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wiki20220301en020_106527
Battle of Isandlwana
Left horn inGobamakhosi, uMbonambi, uVe regiments – 5,000 to 6,000 men Loins (Reserves) Undi corps, uDloko, iNdluyengwe, Indlondlo and Uthulwana regiments – 4,000 to 5,000 men Aftermath Analysis The Zulus avoided the dispersal of their main fighting force and concealed the advance and location of this force until they were within a few hours' striking distance of the British. When the location of the main Zulu Impi was discovered by British scouts, the Zulus immediately advanced and attacked, achieving tactical surprise. The British, although they now had some warning of a Zulu advance, were unable to concentrate their central column. It also left little time and gave scant information for Pulleine to organise the defence. The Zulus had outmanoeuvred Chelmsford and their victory at Isandlwana was complete and forced the main British force to retreat out of Zululand until a far larger British army could be shipped to South Africa for a second invasion.
Battle of Isandlwana. Left horn inGobamakhosi, uMbonambi, uVe regiments – 5,000 to 6,000 men Loins (Reserves) Undi corps, uDloko, iNdluyengwe, Indlondlo and Uthulwana regiments – 4,000 to 5,000 men Aftermath Analysis The Zulus avoided the dispersal of their main fighting force and concealed the advance and location of this force until they were within a few hours' striking distance of the British. When the location of the main Zulu Impi was discovered by British scouts, the Zulus immediately advanced and attacked, achieving tactical surprise. The British, although they now had some warning of a Zulu advance, were unable to concentrate their central column. It also left little time and gave scant information for Pulleine to organise the defence. The Zulus had outmanoeuvred Chelmsford and their victory at Isandlwana was complete and forced the main British force to retreat out of Zululand until a far larger British army could be shipped to South Africa for a second invasion.
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Recent historians, notably Lock and Quantrill in Zulu Victory, argue that from the Zulu perspective the theatre of operations included the diversions around Magogo Hills and Mangeni Falls and that these diversions, which drew more than half of Chelmsford's forces away from Isandlwana, were deliberate. Also, the main Zulu force was not unexpectedly discovered in their encampment but was fully deployed and ready to advance on the British camp. These historians' view of the expanded battlefield considers Chelmsford to have been the overall commander of the British forces and that responsibility for the defeat lies firmly with him.
Battle of Isandlwana. Recent historians, notably Lock and Quantrill in Zulu Victory, argue that from the Zulu perspective the theatre of operations included the diversions around Magogo Hills and Mangeni Falls and that these diversions, which drew more than half of Chelmsford's forces away from Isandlwana, were deliberate. Also, the main Zulu force was not unexpectedly discovered in their encampment but was fully deployed and ready to advance on the British camp. These historians' view of the expanded battlefield considers Chelmsford to have been the overall commander of the British forces and that responsibility for the defeat lies firmly with him.
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Debate persists as to how and why the British lost the battle. Many arguments focus on possible local tactical occurrences, as opposed to the strategic lapses and failings in grand tactics on the part of high command under Bartle Frere and Chelmsford. Still, the latter comes under scrutiny for mistakes that may have led directly to the British defeat. The initial view, reported by Horace Smith-Dorrien, was that the British had difficulty unpacking their ammunition boxes fast enough. The box lids were screwed down, the screws were rusty and difficult to remove, there were too few screwdrivers, "standing orders" insisted that until a box was empty, no other boxes were to be opened, and the quartermasters were reluctant to distribute ammunition to units other than their own. Well-equipped and well-trained British soldiers could fire 10–12 rounds a minute. The lack of ammunition caused a lull in the defence and, in subsequent engagements with the Zulus, ammunition boxes were unscrewed
Battle of Isandlwana. Debate persists as to how and why the British lost the battle. Many arguments focus on possible local tactical occurrences, as opposed to the strategic lapses and failings in grand tactics on the part of high command under Bartle Frere and Chelmsford. Still, the latter comes under scrutiny for mistakes that may have led directly to the British defeat. The initial view, reported by Horace Smith-Dorrien, was that the British had difficulty unpacking their ammunition boxes fast enough. The box lids were screwed down, the screws were rusty and difficult to remove, there were too few screwdrivers, "standing orders" insisted that until a box was empty, no other boxes were to be opened, and the quartermasters were reluctant to distribute ammunition to units other than their own. Well-equipped and well-trained British soldiers could fire 10–12 rounds a minute. The lack of ammunition caused a lull in the defence and, in subsequent engagements with the Zulus, ammunition boxes were unscrewed
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and well-trained British soldiers could fire 10–12 rounds a minute. The lack of ammunition caused a lull in the defence and, in subsequent engagements with the Zulus, ammunition boxes were unscrewed in advance for rapid distribution. Numerous first hand accounts, including Smith-Dorrien's earliest in a letter to his father, indicate ammunition was available and being supplied.
Battle of Isandlwana. and well-trained British soldiers could fire 10–12 rounds a minute. The lack of ammunition caused a lull in the defence and, in subsequent engagements with the Zulus, ammunition boxes were unscrewed in advance for rapid distribution. Numerous first hand accounts, including Smith-Dorrien's earliest in a letter to his father, indicate ammunition was available and being supplied.
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Donald Morris in The Washing of the Spears argues that the men, fighting too far from the camp, ran out of ammunition, starting first with Durnford's men who were holding the right flank and who had been in action longer, which precipitated a slowdown in the rate of fire against the Zulus. This argument suggests that the ammunition was too far from the firing line and that the seventy rounds each man took to the firing line were not sufficient. A different view, supported with evidence from the battlefield, such as Ian Knight and Lt. Colonel Snook's works, (the latter having written How Can Man Die Better?), suggests that, although Durnford's men probably did run out of ammunition, the majority of men in the firing line did not. The discovery of the British line so far out from the camp has led Ian Knight to conclude that the British were defending too large a perimeter.
Battle of Isandlwana. Donald Morris in The Washing of the Spears argues that the men, fighting too far from the camp, ran out of ammunition, starting first with Durnford's men who were holding the right flank and who had been in action longer, which precipitated a slowdown in the rate of fire against the Zulus. This argument suggests that the ammunition was too far from the firing line and that the seventy rounds each man took to the firing line were not sufficient. A different view, supported with evidence from the battlefield, such as Ian Knight and Lt. Colonel Snook's works, (the latter having written How Can Man Die Better?), suggests that, although Durnford's men probably did run out of ammunition, the majority of men in the firing line did not. The discovery of the British line so far out from the camp has led Ian Knight to conclude that the British were defending too large a perimeter.
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The official interrogation by Horse Guards under the direction of the Duke of Cambridge, the Field Marshal Commanding in Chief, in August 1879, concluded that the primary cause of the defeat was the "under estimate formed of the offensive fighting power of the Zulu army", additionally the investigation questions Chelmsford as to why the camp was not laagered and why there was a failure to reconnoitre and discover the nearby Zulu army. Colenso calls Chelmsford's neglecting to follow his own "Regulations for Field Forces in South Africa", which required that a defensible camp be established at every halt, fatal.
Battle of Isandlwana. The official interrogation by Horse Guards under the direction of the Duke of Cambridge, the Field Marshal Commanding in Chief, in August 1879, concluded that the primary cause of the defeat was the "under estimate formed of the offensive fighting power of the Zulu army", additionally the investigation questions Chelmsford as to why the camp was not laagered and why there was a failure to reconnoitre and discover the nearby Zulu army. Colenso calls Chelmsford's neglecting to follow his own "Regulations for Field Forces in South Africa", which required that a defensible camp be established at every halt, fatal.
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Numerous messages, some quite early in the day, had been sent to Chelmsford informing him, initially, of the presence of the Zulu near the camp and, subsequently, of the attack on the camp, with increasingly urgent pleas for help. The most egregious failure to respond occurred at around 1:30 pm when a message from Hamilton-Browne stating, "For God's sake come back, the camp is surrounded, and things I fear are going badly", was received by Lieutenant-Colonel Harness of the Royal Artillery and Major Black of the 2/24. They were leading the other four RA guns as well as two companies of the 2/24 and on their own initiative immediately marched back towards Isandlwana and had gone some two miles when they were ordered to return to Mangeni Falls by an aide sent by Chelmsford.
Battle of Isandlwana. Numerous messages, some quite early in the day, had been sent to Chelmsford informing him, initially, of the presence of the Zulu near the camp and, subsequently, of the attack on the camp, with increasingly urgent pleas for help. The most egregious failure to respond occurred at around 1:30 pm when a message from Hamilton-Browne stating, "For God's sake come back, the camp is surrounded, and things I fear are going badly", was received by Lieutenant-Colonel Harness of the Royal Artillery and Major Black of the 2/24. They were leading the other four RA guns as well as two companies of the 2/24 and on their own initiative immediately marched back towards Isandlwana and had gone some two miles when they were ordered to return to Mangeni Falls by an aide sent by Chelmsford.
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At long last but too late, finally Chelmsford became convinced of the seriousness of the situation on his left flank and rear when at 3:30pm he joined Hamilton-Browne's NNC and realised the camp had been taken. A surviving officer, Rupert Lonsdale, rode up and described the camp's fall to which Chelmsford replied, "But I left over 1,000 men to guard the camp". He quickly gathered his scattered forces and marched the column back to Isandlwana but arrived at sundown long after the battle ended and the Zulu army had marched off. The British camped on the field that night but left before sunrise without any examination of the ground as Chelmsford felt that it would demoralize his troops. The column then proceeded to Rorke's Drift.
Battle of Isandlwana. At long last but too late, finally Chelmsford became convinced of the seriousness of the situation on his left flank and rear when at 3:30pm he joined Hamilton-Browne's NNC and realised the camp had been taken. A surviving officer, Rupert Lonsdale, rode up and described the camp's fall to which Chelmsford replied, "But I left over 1,000 men to guard the camp". He quickly gathered his scattered forces and marched the column back to Isandlwana but arrived at sundown long after the battle ended and the Zulu army had marched off. The British camped on the field that night but left before sunrise without any examination of the ground as Chelmsford felt that it would demoralize his troops. The column then proceeded to Rorke's Drift.
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Though Isandlwana was a disaster for the British, the Zulu victory did not end the war. With the defeat of Chelmsford's central column, the invasion of Zululand collapsed and would have to be restaged. Not only were there heavy manpower casualties to the Main Column, but most of the supplies, ammunition and draught animals were lost. As King Cetshwayo feared, the embarrassment of the defeat would force the policy makers in London, who to this point had not supported the war, to rally to the support of the pro-war contingent in the Natal government and commit whatever resources were needed to defeat the Zulus. Despite local numerical superiority, the Zulus did not have the manpower, technological resources, or logistical capacity to match the British in another, more extended, campaign.
Battle of Isandlwana. Though Isandlwana was a disaster for the British, the Zulu victory did not end the war. With the defeat of Chelmsford's central column, the invasion of Zululand collapsed and would have to be restaged. Not only were there heavy manpower casualties to the Main Column, but most of the supplies, ammunition and draught animals were lost. As King Cetshwayo feared, the embarrassment of the defeat would force the policy makers in London, who to this point had not supported the war, to rally to the support of the pro-war contingent in the Natal government and commit whatever resources were needed to defeat the Zulus. Despite local numerical superiority, the Zulus did not have the manpower, technological resources, or logistical capacity to match the British in another, more extended, campaign.
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The Zulus may have missed an opportunity to exploit their victory and possibly win the war that day on their own territory. The reconnaissance force under Chelmsford was more vulnerable to being defeated by an attack than the camp. It was strung out and somewhat scattered, it had marched with limited rations and ammunition it could not now replace, and it was panicky and demoralized by the defeat at Isandlwana.
Battle of Isandlwana. The Zulus may have missed an opportunity to exploit their victory and possibly win the war that day on their own territory. The reconnaissance force under Chelmsford was more vulnerable to being defeated by an attack than the camp. It was strung out and somewhat scattered, it had marched with limited rations and ammunition it could not now replace, and it was panicky and demoralized by the defeat at Isandlwana.
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Near the end of the battle, about 4,000 Zulu warriors of the unengaged reserve Undi impi, after cutting off the retreat of the survivors to the Buffalo River southwest of Isandlwana, crossed the river and attacked the fortified mission station at Rorke's Drift. The station was defended by only 140 British soldiers, who nonetheless inflicted considerable casualties and repelled the attack. Elsewhere, the left and right flanks of the invading forces were now isolated and without support. The No. 1 column under the command of Charles Pearson was besieged for two months by a Zulu force led by kaMpande and Mavumengwana, at Eshowe, while the No. 4 column under Evelyn Wood halted its advance and spent most of the next two months skirmishing in the northwest around Tinta's Kraal.
Battle of Isandlwana. Near the end of the battle, about 4,000 Zulu warriors of the unengaged reserve Undi impi, after cutting off the retreat of the survivors to the Buffalo River southwest of Isandlwana, crossed the river and attacked the fortified mission station at Rorke's Drift. The station was defended by only 140 British soldiers, who nonetheless inflicted considerable casualties and repelled the attack. Elsewhere, the left and right flanks of the invading forces were now isolated and without support. The No. 1 column under the command of Charles Pearson was besieged for two months by a Zulu force led by kaMpande and Mavumengwana, at Eshowe, while the No. 4 column under Evelyn Wood halted its advance and spent most of the next two months skirmishing in the northwest around Tinta's Kraal.
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Following Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, the British and Colonials were in complete panic over the possibility of a counter invasion of Natal by the Zulus. All the towns of Natal 'laagered' up and fortified and provisions and stores were laid in. Bartle Frere stoked the fear of invasion despite the fact that, aside from Rorke's Drift, the Zulus made no attempt to cross the border. Immediately following the battle, Zulu Prince Ndanbuko urged them to advance and take the war into the colony but they were restrained by a commander, kaNthati, reminding them of Cetshwayo's prohibiting the crossing of the border. Unbeknownst to the inhabitants of Natal, Cetshwayo, still hoping to avoid outright war, had prohibited any crossing of the border in retaliation and was incensed over the violation of the border by the attack on Rorke's Drift.
Battle of Isandlwana. Following Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, the British and Colonials were in complete panic over the possibility of a counter invasion of Natal by the Zulus. All the towns of Natal 'laagered' up and fortified and provisions and stores were laid in. Bartle Frere stoked the fear of invasion despite the fact that, aside from Rorke's Drift, the Zulus made no attempt to cross the border. Immediately following the battle, Zulu Prince Ndanbuko urged them to advance and take the war into the colony but they were restrained by a commander, kaNthati, reminding them of Cetshwayo's prohibiting the crossing of the border. Unbeknownst to the inhabitants of Natal, Cetshwayo, still hoping to avoid outright war, had prohibited any crossing of the border in retaliation and was incensed over the violation of the border by the attack on Rorke's Drift.
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The British government's reasoning for a new invasion was threefold. The first was the loss of national pride as a result of the defeat, and the desire to avenge it by winning the war. The second concerned the domestic political implications at the next parliamentary elections held in Britain. However, despite the second invasion attempt, the British Prime Minister Disraeli and his Conservative Party lost the 1880 general election. The final reason concerned the Empire; unless the British were seen to win a clear-cut victory against the Zulus, it would send a signal to the outside world that the British Empire was vulnerable to the point where the destruction of a British field army could alter the policy of Britain's government. The British government was concerned that the Zulu victory could inspire imperial unrest, particularly among the Boers, and as such sought to quash any such possibilities by swiftly defeating the Zulu Kingdom.
Battle of Isandlwana. The British government's reasoning for a new invasion was threefold. The first was the loss of national pride as a result of the defeat, and the desire to avenge it by winning the war. The second concerned the domestic political implications at the next parliamentary elections held in Britain. However, despite the second invasion attempt, the British Prime Minister Disraeli and his Conservative Party lost the 1880 general election. The final reason concerned the Empire; unless the British were seen to win a clear-cut victory against the Zulus, it would send a signal to the outside world that the British Empire was vulnerable to the point where the destruction of a British field army could alter the policy of Britain's government. The British government was concerned that the Zulu victory could inspire imperial unrest, particularly among the Boers, and as such sought to quash any such possibilities by swiftly defeating the Zulu Kingdom.
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After Isandlwana, the British field army in South Africa was heavily reinforced and again invaded Zululand. Sir Garnet Wolseley was sent to take command and relieve Chelmsford, as well as Bartle Frere. Chelmsford, however, avoided handing over command to Wolseley and managed to defeat the Zulus in a number of engagements, the last of which was the Battle of Ulundi, followed by capture of King Cetshwayo. With the fall of the Disraeli government, Bartle Frere was recalled in August 1880 and the policy of Confederation was abandoned. The British government encouraged the subkings of the Zulus to rule their subkingdoms without acknowledging a central Zulu power. By the time King Cetshwayo was allowed to return home, the Zulu Kingdom had ceased to exist as an independent entity.
Battle of Isandlwana. After Isandlwana, the British field army in South Africa was heavily reinforced and again invaded Zululand. Sir Garnet Wolseley was sent to take command and relieve Chelmsford, as well as Bartle Frere. Chelmsford, however, avoided handing over command to Wolseley and managed to defeat the Zulus in a number of engagements, the last of which was the Battle of Ulundi, followed by capture of King Cetshwayo. With the fall of the Disraeli government, Bartle Frere was recalled in August 1880 and the policy of Confederation was abandoned. The British government encouraged the subkings of the Zulus to rule their subkingdoms without acknowledging a central Zulu power. By the time King Cetshwayo was allowed to return home, the Zulu Kingdom had ceased to exist as an independent entity.
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The measure of respect that the British gained for their opponents as a result of Isandlwana can be seen in that in none of the other engagements of the Zulu War did the British attempt to fight again in their typical linear formation, known famously as the Thin Red Line, in an open-field battle with the main Zulu impi. In the battles that followed, the British, when facing the Zulu, entrenched themselves or formed very close-order formations, such as the square. Recriminations Chelmsford realised that he would need to account to the government and to history for the disaster. He quickly fixed blame on Durnford, claiming Durnford disobeyed his orders to fix a proper defensive camp, although there is no evidence such an order was issued and there would hardly have been time for Durnford to entrench. Further, it had been Chelmsford's decision not to entrench the camp, as it was meant to be temporary.
Battle of Isandlwana. The measure of respect that the British gained for their opponents as a result of Isandlwana can be seen in that in none of the other engagements of the Zulu War did the British attempt to fight again in their typical linear formation, known famously as the Thin Red Line, in an open-field battle with the main Zulu impi. In the battles that followed, the British, when facing the Zulu, entrenched themselves or formed very close-order formations, such as the square. Recriminations Chelmsford realised that he would need to account to the government and to history for the disaster. He quickly fixed blame on Durnford, claiming Durnford disobeyed his orders to fix a proper defensive camp, although there is no evidence such an order was issued and there would hardly have been time for Durnford to entrench. Further, it had been Chelmsford's decision not to entrench the camp, as it was meant to be temporary.
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Wolseley wrote on 30 September 1879 when, later in the war, the Prince Imperial of France was killed by the Zulu: "I think this is very unfair, and is merely a repetition of what was done regarding the Isandlwana disaster where the blame was thrown upon Durnford, the real object in both instances being apparently to screen Chelmsford." Later, Chelmsford launched a new and successful campaign in Zululand, routing the Zulu army, capturing the Royal Kraal of Ulundi, and thus partially retrieving his reputation. He never held another field command.
Battle of Isandlwana. Wolseley wrote on 30 September 1879 when, later in the war, the Prince Imperial of France was killed by the Zulu: "I think this is very unfair, and is merely a repetition of what was done regarding the Isandlwana disaster where the blame was thrown upon Durnford, the real object in both instances being apparently to screen Chelmsford." Later, Chelmsford launched a new and successful campaign in Zululand, routing the Zulu army, capturing the Royal Kraal of Ulundi, and thus partially retrieving his reputation. He never held another field command.
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Following the war's conclusion and his return to Great Britain, Chelmsford sought an audience with Gladstone, who had become Prime Minister in April 1880, but his request was refused, a very public slight and a clear sign of official disapproval. Chelmsford, however, obtained an audience with Queen Victoria to personally explain the events. She asked Gladstone to meet Chelmsford; this meeting was brief, and during it Gladstone voiced his displeasure.
Battle of Isandlwana. Following the war's conclusion and his return to Great Britain, Chelmsford sought an audience with Gladstone, who had become Prime Minister in April 1880, but his request was refused, a very public slight and a clear sign of official disapproval. Chelmsford, however, obtained an audience with Queen Victoria to personally explain the events. She asked Gladstone to meet Chelmsford; this meeting was brief, and during it Gladstone voiced his displeasure.
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'Some historians hold that the victory at Ulindi was a token one, driven by the need for Lord Chelmsford to salvage some success after Isandhlwana, and the British withdrew quickly followed by Chelmsford's resignation as commanded of the British forces. The end of the war saw the Zulu retaining their lands.
Battle of Isandlwana. 'Some historians hold that the victory at Ulindi was a token one, driven by the need for Lord Chelmsford to salvage some success after Isandhlwana, and the British withdrew quickly followed by Chelmsford's resignation as commanded of the British forces. The end of the war saw the Zulu retaining their lands.
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"Seen in terms of the political ends for which the war was fought, the battle of Ulundi, like the campaign in Zululand itself, was a failure. The effectiveness of Zulu resistance had destroyed the policy which brought about the war, and discredited the men responsible. The only point on which all whites agreed was that some form of face-saving military victory was required in Zululand. Ulundi was that token military victory. It did not end the war in Zululand—peace was attained by Sir Garnet Wolseley who, as Chelmsford scurried out of the country, entered Zululand proclaiming that if the Zulu returned to their homes they would be left in full possession of their land and their property. By July 1879 both sides desired an end to hostilities. For reasons of economy, because of military requirements elsewhere and the political capital being made out of the war, the British government wanted an end to this embarrassing demonstration of military ineptitude. Any chance of an easy military
Battle of Isandlwana. "Seen in terms of the political ends for which the war was fought, the battle of Ulundi, like the campaign in Zululand itself, was a failure. The effectiveness of Zulu resistance had destroyed the policy which brought about the war, and discredited the men responsible. The only point on which all whites agreed was that some form of face-saving military victory was required in Zululand. Ulundi was that token military victory. It did not end the war in Zululand—peace was attained by Sir Garnet Wolseley who, as Chelmsford scurried out of the country, entered Zululand proclaiming that if the Zulu returned to their homes they would be left in full possession of their land and their property. By July 1879 both sides desired an end to hostilities. For reasons of economy, because of military requirements elsewhere and the political capital being made out of the war, the British government wanted an end to this embarrassing demonstration of military ineptitude. Any chance of an easy military
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elsewhere and the political capital being made out of the war, the British government wanted an end to this embarrassing demonstration of military ineptitude. Any chance of an easy military conquest of the entire territory seemed slight: the army was tied to its inadequate supply lines, and conquest would have necessitated a change in strategy and tactics which presupposed a change in military leadership. It was easier and cheaper to elevate Ulundi to the rank of a crushing military victory and abandon plans to subjugate the Zulu people than to create the force of mobile righting units which would have been required to conquer the Zulu completely."
Battle of Isandlwana. elsewhere and the political capital being made out of the war, the British government wanted an end to this embarrassing demonstration of military ineptitude. Any chance of an easy military conquest of the entire territory seemed slight: the army was tied to its inadequate supply lines, and conquest would have necessitated a change in strategy and tactics which presupposed a change in military leadership. It was easier and cheaper to elevate Ulundi to the rank of a crushing military victory and abandon plans to subjugate the Zulu people than to create the force of mobile righting units which would have been required to conquer the Zulu completely."
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See also Bambatha Rebellion Battle of Blood River Colony of Natal African Litany, the second album by Johnny Clegg and his band Juluka, containing the track "Impi" about this battle. List of Zulu War Victoria Cross recipients Military history of the United Kingdom Military history of South Africa Zulu Dawn Battle of Rorke's Drift Zululand Empire Zulu Notes References Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879 Da Capo Press, 1998, . Smith-Dorrien, Horace. Memories of Forty-eight Years Service, London, 1925. Spiers, Edward M. . The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902, Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
Battle of Isandlwana. See also Bambatha Rebellion Battle of Blood River Colony of Natal African Litany, the second album by Johnny Clegg and his band Juluka, containing the track "Impi" about this battle. List of Zulu War Victoria Cross recipients Military history of the United Kingdom Military history of South Africa Zulu Dawn Battle of Rorke's Drift Zululand Empire Zulu Notes References Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879 Da Capo Press, 1998, . Smith-Dorrien, Horace. Memories of Forty-eight Years Service, London, 1925. Spiers, Edward M. . The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902, Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
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Further reading Clarke, Sonia The Invasion of Zululand, Johannesburg, 1979. Coupland, Sir Reginald Zulu Battle Piece: Isandhlwana, London, 1948. Dutton, Roy Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars, Infodial, 2010 . Furneaux, R.. The Zulu War: Isandhlwana & Rorke's Drift W&N (Great Battles of History Series), 1963. Greaves, Adrian. Isandlwana, Cassell & Co, 2001, . Greaves, Adrian. Rorke's Drift, Cassell & Co., 2003 . Jackson, F.W.D. Hill of the Sphinx London, 2002. Jackson, F.W.D. and Whybra, Julian Isandhlwana and the Durnford Papers, (Journal of the Victorian Military Society, March 1990, Issue 60). Knight, Ian Brave Men's Blood, London, 1990. . Knight, Ian Zulu, (London, 1992) Knight, Ian Zulu Rising, London, 2010. . Whybra, Julian. England's Sons, Billericay, (7th ed.), 2010. Yorke, Edmund. Isandlwana 1879. 2016. External links
Battle of Isandlwana. Further reading Clarke, Sonia The Invasion of Zululand, Johannesburg, 1979. Coupland, Sir Reginald Zulu Battle Piece: Isandhlwana, London, 1948. Dutton, Roy Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars, Infodial, 2010 . Furneaux, R.. The Zulu War: Isandhlwana & Rorke's Drift W&N (Great Battles of History Series), 1963. Greaves, Adrian. Isandlwana, Cassell & Co, 2001, . Greaves, Adrian. Rorke's Drift, Cassell & Co., 2003 . Jackson, F.W.D. Hill of the Sphinx London, 2002. Jackson, F.W.D. and Whybra, Julian Isandhlwana and the Durnford Papers, (Journal of the Victorian Military Society, March 1990, Issue 60). Knight, Ian Brave Men's Blood, London, 1990. . Knight, Ian Zulu, (London, 1992) Knight, Ian Zulu Rising, London, 2010. . Whybra, Julian. England's Sons, Billericay, (7th ed.), 2010. Yorke, Edmund. Isandlwana 1879. 2016. External links
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External links Zulu: The True Story By Dr. Saul David Isandlwana battlefields Personal account of the battle by Horace Smith-Dorrien Zulunet description of the battle Secrets of the Dead – Day of the Zulu Travellers Impressions The Battle of Isandlwana The Battle of Isandlwana 22 January 1879, Ian Knight video Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars, Roy Dutton,/ [https://www.roydutton.co.uk/my-books/forgotten-heroes-zulu-basuto-wars/ Conflicts in 1879 1879 in the Zulu Kingdom Battles of the Anglo-Zulu War KwaZulu-Natal Military history of South Africa Battles involving the United Kingdom History of KwaZulu-Natal January 1879 events Battles involving the Zulu
Battle of Isandlwana. External links Zulu: The True Story By Dr. Saul David Isandlwana battlefields Personal account of the battle by Horace Smith-Dorrien Zulunet description of the battle Secrets of the Dead – Day of the Zulu Travellers Impressions The Battle of Isandlwana The Battle of Isandlwana 22 January 1879, Ian Knight video Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars, Roy Dutton,/ [https://www.roydutton.co.uk/my-books/forgotten-heroes-zulu-basuto-wars/ Conflicts in 1879 1879 in the Zulu Kingdom Battles of the Anglo-Zulu War KwaZulu-Natal Military history of South Africa Battles involving the United Kingdom History of KwaZulu-Natal January 1879 events Battles involving the Zulu
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Ernst Abbe
Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems. Personal life
Ernst Abbe. Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems. Personal life
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Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven.
Ernst Abbe. Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven.
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fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and
Ernst Abbe. fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and
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He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist.
Ernst Abbe. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist.
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Life work
Ernst Abbe. Life work
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Ernst Abbe
In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1886 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength
Ernst Abbe. In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1886 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength
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hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.
Ernst Abbe. hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.
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Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens. Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)
Ernst Abbe. Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens. Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)
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Ernst Abbe
Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873) although in a publication in 1874, Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.
Ernst Abbe. Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873) although in a publication in 1874, Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.
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In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed . Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk
Ernst Abbe. In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed . Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk
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puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with telescopes, he built an image reversal system in 1895.
Ernst Abbe. puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with telescopes, he built an image reversal system in 1895.
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Ernst Abbe
In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of . In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work on them, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope.
Ernst Abbe. In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of . In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work on them, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope.
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During his association with Carl Zeiss' microscope works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform. He founded the social democratic Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 and in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947
Ernst Abbe. During his association with Carl Zeiss' microscope works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform. He founded the social democratic Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 and in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947
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reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947 book Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus.
Ernst Abbe. reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947 book Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus.
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Ernst Abbe
The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour. Bibliography Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages. See also Abbe condenser Abbe diffraction limit Abbe error Abbe eyepiece Abbe number Abbe prism Abbe refractometer Abbe sine condition Abbe–Koenig prism Abbe–Porro prism Aberration in optical systems Crown glass (optics) Dermatoscopy Diaphragm (optics) Calculation of glass properties Optical aberration German inventors and discoverers Notes References Sources Further reading Volkmann, Harald. "Ernst Abbe and his work." Applied Optics 5.11 (1966): 1720-1731. External links Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) Molecular Expressions's biography Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904
Ernst Abbe. The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour. Bibliography Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages. See also Abbe condenser Abbe diffraction limit Abbe error Abbe eyepiece Abbe number Abbe prism Abbe refractometer Abbe sine condition Abbe–Koenig prism Abbe–Porro prism Aberration in optical systems Crown glass (optics) Dermatoscopy Diaphragm (optics) Calculation of glass properties Optical aberration German inventors and discoverers Notes References Sources Further reading Volkmann, Harald. "Ernst Abbe and his work." Applied Optics 5.11 (1966): 1720-1731. External links Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) Molecular Expressions's biography Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904
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External links Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) Molecular Expressions's biography Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904 1840 births 1905 deaths German atheists 19th-century German inventors 19th-century German physicists Optical engineers History of glass Glass engineering and science Glass physics Microscopists German scientific instrument makers Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences People from Eisenach People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society University of Göttingen alumni University of Jena alumni University of Jena faculty Lens designers Carl Zeiss AG people
Ernst Abbe. External links Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) Molecular Expressions's biography Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904 1840 births 1905 deaths German atheists 19th-century German inventors 19th-century German physicists Optical engineers History of glass Glass engineering and science Glass physics Microscopists German scientific instrument makers Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences People from Eisenach People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society University of Göttingen alumni University of Jena alumni University of Jena faculty Lens designers Carl Zeiss AG people
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Josiah Gardner Abbott
Josiah Gardner Abbott (November 1, 1814 – June 2, 1891) was an American politician who served in the Massachusetts General Court and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. Early life Abbott was born in Chelmsford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts on 1 November 1814. He was the son of Caleb Abbott (1779–1846) and Mercy Abbott (1782–1834). His first American ancestors, George Abbott and William Fletcher, were English Puritans, who settled in Massachusetts in 1640 and 1653, respectively. He attended the Chelmsford Academy in Concord and graduated from Harvard University in 1832 with high honors, the youngest of his class, and then attended Williams College in Williamstown. In 1862, Williams conferred on him the degree of LL.D.
Josiah Gardner Abbott. Josiah Gardner Abbott (November 1, 1814 – June 2, 1891) was an American politician who served in the Massachusetts General Court and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. Early life Abbott was born in Chelmsford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts on 1 November 1814. He was the son of Caleb Abbott (1779–1846) and Mercy Abbott (1782–1834). His first American ancestors, George Abbott and William Fletcher, were English Puritans, who settled in Massachusetts in 1640 and 1653, respectively. He attended the Chelmsford Academy in Concord and graduated from Harvard University in 1832 with high honors, the youngest of his class, and then attended Williams College in Williamstown. In 1862, Williams conferred on him the degree of LL.D.
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Josiah Gardner Abbott
Career Following his schooling, Abbott worked as a teacher and a lawyer, then became a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1836. In 1837, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Lowell, the same year, he was elected to the house of representatives of his state, the youngest member of that body. He became a member of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1841 to 1842. He was an aide to Governor Marcus Morton in 1843. From 1850 to 1855 he was a master in chancery. He also served as a member of the Massachusetts state constitutional convention, justice of the superior court for Suffolk County, an overseer of Harvard University, and several times was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for United States Senator.
Josiah Gardner Abbott. Career Following his schooling, Abbott worked as a teacher and a lawyer, then became a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1836. In 1837, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Lowell, the same year, he was elected to the house of representatives of his state, the youngest member of that body. He became a member of the Massachusetts State Senate from 1841 to 1842. He was an aide to Governor Marcus Morton in 1843. From 1850 to 1855 he was a master in chancery. He also served as a member of the Massachusetts state constitutional convention, justice of the superior court for Suffolk County, an overseer of Harvard University, and several times was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for United States Senator.
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Josiah Gardner Abbott
In 1860, Abbott declined an appointment to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and in 1861 declined the Democratic nomination for state attorney general. He finally was victorious as a Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives, and served from July 28, 1876 to March 3, 1877. He was a member of the Electoral Commission created by the act of Congress approved January 29, 1877, to decide the presidential election of 1876. Upon leaving the Congress, he returned to the practice of law. His fifty years of active practice as a lawyer connected his name with some of the most celebrated litigations of his time.
Josiah Gardner Abbott. In 1860, Abbott declined an appointment to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and in 1861 declined the Democratic nomination for state attorney general. He finally was victorious as a Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives, and served from July 28, 1876 to March 3, 1877. He was a member of the Electoral Commission created by the act of Congress approved January 29, 1877, to decide the presidential election of 1876. Upon leaving the Congress, he returned to the practice of law. His fifty years of active practice as a lawyer connected his name with some of the most celebrated litigations of his time.
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Personal life Abbott was married to Caroline Livermore (1814–1887), the daughter of U.S. Congressman Edward St. Loe Livermore. Both of Josiah and Caroline were descended from officers who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Together, they were the parents of: Edward Gardner Abbott (1840–1862), who died during the American Civil War. Henry Livermore Abbott (1842–1864), a Major in the Union Army during the Civil War who was posthumously awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general. Fletcher Morton Abbott (1843–1925) William Stackpole Abbott (1844–1846), who died young. Samuel Appleton Brown Abbott (1846–1931) Sarah Abbott (1850–1933), who married William Pickman Fay. Franklin Pierce Abbott (1852–1923) Arthur St. Loe Abbott (1853–1863) Grafton St. Loe Abbott (1856–1915), who married Mary Ogden Adams, a daughter of Charles Francis Adams Jr. and was a descendant of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Holker Welch Abbott (1858–1930)
Josiah Gardner Abbott. Personal life Abbott was married to Caroline Livermore (1814–1887), the daughter of U.S. Congressman Edward St. Loe Livermore. Both of Josiah and Caroline were descended from officers who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Together, they were the parents of: Edward Gardner Abbott (1840–1862), who died during the American Civil War. Henry Livermore Abbott (1842–1864), a Major in the Union Army during the Civil War who was posthumously awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general. Fletcher Morton Abbott (1843–1925) William Stackpole Abbott (1844–1846), who died young. Samuel Appleton Brown Abbott (1846–1931) Sarah Abbott (1850–1933), who married William Pickman Fay. Franklin Pierce Abbott (1852–1923) Arthur St. Loe Abbott (1853–1863) Grafton St. Loe Abbott (1856–1915), who married Mary Ogden Adams, a daughter of Charles Francis Adams Jr. and was a descendant of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Holker Welch Abbott (1858–1930)
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He died at his home in Wellesley Hills on 2 June 1891, and was interred in St. Mary's Church Cemetery, in nearby Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts. References External links Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989: Bicentennial Edition. United States: Government Printing Office, 1989. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 Guide to Abbott family Civil War letters at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Josiah Gardner Abbott. He died at his home in Wellesley Hills on 2 June 1891, and was interred in St. Mary's Church Cemetery, in nearby Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts. References External links Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989: Bicentennial Edition. United States: Government Printing Office, 1989. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 Guide to Abbott family Civil War letters at Houghton Library, Harvard University
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Josiah Gardner Abbott
Guide to Abbott family Civil War letters at Houghton Library, Harvard University 1814 births 1891 deaths People from Chelmsford, Massachusetts Massachusetts Democrats Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Harvard Law School alumni Massachusetts state court judges Massachusetts state senators Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Williams College alumni 1876 United States presidential election Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American judges
Josiah Gardner Abbott. Guide to Abbott family Civil War letters at Houghton Library, Harvard University 1814 births 1891 deaths People from Chelmsford, Massachusetts Massachusetts Democrats Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Harvard Law School alumni Massachusetts state court judges Massachusetts state senators Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Williams College alumni 1876 United States presidential election Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American judges
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Hunan University
Hunan University (), is a national public research university located in Changsha, Hunan, and a Double First Class University as well as a member of former Project 211 and Project 985 of Chinese universities. Hunan University is considered to be one of China's top-10 engineering research universities. As of 2021, Hunan University is ranked among the top 1% of universities in the world. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranks Hunan University at 29th in engineering among Best Global Universities. In 2018, Hunan University was elected among 16 universities in the world by the academic journal Nature, called "Movers and Shakers". History
Hunan University. Hunan University (), is a national public research university located in Changsha, Hunan, and a Double First Class University as well as a member of former Project 211 and Project 985 of Chinese universities. Hunan University is considered to be one of China's top-10 engineering research universities. As of 2021, Hunan University is ranked among the top 1% of universities in the world. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranks Hunan University at 29th in engineering among Best Global Universities. In 2018, Hunan University was elected among 16 universities in the world by the academic journal Nature, called "Movers and Shakers". History
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Hunan University
History Hunan University traces its history back to the Yuelu Academy founded in 976 AD during the Song dynasty. Shuyuan was one form of private educational institution in China; another form was government-sponsored academies including imperial central school Taixue or Guozijian and regional schools. The Yuelu Academy was a venue for Chinese scholars and their students to meet and discuss sophisticated topics in Confucian Studies. The modern school was founded in 1897, initially called Shiwu Xuetang (时务学堂)and in 1903, called Hunan Institute of Higher Learning. The school name Hunan University was proposed in 1912, and in 1926, Hunan University was composed of three specialized public schools of Hunan. It was renamed Central-South Institute of Civil Engineering in 1937, and then, Hunan Polytechnic College. The name Hunan University was again adopted in 1949.
Hunan University. History Hunan University traces its history back to the Yuelu Academy founded in 976 AD during the Song dynasty. Shuyuan was one form of private educational institution in China; another form was government-sponsored academies including imperial central school Taixue or Guozijian and regional schools. The Yuelu Academy was a venue for Chinese scholars and their students to meet and discuss sophisticated topics in Confucian Studies. The modern school was founded in 1897, initially called Shiwu Xuetang (时务学堂)and in 1903, called Hunan Institute of Higher Learning. The school name Hunan University was proposed in 1912, and in 1926, Hunan University was composed of three specialized public schools of Hunan. It was renamed Central-South Institute of Civil Engineering in 1937, and then, Hunan Polytechnic College. The name Hunan University was again adopted in 1949.
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Hunan University
The calligraphy of "Yuelu Academy" was written by Emperor Zhenzong of Song in 1015, and the calligraphy of "Hunan University" was written by Mao Zedong in 1950 as soon as the People's Republic of China was founded. For more than 1000 years, academic activities have been carrying on here. In the course of its development from Yuelu Academy to Hunan University, this long-established institution has cultivated a large number of outstanding scholars and has been honored as an "Ancient Millenarian Academy, Famous Centennial University". Additionally, Times Higher Education recognized Hunan University as "China’s oldest higher education institution".
Hunan University. The calligraphy of "Yuelu Academy" was written by Emperor Zhenzong of Song in 1015, and the calligraphy of "Hunan University" was written by Mao Zedong in 1950 as soon as the People's Republic of China was founded. For more than 1000 years, academic activities have been carrying on here. In the course of its development from Yuelu Academy to Hunan University, this long-established institution has cultivated a large number of outstanding scholars and has been honored as an "Ancient Millenarian Academy, Famous Centennial University". Additionally, Times Higher Education recognized Hunan University as "China’s oldest higher education institution".
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Hunan University
Among its prominent alumni are Wang Fuzhi, a celebrated philosopher in Chinese history; Wei Yuan, a reformist who first advocated to learn from the West; Zeng Guofan, the first Chinese to initiate the Modernization Movement (at the time called Yangwu Yundong, a movement to imitate overseas technology and industry) and to make arrangements for a modern factory in China; Zuo Zongtang, a national hero who arranged to build China's first modern navy and took great pains to defend and develop Xinjiang; Guo Songtao, China's first ambassador to a foreign country; Cai E, a major leader in defending the Republic of China; Zhang Fengxuan, the first Chinese to set foot on the continent of Antarctica; and Ci Yungui, the chief designer of China's first super computer. Academics and administration
Hunan University. Among its prominent alumni are Wang Fuzhi, a celebrated philosopher in Chinese history; Wei Yuan, a reformist who first advocated to learn from the West; Zeng Guofan, the first Chinese to initiate the Modernization Movement (at the time called Yangwu Yundong, a movement to imitate overseas technology and industry) and to make arrangements for a modern factory in China; Zuo Zongtang, a national hero who arranged to build China's first modern navy and took great pains to defend and develop Xinjiang; Guo Songtao, China's first ambassador to a foreign country; Cai E, a major leader in defending the Republic of China; Zhang Fengxuan, the first Chinese to set foot on the continent of Antarctica; and Ci Yungui, the chief designer of China's first super computer. Academics and administration
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Hunan University
Academics and administration Hunan University is a national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China, and a member of Project 211 and Project 985. In October 2020, Hunan University has been selected as the National Intellectual Property Demonstration University among the first batch of 30 demonstration universities by the China National Intellectual Property Administration and the Ministry of Education of China. The administration is led by a CPC secretary and a president. The current secretary is Deng Wei and the president is Duan Xianzhong. There are more than 30,000 full-time students, including more than 20,800 undergraduates and more than 14,000 graduate students.
Hunan University. Academics and administration Hunan University is a national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China, and a member of Project 211 and Project 985. In October 2020, Hunan University has been selected as the National Intellectual Property Demonstration University among the first batch of 30 demonstration universities by the China National Intellectual Property Administration and the Ministry of Education of China. The administration is led by a CPC secretary and a president. The current secretary is Deng Wei and the president is Duan Xianzhong. There are more than 30,000 full-time students, including more than 20,800 undergraduates and more than 14,000 graduate students.
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Hunan University
There are more than 30,000 full-time students, including more than 20,800 undergraduates and more than 14,000 graduate students. It has the following colleges and departments: Architecture Biology Business Administration Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chinese Language and Literature Civil Engineering Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Design Economy and Trade Educational Science Electrical and Information Engineering Robotics Environmental Science and Engineering Finance and Statistics Foreign Languages and International Studies Journalism and Communication and Film and Television Arts Law Marxism Studies Mathematics and Econometrics Materials and Engineering Mechanical Vehicle Engineering Physical Education Physics and Microelectronics Science Yuelu Academy
Hunan University. There are more than 30,000 full-time students, including more than 20,800 undergraduates and more than 14,000 graduate students. It has the following colleges and departments: Architecture Biology Business Administration Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chinese Language and Literature Civil Engineering Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Design Economy and Trade Educational Science Electrical and Information Engineering Robotics Environmental Science and Engineering Finance and Statistics Foreign Languages and International Studies Journalism and Communication and Film and Television Arts Law Marxism Studies Mathematics and Econometrics Materials and Engineering Mechanical Vehicle Engineering Physical Education Physics and Microelectronics Science Yuelu Academy
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Hunan University
International students
Hunan University. International students
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Hunan University
The dormitories for oversea students are located at Dezhi Students' Residential Area and North campus. Hunan University has started to recruit international students since 1992 and is one of the Project 985 universities in China to launch an international student program taught entirely in English. Every year, Hunan University has approximately 1,000 international students from over 108 countries and regions in the world, as well as Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, working for bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, doctoral degrees or studying the Chinese language and culture. Hunan university welcomes applications from international students to study at the university through the Self-Financed Program, the Partial Scholarship Program and the Full Scholarship Program for eligible students. More than 10% of all the international applicants have been awarded full scholarship. A number of scholarship include Distinguished Foreign Students Scholarship, Hunan Provincial Government Foreign
Hunan University. The dormitories for oversea students are located at Dezhi Students' Residential Area and North campus. Hunan University has started to recruit international students since 1992 and is one of the Project 985 universities in China to launch an international student program taught entirely in English. Every year, Hunan University has approximately 1,000 international students from over 108 countries and regions in the world, as well as Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, working for bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, doctoral degrees or studying the Chinese language and culture. Hunan university welcomes applications from international students to study at the university through the Self-Financed Program, the Partial Scholarship Program and the Full Scholarship Program for eligible students. More than 10% of all the international applicants have been awarded full scholarship. A number of scholarship include Distinguished Foreign Students Scholarship, Hunan Provincial Government Foreign
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Hunan University
More than 10% of all the international applicants have been awarded full scholarship. A number of scholarship include Distinguished Foreign Students Scholarship, Hunan Provincial Government Foreign Students Scholarship, Chinese Government Scholarship, Silk Road Scholarship Program and Confucius Institute Scholarship.
Hunan University. More than 10% of all the international applicants have been awarded full scholarship. A number of scholarship include Distinguished Foreign Students Scholarship, Hunan Provincial Government Foreign Students Scholarship, Chinese Government Scholarship, Silk Road Scholarship Program and Confucius Institute Scholarship.
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Hunan University
Cooperation Hunan University has been active at academic exchanges, and has established academic cooperation or academic exchange programs with over 160 oversea universities and research institutes across the world since 1998 such as Yale-China Association, University of California, Berkeley, Georgia Institute of Technology, Colorado State University, University of Waterloo, University of Nottingham, University of Leeds, University of Twente, Universität Bremen, Ghent University, Nanyang Technological University and Monash University. It has been honorably listed among "China's Top 10" for four consecutive years by the Ministry of Education in terms of placing the joint international education as a top priority program. Hunan University is one of the top universities in China to form the BRICS Network University, a network of the BRICS member countries' higher education institutions engaged in cooperation and joining the BRICS Network University.
Hunan University. Cooperation Hunan University has been active at academic exchanges, and has established academic cooperation or academic exchange programs with over 160 oversea universities and research institutes across the world since 1998 such as Yale-China Association, University of California, Berkeley, Georgia Institute of Technology, Colorado State University, University of Waterloo, University of Nottingham, University of Leeds, University of Twente, Universität Bremen, Ghent University, Nanyang Technological University and Monash University. It has been honorably listed among "China's Top 10" for four consecutive years by the Ministry of Education in terms of placing the joint international education as a top priority program. Hunan University is one of the top universities in China to form the BRICS Network University, a network of the BRICS member countries' higher education institutions engaged in cooperation and joining the BRICS Network University.
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Hunan University
Rankings and reputation Hunan University is ranked in the top 300 large comprehensive public research universities in the world based on several most cited and reputed global university rankings such as ARWU, US News, and CWTS Leiden. General Rankings The 2008 Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) World University Rankings ranked Hunan University as 15th in China. In the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), Hunan University is ranked at 201–300th in the world and 48–77th in Asia and Oceania region. As of 2021, the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranked Hunan University as 195th in the world, 26th in Asia and 11th in China. Research Strength and Subject Rankings
Hunan University. Rankings and reputation Hunan University is ranked in the top 300 large comprehensive public research universities in the world based on several most cited and reputed global university rankings such as ARWU, US News, and CWTS Leiden. General Rankings The 2008 Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) World University Rankings ranked Hunan University as 15th in China. In the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), Hunan University is ranked at 201–300th in the world and 48–77th in Asia and Oceania region. As of 2021, the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranked Hunan University as 195th in the world, 26th in Asia and 11th in China. Research Strength and Subject Rankings
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Hunan University
Hunan University ranks 14th worldwide in the 2016 Nature Index Rising Stars. In the Nature Index 2020 by Nature Research, which measures the largest groups of papers published in 82 leading high-quality science journals, based on the data from May 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020, Hunan University ranks 67th among the leading research academic institutions globally, 25th in Asia-Pacific, and 19th in China. Hunan University ranks 142nd globally and 53rd in Asia according to the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2021 based on the number of their scientific publications in the period 2016–2019. Looked at the proportion of their scientific publications that rank among the top 1%, 5%, and 10% in their fields by citations, Hunan University ranks 34th in the world (5th in Asia), 14th globally (3rd in Asia), and 20th in the world (2nd in Asia) respectively.
Hunan University. Hunan University ranks 14th worldwide in the 2016 Nature Index Rising Stars. In the Nature Index 2020 by Nature Research, which measures the largest groups of papers published in 82 leading high-quality science journals, based on the data from May 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020, Hunan University ranks 67th among the leading research academic institutions globally, 25th in Asia-Pacific, and 19th in China. Hunan University ranks 142nd globally and 53rd in Asia according to the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2021 based on the number of their scientific publications in the period 2016–2019. Looked at the proportion of their scientific publications that rank among the top 1%, 5%, and 10% in their fields by citations, Hunan University ranks 34th in the world (5th in Asia), 14th globally (3rd in Asia), and 20th in the world (2nd in Asia) respectively.
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Hunan University
In 2020, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked Hunan University at 161st globally and 33rd in Asia. It ranks 3rd globally in "Civil Engineering", 10th in "Chemical Engineering", 14th in "Mechanical Engineering", 23rd in "Chemistry", 42nd in "Computer Science", 51st in "Electrical Engineering", 52nd in "Material Science", 87th in "Mathematics", 114th in "Physics" and 151st in "Economics and Business" according to the same ranking. In 2020, a research paper by Loet Leydesdorff, a famous scientometrician, employs data of 205 China's leading research intensive universities, including in the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 to classify them into three main groups: Top, Middle, and Bottom. Hunan University (with a Z-score of 10.2) ranks 2nd only to Tsinghua University (z=11.0), which leads the "High Group of 32 Universities". These two universities' scores far exceed the third place, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (z = 6.7).
Hunan University. In 2020, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked Hunan University at 161st globally and 33rd in Asia. It ranks 3rd globally in "Civil Engineering", 10th in "Chemical Engineering", 14th in "Mechanical Engineering", 23rd in "Chemistry", 42nd in "Computer Science", 51st in "Electrical Engineering", 52nd in "Material Science", 87th in "Mathematics", 114th in "Physics" and 151st in "Economics and Business" according to the same ranking. In 2020, a research paper by Loet Leydesdorff, a famous scientometrician, employs data of 205 China's leading research intensive universities, including in the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020 to classify them into three main groups: Top, Middle, and Bottom. Hunan University (with a Z-score of 10.2) ranks 2nd only to Tsinghua University (z=11.0), which leads the "High Group of 32 Universities". These two universities' scores far exceed the third place, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (z = 6.7).
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Hunan University
In the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) by Subjects, Hunan university ranks in the global top 100 for several specific fields and subjects.
Hunan University. In the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) by Subjects, Hunan university ranks in the global top 100 for several specific fields and subjects.
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Hunan University
Notable alumni A extensive list of Hunan university alumni can be found here. See also President of Hunan University Hunan University faculty Hunan University station List of universities in China References External links University history Universities and colleges in Changsha Universities and colleges in Hunan Project 985 Project 211 Plan 111
Hunan University. Notable alumni A extensive list of Hunan university alumni can be found here. See also President of Hunan University Hunan University faculty Hunan University station List of universities in China References External links University history Universities and colleges in Changsha Universities and colleges in Hunan Project 985 Project 211 Plan 111
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Batman: The Killing Joke is a 1988 DC Comics one-shot graphic novel featuring the characters Batman and the Joker written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Brian Bolland. The Killing Joke provides an origin story for the supervillain the Joker, loosely adapted from the 1951 story arc "The Man Behind the Red Hood!". The Joker's origin is presented via flashback, while simultaneously depicting his attempt to drive Jim Gordon insane and Batman's desperate attempt to stop him.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Batman: The Killing Joke is a 1988 DC Comics one-shot graphic novel featuring the characters Batman and the Joker written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Brian Bolland. The Killing Joke provides an origin story for the supervillain the Joker, loosely adapted from the 1951 story arc "The Man Behind the Red Hood!". The Joker's origin is presented via flashback, while simultaneously depicting his attempt to drive Jim Gordon insane and Batman's desperate attempt to stop him.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Created by Moore, Bolland, and Higgins as their own take on the Joker's source and psychology, the story became famous for its origin of the Joker as a tragic character; a family man and failed comedian who suffered "one bad day" that finally drove him insane. Moore stated that he attempted to show the similarities and contrasts between Batman and the Joker. The story's effects on the mainstream Batman continuity also included the shooting and paralysis of Barbara Gordon (a.k.a. Batgirl), an event that eventually leads her to develop the identity of Oracle, secret data broker for the DC Universe's superhero community and leader of the superhero team Birds of Prey.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Created by Moore, Bolland, and Higgins as their own take on the Joker's source and psychology, the story became famous for its origin of the Joker as a tragic character; a family man and failed comedian who suffered "one bad day" that finally drove him insane. Moore stated that he attempted to show the similarities and contrasts between Batman and the Joker. The story's effects on the mainstream Batman continuity also included the shooting and paralysis of Barbara Gordon (a.k.a. Batgirl), an event that eventually leads her to develop the identity of Oracle, secret data broker for the DC Universe's superhero community and leader of the superhero team Birds of Prey.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Many critics consider the graphic novel to be the definitive Joker story and one of the best Batman stories ever published, though the story's exploitative treatment of Barbara Gordon has garnered criticism. The comic won the Eisner Award for "Best Graphic Album" in 1989 and appeared on The New York Times Best Seller List in May 2009. In 2006, The Killing Joke was reprinted as part of the trade paperback DC Universe: The Stories of Alan Moore. In 2008, DC Comics reprinted the story in a deluxe hardcover edition, which features new coloring by Bolland, with a more somber, realistic, and subdued palette than the original. Elements of The Killing Joke have inspired or been incorporated into other aspects of Batman media.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Many critics consider the graphic novel to be the definitive Joker story and one of the best Batman stories ever published, though the story's exploitative treatment of Barbara Gordon has garnered criticism. The comic won the Eisner Award for "Best Graphic Album" in 1989 and appeared on The New York Times Best Seller List in May 2009. In 2006, The Killing Joke was reprinted as part of the trade paperback DC Universe: The Stories of Alan Moore. In 2008, DC Comics reprinted the story in a deluxe hardcover edition, which features new coloring by Bolland, with a more somber, realistic, and subdued palette than the original. Elements of The Killing Joke have inspired or been incorporated into other aspects of Batman media.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Background and creation Artist Brian Bolland's version of the Joker stemmed in part from his having recently seen the film The Man Who Laughs. DC editor Dick Giordano's invitation led directly to Bolland working with writer Alan Moore to create a plausible background story for the Joker. He recounted, "I thought about it in terms of who's my favorite writer at the moment, what hero I would really love to do, and which villain? I basically came up with Alan, Batman and the Joker".
Batman: The Killing Joke. Background and creation Artist Brian Bolland's version of the Joker stemmed in part from his having recently seen the film The Man Who Laughs. DC editor Dick Giordano's invitation led directly to Bolland working with writer Alan Moore to create a plausible background story for the Joker. He recounted, "I thought about it in terms of who's my favorite writer at the moment, what hero I would really love to do, and which villain? I basically came up with Alan, Batman and the Joker".
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Although the story takes pains to stress that it is merely one possible "origin story" for the Joker, it has been widely accepted and adopted into DC continuity, and editor Len Wein had to ask the publisher for approval of a central mutilation of a long-running character. Bolland said that he saw "Judge Death [as] almost a dry run for drawing the Joker". He also recounted that "by the time Alan had finished Watchmen he had fallen out with DC to a certain extent... in the end, he only continued to do Killing Joke as a favor to me".
Batman: The Killing Joke. Although the story takes pains to stress that it is merely one possible "origin story" for the Joker, it has been widely accepted and adopted into DC continuity, and editor Len Wein had to ask the publisher for approval of a central mutilation of a long-running character. Bolland said that he saw "Judge Death [as] almost a dry run for drawing the Joker". He also recounted that "by the time Alan had finished Watchmen he had fallen out with DC to a certain extent... in the end, he only continued to do Killing Joke as a favor to me".
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Batman: The Killing Joke
The 48-page prestige format one-shot comic took a considerable amount of time to produce. Both Moore and Bolland are well known for their meticulous and time-consuming work; both creators' then-recently finished 12-issue maxiseries titles – Moore's Watchmen and Bolland's Camelot 3000 – had seen delays. Bolland was aided by the laid-back attitude taken by DC, who he says "seemed prepared to let me do it at my own pace". The original editor, Len Wein, left the company, and was replaced by Dennis O'Neil, a "very hands-off sort of guy", with whom Bolland only recalls having one conversation about the book.
Batman: The Killing Joke. The 48-page prestige format one-shot comic took a considerable amount of time to produce. Both Moore and Bolland are well known for their meticulous and time-consuming work; both creators' then-recently finished 12-issue maxiseries titles – Moore's Watchmen and Bolland's Camelot 3000 – had seen delays. Bolland was aided by the laid-back attitude taken by DC, who he says "seemed prepared to let me do it at my own pace". The original editor, Len Wein, left the company, and was replaced by Dennis O'Neil, a "very hands-off sort of guy", with whom Bolland only recalls having one conversation about the book.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Bolland envisaged the flashback sequences in black and white, and instructed Watchmen colorist John Higgins to use "muted November colors". He was upset when he saw the finished comic had "garish... hideous glowing purples and pinks... and my precious Eraserhead-esque flashback sequences swamped in orange". The 2008-published 20th anniversary edition of the book featured new colouring by Bolland, restoring his artistic intentions to the palette. The first problem was that all the original artwork had long disappeared in the hands of collectors but thankfully, someone in DC figured out a way to reverse engineer the already colored prints to isolate the black & white from the colors. In addition to recoloring, Bolland also did a touchup on several of the character's faces using Photoshop. Plot summary
Batman: The Killing Joke. Bolland envisaged the flashback sequences in black and white, and instructed Watchmen colorist John Higgins to use "muted November colors". He was upset when he saw the finished comic had "garish... hideous glowing purples and pinks... and my precious Eraserhead-esque flashback sequences swamped in orange". The 2008-published 20th anniversary edition of the book featured new colouring by Bolland, restoring his artistic intentions to the palette. The first problem was that all the original artwork had long disappeared in the hands of collectors but thankfully, someone in DC figured out a way to reverse engineer the already colored prints to isolate the black & white from the colors. In addition to recoloring, Bolland also did a touchup on several of the character's faces using Photoshop. Plot summary
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Plot summary The man who will become the Joker is an unnamed engineer who quits his job at a chemical company to become a stand-up comedian, only to fail. Desperate to support his pregnant wife, he agrees to guide two criminals through the chemical plant where he previously worked so that they can rob the playing card company next to it. The police inform him that his wife and unborn child have died in a household accident. Grief-stricken, the engineer tries to withdraw from the plan, but the criminals strong-arm him into keeping his commitment.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Plot summary The man who will become the Joker is an unnamed engineer who quits his job at a chemical company to become a stand-up comedian, only to fail. Desperate to support his pregnant wife, he agrees to guide two criminals through the chemical plant where he previously worked so that they can rob the playing card company next to it. The police inform him that his wife and unborn child have died in a household accident. Grief-stricken, the engineer tries to withdraw from the plan, but the criminals strong-arm him into keeping his commitment.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
At the plant, the criminals encounter security personnel, a shootout ensues, and the two criminals are killed. The engineer is confronted by Batman. Terrified, he jumps into the chemical plant's waste pound lock to escape and is swept through a pipe leading outside. He discovers to his horror that the chemicals have permanently bleached his skin chalk-white, stained his lips red and dyed his hair green. His disfigurement, compounded with the loss of his family, drives him completely insane and marks the birth of the Joker. It is implied he has no memory of this incident, saying that "sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another. If I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"
Batman: The Killing Joke. At the plant, the criminals encounter security personnel, a shootout ensues, and the two criminals are killed. The engineer is confronted by Batman. Terrified, he jumps into the chemical plant's waste pound lock to escape and is swept through a pipe leading outside. He discovers to his horror that the chemicals have permanently bleached his skin chalk-white, stained his lips red and dyed his hair green. His disfigurement, compounded with the loss of his family, drives him completely insane and marks the birth of the Joker. It is implied he has no memory of this incident, saying that "sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another. If I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"
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Batman: The Killing Joke
In present day, Batman goes to Arkham Asylum to talk with the Joker about ending their years-long feud, only to find that the Joker has escaped. The Joker shoots Barbara Gordon and kidnaps her father, Commissioner James W. Gordon. The bullet permanently paralyzes Barbara. The Joker takes Gordon to a run-down amusement park where he cages him in the park's freak show. He forces Gordon to view blown-up photos of a wounded Barbara, lying nude on the floor after the shooting. He then puts Gordon on display before the park's freaks, ridiculing him as a weakling.
Batman: The Killing Joke. In present day, Batman goes to Arkham Asylum to talk with the Joker about ending their years-long feud, only to find that the Joker has escaped. The Joker shoots Barbara Gordon and kidnaps her father, Commissioner James W. Gordon. The bullet permanently paralyzes Barbara. The Joker takes Gordon to a run-down amusement park where he cages him in the park's freak show. He forces Gordon to view blown-up photos of a wounded Barbara, lying nude on the floor after the shooting. He then puts Gordon on display before the park's freaks, ridiculing him as a weakling.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Batman's attempts to locate Commissioner Gordon are unsuccessful until the Joker sends him an "invitation" to the amusement park. Though traumatized by his ordeal, Gordon retains his sanity and moral code, and insists that Batman capture the Joker "by the book" to "show him that our way works". Batman dodges the Joker's booby traps while the Joker tries to persuade his nemesis that the world is a joke that is not worth fighting for and it only takes "one bad day" to drive an ordinary man insane.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Batman's attempts to locate Commissioner Gordon are unsuccessful until the Joker sends him an "invitation" to the amusement park. Though traumatized by his ordeal, Gordon retains his sanity and moral code, and insists that Batman capture the Joker "by the book" to "show him that our way works". Batman dodges the Joker's booby traps while the Joker tries to persuade his nemesis that the world is a joke that is not worth fighting for and it only takes "one bad day" to drive an ordinary man insane.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Batman subdues the Joker and tells him that Gordon survived his torments and the Joker is alone in his madness. He offers to help the Joker recover in order to end their everlasting war, which Batman fears may one day result in a fight to the death. The Joker apologetically declines, saying it is too late for that. He expresses that this situation reminds him of a joke about two inmates in an asylum who try to escape. Batman chuckles at the joke's punchline, and as the two old foes share a laugh, he grabs the Joker as police arrive.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Batman subdues the Joker and tells him that Gordon survived his torments and the Joker is alone in his madness. He offers to help the Joker recover in order to end their everlasting war, which Batman fears may one day result in a fight to the death. The Joker apologetically declines, saying it is too late for that. He expresses that this situation reminds him of a joke about two inmates in an asylum who try to escape. Batman chuckles at the joke's punchline, and as the two old foes share a laugh, he grabs the Joker as police arrive.
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Batman: The Killing Joke
Themes and analysis The book explores Moore's assertion that, psychologically, "Batman and the Joker are mirror images of each other" by delving into the relationship between the two. The story itself shows how the Joker and Batman came to terms with their respective life-altering tragedies, which both eventually lead to their present lives and confrontation. Critic Geoff Klock further explained that "both Batman and the Joker are creations of a random and tragic 'one bad day'. Batman spends his life forging meaning from the random tragedy, whereas the Joker reflects the absurdity of life, and all its random injustice".
Batman: The Killing Joke. Themes and analysis The book explores Moore's assertion that, psychologically, "Batman and the Joker are mirror images of each other" by delving into the relationship between the two. The story itself shows how the Joker and Batman came to terms with their respective life-altering tragedies, which both eventually lead to their present lives and confrontation. Critic Geoff Klock further explained that "both Batman and the Joker are creations of a random and tragic 'one bad day'. Batman spends his life forging meaning from the random tragedy, whereas the Joker reflects the absurdity of life, and all its random injustice".
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Batman: The Killing Joke
The torments that the Joker puts Commissioner Gordon through are meant to serve as "proof that there is something buried deep within each lunatic, a nugget of insanity, that is simply waiting for the right moment to spring forth". Unlike the Joker, however, Gordon emerges from his ordeal with his sanity and moral code intact. The story is also famous for changing how the Modern Age of Comics perceived Batman comics by bringing it back to its darker roots. The comic book, however, delves deeper in order to present Batman's own psychology—that he is, in his own way, just as insane as the Joker, and that he and the Joker perceive the world according to differing points of view, with the Joker's interpreted through a joke.
Batman: The Killing Joke. The torments that the Joker puts Commissioner Gordon through are meant to serve as "proof that there is something buried deep within each lunatic, a nugget of insanity, that is simply waiting for the right moment to spring forth". Unlike the Joker, however, Gordon emerges from his ordeal with his sanity and moral code intact. The story is also famous for changing how the Modern Age of Comics perceived Batman comics by bringing it back to its darker roots. The comic book, however, delves deeper in order to present Batman's own psychology—that he is, in his own way, just as insane as the Joker, and that he and the Joker perceive the world according to differing points of view, with the Joker's interpreted through a joke.
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The final panels of the book have been the subject of interpretation and debate. According to one view, Batman and the Joker, who have been fighting for years, end all of their disputes by having a good laugh about it all. Another interpretation, popularized by comic writer Grant Morrison, is that Batman kills the Joker, hence the title "The Killing Joke". Alan Moore acknowledges the ambiguous nature of the story's ending, which "he believes to be a part of the book's brilliance", with the original script providing no further information. The Joker serves as an unreliable narrator. He admits to his own uncertainty, as he has disparate memories of the single event ("Sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another...If I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"), accentuating the comic's depiction of "a world unraveling toward relentless urban violence and moral nihilism." References in other storylines
Batman: The Killing Joke. The final panels of the book have been the subject of interpretation and debate. According to one view, Batman and the Joker, who have been fighting for years, end all of their disputes by having a good laugh about it all. Another interpretation, popularized by comic writer Grant Morrison, is that Batman kills the Joker, hence the title "The Killing Joke". Alan Moore acknowledges the ambiguous nature of the story's ending, which "he believes to be a part of the book's brilliance", with the original script providing no further information. The Joker serves as an unreliable narrator. He admits to his own uncertainty, as he has disparate memories of the single event ("Sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another...If I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"), accentuating the comic's depiction of "a world unraveling toward relentless urban violence and moral nihilism." References in other storylines
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References in other storylines Oracle Year One: Born of Hope In 1996, John Ostrander and Kim Yale wrote a story entitled "Oracle: Year One: Born of Hope" which appeared in The Batman Chronicles #5. The story consists of Barbara recounting the events of The Killing Joke from her perspective, and the immediate aftermath of those events, including her recovery from her injuries and her adoption of the Oracle mantle. No Joke In 2007, Geoff Johns wrote a companion story to The Killing Joke entitled "No Joke" that appeared in the series Booster Gold.
Batman: The Killing Joke. References in other storylines Oracle Year One: Born of Hope In 1996, John Ostrander and Kim Yale wrote a story entitled "Oracle: Year One: Born of Hope" which appeared in The Batman Chronicles #5. The story consists of Barbara recounting the events of The Killing Joke from her perspective, and the immediate aftermath of those events, including her recovery from her injuries and her adoption of the Oracle mantle. No Joke In 2007, Geoff Johns wrote a companion story to The Killing Joke entitled "No Joke" that appeared in the series Booster Gold.
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In the story, Booster Gold is charged by Rip Hunter to go back in time and save Barbara from being shot by the Joker. Booster arrives at the carnival shortly after the Joker has rounded up the freaks, only to be attacked by them. He manages to escape, but arrives too late to save Barbara. Catching the Joker in the middle of taking photos of the wounded Barbara, Booster attacks the Joker in a rage; the Joker nevertheless gains the upper hand, snapping several photos of Booster as well. Rip returns Booster to the future before the Joker can murder him, but Booster demands to be sent back again. Booster fails several times until Rip reveals that the Joker is destined to paralyze her, as it would ensure that she would become the Oracle. Rip did this to demonstrate to Booster that some points in time, like Barbara's paralysis, are fixed and cannot be prevented or altered, so that Booster would not continue insisting on rescuing his friend Ted Kord from death, another fixed point. The story
Batman: The Killing Joke. In the story, Booster Gold is charged by Rip Hunter to go back in time and save Barbara from being shot by the Joker. Booster arrives at the carnival shortly after the Joker has rounded up the freaks, only to be attacked by them. He manages to escape, but arrives too late to save Barbara. Catching the Joker in the middle of taking photos of the wounded Barbara, Booster attacks the Joker in a rage; the Joker nevertheless gains the upper hand, snapping several photos of Booster as well. Rip returns Booster to the future before the Joker can murder him, but Booster demands to be sent back again. Booster fails several times until Rip reveals that the Joker is destined to paralyze her, as it would ensure that she would become the Oracle. Rip did this to demonstrate to Booster that some points in time, like Barbara's paralysis, are fixed and cannot be prevented or altered, so that Booster would not continue insisting on rescuing his friend Ted Kord from death, another fixed point. The story
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time, like Barbara's paralysis, are fixed and cannot be prevented or altered, so that Booster would not continue insisting on rescuing his friend Ted Kord from death, another fixed point. The story also reveals that Batman kept the photos of Barbara and Booster, and had been waiting until Booster came of age before confronting him. Batman thanks Booster for trying to stop the Joker and offers him his friendship. Eventually, Dick Grayson, who becomes his mentor's temporary successor as Batman, would also learn about this and offer his thanks as well.
Batman: The Killing Joke. time, like Barbara's paralysis, are fixed and cannot be prevented or altered, so that Booster would not continue insisting on rescuing his friend Ted Kord from death, another fixed point. The story also reveals that Batman kept the photos of Barbara and Booster, and had been waiting until Booster came of age before confronting him. Batman thanks Booster for trying to stop the Joker and offers him his friendship. Eventually, Dick Grayson, who becomes his mentor's temporary successor as Batman, would also learn about this and offer his thanks as well.
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"Ladies' Night" In 2010, writer J. Michael Straczynski and artist Cliff Chiang collaborated on a one-shot story called "Ladies' Night", which was published in the anthology series The Brave and the Bold. The story is set shortly before The Killing Joke and deals with Zatanna and Wonder Woman struggling to come to terms with the impending attack on Barbara after Zatanna has a precognitive dream about it. Like "No Joke", the story heavily implies that the heroines cannot alter Barbara's fate, despite their desire to do so, instead giving her a final night on the town before she loses the use of her legs. The story also implies that Wonder Woman served as the inspiration for Barbara Gordon's eventual codename of the Oracle.
Batman: The Killing Joke. "Ladies' Night" In 2010, writer J. Michael Straczynski and artist Cliff Chiang collaborated on a one-shot story called "Ladies' Night", which was published in the anthology series The Brave and the Bold. The story is set shortly before The Killing Joke and deals with Zatanna and Wonder Woman struggling to come to terms with the impending attack on Barbara after Zatanna has a precognitive dream about it. Like "No Joke", the story heavily implies that the heroines cannot alter Barbara's fate, despite their desire to do so, instead giving her a final night on the town before she loses the use of her legs. The story also implies that Wonder Woman served as the inspiration for Barbara Gordon's eventual codename of the Oracle.
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The New 52 When DC Comics relaunched its continuity in 2011, many of Batman's stories were erased from history or altered, but the events of The Killing Joke remained intact. In the new continuity, Barbara Gordon recovered from the paralysis after three years. Although she resumes her work as Batgirl one year after recovering her mobility, she continues to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder when exposed to gunfire that could result in receiving new spinal damage.
Batman: The Killing Joke. The New 52 When DC Comics relaunched its continuity in 2011, many of Batman's stories were erased from history or altered, but the events of The Killing Joke remained intact. In the new continuity, Barbara Gordon recovered from the paralysis after three years. Although she resumes her work as Batgirl one year after recovering her mobility, she continues to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder when exposed to gunfire that could result in receiving new spinal damage.
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On March 13, 2015, DC Comics released 25 Joker-themed variant covers for its various monthly series in celebration of the character's 75th anniversary. Among them was a cover to Batgirl #41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke. The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl, who has a red smile painted across her mouth. The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand, as if gesturing to shoot her. The cover quickly drew criticism for highlighting a dark period in the character's history, especially when juxtaposed with the youthful, more optimistic direction of the series at the time. The hashtag #changethecover drew dozens of posts on Twitter and Tumblr asking DC not to release the variant. DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque, who stated, "My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art...For that
Batman: The Killing Joke. On March 13, 2015, DC Comics released 25 Joker-themed variant covers for its various monthly series in celebration of the character's 75th anniversary. Among them was a cover to Batgirl #41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke. The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl, who has a red smile painted across her mouth. The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand, as if gesturing to shoot her. The cover quickly drew criticism for highlighting a dark period in the character's history, especially when juxtaposed with the youthful, more optimistic direction of the series at the time. The hashtag #changethecover drew dozens of posts on Twitter and Tumblr asking DC not to release the variant. DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque, who stated, "My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art...For that
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DC not to release the variant. DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque, who stated, "My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art...For that reason, I have recommended to DC that the variant cover be pulled".
Batman: The Killing Joke. DC not to release the variant. DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque, who stated, "My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art...For that reason, I have recommended to DC that the variant cover be pulled".
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In other media Film
Batman: The Killing Joke. In other media Film
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Live action Along with The Dark Knight Returns, Tim Burton has mentioned that The Killing Joke influenced his film adaptation of Batman, specifically the origin of the Joker. Burton was quoted as saying, "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan — and I think it started when I was a child — is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke, because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable".
Batman: The Killing Joke. Live action Along with The Dark Knight Returns, Tim Burton has mentioned that The Killing Joke influenced his film adaptation of Batman, specifically the origin of the Joker. Burton was quoted as saying, "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan — and I think it started when I was a child — is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke, because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable".
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Director Christopher Nolan has mentioned that The Killing Joke influenced the story, themes and Heath Ledger's performance as the Joker in the 2008 film The Dark Knight. The Joker's ambiguous, multiple-choice past and depiction as an unreliable narrator, who provides various alternate possibilities of his origins and his desire to prove a point that anyone can be driven to derangement and nihilism like him due to tragedies, prolonged suffering and severe mental trauma, which is a primary theme throughout the film's narrative, was inspired by the comic, with his belief being that "madness is like gravity. All it needs is a little push", which echoes the Joker's sentiment in the graphic novel that under the appropriate amount of torment and tragedies, any sane individual can be brought down to madness and insanity from "one bad day". In both stories, the Joker tries to corrupt one of Batman's allies, by using their grief over the recent tragedies of their loved ones to his advantage,
Batman: The Killing Joke. Director Christopher Nolan has mentioned that The Killing Joke influenced the story, themes and Heath Ledger's performance as the Joker in the 2008 film The Dark Knight. The Joker's ambiguous, multiple-choice past and depiction as an unreliable narrator, who provides various alternate possibilities of his origins and his desire to prove a point that anyone can be driven to derangement and nihilism like him due to tragedies, prolonged suffering and severe mental trauma, which is a primary theme throughout the film's narrative, was inspired by the comic, with his belief being that "madness is like gravity. All it needs is a little push", which echoes the Joker's sentiment in the graphic novel that under the appropriate amount of torment and tragedies, any sane individual can be brought down to madness and insanity from "one bad day". In both stories, the Joker tries to corrupt one of Batman's allies, by using their grief over the recent tragedies of their loved ones to his advantage,
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to madness and insanity from "one bad day". In both stories, the Joker tries to corrupt one of Batman's allies, by using their grief over the recent tragedies of their loved ones to his advantage, with this version of the Joker actually succeeding in bringing them to insanity, unlike the comic version. Ledger also stated in an interview that he was given a copy of the graphic novel as reference for the role.
Batman: The Killing Joke. to madness and insanity from "one bad day". In both stories, the Joker tries to corrupt one of Batman's allies, by using their grief over the recent tragedies of their loved ones to his advantage, with this version of the Joker actually succeeding in bringing them to insanity, unlike the comic version. Ledger also stated in an interview that he was given a copy of the graphic novel as reference for the role.
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Writer/director Todd Phillips has stated that the Joker's descent into psychopathy and madness as a nihilistic, dark-humored and psychotic criminal after an unsuccessful career as a stand-up comedian, his past as a struggling lower-class citizen and his ambiguous, multiple-choice past in The Killing Joke served as an inspiration for the narrative and thematic elements of the 2019 feature film Joker.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Writer/director Todd Phillips has stated that the Joker's descent into psychopathy and madness as a nihilistic, dark-humored and psychotic criminal after an unsuccessful career as a stand-up comedian, his past as a struggling lower-class citizen and his ambiguous, multiple-choice past in The Killing Joke served as an inspiration for the narrative and thematic elements of the 2019 feature film Joker.
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Animation The story is referenced in a flashback scene in the DC Universe Animated Original Movie, Batman: Under the Red Hood. Red Hood lures Batman to the chemical factory where the Joker's accident took place. The flashback then shows a fleeing Joker had attempted to escape while trying to claim that he was set up, only to accidentally fall into the chemicals that disfigure him. The film's villain, Jason Todd – whom the Joker had murdered, and who takes up his murderer's former criminal identity upon being returned to life by Ra's al Ghul – calls it Batman's greatest failure. Jason also obliquely refers to the Joker's act of crippling Barbara.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Animation The story is referenced in a flashback scene in the DC Universe Animated Original Movie, Batman: Under the Red Hood. Red Hood lures Batman to the chemical factory where the Joker's accident took place. The flashback then shows a fleeing Joker had attempted to escape while trying to claim that he was set up, only to accidentally fall into the chemicals that disfigure him. The film's villain, Jason Todd – whom the Joker had murdered, and who takes up his murderer's former criminal identity upon being returned to life by Ra's al Ghul – calls it Batman's greatest failure. Jason also obliquely refers to the Joker's act of crippling Barbara.
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Batman: The Killing Joke animated film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 2, 2016, and also played in select theaters on July 25 and 26, 2016. Sam Liu directed and Bruce Timm executive produced the film. The Batman: The Animated Series castmates, Kevin Conroy, Mark Hamill, and Tara Strong returned respectively, alongside Ray Wise as Commissioner Gordon. The film received negative to mixed reception. The film's storyline follows the original comic, but also includes a new storyline involving Barbara's decision to retire as Batgirl after a crisis involving a mob war, as well as a brief sexual relationship between Batman and Batgirl that earned a particular amount of criticism from critics and fans.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Batman: The Killing Joke animated film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 2, 2016, and also played in select theaters on July 25 and 26, 2016. Sam Liu directed and Bruce Timm executive produced the film. The Batman: The Animated Series castmates, Kevin Conroy, Mark Hamill, and Tara Strong returned respectively, alongside Ray Wise as Commissioner Gordon. The film received negative to mixed reception. The film's storyline follows the original comic, but also includes a new storyline involving Barbara's decision to retire as Batgirl after a crisis involving a mob war, as well as a brief sexual relationship between Batman and Batgirl that earned a particular amount of criticism from critics and fans.
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The Killing Joke was referenced several times in the interactive film adaptation of Batman: Death in the Family, which serves as a follow-up to Batman: Under the Red Hood. The film also reused the pictures the Joker took of Barbara in The Killing Joke animated film. If Batman sacrifices himself to save Jason, two possible scenarios can play out. If Jason chooses to disobey Bruce's dying wish, he meets the Joker at a diner. Joker reminisces about Batman by retelling Jason the same joke he told Bruce at the end of The Killing Joke before Jason stabs him to death. If Jason attempts to uphold Batman's moral code and arrest Joker without killing him, Joker reveals to him that he's been repressing all the times he killed criminals during his time as the Red Hood and has become more of a successor to the villain himself rather than Batman all because of "one bad day".
Batman: The Killing Joke. The Killing Joke was referenced several times in the interactive film adaptation of Batman: Death in the Family, which serves as a follow-up to Batman: Under the Red Hood. The film also reused the pictures the Joker took of Barbara in The Killing Joke animated film. If Batman sacrifices himself to save Jason, two possible scenarios can play out. If Jason chooses to disobey Bruce's dying wish, he meets the Joker at a diner. Joker reminisces about Batman by retelling Jason the same joke he told Bruce at the end of The Killing Joke before Jason stabs him to death. If Jason attempts to uphold Batman's moral code and arrest Joker without killing him, Joker reveals to him that he's been repressing all the times he killed criminals during his time as the Red Hood and has become more of a successor to the villain himself rather than Batman all because of "one bad day".
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Television In the pilot episode of the 2002 Birds of Prey television series, the pilot episode includes a version of the scene in which the Joker shoots Barbara in her in the spine, paralyzing her. In the FOX TV series Gotham (2014–19), story arcs involving the show's Proto-Jokers, Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska (both played by Cameron Monaghan), are heavily influenced by The Killing Joke. Several scenes, themes, and lines of dialogue are also directly taken from the comic. The most identifiable homage to the graphic novel can be seen in the episode "A Dark Knight: One Bad Day", which focuses on the Joker's observation "All it takes is one bad day to reduce the sanest man alive to lunacy".
Batman: The Killing Joke. Television In the pilot episode of the 2002 Birds of Prey television series, the pilot episode includes a version of the scene in which the Joker shoots Barbara in her in the spine, paralyzing her. In the FOX TV series Gotham (2014–19), story arcs involving the show's Proto-Jokers, Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska (both played by Cameron Monaghan), are heavily influenced by The Killing Joke. Several scenes, themes, and lines of dialogue are also directly taken from the comic. The most identifiable homage to the graphic novel can be seen in the episode "A Dark Knight: One Bad Day", which focuses on the Joker's observation "All it takes is one bad day to reduce the sanest man alive to lunacy".
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Video games In the 2013 video game Injustice: Gods Among Us, a downloadable content Killing Joke pack includes three skins for the character from the story. It includes his Hawaiian attire, the Red Hood, and his hat and long coat. In the 2011 video game Batman: Arkham City, the Joker recounts his backstory from The Killing Joke to Hugo Strange. When Strange expresses doubt at the Joker's story, the Joker admits that he prefers his origin story "to be multiple choice," repeating the line from the graphic novel.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Video games In the 2013 video game Injustice: Gods Among Us, a downloadable content Killing Joke pack includes three skins for the character from the story. It includes his Hawaiian attire, the Red Hood, and his hat and long coat. In the 2011 video game Batman: Arkham City, the Joker recounts his backstory from The Killing Joke to Hugo Strange. When Strange expresses doubt at the Joker's story, the Joker admits that he prefers his origin story "to be multiple choice," repeating the line from the graphic novel.
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The 2013 video game prequel Batman: Arkham Origins, makes several references to The Killing Joke. When Batman enters a carnival-themed room, Joker tells him he got a great deal on an out-of-service amusement park, "You should have seen the look on the real estate agent's face when we shook hands on the deal!", an allusion to the scene early in the graphic novel in which Joker cons the owner of a run-down amusement park out of the property, and then murders him. In a level depicting a psychiatric interview with Dr. Harleen Quinzel, Joker is playable as the Red Hood, walking through the chemical plant that will end with his transformation into the Joker. Another scene shows him in an altercation with patrons at a comedy club who exhibited a poor reception to his act. Troy Baker, who voices the Joker in the game, recites a monologue from the graphic novel.
Batman: The Killing Joke. The 2013 video game prequel Batman: Arkham Origins, makes several references to The Killing Joke. When Batman enters a carnival-themed room, Joker tells him he got a great deal on an out-of-service amusement park, "You should have seen the look on the real estate agent's face when we shook hands on the deal!", an allusion to the scene early in the graphic novel in which Joker cons the owner of a run-down amusement park out of the property, and then murders him. In a level depicting a psychiatric interview with Dr. Harleen Quinzel, Joker is playable as the Red Hood, walking through the chemical plant that will end with his transformation into the Joker. Another scene shows him in an altercation with patrons at a comedy club who exhibited a poor reception to his act. Troy Baker, who voices the Joker in the game, recites a monologue from the graphic novel.
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The 2015 video game Batman: Arkham Knight depicts the Joker's shooting of Barbara Gordon as one of the hallucinations Batman experiences.
Batman: The Killing Joke. The 2015 video game Batman: Arkham Knight depicts the Joker's shooting of Barbara Gordon as one of the hallucinations Batman experiences.
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Novel Novelists Christa Faust and Gary Phillips wrote a novel adaptation of Alan Moore's story, published on September 25, 2018 by Titan Books. Miscellaneous One of the two covers of the comic book Darkwing Duck Annual, published in March 2011, was a homage to Brian Bolland's cover of The Killing Joke.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Novel Novelists Christa Faust and Gary Phillips wrote a novel adaptation of Alan Moore's story, published on September 25, 2018 by Titan Books. Miscellaneous One of the two covers of the comic book Darkwing Duck Annual, published in March 2011, was a homage to Brian Bolland's cover of The Killing Joke.
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Reception and legacy Although a one-shot, the events of The Killing Joke were adopted into ongoing comic book storylines. DC Comics officially retired Batgirl in the one-shot comic Batgirl Special #1 (July 1988), and when Barbara Gordon reappeared in the Suicide Squad series, she was in a wheelchair and became the computer hacker known as the Oracle. This event, along with a Batman storyline that takes place shortly afterward, "A Death in the Family", involving the Joker murdering Robin (Jason Todd), The Killing Joke, leads Batman's obsession with the Clown Prince of Crime to a personal level. The mantle of Batgirl would eventually be passed to successor Cassandra Cain and later, Stephanie Brown. Gordon's paralysis was later retconned into a temporary event that lasted only three years in DC Comics' 2011 line-wide title relaunch, The New 52, which saw her restored as the first and only Batgirl.
Batman: The Killing Joke. Reception and legacy Although a one-shot, the events of The Killing Joke were adopted into ongoing comic book storylines. DC Comics officially retired Batgirl in the one-shot comic Batgirl Special #1 (July 1988), and when Barbara Gordon reappeared in the Suicide Squad series, she was in a wheelchair and became the computer hacker known as the Oracle. This event, along with a Batman storyline that takes place shortly afterward, "A Death in the Family", involving the Joker murdering Robin (Jason Todd), The Killing Joke, leads Batman's obsession with the Clown Prince of Crime to a personal level. The mantle of Batgirl would eventually be passed to successor Cassandra Cain and later, Stephanie Brown. Gordon's paralysis was later retconned into a temporary event that lasted only three years in DC Comics' 2011 line-wide title relaunch, The New 52, which saw her restored as the first and only Batgirl.
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The graphic novel won the Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album and garnered Alan Moore the Best Writer award in 1989. Hilary Goldstein of IGN praised The Killing Joke, calling it "easily the greatest Joker story ever told" and adding that "Moore's rhythmic dialogue and Bolland's organic art create a unique story often mimicked but never matched". IGN declared The Killing Joke the third-greatest Batman graphic novel, after The Dark Knight Returns and Batman: Year One. James Donnelly of Pop Syndicate called The Killing Joke "one of the greatest comics of the 20th century, period". Van Jensen of ComicMix said, "Each time [I read The Killing Joke] I'm amazed all over again at how Alan Moore and Brian Bolland teamed to pack such intensity, ferocity and humanity into those pages." B.L. Wooldridge of Batman in Comics called the graphic novel "an incredible story, with Moore at his best and awe-inspiring art by painter Brian Bolland". Comics historians Robert Greenberger and Matthew K. Manning
Batman: The Killing Joke. The graphic novel won the Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album and garnered Alan Moore the Best Writer award in 1989. Hilary Goldstein of IGN praised The Killing Joke, calling it "easily the greatest Joker story ever told" and adding that "Moore's rhythmic dialogue and Bolland's organic art create a unique story often mimicked but never matched". IGN declared The Killing Joke the third-greatest Batman graphic novel, after The Dark Knight Returns and Batman: Year One. James Donnelly of Pop Syndicate called The Killing Joke "one of the greatest comics of the 20th century, period". Van Jensen of ComicMix said, "Each time [I read The Killing Joke] I'm amazed all over again at how Alan Moore and Brian Bolland teamed to pack such intensity, ferocity and humanity into those pages." B.L. Wooldridge of Batman in Comics called the graphic novel "an incredible story, with Moore at his best and awe-inspiring art by painter Brian Bolland". Comics historians Robert Greenberger and Matthew K. Manning
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of Batman in Comics called the graphic novel "an incredible story, with Moore at his best and awe-inspiring art by painter Brian Bolland". Comics historians Robert Greenberger and Matthew K. Manning describe it as "the definitive Joker story of all time". Manning additionally called it "one of the most powerful and disturbing stories in the history of Gotham City".
Batman: The Killing Joke. of Batman in Comics called the graphic novel "an incredible story, with Moore at his best and awe-inspiring art by painter Brian Bolland". Comics historians Robert Greenberger and Matthew K. Manning describe it as "the definitive Joker story of all time". Manning additionally called it "one of the most powerful and disturbing stories in the history of Gotham City".
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Seb Patrick of Den of Geek also had a mixed response, calling The Killing Joke "one of the most revered and influential 'Batman' stories ever written and arguably the definitive Joker story", but adding that it's "not at the level of [Alan Moore's] true masterpieces [such as] Watchmen, V for Vendetta [and] The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Creator's response In a 2000 interview, and elsewhere, Moore has been critical of his work, saying: "I don't think it's a very good book. It's not saying anything very interesting". Later qualifying that personal critique, he summarized the book saying: "I was making a point... '[that] there are a lot of similarities between Batman and the Joker.' That was the main point of The Killing Joke." In 2003, he further clarified why, with the benefit of hindsight, it was this view that leads him to consider it one his lesser works:
Batman: The Killing Joke. Seb Patrick of Den of Geek also had a mixed response, calling The Killing Joke "one of the most revered and influential 'Batman' stories ever written and arguably the definitive Joker story", but adding that it's "not at the level of [Alan Moore's] true masterpieces [such as] Watchmen, V for Vendetta [and] The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Creator's response In a 2000 interview, and elsewhere, Moore has been critical of his work, saying: "I don't think it's a very good book. It's not saying anything very interesting". Later qualifying that personal critique, he summarized the book saying: "I was making a point... '[that] there are a lot of similarities between Batman and the Joker.' That was the main point of The Killing Joke." In 2003, he further clarified why, with the benefit of hindsight, it was this view that leads him to consider it one his lesser works:
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Batman: The Killing Joke
"The Killing Joke is a story about Batman and the Joker; it isn't about anything that you're ever going to encounter in real life, because Batman and the Joker are not like any human beings that have ever lived. So there's no important human information being imparted...Yeah, it was something that I thought was clumsy, misjudged and had no real human importance. It was just about a couple of licensed DC characters that didn't really relate to the real world in any way." Bolland gave his own thoughts on Moore's response in 2008: "The Killing Joke was not a project instigated by Alan, nor was it, as far as I know, a labour of love for him, and it doesn't usually appear in a list of his greatest works. I was glad he agreed to write it, though."
Batman: The Killing Joke. "The Killing Joke is a story about Batman and the Joker; it isn't about anything that you're ever going to encounter in real life, because Batman and the Joker are not like any human beings that have ever lived. So there's no important human information being imparted...Yeah, it was something that I thought was clumsy, misjudged and had no real human importance. It was just about a couple of licensed DC characters that didn't really relate to the real world in any way." Bolland gave his own thoughts on Moore's response in 2008: "The Killing Joke was not a project instigated by Alan, nor was it, as far as I know, a labour of love for him, and it doesn't usually appear in a list of his greatest works. I was glad he agreed to write it, though."
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