of CO2 from the atmosphere, particularly during spring. Diatomdominated plankton community is more efficient than those dominated by other organisms in the uptake of CO2 and its export to the deep. Earlier studies on plankton composition suggest that higher new productivity at most locations could also be due to the dominance of diatoms in the region.
Extracted statement — Sampling depth covered: Surface
Research field: Oceanography
Title: No nitrogen fixation in the Bay of Bengal?
Abstract: <jats:p>Abstract. The Bay of Bengal (BoB) has long stood as a biogeochemical enigma with subsurface waters containing extremely low, but persistent, concentrations of oxygen in the nanomolar range which – for some, yet unconstrained reason – are prevented from becoming anoxic. One reason for this may be the low productivity of the BoB waters due to nutrient limitation, and the resulting lack of respiration of organic material at intermediate waters. Thus, the parameters determining primary production are key to understanding what prevents the BoB from developing anoxia. Primary productivity in the sunlit surface layers of tropical oceans is mostly limited by the supply of reactive nitrogen through upwelling, riverine flux, atmospheric deposition, and biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation. In the BoB, a stable stratification limits nutrient supply via upwelling in the open waters, and riverine or atmospheric fluxes have been shown to support only less than one quarter of the nitrogen for primary production. This leaves a large uncertainty for most of the BoB's nitrogen input, suggesting a potential role of N2 fixation in those waters. Here, we present a survey of N2 fixation and carbon fixation in the BoB during the winter monsoon season. We detected a community of N2 fixers comparable to other OMZ regions, with only a few cyanobacterial clades and a broad diversity of non-phototrophic N2 fixers present throughout the water column (samples collected between 10 m and 560 m water depth). While similar communities of N2 fixers were shown to actively fix N2 in other OMZs, N2 fixation rates were below the detection limit in our samples covering the water column between the deep chlorophyll maximum and the OMZ. Consistent with this, no N2 fixation signal was visible in δ15N signatures. We suggest that the absence of N2 fixation may be a consequence of a micronutrient limitation or of an O2 sensitivity of the OMZ diazotrophs in the BoB. To explore how the onset of N2 fixation by cyanobacteria compared to non-phototrophic N2 fixers would impact on OMZ O2 concentrations, a simple model exercise was carried out. We observed that both, photic zone-based and OMZ-based N2 fixation are very sensitive to even minimal changes in water column stratification, with stronger mixing increasing organic matter production and export, which would exhaust remaining O2 traces in the BoB.
                        </jats:p>
Extracted statement — Coastal/open ocean: Open
Research field: Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Title: Production scheduling in a knitted fabric dyeing and finishing process
Abstract: Abstract Developing detailed production schedules for dyeing and finishing operations is a very difficult task that has received relatively little attention in the literature. In this paper, a scheduling procedure is presented for a knitted fabric dyeing and finishing plant that is essentially a flexible job shop with sequence-dependent setups. An existing job shop scheduling algorithm is modified to take into account the complexities of the case plant. The resulting approach based on family scheduling is tested on problems generated with case plant characteristics.
Extracted statement — Positioning in the logistics chain: Production
Research field: Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Title: Scheduling with multi-attribute set-up times on unrelated parallel machines
Abstract: This paper studies a problem in the knitting process of the textile industry. In such a production system, each job has a number of attributes and each attribute has one or more levels. Because there is at least one different attribute level between two adjacent jobs, it is necessary to make a set-up adjustment whenever there is a switch to a different job. The problem can be formulated as a scheduling problem with multi-attribute set-up times on unrelated parallel machines. The objective of the problem is to assign jobs to different machines to minimise the makespan. A constructive heuristic is developed to obtain a qualified solution. To improve the solution further, a meta-heuristic that uses a genetic algorithm with a new crossover operator and three local searches are proposed. The computational experiments show that the proposed constructive heuristic outperforms two existed heuristics and the current scheduling method used by the case textile plant.
Extracted statement — Positioning in the logistics chain: Production
Research field: Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Title: Multisystem Optimization for an Integrated Production Scheduling with Resource Saving Problem in Textile Printing and Dyeing
Abstract: Resource saving has become an integral aspect of manufacturing in industry 4.0. This paper proposes a multisystem optimization (MSO) algorithm, inspired by implicit parallelism of heuristic methods, to solve an integrated production scheduling with resource saving problem in textile printing and dyeing. First, a real-world integrated production scheduling with resource saving is formulated as a multisystem optimization problem. Then, the MSO algorithm is proposed to solve multisystem optimization problems that consist of several coupled subsystems, and each of the subsystems may contain multiple objectives and multiple constraints. The proposed MSO algorithm is composed of within-subsystem evolution and cross-subsystem migration operators, and the former is to optimize each subsystem by excellent evolution operators and the later is to complete information sharing between multiple subsystems, to accelerate the global optimization of the whole system. Performance is tested on a set of multisystem benchmark functions and compared with improved NSGA-II and multiobjective multifactorial evolutionary algorithm (MO-MFEA). Simulation results show that the MSO algorithm is better than compared algorithms for the benchmark functions studied in this paper. Finally, the MSO algorithm is successfully applied to the proposed integrated production scheduling with resource saving problem, and the results show that MSO is a promising algorithm for the studied problem.
Extracted statement — Positioning in the logistics chain: Production
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Solvent-Free Chelation-Assisted Catalytic C-C Bond Cleavage of Unstrained Ketone by Rhodium(I) Complexes under Microwave Irradiation
Abstract: A highly efficient C-C bond cleavage of unstrained aliphatic ketones bearing β-hydrogens with olefins was achieved using a chelation-assisted catalytic system consisting of (Ph 3 P) 3 RhCl and 2-amino-3-picoline by microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions. The addition of cyclohexylamine catalyst accelerated the reaction rate dramatically under microwave irradiation compared with the classical heating method.
Extracted statement — Additive: amine
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Selective, Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Aryl Ethers
Abstract: A catalyst that cleaves aryl-oxygen bonds but not carbon-carbon bonds may help improve lignin processing. Selective hydrogenolysis of the aromatic carbon-oxygen (C-O) bonds in aryl ethers is an unsolved synthetic problem important for the generation of fuels and chemical feedstocks from biomass and for the liquefaction of coal. Currently, the hydrogenolysis of aromatic C-O bonds requires heterogeneous catalysts that operate at high temperature and pressure and lead to a mixture of products from competing hydrogenolysis of aliphatic C-O bonds and hydrogenation of the arene. Here, we report hydrogenolyses of aromatic C-O bonds in alkyl aryl and diaryl ethers that form exclusively arenes and alcohols. This process is catalyzed by a soluble nickel carbene complex under just 1 bar of hydrogen at temperatures of 80 to 120°C; the relative reactivity of ether substrates scale as Ar-OAr>>Ar-OMe>ArCH2-OMe (Ar, Aryl; Me, Methyl). Hydrogenolysis of lignin model compounds highlights the potential of this approach for the conversion of refractory aryl ether biopolymers to hydrocarbons.
Extracted statement — Product: Arenes
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts
Abstract: Catalytic bio‐oil upgrading to produce renewable fuels has attracted increasing attention in response to the decreasing oil reserves and the increased fuel demand worldwide. Herein, the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol with carbon‐supported non‐sulfided metal catalysts was investigated. Catalytic tests were performed at 4.0 MPa and temperatures ranging from 623 to 673 K. Both Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts showed promising catalytic performance in HDO. The selectivity to benzene was 69.5 and 83.5 % at 653 K over Ru/C and 10Mo/C catalysts, respectively. Phenol, with a selectivity as high as 76.5 %, was observed mainly on 1Mo/C. However, the reaction pathway over both catalysts is different. Over the Ru/C catalyst, the OCH3 bond was cleaved to form the primary intermediate catechol, whereas only traces of catechol were detected over Mo/C catalysts. In addition, two types of active sites were detected over Mo samples after reduction in H2 at 973 K. Catalytic studies showed that the demethoxylation of guaiacol is performed over residual MoOx sites with high selectivity to phenol whereas the consecutive HDO of phenol is performed over molybdenum carbide species, which is widely available only on the 10Mo/C sample. Different deactivation patterns were also observed over Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts.
Extracted statement — Product: benzene
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Biaryl Construction via Ni-Catalyzed C−O Activation of Phenolic Carboxylates
Abstract: Biaryl scaffolds were constructed via Ni-catalyzed aryl C-O activation by avoiding cleavage of the more reactive acyl C-O bond of aryl carboxylates. Now aryl esters, in general, can be successfully employed in cross-coupling reactions for the first time. The substrate scope and synthetic utility of the chemistry were demonstrated by the syntheses of more than 40 biaryls and by constructing complex organic molecules. Water was observed to play an important role in facilitating this transformation.
Extracted statement — Product: Biaryl
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed C–O bond cleavage of diaryl ethers by acridinium photocatalysts at room temperature
Abstract: Abstract Cleavage of C–O bonds in lignin can afford the renewable aryl sources for fine chemicals. However, the high bond energies of these C–O bonds, especially the 4-O-5-type diaryl ether C–O bonds (~314 kJ/mol) make the cleavage very challenging. Here, we report visible-light photoredox-catalyzed C–O bond cleavage of diaryl ethers by an acidolysis with an aryl carboxylic acid and a following one-pot hydrolysis. Two molecules of phenols are obtained from one molecule of diaryl ether at room temperature. The aryl carboxylic acid used for the acidolysis can be recovered. The key to success of the acidolysis is merging visible-light photoredox catalysis using an acridinium photocatalyst and Lewis acid catalysis using Cu(TMHD) 2 . Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the catalytic cycle occurs via a rare selective electrophilic attack of the generated aryl carboxylic radical on the electron-rich aryl ring of the diphenyl ether. This transformation is applied to a gram-scale reaction and the model of 4-O-5 lignin linkages.
Extracted statement — Type of transformation: Cleavage
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis
Abstract: Lignin, which is a highly cross-linked and irregular biopolymer, is nature’s most abundant source of aromatic compounds and constitutes an attractive renewable resource for the production of aromatic commodity chemicals. Herein, we demonstrate a practical and operationally simple two-step degradation approach involving Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation and visible-light photoredox-catalyzed reductive fragmentation for the chemoselective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage—the predominant linkage in lignin—for the generation of lower-molecular-weight aromatic building blocks. The developed strategy affords the β-O-4 bond cleaved products with high chemoselectivity and in high yields, is amenable to continuous flow processing, operates at ambient temperature and pressure, and is moisture- and oxygen-tolerant.
Extracted statement — Type of transformation: Cleavage
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Methyl Ethers with Aryl Boronic Esters
Abstract: The Ni(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenyl methyl ethers with boronic esters is described. Several types of alkenyl methyl ethers can be coupled with a wide range of boronic esters to give the stilbene derivatives.
Extracted statement — Type of transformation: Coupling
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Pivalates with Boronic Acids
Abstract: The first cross-coupling of acylated phenol derivatives has been achieved. In the presence of an air-stable Ni(II) complex, readily accessible aryl pivalates participate in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with arylboronic acids. The process is tolerant of considerable variation in each of the cross-coupling components. In addition, a one-pot acylation/cross-coupling sequence has been developed. The potential to utilize an aryl pivalate as a directing group has also been demonstrated, along with the ability to sequentially cross-couple an aryl bromide followed by an aryl pivalate, using palladium and nickel catalysis, respectively.
Extracted statement — Type of transformation: Coupling
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Biaryl Construction via Ni-Catalyzed C−O Activation of Phenolic Carboxylates
Abstract: Biaryl scaffolds were constructed via Ni-catalyzed aryl C-O activation by avoiding cleavage of the more reactive acyl C-O bond of aryl carboxylates. Now aryl esters, in general, can be successfully employed in cross-coupling reactions for the first time. The substrate scope and synthetic utility of the chemistry were demonstrated by the syntheses of more than 40 biaryls and by constructing complex organic molecules. Water was observed to play an important role in facilitating this transformation.
Extracted statement — Type of transformation: Coupling
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Microwave-Assisted Cobinamide Synthesis
Abstract: We present a new method for the preparation of cobinamide (CN)2Cbi, a vitamin B12 precursor, that should allow its broader utility. Treatment of vitamin B12 with only NaCN and heating in a microwave reactor affords (CN)2Cbi as the sole product. The purification procedure was greatly simplified, allowing for easy isolation of the product in 94% yield. The use of microwave heating proved beneficial also for (CN)2Cbi(c-lactone) synthesis. Treatment of (CN)2Cbi with triethanolamine led to (CN)2Cbi(c-lactam).
Extracted statement — Solvent: Ethanol
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Selective catalytic conversion of guaiacol to phenols over a molybdenum carbide catalyst
Abstract: <p>An activated carbon supported α-molybdenum carbide catalyst (α-MoC<sub>1−x</sub>/AC) showed remarkable activity in the selective deoxygenation of guaiacol to substituted mono-phenols in low carbon number alcohol solvents.</p>
Extracted statement — substrate: guaiacol
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Anatase TiO2 Activated by Gold Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol to Phenolics
Abstract: Gold nanoparticles on a number of supporting materials, including anatase TiO2 (TiO2-A, in 40 nm and 45 μm), rutile TiO2 (TiO2-R), ZrO2, Al2O3, SiO2 , and activated carbon, were evaluated for hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol in 6.5 MPa initial H2 pressure at 300 °C. The presence of gold nanoparticles on the supports did not show distinguishable performance compared to that of the supports alone in the conversion level and in the product distribution, except for that on a TiO2-A-40 nm. The lack of marked catalytic activity on supports other than TiO2-A-40 nm suggests that Au nanoparticles are not catalytically active on these supports. Most strikingly, the gold nanoparticles on the least-active TiO2-A-40 nm support stood out as the best catalyst exhibiting high activity with excellent stability and remarkable selectivity to phenolics from guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation. The conversion of guaiacol (∼43.1%) over gold on the TiO2-A-40 nm was about 33 times that (1.3%) over the TiO2-A-40 nm alone. The selectivity o...
Extracted statement — substrate: guaiacol
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts
Abstract: Catalytic bio‐oil upgrading to produce renewable fuels has attracted increasing attention in response to the decreasing oil reserves and the increased fuel demand worldwide. Herein, the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol with carbon‐supported non‐sulfided metal catalysts was investigated. Catalytic tests were performed at 4.0 MPa and temperatures ranging from 623 to 673 K. Both Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts showed promising catalytic performance in HDO. The selectivity to benzene was 69.5 and 83.5 % at 653 K over Ru/C and 10Mo/C catalysts, respectively. Phenol, with a selectivity as high as 76.5 %, was observed mainly on 1Mo/C. However, the reaction pathway over both catalysts is different. Over the Ru/C catalyst, the OCH3 bond was cleaved to form the primary intermediate catechol, whereas only traces of catechol were detected over Mo/C catalysts. In addition, two types of active sites were detected over Mo samples after reduction in H2 at 973 K. Catalytic studies showed that the demethoxylation of guaiacol is performed over residual MoOx sites with high selectivity to phenol whereas the consecutive HDO of phenol is performed over molybdenum carbide species, which is widely available only on the 10Mo/C sample. Different deactivation patterns were also observed over Ru/C and Mo/C catalysts.
Extracted statement — substrate: guaiacol
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Atmospheric Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Alumina-, Zirconia-, and Silica-Supported Nickel Phosphide Catalysts
Abstract: This study investigated atmospheric hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol over Ni2P-supported catalysts. Alumina, zirconia, and silica served as the supports of Ni2P catalysts. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were surveyed by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO chemisorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), H2 temperature-programmed desorption (H2-TPD), and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). The catalytic performance of these catalysts was tested in a continuous fixed-bed system. This paper proposes a plausible network of atmospheric guaiacol HDO, containing demethoxylation (DMO), demethylation (DME), direct deoxygenation (DDO), hydrogenation (HYD), transalkylation, and methylation. Pseudo-first-order kinetics analysis shows that the intrinsic activity declined in the following order: Ni2P/ZrO2 > Ni2P/Al2O3 > Ni2P/SiO2. Product selectivity at zero guaiacol conversion indicates that Ni2P/SiO2 promotes DMO and DDO routes, whereas Ni2P/ZrO2 and Ni2P/Al2O...
Extracted statement — substrate: guaiacol
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Preparation of Dicyano- and
Methylcobinamide from Vitamin B12a
Abstract: Treatment of vitamin B 12a 1 (hydroxycobalamin hydrochloride, aquocobalamin) with NaBH 4 and ZnCl 2 leads to the selective cleavage of the nucleotide loop and gives dicyanocobinamide 2a in good yield. Methylcobinamide 4 was prepared from 2 via aquocyanocobinamide 3. The glutathione-mediated methylation of 3 in a pH 3.5 buffer solution proceeded with Mel, but not with MeOTs.
Extracted statement — Precursor of cobinamide: Hydroxycobalamin
Research field: Organic Chemistry
Title: Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis
Abstract: Lignin, which is a highly cross-linked and irregular biopolymer, is nature’s most abundant source of aromatic compounds and constitutes an attractive renewable resource for the production of aromatic commodity chemicals. Herein, we demonstrate a practical and operationally simple two-step degradation approach involving Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation and visible-light photoredox-catalyzed reductive fragmentation for the chemoselective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage—the predominant linkage in lignin—for the generation of lower-molecular-weight aromatic building blocks. The developed strategy affords the β-O-4 bond cleaved products with high chemoselectivity and in high yields, is amenable to continuous flow processing, operates at ambient temperature and pressure, and is moisture- and oxygen-tolerant.
Extracted statement — substrate: Lignin