Moussab/ORKG-training-evaluation-set huggingface dataset:
Research field: Science
Title: Localizing Parts of Faces Using a Consensus of Exemplars
Abstract: We present a novel approach to localizing parts in images of human faces. The approach combines the output of local detectors with a nonparametric set of global models for the part locations based on over 1,000 hand-labeled exemplar images. By assuming that the global models generate the part locations as hidden variables, we derive a Bayesian objective function. This function is optimized using a consensus of models for these hidden variables. The resulting localizer handles a much wider range of expression, pose, lighting, and occlusion than prior ones. We show excellent performance on real-world face datasets such as Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) and a new Labeled Face Parts in the Wild (LFPW) and show that our localizer achieves state-of-the-art performance on the less challenging BioID dataset.
Extracted statement — Variations: expression
Research field: Science
Title: The First Facial Landmark Tracking in-the-Wild Challenge: Benchmark and Results
Abstract: Detection and tracking of faces in image sequences is among the most well studied problems in the intersection of statistical machine learning and computer vision. Often, tracking and detection methodologies use a rigid representation to describe the facial region 1, hence they can neither capture nor exploit the non-rigid facial deformations, which are crucial for countless of applications (e.g., facial expression analysis, facial motion capture, high-performance face recognition etc.). Usually, the non-rigid deformations are captured by locating and tracking the position of a set of fiducial facial landmarks (e.g., eyes, nose, mouth etc.). Recently, we witnessed a burst of research in automatic facial landmark localisation in static imagery. This is partly attributed to the availability of large amount of annotated data, many of which have been provided by the first facial landmark localisation challenge (also known as 300-W challenge). Even though now well established benchmarks exist for facial landmark localisation in static imagery, to the best of our knowledge, there is no established benchmark for assessing the performance of facial landmark tracking methodologies, containing an adequate number of annotated face videos. In conjunction with ICCV'2015 we run the first competition/challenge on facial landmark tracking in long-term videos. In this paper, we present the first benchmark for long-term facial landmark tracking, containing currently over 110 annotated videos, and we summarise the results of the competition.
Extracted statement — Variations: expression
Research field: Science
Title: Robust Face Landmark Estimation under Occlusion
Abstract: Human faces captured in real-world conditions present large variations in shape and occlusions due to differences in pose, expression, use of accessories such as sunglasses and hats and interactions with objects (e.g. food). Current face landmark estimation approaches struggle under such conditions since they fail to provide a principled way of handling outliers. We propose a novel method, called Robust Cascaded Pose Regression (RCPR) which reduces exposure to outliers by detecting occlusions explicitly and using robust shape-indexed features. We show that RCPR improves on previous landmark estimation methods on three popular face datasets (LFPW, LFW and HELEN). We further explore RCPR's performance by introducing a novel face dataset focused on occlusion, composed of 1,007 faces presenting a wide range of occlusion patterns. RCPR reduces failure cases by half on all four datasets, at the same time as it detects face occlusions with a 80/40% precision/recall.
Extracted statement — Variations: expression
Research field: Science
Title: Design patterns and fault-proneness a study of commercial C# software
Abstract: In this paper, we document a study of design patterns in commercial, proprietary software and determine whether design pattern participants (i.e. the constituent classes of a pattern) had a greater propensity for faults than non-participants. We studied a commercial software system for a 24 month period and identified design pattern participants by inspecting the design documentation and source code; we also extracted fault data for the same period to determine whether those participant classes were more fault-prone than non-participant classes. Results showed that design pattern participant classes were marginally more fault-prone than non-participant classes, The Adaptor, Method and Singleton patterns were found to be the most fault-prone of thirteen patterns explored. However, the primary reason for this fault-proneness was the propensity of design classes to be changed more often than non-design pattern classes.
Extracted statement — Quality attribute: Faults
Research field: Science
Title: ICT-Enabled Community Empowerment in Crisis
Response: Social Media in Thailand Flooding 2011
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the emerging use of ICT in social phenomena such as natural disasters. Researchers have acknowledged that a community possesses the capacity to manage the challenges in crisis response on its own. However, extant IS studies focus predominantly on IS use from the crisis response agency’s perspective, which undermines communities’ role. By adopting an empowerment perspective, we focus on understanding how social media empowers communities during crisis response. As such, we present a qualitative case study of the 2011 Thailand flooding. Using an interpretive approach, we show how social media can empower the community from three dimensions of empowerment process (structural, psychological, and resource empowerment) to achieve collective participation, shared identification, and collaborative control in the community. We make two contributions: 1) we explore an emerging social consequence of ICT by illustrating the roles of social media in empowering communities when responding to crises, and 2) we address the literature gap in empowerment by elucidating the actualization process of empowerment that social media as a mediating structure enables.
Extracted statement — Emergency Type: Flood
Research field: Science
Title: ICT-Enabled Community Empowerment in Crisis
Response: Social Media in Thailand Flooding 2011.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine the emerging use of ICT in social phenomena such as natural disasters. Researchers have acknowledged that a community possesses the capacity to manage the challenges in crisis response on its own. However, extant IS studies focus predominantly on IS use from the crisis response agency’s perspective, which undermines communities’ role. By adopting an empowerment perspective, we focus on understanding how social media empowers communities during crisis response. As such, we present a qualitative case study of the 2011 Thailand flooding. Using an interpretive approach, we show how social media can empower the community from three dimensions of empowerment process (structural, psychological, and resource empowerment) to achieve collective participation, shared identification, and collaborative control in the community. We make two contributions: 1) we explore an emerging social consequence of ICT by illustrating the roles of social media in empowering communities when responding to crises, and 2) we address the literature gap in empowerment by elucidating the actualization process of empowerment that social media as a mediating structure enables.
Extracted statement — Emergency Type: Flood
Research field: Science
Title: Digitally enabled disaster response: the
emergence of social media as boundary
objects in a flooding disaster
Abstract: In recent times, social media has been increasingly playing a critical role in response actions following natural catastrophes. From facilitating the recruitment of volunteers during an earthquake to supporting emotional recovery after a hurricane, social media has demonstrated its power in serving as an effective disaster response platform. Based on a case study of Thailand flooding in 2011 – one of the worst flooding disasters in more than 50 years that left the country severely impaired – this paper provides an in‐depth understanding on the emergent roles of social media in disaster response. Employing the perspective of boundary object, we shed light on how different boundary spanning competences of social media emerged in practice to facilitate cross‐boundary response actions during a disaster, with an aim to promote further research in this area. We conclude this paper with guidelines for response agencies and impacted communities to deploy social media for future disaster response.
Extracted statement — Emergency Type: flooding
Research field: Science
Title: Unemployment Persistency, Over-education and the Employment Chances of the Less Educated
Abstract: The research question addressed in this article concerns whether unemployment persistency can be regarded as a phenomenon that increases employment difficulties for the less educated and, if so, whether their employment chances are reduced by an overly rapid reduction in the number of jobs with low educational requirements. The empirical case is Sweden and the data covers the period 1976-2000. The empirical analyses point towards a negative response to both questions. First, it is shown that jobs with low educational requirements have declined but still constitute a substantial share of all jobs. Secondly, educational attainment has changed at a faster rate than the job structure with increasing over-education in jobs with low educational requirements as a result. This, together with changed selection patterns into the low education group, are the main reasons for the poor employment chances of the less educated in periods with low general demand for labour.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: General
Research field: Science
Title: The Social and Political Consequences of Overeducation
Abstract: This study employs national survey data to estimate the extent of overeducation in the U.S. labor force and its impact on a variety of worker attitudes. Estimates are made of the extent of overeducation and its distribution among different categories of workers, according to sex, race, age, and class background. The effects of overeducation are examined in four areas of worker attitudes: job satisfaction, political leftism, political alienation, and stratification ideology. Evidence is found of significant effects of overeducation on job satisfaction and several aspects of stratification ideology. The magnitude of these effects is small, however, and they are concentrated almost exclusively among very highly overeducated workers. No evidence is found of generalized political effects of overeducation, either in the form of increased political leftism or in the form of increased political alienation. These findings fail to support the common prediction of major political repercussions of overeducation and suggest the likelihood of alternative forms of adaptation among overeducated workers.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: General
Research field: Science
Title: «Recruitment of Overeducated Personnel: Insider-Outsider Effects on Fair Employee Selection Practice
Abstract: Abstract Fair employment policies constrain employee selection: specifically, applicants’ professional experience can be a substitute for formal education. However, reflecting firm-specific job requirements, this substitution rule applies less strictly to applicants from outside the firm. Further, setting low educational job requirements decreases the risk of disparate impact charges. Using data from a large US public employer, we show that successful outsider candidates exhibit higher levels of formal education than insiders. Also, this gap in educational attainments between outsiders and insiders widens with lower advertised degree requirements. More generally, we find strong insider–outsider effects on hiring decisions.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: General
Research field: Science
Title: Gender Differences in Overeducation: A Test of the Theory of Differential Overqualification
Abstract: There is little question that substantial labormarket differences exist between men and women. Among the most researched difference is the male-female wage gap. Many different theories are used to explain why men earn more than women. One possible reason is based on the limited geographic mobility of married women (Robert Frank, 1978). Family mobility is a joint decision in which the needs of the husband and wife are balanced to maximize family welfare. Job-motivated relocations are generally made to benefit the primary earner in the family. This leads to a constrained job search for the secondary earner, as he or she must search for a job in a limited geographic area. Since the husband is still the primary wage earner in many families, the job search of the wife may suffer. Individuals who are tied to a certain area are labeled "tied-stayers," while secondary earners who move for the benefit of the family are labeled "tied-movers" (Jacob Mincer, 1978). The wages of a tied-stayer or tied-mover may not be substantially lower if the family lives in or moves to a large city. If a large labor market has more vacancies, the wife may locate a wage offer near the maximum she would find with a nationwide job search. However, being a tied-stayer or tied-mover can lower the wife's wage if the family lives in or moves to a small community. A small labor market will reduce the likelihood of her finding a job that utilizes her skills. As a result she may accept a job for which she is overqualified and thus earn a lower wage.' This hypothesized relationship between the likelihood of being overqualified and SMSA size is termed "differential overqualification." Frank ( 1978) and Haim Ofek and Yesook Merrill (1994) provide support for the theory of differential overqualification by finding that the malefemale wage gap is greater in smaller SMSA's. While the results are consistent with the existence of differential overqualification, they may also result from other situations as well. Firms in small labor markets may use their monopsony power to keep wages down.2 Local demand shocks are found to be a major source of wage variation both across and within local labor markets (Robert Topel, 1986). Since large labor markets are generally more diversified, a demand shock can have a substantial impact on immobile workers in small labor markets. Another reason for examining differential overqualification involves the assumption that there are more vacancies in large labor markets. While there is little doubt that more vacancies exist in large labor markets, there are also likely to be more people searching for jobs in large labor markets. If the greater number of vacancies is offset by the larger number of searchers, it is unclear whether women will be more likely to be overqualified in small labor markets. Instead of relying on wages to determine if differential overqualification exists, we consider an explicit form of overqualification based on education.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: General
Research field: Science
Title: Overeducation, Undereducation and the British Labour Market
Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of overeducation and undereducation using for the first time a British dataset which contains explicit information on the level of required education to enter a job across the generality of occupations. Three key issues within the overeducation literature are addressed. First, what determines the existence of over and undereducation and to what extent are over and undereducation substitutes for experience, tenure and training? Second, to what extent are over and undereducation temporary or permanent phenomena? Third, what are the returns to over and undereducation and do certain stylized facts discovered for the US and a number of European countries hold for Britain?
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: General
Research field: Science
Title: International Evaluation of a Localized Geography Educational Software
Abstract: A report on the implementation and evaluation of an intelligent learning system; the multimedia geography tutor and game software titled Lainos World SM was localized into English, French, Spanish, German, Portuguese, Russian and Simplified Chinese. Thereafter, multilingual online surveys were setup to which High school students were globally invited via mails to schools, targeted adverts and recruitment on Facebook, Google, etc. 1125 respondents from selected nations completed both the initial and final surveys. The effect of the software on students’ geographical knowledge was analyzed through pre and post achievement test scores. In general, the mean score were higher after exposure to the educational software for fifteen days and it was established that the score differences were statistically significant. This positive effect and other qualitative data show that the localized software from students’ perspective is a widely acceptable and effective educational tool for learning geography in an interactive and gaming environment..
Extracted statement — Topic: Geography
Research field: Science
Title: Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks
Abstract: Gephi is an open source software for graph and network analysis. It uses a 3D render engine to display large networks in real-time and to speed up the exploration. A flexible and multi-task architecture brings new possibilities to work with complex data sets and produce valuable visual results. We present several key features of Gephi in the context of interactive exploration and interpretation of networks. It provides easy and broad access to network data and allows for spatializing, filtering, navigating, manipulating and clustering. Finally, by presenting dynamic features of Gephi, we highlight key aspects of dynamic network visualization.
Extracted statement — System: Gephi
Research field: Science
Title: Measuring Over-education
Abstract: Previous work on over-education has assumed homogeneity of workers and jobs. Relaxing these assumptions, we find that over-educated workers have lower education credentials than matched graduates. Among the over-educated graduates we distinguish between the apparently over-educated workers, who have similar unobserved skills as matched graduates, and the genuinely over-educated workers, who have a much lower skill endowment. Over-education is associated with a pay penalty of 5%-11% for apparently over-educated workers compared with matched graduates and of 22%-26% for the genuinely over-educated. Over-education originates from the lack of skills of graduates. This should be taken into consideration in the current debate on the future of higher education in the UK. Copyright The London School of Economics and Political Science 2003.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: Graduates
Research field: Science
Title: «Overeducation and the Skills of UK Graduates»
Abstract: Summary. During the early 1990s the proportion of a cohort entering higher education in the UK doubled over a short period of time. The paper investigates the effect of the expansion on graduates’ early labour market attainment, focusing on overeducation. We define overeducation by combining occupation codes and a self‐reported measure for the appropriateness of the match between qualification and the job. We therefore define three groups of graduates: matched, apparently overeducated and genuinely overeducated. This measure is well correlated with alternative definitions of overeducation. Comparing pre‐ and post‐expansion cohorts of graduates, we find with this measure that the proportion of overeducated graduates has doubled, even though overeducation wage penalties have remained stable. We do not find that type of institution affects the probability of genuine overeducation. Apparently overeducated graduates are mostly indistinguishable from matched graduates, whereas genuinely overeducated graduates principally lack non‐academic skills and suffer a large wage penalty. Individual unobserved heterogeneity differs between the three groups of graduates but controlling for it does not alter these conclusions.
Extracted statement — Population under analysis: Graduates
Research field: Science
Title: Knowledge-based derivation of document logical structure
Abstract: The analysis of a document image to derive a symbolic description of its structure and contents involves using spatial domain knowledge to classify the different printed blocks (e.g., text paragraphs), group them into logical units (e.g., newspaper stories), and determine the reading order of the text blocks within each unit. These steps describe the conversion of the physical structure of a document into its logical structure. We have developed a computational model for document logical structure derivation, in which a rule-based control strategy utilizes the data obtained from analyzing a digitized document image, and makes inferences using a multi-level knowledge base of document layout rules. The knowledge-based document logical structure derivation system (DeLoS) based on this model consists of a hierarchical rule-based control system to guide the block classification, grouping and read-ordering operations; a global data structure to store the document image data and incremental inferences; and a domain knowledge base to encode the rules governing document layout.
Extracted statement — Logical Labels: graph
Research field: Science
Title: A Min-Min Max-Min selective algorihtm for grid task scheduling
Abstract: Today, the high cost of supercomputers in the one hand and the need for large-scale computational resources on the other hand, has led to use network of computational resources known as Grid. Numerous research groups in universities, research labs, and industries around the world are now working on a type of Grid called Computational Grids that enable aggregation of distributed resources for solving large-scale data intensive problems in science, engineering, and commerce. Several institutions and universities have started research and teaching programs on Grid computing as part of their parallel and distributed computing curriculum. To better use tremendous capabilities of this distributed system, effective and efficient scheduling algorithms are needed. In this paper, we introduce a new scheduling algorithm based on two conventional scheduling algorithms, Min-Min and Max-Min, to use their cons and at the same time, cover their pros. It selects between the two algorithms based on standard deviation of the expected completion time of tasks on resources. We evaluate our scheduling heuristic, the Selective algorithm, within a grid simulator called GridSim. We also compared our approach to its two basic heuristics. The experimental results show that the new heuristic can lead to significant performance gain for a variety of scenarios.
Extracted statement — Tools used for simulation: Gridsim