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wiki20220301en020_106427	Battle of Goose Green	That you unconditionally surrender your force to us by leaving the township, forming up aggressively, removing your helmets, and laying down your weapons. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW under a white flag with him briefed as to the formalities by no later than 0830 hrs local time. You refuse in the first case to surrender and take the inevitable consequences. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW without his flag (although his neutrality will be respected) no later than 0830 hrs local time. In the event and by the terms and conditions of the Geneva Convention and Laws of War, you will be held responsible for the fate of any civilians in Darwin and Goose Green, and we by these terms do give notice of our intention to bombard Darwin and Goose Green.	Battle of Goose Green. That you unconditionally surrender your force to us by leaving the township, forming up aggressively, removing your helmets, and laying down your weapons. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW under a white flag with him briefed as to the formalities by no later than 0830 hrs local time. You refuse in the first case to surrender and take the inevitable consequences. You will give prior notice of this intention by returning the PW without his flag (although his neutrality will be respected) no later than 0830 hrs local time. In the event and by the terms and conditions of the Geneva Convention and Laws of War, you will be held responsible for the fate of any civilians in Darwin and Goose Green, and we by these terms do give notice of our intention to bombard Darwin and Goose Green.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106428	Battle of Goose Green	On receiving the terms, Piaggi concluded: The battle had turned into a sniping contest. They could sit well out of range of our soldiers' fire and, if they wanted to, raze the settlement. I knew that there was no longer any chance of reinforcements from the 6th Regiment's B Company (Compañía B 'Piribebuy'). So I suggested to Wing Commander [Vice Commodore] Wilson Pedrozo that he talk to the British. He agreed reluctantly. The next morning, agreement for an unconditional surrender was reached. Pedrozo held a short parade, and those on show then laid down their weapons. After burning the regimental flag, Piaggi led the troops and officers, carrying their personal belongings, into captivity. Aftermath	Battle of Goose Green. On receiving the terms, Piaggi concluded: The battle had turned into a sniping contest. They could sit well out of range of our soldiers' fire and, if they wanted to, raze the settlement. I knew that there was no longer any chance of reinforcements from the 6th Regiment's B Company (Compañía B 'Piribebuy'). So I suggested to Wing Commander [Vice Commodore] Wilson Pedrozo that he talk to the British. He agreed reluctantly. The next morning, agreement for an unconditional surrender was reached. Pedrozo held a short parade, and those on show then laid down their weapons. After burning the regimental flag, Piaggi led the troops and officers, carrying their personal belongings, into captivity. Aftermath	524949
wiki20220301en020_106429	Battle of Goose Green	Aftermath Impact on the campaign In the week preceding the attack, the Argentinians had sunk four British ships, including the Atlantic Conveyor containing vital air-lift helicopters essential for the re-capture of Stanley. This lead the British government to question the lack of movement by their ground-forces and London needed a sign of progress. The victory at Goose Green accomplished the political purpose of sustaining public support in Britain by a badly needed victory and the success marked a turning point in the campaign, as it emphasised the Argentine failure to thwart the establishment of a beachhead and subsequent breakout into the island. The Argentineans had counted on achieving at least a stalemate through air attacks and ground defences, if not stopping the landings altogether. From this point onwards, the British forces were to retain the initiative in all successive battles. Prisoners and casualties	Battle of Goose Green. Aftermath Impact on the campaign In the week preceding the attack, the Argentinians had sunk four British ships, including the Atlantic Conveyor containing vital air-lift helicopters essential for the re-capture of Stanley. This lead the British government to question the lack of movement by their ground-forces and London needed a sign of progress. The victory at Goose Green accomplished the political purpose of sustaining public support in Britain by a badly needed victory and the success marked a turning point in the campaign, as it emphasised the Argentine failure to thwart the establishment of a beachhead and subsequent breakout into the island. The Argentineans had counted on achieving at least a stalemate through air attacks and ground defences, if not stopping the landings altogether. From this point onwards, the British forces were to retain the initiative in all successive battles. Prisoners and casualties	524949
wiki20220301en020_106430	Battle of Goose Green	Prisoners and casualties Between 45 and 55 Argentines were killed32 from RI 12, 13 from Company C 25IR, five killed in the platoon from RI R8, 4 Air Force staff, and one Navy service member and 86 were recorded as wounded. The remainder of the Argentine force was taken prisoner, and the wounded were evacuated to hospital ships via the medical post in San Carlos. Argentine dead were buried in a cemetery to the north of Darwin; military chaplain Mora and sub-lieutenants Bracco and Gómez-Centurión assisted burying the dead. Prisoners were used to clear the battlefield. In an incident, while moving artillery ammunition, the RI 12 C Company platoon (under Sub-Lieutenant Leonardo Durán) was engulfed in a massive explosion that left 5 dead or missing and 10 seriously wounded. After clearing the area, the prisoners were marched to, and interned in, San Carlos.	Battle of Goose Green. Prisoners and casualties Between 45 and 55 Argentines were killed32 from RI 12, 13 from Company C 25IR, five killed in the platoon from RI R8, 4 Air Force staff, and one Navy service member and 86 were recorded as wounded. The remainder of the Argentine force was taken prisoner, and the wounded were evacuated to hospital ships via the medical post in San Carlos. Argentine dead were buried in a cemetery to the north of Darwin; military chaplain Mora and sub-lieutenants Bracco and Gómez-Centurión assisted burying the dead. Prisoners were used to clear the battlefield. In an incident, while moving artillery ammunition, the RI 12 C Company platoon (under Sub-Lieutenant Leonardo Durán) was engulfed in a massive explosion that left 5 dead or missing and 10 seriously wounded. After clearing the area, the prisoners were marched to, and interned in, San Carlos.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106431	Battle of Goose Green	The British lost 18 killed (16 Paras, one Royal Marine pilot, and one commando sapper) and 64 wounded. The seriously injured were evacuated to the hospital ship .	Battle of Goose Green. The British lost 18 killed (16 Paras, one Royal Marine pilot, and one commando sapper) and 64 wounded. The seriously injured were evacuated to the hospital ship .	524949
wiki20220301en020_106432	Battle of Goose Green	By 3 June, the Gurkhas were deployed at Darwin and Goose Green. They were used in helicopter-borne operations to find Argentine patrols operating on the southern flank of the British advance to Port Stanley. This resulted in an encounter with a 10-man army–air force patrol (under Lieutenant Jaime Enrique Ugarte from the Argentine Air Force's 1st Anti-Aircraft Group, and Sergeant Roberto Daniel Berdugo from the 12th Regiment) that had been helicoptered to Egg Harbour House, an abandoned farmhouse in Lafonia, to shoot down British aircraft with SA-7 shoulder-launched missiles. On 7 June, a Sea King arrived with 20 Gurkhas to clear this outpost. On being ordered to lie down to be searched by the Gurkhas, all the wet and hungry Argentine soldiers, including Sergeant Berdugo, did so, except the air force officer. A Gurkha rifleman, brandishing a 10" Kukri blade, threatened the air force officer with beheading, then Lieutenant Ugarte obeyed. Commanders	Battle of Goose Green. By 3 June, the Gurkhas were deployed at Darwin and Goose Green. They were used in helicopter-borne operations to find Argentine patrols operating on the southern flank of the British advance to Port Stanley. This resulted in an encounter with a 10-man army–air force patrol (under Lieutenant Jaime Enrique Ugarte from the Argentine Air Force's 1st Anti-Aircraft Group, and Sergeant Roberto Daniel Berdugo from the 12th Regiment) that had been helicoptered to Egg Harbour House, an abandoned farmhouse in Lafonia, to shoot down British aircraft with SA-7 shoulder-launched missiles. On 7 June, a Sea King arrived with 20 Gurkhas to clear this outpost. On being ordered to lie down to be searched by the Gurkhas, all the wet and hungry Argentine soldiers, including Sergeant Berdugo, did so, except the air force officer. A Gurkha rifleman, brandishing a 10" Kukri blade, threatened the air force officer with beheading, then Lieutenant Ugarte obeyed. Commanders	524949
wiki20220301en020_106433	Battle of Goose Green	Commanders Lieutenant-Colonel Ítalo Ángel Piaggi surrendered his forces in Goose Green on the Argentinian National Army Day (29 May). After the war, he was forced to resign from the army, and faced ongoing trials questioning his competence at Goose Green. In 1986, he wrote a book titled Ganso Verde, in which he strongly defended his decisions during the war and criticised the lack of logistical support from Stanley. In his book, he said that Task Force Mercedes had plenty of 7.62mm rifle ammunition left, but had run out of 81mm mortar rounds; and there were only 394 shells left for the 105mm artillery guns. On 24 February 1992, after a long fight in both civil and military courts, Piaggi had his retired military rank and pay reinstated, as a full colonel. He died in July 2012.	Battle of Goose Green. Commanders Lieutenant-Colonel Ítalo Ángel Piaggi surrendered his forces in Goose Green on the Argentinian National Army Day (29 May). After the war, he was forced to resign from the army, and faced ongoing trials questioning his competence at Goose Green. In 1986, he wrote a book titled Ganso Verde, in which he strongly defended his decisions during the war and criticised the lack of logistical support from Stanley. In his book, he said that Task Force Mercedes had plenty of 7.62mm rifle ammunition left, but had run out of 81mm mortar rounds; and there were only 394 shells left for the 105mm artillery guns. On 24 February 1992, after a long fight in both civil and military courts, Piaggi had his retired military rank and pay reinstated, as a full colonel. He died in July 2012.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106434	Battle of Goose Green	Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert 'H' Jones was buried at Ajax Bay on 30 May; after the war, his body was exhumed and transferred to the British cemetery in San Carlos. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. Major Chris Keeble, who took over command of 2 Para when Jones was killed, was awarded the DSO for his actions at Goose Green. Keeble's leadership was one of the key factors that led to the British victory, in that his flexible style of command and the autonomy he afforded to his company commanders were much more successful than the rigid control, and adherence to plan, exercised by Jones. Despite sentiment among the soldiers of 2 Para for him to remain in command, he was superseded by Lieutenant-Colonel David Robert Chaundler, who was flown in from the UK to take command of the battalion. Awards and citations	Battle of Goose Green. Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert 'H' Jones was buried at Ajax Bay on 30 May; after the war, his body was exhumed and transferred to the British cemetery in San Carlos. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. Major Chris Keeble, who took over command of 2 Para when Jones was killed, was awarded the DSO for his actions at Goose Green. Keeble's leadership was one of the key factors that led to the British victory, in that his flexible style of command and the autonomy he afforded to his company commanders were much more successful than the rigid control, and adherence to plan, exercised by Jones. Despite sentiment among the soldiers of 2 Para for him to remain in command, he was superseded by Lieutenant-Colonel David Robert Chaundler, who was flown in from the UK to take command of the battalion. Awards and citations	524949
wiki20220301en020_106435	Battle of Goose Green	Awards and citations Argentinean forces • First Lieutenant Roberto Néstor Estévez: Posthumously awarded the Argentine Heroic Combat Valour Cross. He is buried at the Darwin Argentine Military Cemetery. British forces Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert 'H' Jones was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle. The Distinguished Service Order was awarded to Maj. C.B.P. Keeble, the Battalion second in command The Military Cross Was awarded to: Maj. J.H. Crossland: OC B Coy Maj. C.D. Farrar-Hockley: OC A Coy Lt. C.S. Connor: Recce Pl. Cmdr Distinguished Conduct Medal was awarded to: Cpl. D. Abols for his daring charges, which turned the Darwin Hill battle Sgt. J.C. Meredith, Pl Sgt, 12 Platoon, D Company Pte S. Illingsworth was posthumously awarded the DCM Order of Battle Argentine forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations.	Battle of Goose Green. Awards and citations Argentinean forces • First Lieutenant Roberto Néstor Estévez: Posthumously awarded the Argentine Heroic Combat Valour Cross. He is buried at the Darwin Argentine Military Cemetery. British forces Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert 'H' Jones was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle. The Distinguished Service Order was awarded to Maj. C.B.P. Keeble, the Battalion second in command The Military Cross Was awarded to: Maj. J.H. Crossland: OC B Coy Maj. C.D. Farrar-Hockley: OC A Coy Lt. C.S. Connor: Recce Pl. Cmdr Distinguished Conduct Medal was awarded to: Cpl. D. Abols for his daring charges, which turned the Darwin Hill battle Sgt. J.C. Meredith, Pl Sgt, 12 Platoon, D Company Pte S. Illingsworth was posthumously awarded the DCM Order of Battle Argentine forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106436	Battle of Goose Green	Order of Battle Argentine forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. British forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. Post-nominal letters refer to awards bestowed for actions during the Battle of Goose Green. Comparative strengths Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations.	Battle of Goose Green. Order of Battle Argentine forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. British forces Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. Post-nominal letters refer to awards bestowed for actions during the Battle of Goose Green. Comparative strengths Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106437	Battle of Goose Green	Comparative strengths Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. BBC incident During the planning of the assault of both Darwin and Goose Green, the battalion headquarters were listening in to the BBC World Service, when the newsreader announced that the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment was poised and ready to assault Darwin and Goose Green. This caused great trepidation among the commanding officers of the battalion, with fears that the operation was compromised. Jones became furious with the level of incompetence and told BBC representative Robert Fox he was going to sue the BBC, Whitehall, and the War Cabinet. Field punishments	Battle of Goose Green. Comparative strengths Below data is from Adkin, Goose Green: a Battle to be fought to be won unless specifically indicated by additional citations. BBC incident During the planning of the assault of both Darwin and Goose Green, the battalion headquarters were listening in to the BBC World Service, when the newsreader announced that the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment was poised and ready to assault Darwin and Goose Green. This caused great trepidation among the commanding officers of the battalion, with fears that the operation was compromised. Jones became furious with the level of incompetence and told BBC representative Robert Fox he was going to sue the BBC, Whitehall, and the War Cabinet. Field punishments	524949
wiki20220301en020_106438	Battle of Goose Green	Field punishments In the years after the battle, Argentine army officers and NCOs were accused of handing out brutal field punishment to their troops at Goose Green, and other locations, during the war. In 2009, Argentine authorities in Comodoro Rivadavia ratified a decision made by authorities in Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, announcing their intention to charge 70 officers and NCOs with inhumane treatment of conscript soldiers during the war.	Battle of Goose Green. Field punishments In the years after the battle, Argentine army officers and NCOs were accused of handing out brutal field punishment to their troops at Goose Green, and other locations, during the war. In 2009, Argentine authorities in Comodoro Rivadavia ratified a decision made by authorities in Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, announcing their intention to charge 70 officers and NCOs with inhumane treatment of conscript soldiers during the war.	524949
wiki20220301en020_106439	Battle of Goose Green	There was, however, false testimony that was used as evidence in accusing the Argentine officers and NCOs of abandonment; and Pablo Vassel, who had denounced the alleged perpetrators, had to step down from his post as head of the human rights sub-secretariat of Corrientes Province. Other veterans were sceptical about the veracity of the accusations, with Colonel José Martiniano Duarte, an ex–601 Commando Company officer and decorated veteran of the Falklands War, saying that it had become "fashionable" for ex-conscripts to accuse their superiors of abandonment. Since the 2009 announcement was made, no one in the military, or among the retired officers and NCOs, has been charged, causing Vassel to comment in April 2014:	Battle of Goose Green. There was, however, false testimony that was used as evidence in accusing the Argentine officers and NCOs of abandonment; and Pablo Vassel, who had denounced the alleged perpetrators, had to step down from his post as head of the human rights sub-secretariat of Corrientes Province. Other veterans were sceptical about the veracity of the accusations, with Colonel José Martiniano Duarte, an ex–601 Commando Company officer and decorated veteran of the Falklands War, saying that it had become "fashionable" for ex-conscripts to accuse their superiors of abandonment. Since the 2009 announcement was made, no one in the military, or among the retired officers and NCOs, has been charged, causing Vassel to comment in April 2014:	524949
wiki20220301en020_106440	Battle of Goose Green	For over two years we've been waiting for a final say on behalf of the courts ... There are some types of crimes that no state should allow to go unpunished, no matter how much time has passed, such as the crimes of the dictatorship. Last year Germany sentenced a 98-year-old corporal for his role in the concentration camps in one of the Eastern European countries occupied by Nazi Germany. It didn't take into account his age or rank." References Footnotes Citations Sources Andrada, Benigno (1983). Guerra aérea en las Malvinas. Ed. Emecé. . Kenney Oak, David J. 2 Para's Battle for Darwin Hill and Goose Green. Square Press April 2006. . 1982 in the British Empire 1982 in the Falkland Islands Battles involving Argentina Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the Falklands War British Army in the Falklands War Conflicts in 1982 May 1982 events in South America Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)	Battle of Goose Green. For over two years we've been waiting for a final say on behalf of the courts ... There are some types of crimes that no state should allow to go unpunished, no matter how much time has passed, such as the crimes of the dictatorship. Last year Germany sentenced a 98-year-old corporal for his role in the concentration camps in one of the Eastern European countries occupied by Nazi Germany. It didn't take into account his age or rank." References Footnotes Citations Sources Andrada, Benigno (1983). Guerra aérea en las Malvinas. Ed. Emecé. . Kenney Oak, David J. 2 Para's Battle for Darwin Hill and Goose Green. Square Press April 2006. . 1982 in the British Empire 1982 in the Falkland Islands Battles involving Argentina Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the Falklands War British Army in the Falklands War Conflicts in 1982 May 1982 events in South America Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)	524949
wiki20220301en020_106441	James C. Fletcher	James Chipman Fletcher (June 5, 1919 – December 22, 1991) served as the 4th and 7th Administrator of NASA, first from April 27, 1971 to May 1, 1977, under President Richard M. Nixon, and again from May 12, 1986 to April 8, 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. As such, he was responsible for the early planning of the Space Shuttle program, and later for its recovery and return to flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. Prior to this, he was president of the University of Utah from 1964 to 1971. Biography	James C. Fletcher. James Chipman Fletcher (June 5, 1919 – December 22, 1991) served as the 4th and 7th Administrator of NASA, first from April 27, 1971 to May 1, 1977, under President Richard M. Nixon, and again from May 12, 1986 to April 8, 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. As such, he was responsible for the early planning of the Space Shuttle program, and later for its recovery and return to flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. Prior to this, he was president of the University of Utah from 1964 to 1971. Biography	524950
wiki20220301en020_106442	James C. Fletcher	Biography Fletcher was born in Millburn, New Jersey to Harvey Fletcher and Lorena Chipman. His father, Harvey, is known as the "Father of Stereophonic sound". Fletcher earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Columbia College of Columbia University and a PhD in physics (1948) from the California Institute of Technology. After holding research and teaching positions at Harvard and Princeton Universities, he joined Hughes Aircraft in 1948 and later worked at the Guided Missile Division of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation. In 1958, Fletcher co-founded the Space Electronics Corporation in Glendale, California, which, after a merger, became the Space General Corporation. He was later named systems vice president of the Aerojet General Corporation in Sacramento, California. In 1964, he became president of the University of Utah, a position he held until he was named NASA Administrator by President Richard M. Nixon in 1971.	James C. Fletcher. Biography Fletcher was born in Millburn, New Jersey to Harvey Fletcher and Lorena Chipman. His father, Harvey, is known as the "Father of Stereophonic sound". Fletcher earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Columbia College of Columbia University and a PhD in physics (1948) from the California Institute of Technology. After holding research and teaching positions at Harvard and Princeton Universities, he joined Hughes Aircraft in 1948 and later worked at the Guided Missile Division of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation. In 1958, Fletcher co-founded the Space Electronics Corporation in Glendale, California, which, after a merger, became the Space General Corporation. He was later named systems vice president of the Aerojet General Corporation in Sacramento, California. In 1964, he became president of the University of Utah, a position he held until he was named NASA Administrator by President Richard M. Nixon in 1971.	524950
wiki20220301en020_106443	James C. Fletcher	During his first administration at NASA, Fletcher was responsible for beginning the Space Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars. He oversaw the Skylab missions and approved the Voyager space probes and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. When he left NASA in 1977, Fletcher became an independent consultant in McLean, Virginia, and served on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. For nine years, he was active as an advisor to key national leaders involved in planning space policy. Among other activities, he served on an advisory board involved in developing the Strategic Defense Initiative.	James C. Fletcher. During his first administration at NASA, Fletcher was responsible for beginning the Space Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars. He oversaw the Skylab missions and approved the Voyager space probes and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. When he left NASA in 1977, Fletcher became an independent consultant in McLean, Virginia, and served on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. For nine years, he was active as an advisor to key national leaders involved in planning space policy. Among other activities, he served on an advisory board involved in developing the Strategic Defense Initiative.	524950
wiki20220301en020_106444	James C. Fletcher	In 1986, President Ronald Reagan selected Fletcher to administer NASA for a second time, to help the agency recover from the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. Shuttle flights went into a two-year hiatus while Fletcher ensured that NASA reinvested heavily in the program's safety and reliability, made organizational changes to improve efficiency, and restructured its management system. He oversaw a complete reworking of the components of the Shuttle to enhance its safety, including a redesign of the solid rocket boosters, and added an egress method for the astronauts. The Space Shuttle returned to flight on September 29, 1988. Fletcher also approved the Hubble Space Telescope program. He served as Administrator until April 8, 1989, into the term of Reagan's successor, President George H. W. Bush.	James C. Fletcher. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan selected Fletcher to administer NASA for a second time, to help the agency recover from the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. Shuttle flights went into a two-year hiatus while Fletcher ensured that NASA reinvested heavily in the program's safety and reliability, made organizational changes to improve efficiency, and restructured its management system. He oversaw a complete reworking of the components of the Shuttle to enhance its safety, including a redesign of the solid rocket boosters, and added an egress method for the astronauts. The Space Shuttle returned to flight on September 29, 1988. Fletcher also approved the Hubble Space Telescope program. He served as Administrator until April 8, 1989, into the term of Reagan's successor, President George H. W. Bush.	524950
wiki20220301en020_106445	James C. Fletcher	Fletcher lived in McLean, Virginia. He died from lung cancer on December 22, 1991 at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C., aged 72, and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1974, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was posthumously inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1992. References Sources Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA External links	James C. Fletcher. Fletcher lived in McLean, Virginia. He died from lung cancer on December 22, 1991 at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C., aged 72, and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1974, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was posthumously inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1992. References Sources Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA External links	524950
wiki20220301en020_106446	James C. Fletcher	References Sources Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA External links 1919 births 1991 deaths Administrators of NASA Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery California Institute of Technology alumni Carter administration personnel Columbia College (New York) alumni Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from lung cancer Ford administration personnel George H. W. Bush administration personnel Harvard University faculty Latter Day Saints from New Jersey Nixon administration personnel People from McLean, Virginia People from Millburn, New Jersey Presidents of the University of Utah Princeton University faculty Reagan administration personnel	James C. Fletcher. References Sources Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA External links 1919 births 1991 deaths Administrators of NASA Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery California Institute of Technology alumni Carter administration personnel Columbia College (New York) alumni Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Deaths from lung cancer Ford administration personnel George H. W. Bush administration personnel Harvard University faculty Latter Day Saints from New Jersey Nixon administration personnel People from McLean, Virginia People from Millburn, New Jersey Presidents of the University of Utah Princeton University faculty Reagan administration personnel	524950
wiki20220301en020_106447	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	Jóhannes úr Kötlum (born Jóhannes Bjarni Jónasson, November 4, 1899 – April 27, 1972) was an Icelandic author/poet and a member of parliament. He is one of the most loved Icelandic poets – not least for his verse for children and how beautifully his words flow in the Icelandic language making them ideal for songs. His poems have been a constant inspiration for composers, songwriters and musicians in Iceland. More than two hundred songs and compositions have been written based on his poems, some of them performed by internationally acclaimed artists such as Björk performing the song "The Christmas Cat".	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. Jóhannes úr Kötlum (born Jóhannes Bjarni Jónasson, November 4, 1899 – April 27, 1972) was an Icelandic author/poet and a member of parliament. He is one of the most loved Icelandic poets – not least for his verse for children and how beautifully his words flow in the Icelandic language making them ideal for songs. His poems have been a constant inspiration for composers, songwriters and musicians in Iceland. More than two hundred songs and compositions have been written based on his poems, some of them performed by internationally acclaimed artists such as Björk performing the song "The Christmas Cat".	524955
wiki20220301en020_106448	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	One of the salient figures of modern Icelandic poetry, Jóhannes mastered both the intricate traditional forms and the modern, but as an outspoken, idealistic and sometimes scathing critic of political institutions, he courted controversy and often drew the ire of political opponents. Jóhannes began his career as a neo-romantic poet in the 1920s, but later became a leading force among the radical poets of the depression era. After WWII he revolted against the traditional form, renewing his poetry through his originality and artistry. He was a spokesman for peace throughout his life and fought vigorously against Iceland’s occupation by foreign armies.	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. One of the salient figures of modern Icelandic poetry, Jóhannes mastered both the intricate traditional forms and the modern, but as an outspoken, idealistic and sometimes scathing critic of political institutions, he courted controversy and often drew the ire of political opponents. Jóhannes began his career as a neo-romantic poet in the 1920s, but later became a leading force among the radical poets of the depression era. After WWII he revolted against the traditional form, renewing his poetry through his originality and artistry. He was a spokesman for peace throughout his life and fought vigorously against Iceland’s occupation by foreign armies.	524955
wiki20220301en020_106449	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	Life Jóhannes was born in 1899 at Goddastaðir farmstead, near the head of Hvammsfjörður in the Dales of Northwestern Iceland. Despite poverty, Jóhannes was educated and graduated as a primary school teacher in 1921, a profession he practised for more than a decade, first in the countryside and then in Reykjavík. From then on he worked as an editor and an author, first in Reykjavík and then in 1940 when he moved to Hveragerði, a small town in the South of Iceland which became known as the Artists Colony in the 1940s. He moved back to Reykjavík in 1959 where he lived from then on.	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. Life Jóhannes was born in 1899 at Goddastaðir farmstead, near the head of Hvammsfjörður in the Dales of Northwestern Iceland. Despite poverty, Jóhannes was educated and graduated as a primary school teacher in 1921, a profession he practised for more than a decade, first in the countryside and then in Reykjavík. From then on he worked as an editor and an author, first in Reykjavík and then in 1940 when he moved to Hveragerði, a small town in the South of Iceland which became known as the Artists Colony in the 1940s. He moved back to Reykjavík in 1959 where he lived from then on.	524955
wiki20220301en020_106450	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	Works In 1932, Jóhannes úr Kötlum published his best-loved children's book: Jólin koma (Christmas is Coming – Verse for Children). One of the poems in the book, "The Yuletide-Lads," reintroduced Icelandic society to Yuletide folklore and established what is now considered the canonical thirteen Yuletide-lads or Yule Lads, their personalities and connection to other folkloric characters. Since then Christmas is Coming has been an integral part of Icelandic Christmas traditions and helped preserve age-old folklore in modern culture. A seasonal bestseller from the start, few other books have been reprinted as many times in Iceland. Awards and nominations Jóhannes received awards for his celebratory verses in the Parliament Millennium Celebrations of 1930 and the Republic of Iceland Festivities in 1944. He was awarded the Silver Horse, the Icelandic Newspapers Literature Award, in 1970. He was nominated twice for the Nordic Council Literature Prize; in 1966 and 1973. Bibliography	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. Works In 1932, Jóhannes úr Kötlum published his best-loved children's book: Jólin koma (Christmas is Coming – Verse for Children). One of the poems in the book, "The Yuletide-Lads," reintroduced Icelandic society to Yuletide folklore and established what is now considered the canonical thirteen Yuletide-lads or Yule Lads, their personalities and connection to other folkloric characters. Since then Christmas is Coming has been an integral part of Icelandic Christmas traditions and helped preserve age-old folklore in modern culture. A seasonal bestseller from the start, few other books have been reprinted as many times in Iceland. Awards and nominations Jóhannes received awards for his celebratory verses in the Parliament Millennium Celebrations of 1930 and the Republic of Iceland Festivities in 1944. He was awarded the Silver Horse, the Icelandic Newspapers Literature Award, in 1970. He was nominated twice for the Nordic Council Literature Prize; in 1966 and 1973. Bibliography	524955
wiki20220301en020_106451	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	Bibliography Poetry 1926: Bí bí og blaka 1929: Álftirnar kvaka, poems 1932: Ég læt sem ég sofi, poems 1932: Jólin koma, poems (for children) - established what is now considered the canonical thirteen Yule Lads 1933: Ömmusögur (for children) 1935: Samt mun ég vaka 1937: Hrímhvita móðir 1939: Hart er í heimi 1940: Eilífðar smáblóm 1941: Bakkabræður (for children) 1945: Sól tér sortna 1946: Ljóðið um Labbakút (for children) 1949: Ljóðasafn I-II selected poems 1952: Sóleyjarkvæði 1952: Hlið hins himneska friðar 1955: Sjödægra 1959: Vísur Ingu Dóru (for children) 1962: Óljóð 1964: Tregaslagur 1966: Mannssonurinn 1970: Ný og nið 1972-76: Ljóðasafn I-VIII, selected poems 1984: Ljóðasafn IX, selected poems 1987: Saga af Suðurnesjum (for children) 1988: Segja vil ég sögu af sveinunum þeim (for children) 2001: Jólin okkar (for children) 2010: Ljóðaúrval, selected poems	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. Bibliography Poetry 1926: Bí bí og blaka 1929: Álftirnar kvaka, poems 1932: Ég læt sem ég sofi, poems 1932: Jólin koma, poems (for children) - established what is now considered the canonical thirteen Yule Lads 1933: Ömmusögur (for children) 1935: Samt mun ég vaka 1937: Hrímhvita móðir 1939: Hart er í heimi 1940: Eilífðar smáblóm 1941: Bakkabræður (for children) 1945: Sól tér sortna 1946: Ljóðið um Labbakút (for children) 1949: Ljóðasafn I-II selected poems 1952: Sóleyjarkvæði 1952: Hlið hins himneska friðar 1955: Sjödægra 1959: Vísur Ingu Dóru (for children) 1962: Óljóð 1964: Tregaslagur 1966: Mannssonurinn 1970: Ný og nið 1972-76: Ljóðasafn I-VIII, selected poems 1984: Ljóðasafn IX, selected poems 1987: Saga af Suðurnesjum (for children) 1988: Segja vil ég sögu af sveinunum þeim (for children) 2001: Jólin okkar (for children) 2010: Ljóðaúrval, selected poems	524955
wiki20220301en020_106452	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	Novels 1934: Og björgin klofnuðu 1943: Verndarenglarnir 1949: Dauðsmannsey 1950: Siglingin mikla 1951: Frelsisálfan Stories 1938: Fuglinn segir (for children) Essays 1958: Roðasteinninn og ritfrelsið 1965: Vinaspegill Translations 1934: Kak I (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Violet Irwin 1935: Kak II (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Violet Irwin 1935: Mamma litla I (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Élise de Pressensé 1936: Mamma litla II (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Élise de Pressensé 1938: Himalajaförin (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Queling 1946: Salamöndrustríðið Karel Čapek 1946: Fimm synir Howard Fast 1948: Annarlegar tungur (various selected poets) 1955: Saga af sönnum manni Boris Nikolaevich Polevoĭ 1957: Vegurinn til lífsins I Anton Semyonovich Makarenko 1957: Vegurinn til lífsins II Anton Semyonovich Makarenko 1958: Frú Lúna í snörunni Agnar Mykle References	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. Novels 1934: Og björgin klofnuðu 1943: Verndarenglarnir 1949: Dauðsmannsey 1950: Siglingin mikla 1951: Frelsisálfan Stories 1938: Fuglinn segir (for children) Essays 1958: Roðasteinninn og ritfrelsið 1965: Vinaspegill Translations 1934: Kak I (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Violet Irwin 1935: Kak II (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Violet Irwin 1935: Mamma litla I (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Élise de Pressensé 1936: Mamma litla II (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Élise de Pressensé 1938: Himalajaförin (with Sigurður Thorlacius) Queling 1946: Salamöndrustríðið Karel Čapek 1946: Fimm synir Howard Fast 1948: Annarlegar tungur (various selected poets) 1955: Saga af sönnum manni Boris Nikolaevich Polevoĭ 1957: Vegurinn til lífsins I Anton Semyonovich Makarenko 1957: Vegurinn til lífsins II Anton Semyonovich Makarenko 1958: Frú Lúna í snörunni Agnar Mykle References	524955
wiki20220301en020_106453	Jóhannes úr Kötlum	References External links Jóhannes Bjarni Jónasson Encyclopædia Britannica entry johannes.is - Ritaskrár Kotlum, Johannes ur Kotlum, Johannes ur Icelandic poets Icelandic communists 20th-century Icelandic people Johannes ur Kotlum	Jóhannes úr Kötlum. References External links Jóhannes Bjarni Jónasson Encyclopædia Britannica entry johannes.is - Ritaskrár Kotlum, Johannes ur Kotlum, Johannes ur Icelandic poets Icelandic communists 20th-century Icelandic people Johannes ur Kotlum	524955
wiki20220301en020_106454	Amos Abbott	Amos Abbott (September 10, 1786, Andover, Massachusetts – November 2, 1868, Andover, Massachusetts) was a United States Congressman from Massachusetts. Son of Jeduthan Abbott (1749–1810) and Hannah Poor (1754–1823), he was born in Andover, Massachusetts. He Married Ester West (1796-?) on December 6, 1812. They had two children Alfred Amos Abbott, and Elizabeth Amos Abbott. He worked as a merchant, a highway surveyor, a market clerk, town clerk, town treasurer, a member of the school committee, a business executive. In 1833, he was one of the founders of the Boston & Portland railway, which later changed its name to the Boston & Maine Railroad, and served as its director from 1834 to 1841. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1835 to 1837 and in 1843. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1840 to 1842. Abbott was elected as a Whig to the United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849.	Amos Abbott. Amos Abbott (September 10, 1786, Andover, Massachusetts – November 2, 1868, Andover, Massachusetts) was a United States Congressman from Massachusetts. Son of Jeduthan Abbott (1749–1810) and Hannah Poor (1754–1823), he was born in Andover, Massachusetts. He Married Ester West (1796-?) on December 6, 1812. They had two children Alfred Amos Abbott, and Elizabeth Amos Abbott. He worked as a merchant, a highway surveyor, a market clerk, town clerk, town treasurer, a member of the school committee, a business executive. In 1833, he was one of the founders of the Boston & Portland railway, which later changed its name to the Boston & Maine Railroad, and served as its director from 1834 to 1841. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1835 to 1837 and in 1843. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1840 to 1842. Abbott was elected as a Whig to the United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849.	524957
wiki20220301en020_106455	Amos Abbott	Abbott was elected as a Whig to the United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849. Following his term in Congress, he returned to his earlier mercantile activities and served as the postmaster in Andover, where he died, aged 82. References 1786 births 1868 deaths People from Andover, Massachusetts Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts state senators 19th-century American railroad executives Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts	Amos Abbott. Abbott was elected as a Whig to the United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849. Following his term in Congress, he returned to his earlier mercantile activities and served as the postmaster in Andover, where he died, aged 82. References 1786 births 1868 deaths People from Andover, Massachusetts Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts state senators 19th-century American railroad executives Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts	524957
wiki20220301en020_106456	List of consonants	This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation. Ordered by place of articulation Labial consonants (articulated by using the lips) Bilabial consonants bilabial clicks etc. bilabial nasal (man) bilabial ejective voiced bilabial implosive voiceless bilabial plosive (spin) voiced bilabial plosive (bed) voiceless bilabial affricate voiced bilabial affricate voiceless bilabial fricative voiced bilabial fricative bilabial approximant bilabial trill bilabial percussive Labiodental consonants labiodental approximant labiodental nasal (symphony) voiced labiodental fricative (van) Voiced labiodental plosive Voiced labiodental affricate voiceless labiodental fricative (fan) voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative Voiceless labiodental plosive Voiceless labiodental affricate	List of consonants. This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation. Ordered by place of articulation Labial consonants (articulated by using the lips) Bilabial consonants bilabial clicks etc. bilabial nasal (man) bilabial ejective voiced bilabial implosive voiceless bilabial plosive (spin) voiced bilabial plosive (bed) voiceless bilabial affricate voiced bilabial affricate voiceless bilabial fricative voiced bilabial fricative bilabial approximant bilabial trill bilabial percussive Labiodental consonants labiodental approximant labiodental nasal (symphony) voiced labiodental fricative (van) Voiced labiodental plosive Voiced labiodental affricate voiceless labiodental fricative (fan) voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative Voiceless labiodental plosive Voiceless labiodental affricate	524969
wiki20220301en020_106457	List of consonants	Bidental consonants voiceless bidental fricative Coronal consonants (articulated by using the tip of the tongue) Dental consonants dental clicks etc. dental lateral clicks etc. dental ejective dental nasal voiced dental fricative (this) voiced dental implosive voiced dental plosive voiceless bidental fricative voiceless dental fricative (thing) voiceless dental plosive bidental percussive	List of consonants. Bidental consonants voiceless bidental fricative Coronal consonants (articulated by using the tip of the tongue) Dental consonants dental clicks etc. dental lateral clicks etc. dental ejective dental nasal voiced dental fricative (this) voiced dental implosive voiced dental plosive voiceless bidental fricative voiceless dental fricative (thing) voiceless dental plosive bidental percussive	524969
wiki20220301en020_106458	List of consonants	Alveolar consonants alveolar lateral clicks etc. alveolar approximant (red) alveolar ejective alveolar ejective fricative alveolar flap alveolar lateral approximant (lead) alveolar lateral flap alveolar nasal (none) alveolar trill velarized alveolar lateral approximant voiced alveolar fricative (zoo) voiced alveolar implosive voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar plosive (done) voiced alveolar affricate voiceless alveolar grooved fricative (son) voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiceless alveolar plosive (ton) voiceless alveolar affricate voiceless alveolar lateral affricate ejective alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Postalveolar consonants (post)alveolar click etc. voiced palato-alveolar affricate (jug) voiced palato-alveolar fricative (vision) voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (chip) voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (ship)	List of consonants. Alveolar consonants alveolar lateral clicks etc. alveolar approximant (red) alveolar ejective alveolar ejective fricative alveolar flap alveolar lateral approximant (lead) alveolar lateral flap alveolar nasal (none) alveolar trill velarized alveolar lateral approximant voiced alveolar fricative (zoo) voiced alveolar implosive voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar plosive (done) voiced alveolar affricate voiceless alveolar grooved fricative (son) voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiceless alveolar plosive (ton) voiceless alveolar affricate voiceless alveolar lateral affricate ejective alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Postalveolar consonants (post)alveolar click etc. voiced palato-alveolar affricate (jug) voiced palato-alveolar fricative (vision) voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (chip) voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (ship)	524969
wiki20220301en020_106459	List of consonants	Palatalized postalveolar consonants voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate Retroflex consonants retroflex clicks retroflex approximant retroflex flap retroflex lateral flap retroflex lateral approximant voiceless retroflex lateral fricative retroflex nasal voiced retroflex fricative voiced retroflex plosive voiced retroflex affricate voiceless retroflex fricative voiceless retroflex plosive voiceless retroflex affricate , Dorsal consonants (articulated with the middle of the tongue)	List of consonants. Palatalized postalveolar consonants voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate Retroflex consonants retroflex clicks retroflex approximant retroflex flap retroflex lateral flap retroflex lateral approximant voiceless retroflex lateral fricative retroflex nasal voiced retroflex fricative voiced retroflex plosive voiced retroflex affricate voiceless retroflex fricative voiceless retroflex plosive voiceless retroflex affricate , Dorsal consonants (articulated with the middle of the tongue)	524969
wiki20220301en020_106460	List of consonants	Dorsal consonants (articulated with the middle of the tongue) Palatal consonants palatal clicks etc. palatal approximant (yes) palatal ejective palatal lateral approximant voiceless palatal lateral fricative palatal nasal voiced palatal fricative voiced palatal implosive voiced palatal plosive voiceless palatal fricative (human, but not hum) voiceless palatal plosive voiceless palatal lateral affricate ejective palatal lateral affricate Labialized palatal consonants labialized palatal approximant Velar consonants velar approximant velar ejective velar lateral approximant voiceless velar lateral fricative voiced velar fricative voiced velar implosive voiced velar plosive (get) voiceless velar fricative voiceless velar plosive (kick, cat) ejective velar lateral affricate Labialized velar consonants voiced labialized velar approximant (witch) voiceless labialized velar approximant (which, in some dialects)	List of consonants. Dorsal consonants (articulated with the middle of the tongue) Palatal consonants palatal clicks etc. palatal approximant (yes) palatal ejective palatal lateral approximant voiceless palatal lateral fricative palatal nasal voiced palatal fricative voiced palatal implosive voiced palatal plosive voiceless palatal fricative (human, but not hum) voiceless palatal plosive voiceless palatal lateral affricate ejective palatal lateral affricate Labialized palatal consonants labialized palatal approximant Velar consonants velar approximant velar ejective velar lateral approximant voiceless velar lateral fricative voiced velar fricative voiced velar implosive voiced velar plosive (get) voiceless velar fricative voiceless velar plosive (kick, cat) ejective velar lateral affricate Labialized velar consonants voiced labialized velar approximant (witch) voiceless labialized velar approximant (which, in some dialects)	524969
wiki20220301en020_106461	List of consonants	Labialized velar consonants voiced labialized velar approximant (witch) voiceless labialized velar approximant (which, in some dialects) Labial–velar consonants voiceless labial–velar plosive voiced labial–velar plosive labial-velar nasal Uvular consonants uvular ejective uvular nasal uvular trill voiced uvular fricative voiced uvular implosive voiced uvular plosive voiceless uvular fricative voiceless uvular plosive Laryngeal consonants (articulated with the throat) Pharyngeal consonants pharyngeal plosive voiced pharyngeal fricative voiceless pharyngeal fricative voiced pharyngeal trill voiceless pharyngeal trill Glottal consonants murmured glottal fricative or transition (ahead) voiceless glottal fricative or transition (hat) glottal plosive Ordered by manner of articulation Pulmonic consonants	List of consonants. Labialized velar consonants voiced labialized velar approximant (witch) voiceless labialized velar approximant (which, in some dialects) Labial–velar consonants voiceless labial–velar plosive voiced labial–velar plosive labial-velar nasal Uvular consonants uvular ejective uvular nasal uvular trill voiced uvular fricative voiced uvular implosive voiced uvular plosive voiceless uvular fricative voiceless uvular plosive Laryngeal consonants (articulated with the throat) Pharyngeal consonants pharyngeal plosive voiced pharyngeal fricative voiceless pharyngeal fricative voiced pharyngeal trill voiceless pharyngeal trill Glottal consonants murmured glottal fricative or transition (ahead) voiceless glottal fricative or transition (hat) glottal plosive Ordered by manner of articulation Pulmonic consonants	524969
wiki20220301en020_106462	List of consonants	Glottal consonants murmured glottal fricative or transition (ahead) voiceless glottal fricative or transition (hat) glottal plosive Ordered by manner of articulation Pulmonic consonants Nasal (stop) consonants bilabial nasal voiceless bilabial nasal labiodental nasal dental nasal alveolar nasal voiceless alveolar nasal retroflex nasal voiceless retroflex nasal palatal nasal voiceless palatal nasal velar nasal voiceless velar nasal uvular nasal	List of consonants. Glottal consonants murmured glottal fricative or transition (ahead) voiceless glottal fricative or transition (hat) glottal plosive Ordered by manner of articulation Pulmonic consonants Nasal (stop) consonants bilabial nasal voiceless bilabial nasal labiodental nasal dental nasal alveolar nasal voiceless alveolar nasal retroflex nasal voiceless retroflex nasal palatal nasal voiceless palatal nasal velar nasal voiceless velar nasal uvular nasal	524969
wiki20220301en020_106463	List of consonants	Fricative consonants Sibilant fricatives voiceless alveolar sibilant voiced alveolar sibilant voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant voiced palato-alveolar sibilant voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant voiceless retroflex sibilant voiced retroflex sibilant Central non-sibilant fricatives voiceless bilabial fricative voiced bilabial fricative voiceless labiodental fricative voiced labiodental fricative voiceless bidental fricative voiceless dental fricative voiced dental fricative voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiceless palatal fricative voiced palatal fricative voiceless velar fricative voiced velar fricative voiceless uvular fricative voiceless pharyngeal fricative voiceless epiglottal fricative voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) Lateral fricatives voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar lateral fricative	List of consonants. Fricative consonants Sibilant fricatives voiceless alveolar sibilant voiced alveolar sibilant voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant voiced palato-alveolar sibilant voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant voiceless retroflex sibilant voiced retroflex sibilant Central non-sibilant fricatives voiceless bilabial fricative voiced bilabial fricative voiceless labiodental fricative voiced labiodental fricative voiceless bidental fricative voiceless dental fricative voiced dental fricative voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative voiceless palatal fricative voiced palatal fricative voiceless velar fricative voiced velar fricative voiceless uvular fricative voiceless pharyngeal fricative voiceless epiglottal fricative voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) Lateral fricatives voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar lateral fricative	524969
wiki20220301en020_106464	List of consonants	voiceless epiglottal fricative voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) Lateral fricatives voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiceless retroflex lateral fricative () voiceless palatal lateral fricative () voiceless velar lateral fricative () voiced velar lateral fricative both fricatives and approximants voiced uvular fricative voiced pharyngeal fricative voiced epiglottal fricative Pseudo-fricatives voiceless glottal fricative voiced glottal fricative (murmured)	List of consonants. voiceless epiglottal fricative voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) Lateral fricatives voiceless alveolar lateral fricative voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiceless retroflex lateral fricative () voiceless palatal lateral fricative () voiceless velar lateral fricative () voiced velar lateral fricative both fricatives and approximants voiced uvular fricative voiced pharyngeal fricative voiced epiglottal fricative Pseudo-fricatives voiceless glottal fricative voiced glottal fricative (murmured)	524969
wiki20220301en020_106465	List of consonants	Affricate consonants Sibilant affricates voiceless postalveolar affricate voiced postalveolar affricate voiceless alveolar affricate voiced alveolar affricate voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate voiced alveolo-palatal affricate voiceless retroflex affricate voiced retroflex affricate Fricated alveolar clicks (also voiced, nasalized, etc.) Non-sibilant affricates Voiceless bilabial affricate Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate Voiceless labiodental affricate Voiced labiodental affricate Voiceless dental affricate Voiced dental affricate Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate voiceless palatal affricate voiced palatal affricate Voiceless velar affricate Voiced velar affricate Voiceless uvular affricate Voiced uvular affricate Voiceless epiglottal affricate Lateral affricates voiceless alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Voiceless palatal lateral affricate	List of consonants. Affricate consonants Sibilant affricates voiceless postalveolar affricate voiced postalveolar affricate voiceless alveolar affricate voiced alveolar affricate voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate voiced alveolo-palatal affricate voiceless retroflex affricate voiced retroflex affricate Fricated alveolar clicks (also voiced, nasalized, etc.) Non-sibilant affricates Voiceless bilabial affricate Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate Voiceless labiodental affricate Voiced labiodental affricate Voiceless dental affricate Voiced dental affricate Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate voiceless palatal affricate voiced palatal affricate Voiceless velar affricate Voiced velar affricate Voiceless uvular affricate Voiced uvular affricate Voiceless epiglottal affricate Lateral affricates voiceless alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Voiceless palatal lateral affricate	524969
wiki20220301en020_106466	List of consonants	Voiced uvular affricate Voiceless epiglottal affricate Lateral affricates voiceless alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Voiceless palatal lateral affricate Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate Voiceless velar lateral affricate Voiced velar lateral affricate	List of consonants. Voiced uvular affricate Voiceless epiglottal affricate Lateral affricates voiceless alveolar lateral affricate voiced alveolar lateral affricate Voiceless palatal lateral affricate Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate Voiceless velar lateral affricate Voiced velar lateral affricate	524969