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[ "Server-side", "Carrier", "Checks", "In", "the", "JavaScript", "bridge", "API", "obfuscation", "example", "covered", "above", ",", "the", "server", "supplied", "the", "app", "with", "the", "necessary", "strings", "to", "complete", "the", "billing", "process", "." ]
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1601
[ "However", ",", "analysts", "may", "not", "always", "see", "the", "indicators", "of", "compromise", "in", "the", "server", "’", "s", "response", "." ]
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1602
[ "In", "this", "example", ",", "the", "requests", "to", "the", "server", "take", "the", "following", "form", ":", "Here", ",", "the", "β€œ", "operator", "”", "query", "parameter", "is", "the", "Mobile", "Country", "Code", "and", "Mobile", "Network", "Code", "." ]
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1603
[ "The", "server", "can", "use", "this", "information", "to", "determine", "if", "the", "user", "’", "s", "carrier", "is", "one", "of", "Bread", "’", "s", "targets", "." ]
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1604
[ "If", "not", ",", "the", "response", "is", "scrubbed", "of", "the", "strings", "used", "to", "complete", "the", "billing", "fraud", "." ]
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1605
[ "MISLEADING", "USERS", "Bread", "apps", "sometimes", "display", "a", "pop-up", "to", "the", "user", "that", "implies", "some", "form", "of", "compliance", "or", "disclosure", ",", "showing", "terms", "and", "conditions", "or", "a", "confirm", "button", "." ]
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1606
[ "However", ",", "the", "actual", "text", "would", "often", "only", "display", "a", "basic", "welcome", "message", "." ]
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1607
[ "Other", "versions", "included", "all", "the", "pieces", "needed", "for", "a", "valid", "disclosure", "message", "." ]
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1608
[ "However", ",", "there", "are", "still", "two", "issues", "here", ":", "The", "numbers", "to", "contact", "for", "cancelling", "the", "subscription", "are", "not", "real", "The", "billing", "process", "commences", "even", "if", "you", "don", "’", "t", "hit", "the", "β€œ", "Confirm", "”", "button", "Even", "if", "the", "disclosure", "here", "displayed", "accurate", "information", ",", "the", "user", "would", "often", "find", "that", "the", "advertised", "functionality", "of", "the", "app", "did", "not", "match", "the", "actual", "content", "." ]
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1609
[ "Bread", "apps", "frequently", "contain", "no", "functionality", "beyond", "the", "billing", "process", "or", "simply", "clone", "content", "from", "other", "popular", "apps", "." ]
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1610
[ "VERSIONING", "Bread", "has", "also", "leveraged", "an", "abuse", "tactic", "unique", "to", "app", "stores", ":", "versioning", "." ]
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1611
[ "Some", "apps", "have", "started", "with", "clean", "versions", ",", "in", "an", "attempt", "to", "grow", "user", "bases", "and", "build", "the", "developer", "accounts", "’", "reputations", "." ]
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1612
[ "Only", "later", "is", "the", "malicious", "code", "introduced", ",", "through", "an", "update", "." ]
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1613
[ "Interestingly", ",", "early", "β€œ", "clean", "”", "versions", "contain", "varying", "levels", "of", "signals", "that", "the", "updates", "will", "include", "malicious", "code", "later", "." ]
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1614
[ "Some", "are", "first", "uploaded", "with", "all", "the", "necessary", "code", "except", "the", "one", "line", "that", "actually", "initializes", "the", "billing", "process", "." ]
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1615
[ "Others", "may", "have", "the", "necessary", "permissions", ",", "but", "are", "missing", "the", "classes", "containing", "the", "fraud", "code", "." ]
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1616
[ "And", "others", "have", "all", "malicious", "content", "removed", ",", "except", "for", "log", "comments", "referencing", "the", "payment", "process", "." ]
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1617
[ "All", "of", "these", "methods", "attempt", "to", "space", "out", "the", "introduction", "of", "possible", "signals", "in", "various", "stages", ",", "testing", "for", "gaps", "in", "the", "publication", "process", "." ]
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1618
[ "However", ",", "GPP", "does", "not", "treat", "new", "apps", "and", "updates", "any", "differently", "from", "an", "analysis", "perspective", "." ]
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1619
[ "FAKE", "REVIEWS", "When", "early", "versions", "of", "apps", "are", "first", "published", ",", "many", "five", "star", "reviews", "appear", "with", "comments", "like", ":", "β€œ", "So", "..", "good", "..", "”", "β€œ", "very", "beautiful", "”", "Later", ",", "1", "star", "reviews", "from", "real", "users", "start", "appearing", "with", "comments", "like", ":", "β€œ", "Deception", "”", "β€œ", "The", "app", "is", "not", "honest", "…", "”", "SUMMARY", "Sheer", "volume", "appears", "to", "be", "the", "preferred", "approach", "for", "Bread", "developers", "." ]
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1620
[ "At", "different", "times", ",", "we", "have", "seen", "three", "or", "more", "active", "variants", "using", "different", "approaches", "or", "targeting", "different", "carriers", "." ]
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1621
[ "Within", "each", "variant", ",", "the", "malicious", "code", "present", "in", "each", "sample", "may", "look", "nearly", "identical", "with", "only", "one", "evasion", "technique", "changed", "." ]
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1622
[ "Sample", "1", "may", "use", "AES-encrypted", "strings", "with", "reflection", ",", "while", "Sample", "2", "(", "submitted", "on", "the", "same", "day", ")", "will", "use", "the", "same", "code", "but", "with", "plaintext", "strings", "." ]
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1623
[ "At", "peak", "times", "of", "activity", ",", "we", "have", "seen", "up", "to", "23", "different", "apps", "from", "this", "family", "submitted", "to", "Play", "in", "one", "day", "." ]
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1624
[ "At", "other", "times", ",", "Bread", "appears", "to", "abandon", "hope", "of", "making", "a", "variant", "successful", "and", "we", "see", "a", "gap", "of", "a", "week", "or", "longer", "before", "the", "next", "variant", "." ]
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1625
[ "This", "family", "showcases", "the", "amount", "of", "resources", "that", "malware", "authors", "now", "have", "to", "expend", "." ]
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1626
[ "Google", "Play", "Protect", "is", "constantly", "updating", "detection", "engines", "and", "warning", "users", "of", "malicious", "apps", "installed", "on", "their", "device", "." ]
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1627
[ "SELECTED", "SAMPLES", "Package", "Name", "SHA-256", "Digest", "com.rabbit.artcamera", "18c277c7953983f45f2fe6ab4c7d872b2794c256604e43500045cb2b2084103f", "org.horoscope.astrology.predict", "6f1a1dbeb5b28c80ddc51b77a83c7a27b045309c4f1bff48aaff7d79dfd4eb26", "com.theforest.rotatemarswallpaper", "4e78a26832a0d471922eb61231bc498463337fed8874db5f70b17dd06dcb9f09", "com.jspany.temp", "0ce78efa764ce1e7fb92c4de351ec1113f3e2ca4b2932feef46d7d62d6ae87f5", "com.hua.ru.quan", "780936deb27be5dceea20a5489014236796a74cc967a12e36cb56d9b8df9bc86", "com.rongnea.udonood", "8b2271938c524dd1064e74717b82e48b778e49e26b5ac2dae8856555b5489131", "com.mbv.a.wp", "01611e16f573da2c9dbc7acdd445d84bae71fecf2927753e341d8a5652b89a68", "com.pho.nec.sg", "b4822eeb71c83e4aab5ddfecfb58459e5c5e10d382a2364da1c42621f58e119b", "Exobot", "(", "Marcher", ")", "-", "Android", "banking", "Trojan", "on", "the", "rise", "February", "2017", "Introduction", "The", "past", "months", "many", "different", "banking", "Trojans", "for", "the", "Android", "platform", "have", "received", "media", "attention", "." ]
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1628
[ "One", "of", "these", ",", "called", "Marcher", "(", "aka", "Exobot", ")", ",", "seems", "to", "be", "especially", "active", "with", "different", "samples", "appearing", "on", "a", "daily", "basis", "." ]
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1629
[ "This", "malware", "variant", "also", "appears", "to", "be", "technically", "superior", "to", "many", "other", "banking", "Trojans", "being", "able", "to", "use", "its", "overlay", "attack", "even", "on", "Android", "6", ",", "which", "has", "technical", "improvements", "compared", "to", "the", "previous", "Android", "versions", "to", "prevent", "such", "attacks", "." ]
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1630
[ "The", "main", "infection", "vector", "is", "a", "phishing", "attack", "using", "SMS/MMS", "." ]
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1631
[ "The", "social", "engineering", "message", "includes", "a", "link", "that", "leads", "to", "a", "fake", "version", "of", "a", "popular", "app", ",", "using", "names", "like", "Runtastic", ",", "WhatsApp", "or", "Netflix", "." ]
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1632
[ "On", "installation", ",", "the", "app", "requests", "the", "user", "to", "provide", "SMS", "storage", "access", "and", "high", "Android", "privileges", "such", "as", "Device", "Admin", "." ]
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1633
[ "Other", "infection", "vectors", "include", "pornographic", "websites", "serving", "apps", "called", "Adobe", "Flash", "or", "YouPorn", "." ]
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1634
[ "The", "Marcher", "banking", "malware", "uses", "two", "main", "attack", "vectors", "." ]
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1635
[ "The", "first", "attack", "vector", "is", "to", "compromise", "the", "out", "of", "band", "authentication", "for", "online", "banks", "that", "rely", "on", "SMS", "using", "SMS", "forwarding", "." ]
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1636
[ "The", "second", "attack", "vector", ",", "the", "overlay", "attack", ",", "shows", "a", "customized", "phishing", "window", "whenever", "a", "targeted", "application", "is", "started", "on", "the", "device", "." ]
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1637
[ "The", "overlay", "window", "is", "often", "indistinguishable", "from", "the", "expected", "screen", "(", "such", "as", "a", "login", "screen", "for", "a", "banking", "app", ")", "and", "is", "used", "to", "steal", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "banking", "credentials", "." ]
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1638
[ "The", "target", "list", "and", "bank", "specific", "fake", "login", "pages", "can", "be", "dynamically", "updated", "via", "their", "C2", "panel", "(", "dashboard", "back-end", ")", "which", "significantly", "increases", "the", "adaptability", "and", "scalability", "of", "this", "attack", "." ]
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1639
[ "In", "addition", ",", "this", "type", "of", "Android", "banking", "malware", "does", "not", "require", "the", "device", "to", "be", "rooted", "or", "the", "app", "to", "have", "any", "specific", "Android", "permission", "(", "besides", "android.permission.INTERNET", "to", "retrieve", "the", "overlay", "contents", "and", "send", "its", "captured", "data", ")", "." ]
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1640
[ "The", "many", "changes", "we", "see", "in", "the", "way", "the", "attacks", "are", "performed", "show", "that", "attackers", "are", "heavily", "experimenting", "to", "find", "the", "best", "way", "of", "infecting", "a", "mobile", "device", "and", "abusing", "existing", "functionality", "to", "perform", "successful", "phishing", "attacks", "." ]
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1641
[ "The", "next", "stage", "in", "device", "infection", "could", "be", "the", "use", "of", "exploit", "kits", "and", "malvertising", ",", "which", "would", "be", "quite", "effective", "due", "the", "many", "Android", "vulnerabilities", "and", "consumers", "with", "unpatched", "devices", "." ]
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1642
[ "In", "addition", "future", "Trojans", "could", "leverage", "root", "exploits", "to", "make", "them", "almost", "impossible", "to", "remove", "and", "give", "malicious", "actors", "the", "ability", "to", "hook", "generic", "low", "level", "API", "’", "s", "that", "are", "used", "by", "all", "(", "banking", ")", "applications", ",", "just", "like", "the", "attack", "vector", "as", "has", "been", "used", "on", "the", "desktop", "platform", "for", "years", "." ]
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1643
[ "Technical", "Analysis", "Permissions", "Marcher", "’", "s", "APK", "size", "is", "fairly", "small", "(", "only", "683KB", "for", "sample", "eb8f02fc30ec49e4af1560e54b53d1a7", ")", ",", "much", "smaller", "than", "most", "legitimate", "apps", "and", "other", "popular", "mobile", "malware", "samples", "." ]
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1644
[ "This", "sample", "only", "includes", "Dalvik", "bytecode", "and", "resources", "without", "any", "native", "libraries", "." ]
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1645
[ "The", "package", "name", "(", "vyn.hhsdzgvoexobmkygffzwuewrbikzud", ")", "and", "its", "many", "activities", "and", "services", "have", "randomized", "names", ",", "probably", "to", "make", "it", "a", "bit", "more", "difficult", "to", "detect", "the", "package", "using", "blacklisting", "." ]
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1646
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1647
[ "Runtastic", "sample", "permission", "prompt", "Runtastic", "sample", "permission", "prompt", "Checking", "foreground", "app", "Marcher", "is", "one", "of", "the", "few", "Android", "banking", "Trojans", "to", "use", "the", "AndroidProcesses", "library", ",", "which", "enables", "the", "application", "to", "obtain", "the", "name", "of", "the", "Android", "package", "that", "is", "currently", "running", "in", "the", "foreground", "." ]
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1648
[ "This", "library", "is", "used", "because", "it", "uses", "the", "only", "(", "publicly", "known", ")", "way", "to", "retrieve", "this", "information", "on", "Android", "6", "(", "using", "the", "process", "OOM", "score", "read", "from", "the", "/proc", "directory", ")", "." ]
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1649
[ "When", "the", "current", "app", "on", "the", "foreground", "matches", "with", "an", "app", "targeted", "by", "the", "malware", ",", "the", "Trojan", "will", "show", "the", "corresponding", "phishing", "overlay", ",", "making", "the", "user", "think", "it", "is", "the", "app", "that", "was", "just", "started", "." ]
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1650
[ "Dynamic", "overlays", "When", "victims", "open", "up", "a", "targeted", "app", ",", "Marcher", "smoothly", "displays", "an", "overlay", ",", "a", "customized", "WebView", ",", "looks", "in", "its", "application", "preferences", "(", "main_prefs.xml", ")", "and", "decides", "which", "specified", "URL", "is", "needed", "for", "the", "targeted", "app", "." ]
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1651
[ "The", "complete", "list", "of", "apps", "can", "be", "seen", "below", "." ]
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1652
[ "The", "phishing", "pages", "shown", "in", "the", "overlay", "use", "Ajax", "calls", "to", "communicate", "with", "a", "PHP", "back-end", "which", "stores", "all", "user", "input", "." ]
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1653
[ "The", "C2", "backend", "url", "looks", "like", "this", ":", "https", ":", "//evilhost/c2folder/njs2/", "?", "fields", "[", "]", "." ]
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1654
[ "There", "is", "no", "way", "to", "access", "the", "original", "app", "again", "even", "if", "victims", "terminate", "the", "overlay", "process", "and", "reopen", "app", ",", "until", "credit", "card", "(", "name", ",", "number", ",", "expiry", "date", ",", "security", "code", ")", "and/or", "bank", "information", "(", "PIN", ",", "VBV", "passcode", ",", "date", "of", "birth", ",", "etc", "." ]
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1655
[ ")", "are", "filled", "in", "and", "verified", "." ]
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1656
[ "The", "information", "is", "then", "stored", "in", "local", "app", "database", "as", "well", "as", "sent", "to", "the", "backend", "." ]
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1657
[ "Agent", "Smith", ":", "A", "New", "Species", "of", "Mobile", "Malware", "July", "10", ",", "2019", "Check", "Point", "Researchers", "recently", "discovered", "a", "new", "variant", "of", "mobile", "malware", "that", "quietly", "infected", "around", "25", "million", "devices", ",", "while", "the", "user", "remains", "completely", "unaware", "." ]
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1658
[ "Disguised", "as", "Google", "related", "app", ",", "the", "core", "part", "of", "malware", "exploits", "various", "known", "Android", "vulnerabilities", "and", "automatically", "replaces", "installed", "apps", "on", "the", "device", "with", "malicious", "versions", "without", "the", "user", "’", "s", "interaction", "." ]
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1659
[ "This", "unique", "on-device", ",", "just-in-time", "(", "JIT", ")", "approach", "inspired", "researchers", "to", "dub", "this", "malware", "as", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "." ]
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1660
[ "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "currently", "uses", "its", "broad", "access", "to", "the", "device", "’", "s", "resources", "to", "show", "fraudulent", "ads", "for", "financial", "gain", "." ]
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1661
[ "This", "activity", "resembles", "previous", "campaigns", "such", "as", "Gooligan", ",", "HummingBad", "and", "CopyCat", "." ]
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1662
[ "The", "primary", "targets", ",", "so", "far", ",", "are", "based", "in", "India", "though", "other", "Asian", "countries", "such", "as", "Pakistan", "and", "Bangladesh", "are", "also", "affected", "." ]
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1663
[ "In", "a", "much-improved", "Android", "security", "environment", ",", "the", "actors", "behind", "Agent", "Smith", "seem", "to", "have", "moved", "into", "the", "more", "complex", "world", "of", "constantly", "searching", "for", "new", "loopholes", ",", "such", "as", "Janus", ",", "Bundle", "and", "Man-in-the-Disk", ",", "to", "achieve", "a", "3-stage", "infection", "chain", ",", "in", "order", "to", "build", "a", "botnet", "of", "controlled", "devices", "to", "earn", "profit", "for", "the", "perpetrator", "." ]
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1664
[ "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "is", "possibly", "the", "first", "campaign", "seen", "that", "ingrates", "and", "weaponized", "all", "these", "loopholes", "and", "are", "described", "in", "detail", "below", "." ]
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1665
[ "In", "this", "case", ",", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "is", "being", "used", "to", "for", "financial", "gain", "through", "the", "use", "of", "malicious", "advertisements", "." ]
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1666
[ "However", ",", "it", "could", "easily", "be", "used", "for", "far", "more", "intrusive", "and", "harmful", "purposes", "such", "as", "banking", "credential", "theft", "." ]
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1667
[ "Indeed", ",", "due", "to", "its", "ability", "to", "hide", "it", "’", "s", "icon", "from", "the", "launcher", "and", "impersonates", "any", "popular", "existing", "apps", "on", "a", "device", ",", "there", "are", "endless", "possibilities", "for", "this", "sort", "of", "malware", "to", "harm", "a", "user", "’", "s", "device", "." ]
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1668
[ "Check", "Point", "Research", "has", "submitted", "data", "to", "Google", "and", "law", "enforcement", "units", "to", "facilitate", "further", "investigation", "." ]
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1669
[ "As", "a", "result", ",", "information", "related", "to", "the", "malicious", "actor", "is", "tentatively", "redacted", "in", "this", "publication", "." ]
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1670
[ "Check", "Point", "has", "worked", "closely", "with", "Google", "and", "at", "the", "time", "of", "publishing", ",", "no", "malicious", "apps", "remain", "on", "the", "Play", "Store", "." ]
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1671
[ "Encounter", "In", "early", "2019", ",", "the", "Check", "Point", "Research", "team", "observed", "a", "surge", "of", "Android", "malware", "attack", "attempts", "against", "users", "in", "India", "which", "had", "strong", "characteristics", "of", "Janus", "vulnerability", "abuse", ";", "All", "samples", "our", "team", "collected", "during", "preliminary", "investigation", "had", "the", "ability", "to", "hide", "their", "app", "icons", "and", "claim", "to", "be", "Google", "related", "updaters", "or", "vending", "modules", "(", "a", "key", "component", "of", "Google", "Play", "framework", ")", "." ]
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1672
[ "Upon", "further", "analysis", "it", "became", "clear", "this", "application", "was", "as", "malicious", "as", "they", "come", "and", "initially", "resembled", "the", "CopyCat", "malware", ",", "discovered", "by", "Check", "Point", "Research", "back", "in", "April", "2016", "." ]
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1673
[ "As", "the", "research", "progressed", ",", "it", "started", "to", "reveal", "unique", "characteristics", "which", "made", "us", "believe", "we", "were", "looking", "at", "an", "all-new", "malware", "campaign", "found", "in", "the", "wild", "." ]
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1674
[ "After", "a", "series", "of", "technical", "analysis", "(", "which", "is", "covered", "in", "detail", "below", ")", "and", "heuristic", "threat", "hunting", ",", "we", "discovered", "that", "a", "complete", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "infection", "has", "three", "main", "phases", ":", "A", "dropper", "app", "lures", "victim", "to", "install", "itself", "voluntarily", "." ]
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1675
[ "The", "initial", "dropper", "has", "a", "weaponized", "Feng", "Shui", "Bundle", "as", "encrypted", "asset", "files", "." ]
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1676
[ "Dropper", "variants", "are", "usually", "barely", "functioning", "photo", "utility", ",", "games", ",", "or", "sex", "related", "apps", "." ]
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1677
[ "The", "dropper", "automatically", "decrypts", "and", "installs", "its", "core", "malware", "APK", "which", "later", "conducts", "malicious", "patching", "and", "app", "updates", "." ]
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1678
[ "The", "core", "malware", "is", "usually", "disguised", "as", "Google", "Updater", ",", "Google", "Update", "for", "U", "or", "β€œ", "com.google.vending", "”", "." ]
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1679
[ "The", "core", "malware", "’", "s", "icon", "is", "hidden", "." ]
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1680
[ "The", "core", "malware", "extracts", "the", "device", "’", "s", "installed", "app", "list", "." ]
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1681
[ "If", "it", "finds", "apps", "on", "its", "prey", "list", "(", "hard-coded", "or", "sent", "from", "C", "&", "C", "server", ")", ",", "it", "will", "extract", "the", "base", "APK", "of", "the", "target", "innocent", "app", "on", "the", "device", ",", "patch", "the", "APK", "with", "malicious", "ads", "modules", ",", "install", "the", "APK", "back", "and", "replace", "the", "original", "one", "as", "if", "it", "is", "an", "update", "." ]
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1682
[ "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "repacks", "its", "prey", "apps", "at", "smali/baksmali", "code", "level", "." ]
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1683
[ "During", "the", "final", "update", "installation", "process", ",", "it", "relies", "on", "the", "Janus", "vulnerability", "to", "bypass", "Android", "’", "s", "APK", "integrity", "checks", "." ]
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1684
[ "Upon", "kill", "chain", "completion", ",", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "will", "then", "hijack", "compromised", "user", "apps", "to", "show", "ads", "." ]
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1685
[ "In", "certain", "situations", ",", "variants", "intercept", "compromised", "apps", "’", "original", "legitimate", "ads", "display", "events", "and", "report", "back", "to", "the", "intended", "ad-exchange", "with", "the", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "campaign", "hacker", "’", "s", "ad", "IDs", "." ]
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1686
[ "Our", "intelligence", "shows", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "droppers", "proliferate", "through", "third-party", "app", "store", "β€œ", "9Apps", "”", ",", "a", "UC", "team", "backed", "store", ",", "targeted", "mostly", "at", "Indian", "(", "Hindi", ")", ",", "Arabic", ",", "and", "Indonesian", "users", "." ]
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1687
[ "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "itself", ",", "though", ",", "seems", "to", "target", "mainly", "India", "users", "." ]
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1688
[ "Unlike", "previously", "discovered", "non", "Google", "Play", "centric", "campaigns", "whose", "victims", "almost", "exclusively", "come", "from", "less", "developed", "countries", "and", "regions", ",", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "successfully", "penetrated", "into", "noticeable", "number", "of", "devices", "in", "developed", "countries", "such", "as", "Saudi", "Arabia", ",", "UK", "and", "US", "." ]
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1689
[ "Technical", "Analysis", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "has", "a", "modular", "structure", "and", "consists", "of", "the", "following", "modules", ":", "Loader", "Core", "Boot", "Patch", "AdSDK", "Updater", "As", "stated", "above", ",", "the", "first", "step", "of", "this", "infection", "chain", "is", "the", "dropper", "." ]
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1690
[ "The", "dropper", "is", "a", "repacked", "legitimate", "application", "which", "contains", "an", "additional", "piece", "of", "code", "–", "β€œ", "loader", "”", "." ]
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1691
[ "The", "loader", "has", "a", "very", "simple", "purpose", ",", "extract", "and", "run", "the", "β€œ", "core", "”", "module", "of", "β€œ", "Agent", "Smith", "”", "." ]
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1692
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1693
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1694
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1695
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1696
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1697
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1698
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1699
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