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Augusto Rodríguez (soldier)

Awards and decorations

Augusto Rodríguez and the members of the Union Army were awarded the Army Civil War Campaign Medal for their service in the American Civil War.

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Odo Arpin of Bourges

Introduction

Odo Arpin of Bourges (also Arpinus, Harpinus, or Harpin) ( 1060 – c. 1130) was a medieval viscount, crusader and monk. He inherited the lordship of Dun and became viscount of Bourges between 1092 and 1095 after marrying Matilda of Sully, whose sister Alice was the daughter-in-law of Stephen, Count of Blois. He may have shared the viscountcy with Matilda's father Gilo. At some point between 1097 and 1101, Odo sold his possessions in Bourges and Dun to King Philip I of France for sixty thousand shillings. This may or may not have been done to finance his crusade. He participated in the Crusade of 1101, probably with Stephen of Blois, and travelled through Constantinople, where he swore a loyalty oath to Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos.

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Odo Arpin of Bourges

Introduction

Odo was in Jaffa in 1101, Jerusalem in 1102, and fought in the Second Battle of Ramla, where he was captured. He was not executed because of his connection to Emperor Alexius, but was instead imprisoned in Ascalon and later Cairo. Alexius arranged for him to be released. On his way home, Odo visited Pope Paschal II in Rome, and at the Pope's suggestion he became a monk at Cluny, which may have been necessary because had sold all his property before the crusade. He became prior of La Charité-sur-Loire around 1107, and added the revenues of numerous other properties to the monastery, including one in Anatolia donated by Emperor Alexius.

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Odo Arpin of Bourges

Introduction

Odo's capture was incorporated into the Crusade cycle of epic poetry, in the section known as "Les Chétifs" ("the captives"). He is the only historical figure in "Les Chétifs" but he also appears in other parts of the cycle with historical crusaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon.

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Bacteriophage P2

Introduction

Bacteriophage P2, scientific name Escherichia virus P2, is a temperate phage that infects "E. coli". It is a tailed virus with a contractile sheath and is thus classified in the genus "Peduovirus" (formerly "P2likevirus"), subfamily "Peduovirinae", family "Myoviridae" within order "Caudovirales". This genus of viruses includes many P2-like phages as well as the satellite phage P4.

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Bacteriophage P2

Discovery

Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G. Bertani from the Lisbonne and Carrère strain of "E. coli" in 1951. Since that time, a large number of P2-like prophages (e.g. 186, HP1, HK239, and WΦ) have been isolated that shared characters such as host range, serological relatedness and inability to recombine with phage λ, and they seemed to be quite common in "E. coli" populations as about 30% of the strains in the "E. coli" reference collection (SABC) contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able to multiply in many strains of "E.

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Bacteriophage P2

Discovery

coli", as well as in strains of many other species including "Serratia", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", and "Yersinia" sp, which suggested that it played an important role in horizontal gene transfer in bacterial evolution.

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Bacteriophage P2

Genome and morphology

Phage P2 has a double stranded DNA genome packaged in an icosahedral capsid with a diameter of 60 nanometers that is connected to a 135 nanometer long tail. Presence of phage P4 can cause P2 to form smaller capsids. The tail ends in a baseplate which is the control hub for phage infectivity. The baseplate includes 6 tail fibers which initially bind to receptors on the bacterial cell wall and a tail spike protein that subsequently binds irreversibly to other receptors on the cell wall. The genome of bacteriophage P2 is 33,592 bp of double-stranded, linear DNA with cohesive ends (accession number AF063097).

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Bacteriophage P2

Genome and morphology

The 42 genes in the genome can be divided in three main categories: (i) genes required for lytic growth, (ii) genes involved in establishing and maintaining lysogeny (such as "int" and "C"), and (iii) the nonessential genes (including "old, tin, and Z/fun"). Furthermore, a number of open reading frames (ORFs) is found in P2 genome, which may encode functional proteins.

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Bacteriophage P2

Life cycle

Bacteriophage P2 is a temperate phage, which means that it can propagate lytically (i.e. directing the host cell to produce phage progenies and finally lysing the host when the phage progenies exit), as well as establish lysogeny (i.e. injecting and fusing its genetic material into the genome of the host without lysing the cell) and maintain as a prophage in host genome.

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Bacteriophage P2

Infection

Adsorption of the virion to the host cell is the key step in phage infection, which is essential for the following phage binding and injection of phage DNA . During the adsorption process, the tail fiber of phage P2 recognizes and binds to the core region of the lipopolysaccharide of "E. coli", and then the phage would inject its DNA into the cytoplasm.

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Bacteriophage P2

Early transcription

The gene expression of P2 is regulated over time during the lytic cycle. Early transcription, which is responsible for the expression of the genes required for the following DNA replication, is initiated immediately after infection. The early operon contains 9 genes and transcribes from the lytic promotor Pe. The first gene in the operon, designated "cox", encodes the repressor of the lysogenic promoter Pc and prevent the expression of the genes required for establishing lysogeny. Then the phage enters the lytic lifecycle and early transcription starts. Only host σ RNA polymerase is required in the early transcription process.

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Bacteriophage P2

DNA replication

Besides "cox", the early operon contains two other genes which are essential for P2 DNA replication, genes "A" and "B". Replication of P2 genome is initiated by A protein and takes place from a fixed origin ("ori") via a modified rolling-circle mechanism that generates double-stranded monomeric circles. The B protein may be required for lagging-strand synthesis, as it can interact with "E. coli DnaB" and function as a helicase loader.

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Bacteriophage P2

Activation of late transcription

Late gene transcription is initiated from four late promoters once DNA replication has started and the transcriptional activator Ogr has been expressed. The late promoters, P, P, P and P are activated by Ogr and direct the transcription of the genes responsible for lytic functions as well as encoding building blocks for phage progenies. All the four promoters have a region with a partial dyad symmetry centered around 55 bp downstream from the transcriptional initiation site. Revealed by deletion analysis and base substitutions, this dyad symmetry has been shown to be essential for promoter activity. Moreover, the late genes of P2 can also be activated by the δ proteins of satellite phages P4 and ΦR73 directly.

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Bacteriophage P2

Lysis

During the lytic cycle, similar to other double-stranded phages, bacteriophage P2 applies a holin-endolysin system to lyse the host cell. P2 have two essential lysis genes (gene K and gene Y) and two ancillary lysis genes ("lysA" and "lysB"). The product of K gene has extensive amino acid sequence similarity to that of gene R in λ phage, which exhibits endolysin function and attack the glycosidic bond. Gene Y encodes a polypeptide sharing high similarity to the holin protein family, which forms ‘holes’ in the cell membrane and provide a pathway for endolysin escape to the cell wall. The nonessential genes, "lysA" and "lysB", seem to play a role in controlling the correct timing of lysis.

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Bacteriophage P2

Prophage integration

During lysogenic cycle, P2 genome is inserted into the host chromosome and maintained as a prophage. The integration involves site-specific recombination between a bacterial attachment site ("attB") and a phage attachment site ("attP"), which generates host-phage junctions, "attL" and "attR". This reaction is controlled by a phage-encoded integrase, and leads to no gain or loss of nucleotides. Another integration host factor, IHF, is also essential in the integration process and serves as an architectural protein that binds and bends DNA. Thus, the integration mechanism of phage P2 is similar to the well-studied λ site-specific recombination system, but the phage proteins and their DNA binding sites differ.

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Bacteriophage P2

Maintenance of lysogeny

The lysogenic state of P2 is promoted and maintained by the C repressor. It is a 99-amino acids polypeptide and binds to only one operator region which regulates the expression of the early genes: "cox, B" and possibly "A". Research has shown that C repressor can both positively and negatively regulate its own Pc promoter as Pc is up regulated at low C level and down regulated at high levels. Since the C repressor is not inactivated by the SOS/RecA system of "E. coli", the P2 prophage is non-inducible by ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, even if C repressor is inactivated, the P2 prophage is unable to excise, due to lack of "int" expression.

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Bacteriophage P2

Maintenance of lysogeny

Hence, P2 has been regarded as the prototype for the non-inducible class of temperate phages. The mechanism about how P2 solve the induction-excision paradox still remains unknown.

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Bacteriophage P2

Control of lytic versus lysogenic growth

As stated before, upon infection, phage P2 can enter into either lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic/lysogenic decision upon infection depends on which promoter takes command, the lysogenic promoter Pc or the promoter Pe that controlled genes responsible for lytic cycle. Pc and Pe are located face-to-face, and they are mutually exclusive. The Pe promotor directs transcription of the Cox protein that represses the Pc promoter and thereby prevents lysogenization, and the Pc promoter directs the C repressor transcription which down regulates Pe. Thus, which promotor takes command is thought to be a consequence of the relative concentrations of the Cox protein and the C repressor.

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Bacteriophage P2

Control of lytic versus lysogenic growth

If the balance between the C repressor and Cox proteins is shifted towards C repressor after infection, then the phage will enter the lysogenic lifecycle as the Pe promoter will be turned off and vice versa.

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Bacteriophage P2

Evolution of bacteriophage P2 and other P2-like phages

Plenty of researches have shown that phage genomes are composed of both genes similar to host genes or other phage genes, and novel genes which show little similarity to any known genes. P2-like phage family are no exception. Their genomes share a lot of similarity but each of them contain unique genes, including some ones which functions remain unknown. Based on the criterion suggested by Ackermann, many phages can be taxonomically classified as P2-like as they share some characters with phage P2, but up to now, only 6 complete genomes are available (P2, 186, ΦCTX, HP1, HP2 and K139).

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Bacteriophage P2

Phylogenetic relationship of 6 sequenced P2-like phages

Revealed by whole genome comparison, only nine late genes (corresponding to genes H, L, M, N, O, P, Q, S, T in phage P2) and an integrase gene were found to be both genetically similar and present in all the 6 full sequenced genomes. Phylogenetic trees based on the amino acid sequences of the 9 late gene products are constructed separately, and they all show identical topology, which suggests that they may have the same evolutionary history. Furthermore, these 9 late genes are likely to be inherited clonally as there is no indication of major recombination events between them for any pair of phages.

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Bacteriophage P2

Phylogenetic relationship of 6 sequenced P2-like phages

However, for remaining genes besides these nine, their phylogenetic relationship is often ambiguous and hard to resolve their evolutionary history.

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Bacteriophage P2

Homologous and non-homologous recombination

Homologous recombination plays a more important role in nucleotide changes of phage P2 than mutation, which is not surprising as P2-like prophages are prevalent in "E. coli" population and genetic exchange is found to occur between host genomes. Sequencing of five late genes from 18 isolates of P2-like phages demonstrated that homologous recombination is extensive and occurs randomly at multiple breakpoints. The genetic variations in the late genes of the 18 close relatives are small, as the greatest difference in any gene was only 3.7%. For there was much more variation in synonymous rather than nonsynonymous third-codon positions, these late genes are likely to be subject to rather strong stabilizing selection.

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Bacteriophage P2

Homologous and non-homologous recombination

Besides homologous recombination between related phages, non-homologous recombination is also a key mechanism for phage evolution. The high level of similarities in the tail fiber genes of phage P2, P1, Mu, λ, K3 and T2, which belong to different families, indicates a previously unappreciated level of non-homologous recombination between unrelated phages. As host range of phage is largely determined by tail fiber, this finding suggests that under selective pressures, phages are likely to change their host range by making use of the gene pool available to them.

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Bacteriophage P2

Contribution to the evolution of its host

Capable of switching between lytic and lysogenic lifecycle is greatly beneficial for the survival of phage. In a large dense population of isogenic hosts, the lytic strategy is preferred, and phage virulence as well as host defense mechanisms will evolve in an arms race manner. On the contrary, lysogeny is favored when the host cell density is not high enough for maintenance of the phage density by repeated cycles of lytic infections. It is well known that phage P2 has the potential to mediate horizontal gene transfer upon infection of different bacteria. During this process, phage P2 can serve as a source of new genes to the hosts, which provides materials for evolution and selection.

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Bacteriophage P2

Contribution to the evolution of its host

Compared to evolution through mutation and selection, phage-mediated genetic changes can affect drastic alterations to bacterial metabolism and physiology within a short time, and they may confer fitness to their hosts. For example, Edlin et al. found that the lysogenic "E. coli" having a λ, P1, P2, or Mu prophage could grow more rapidly than a non-lysogenic counterpart under nutrient-limited condition. Furthermore, it was shown that P2 prophage may contribute to the dissemination of cytolethal distending toxins among "E. coli" O157 strains and facilitate their niche expansion among different animal hosts, which provides new insights into the pathogenesis of "E.

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Bacteriophage P2

Contribution to the evolution of its host

coli" O157.

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Bacteriophage P2

References

2. Bertani, G., "STUDIES ON LYSOGENESIS I.: The Mode of Phage Liberation by Lysogenic Escherichia coli1." Journal of Bacteriology, 1951. 62(3): p. 293.

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2006 Matavera by-election

Introduction

The 2006 Matavera by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands seat of Matavera. It took place on 19 July 2006, and was precipitated by the conviction of former Police Minister Peri Vaevae Pare for fraud. The by-election was won by Cook Islands Party candidate Kiriau Turepu. As a result, the government lost its majority, and dissolved Parliament to avoid a confidence vote, precipitating the 2006 general election.

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Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy

Introduction

The Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy is a think tank founded in 2007 to promote and develop the effectiveness of European Film Policy. It strives to generating change to ensure that filmmaking environments do not evolve into stagnant subsidy cultures. It is based at Filmbyen in Copenhagen, Denmark.

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Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy

Organisation

The president of the Think Tank is Henning Camre, previously the director of the Danish Film Institute. The other members of the Board of Directors:

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Piber Federal Stud

Introduction

The Piber Federal Stud ("Bundesgestüt Piber") is a stud farm dedicated to the breeding of Lipizzan horses, located at the village of Piber, near the town of Köflach in western Styria, Austria. It was founded in 1798, began breeding Lipizzan horses in 1920, and today is the primary breeding farm that produces the stallions used by the Spanish Riding School, where the best stallions of each generation bred at Piber are brought for training and later public performance. One of Piber’s major objectives is "to uphold a substantial part of Austria’s cultural heritage and to preserve one of the best and most beautiful horse breeds in its original form."

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Piber Federal Stud

History

Piber Castle was formerly the Abbey of St. Lambrecht. The stud was created 1798 for the purpose of breeding military horses. In 1867, it came under the governance of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Ministry for Agriculture. In 1915, at the beginning of World War I, the Lipizzan horses from the Court Stud at Lipica (today located in Slovenia) were evacuated and placed at Laxenburg and Kladrub. Following the war, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up, with Lipica becoming part of Italy. Thus, the animals were divided up between several different studs in the new postwar nations of Austria, Italy, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslovia.

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Piber Federal Stud

History

The nation of Austria kept the stallions of the Spanish Riding School and some breeding stock. By 1920, the Austrian breeding stock was consolidated at Piber. During World War II, the high command of Nazi Germany transferred most of Europe's Lipizzan breeding stock to Hostau, Czechoslovakia. The breeding stock was taken from Piber in 1942. By spring of 1945, the horses at Hostau were in danger from the advancing Soviet army, which may have slaughtered the animals for horsemeat had it captured the facility. However, the Third Army's United States Second Cavalry, a tank unit under the command of Colonel Charles Reed, had discovered the horses at Hostau, where there were also 400 Allied prisoners of war, and had occupied it on April 28, 1945.

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Piber Federal Stud

History

"Operation Cowboy," as the rescue was known, resulted in the recovery of 1,200 horses, including 375 Lipizzans, General George S. Patton learned of the raid, and arranged for the director of the Spanish Riding School, Alois Podhajsky to fly to Hostau. On May 12, American soldiers began riding, trucking and herding the horses 35 miles across the border into Kotztinz, Germany. The Lipizzans were eventually settled in temporary quarters in Wimsbach, until the breeding stock returned to Piber in 1952. Piber, and the Lipizzan breed as a whole, suffered a setback to its population when a viral epidemic hit the Piber Stud in 1983.

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Piber Federal Stud

History

Forty horses and eight percent of the expected foal crop were lost. Since then, the population at the stud has increased, with 100 mares at the stud as of 1994 and a foal crop of 56 born in 1993. In 1994, the pregnancy rate increased from 27% to 82% as the result of a new veterinary center.

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Piber Federal Stud

Today

In 2001, the Spanish Riding School and the Piber Federal Stud were spun off from government support and together became a public company. though the owner is still the federal government of Austria. In 2003, the province of Styria held an Exhibition entitled "The Mythical Horse." This resulted in extensive investments in the stud's infrastructure and allowed the stud to become a venue for holding both equestrian and cultural events. The facility has a staff of 52, and hosts approximately 60,000 visitors a year. The Piber stud and Piber castle are marketed together as tourist attractions. Visitors can watch training sessions with the horses in the riding arena, visit the stables, and take part in special programs for children.

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Piber Federal Stud

Today

There are also cultural and musical events in the castle courtyard, which has excellent acoustics. Carriage rides are available, and the baroque buildings on the ground are available for concerts, festivals and weddings.

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Piber Federal Stud

Breeding program

The Piber Federal Stud is 555 hectares in size. Approximately 250 horses are kept there, including 70 broodmares. Two stallions from the Spanish Riding School are brought to Piber each breeding season. Only stallions from the Spanish Riding School are used as breeding stallions, and all six classic stallion bloodline families are used. Approximately 40 foals per year are born at Piber. Young horses grow up in a herd and spend their first three summers on alpine pastures. Meticulous records are kept on every horse from the moment of their birth to the completion of their training. The Piber Federal Stud is the only location containing foundation bloodstock from all 15 classically recognized mare families.

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Piber Federal Stud

Breeding program

The facility includes stables for stallions, but also extensive grazing and pastures. At the age of four, selected stallions come to Vienna, while the others are sold. After several years of training in Vienna, the stallions chosen for breeding purposes come back to Piber. To avoid inbreeding, Piber works in cooperation with other Lipizzan stud farms in Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Romania, to periodically exchange breeding stock. To help support the breeding program, Piber offers an "adoption" program where individuals and corporations can sponsor an individual animal with an annual monetary donation.

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Piber Federal Stud

Future trends

The Spanish Riding School also has facilities for a summer retreat for the stallions of the school. Although it was commonly thought the stallions of the school went to Piber for the summer, only the few used in a particular breeding season are taken to Piber. The summer retreat for most stallions of the school was elsewhere. For many years, they went to the Lainzer Tiergarten, where the horses were kept in the stables of the Hermesvilla. Since 2005, the school stallions spend their summer in Heldenberg near Vienna, in Lower Austria. This current summer stable will be expanded into a new year-round facility to provide additional capacity for training more young Lipizzaner stallions in the Haute Ecole of Classical Dressage than has been possible in the past.

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Olambala

Introduction

Olambala (1906–1935) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.

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Olambala

Background

Olambala was bred in Tennessee by John G. Greener. He was sired by the British-born sire Ornus, a son of Bend Or, a two-time leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland who was imported to stand at stud in the United States. Olambala's dam was Blue and White, a daughter of the 1885 leading sire in North America, Virgil. Owned by Richard Thornton Wilson, Jr. and raced under the name of his Montpelier Stable, Olambala was conditioned for racing by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Thomas J. Healey.

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Olambala

Racing career

The colt won important races at age three including the 1909 Latonia Derby and equaled the track record at Saratoga Race Course for a mile and three quarters in winning the Saratoga Cup. As a four-year-old in 1910, won two of the three most important races in the United States open to older horses. Best at longer distances, Olambala did not run in the one mile Metropolitan Handicap but under jockey George Archibald he won both the Suburban and Brighton Handicaps. At Sheepshead Bay Race Track, Olambala equaled the world record for a mile and a quarter on dirt in winning the Commonwealth Handicap.

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Olambala

Racing career

As a result of New York's Hart–Agnew Law, in 1911 and 1912 there was no horse racing in New York State as well as most of the rest of the United States. As such, Olambala's owner sent him to race at tracks in various cities in the Province of Ontario and in the City of Montreal, Quebec in Canada.

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Olambala

Stud record

Retired from racing after the 1912 season, Olambala proved successful standing at stud at Kirklevington Farm near Lexington, Kentucky. Among his offspring were:

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2006 Teenui-Mapumai by-election

Introduction

The Teenui-Mapumai by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands electorate of Teenui–Mapumai. It took place on 8 June 2006, and was precipitated by the retirement of Upoko Simpson. The by-election was won by Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament Norman George.

wiki:848

2011 World Men's Curling Championship

Introduction

The 2011 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as Ford World Men's Curling Championship 2011 presented by Richardson for sponsorship reasons) was held in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada from April 2–10, 2011. In the final, Jeff Stoughton skipped the Canadian rink to a 6–5 victory over Scotland's Tom Brewster. The gold medal was Stoughton's second and Canada's 33rd gold medal at the world.

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2011 World Men's Curling Championship

Round robin standings

"Final round robin standings" Sweden placed third by virtue of a pre-event draw challenge used to rank teams in case round-robin results failed to provide separation.

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2011 World Men's Curling Championship

Results

"All times local (Central Standard Time)

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2010 Baton Rouge Pro Tennis Classic – Singles

Introduction

Benjamin Becker was the defending champion but chose to compete in Monte Carlo instead.Kevin Anderson won in the final 6–7(7), 7–6(7), 6–1 against Tobias Kamke.

wiki:852

Wiffi Smith

Introduction

Margaret "Wiffi" Smith (born September 28, 1936) is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour. Smith was born in Redlands, California. She moved to Mexico when she was 11 years old and learned to play golf there. She won several amateur events including the 1954 U.S. Girls' Junior and the 1956 British Ladies Amateur. She played on the 1956 Curtis Cup team. She turned professional in 1957 and joined the LPGA Tour. She won eight times on the Tour between 1957 and 1960.

wiki:853

List of PlayStation minis

Introduction

This is a list of all 290 PlayStation minis (PS minis) for the PlayStation Portable, which are games available to download from the PlayStation Store. Many of them are also compatible with the PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation Vita (PSVita) and PlayStation TV (PSTV) as indicated.

wiki:854

Chris M. Allport

Introduction

Chris M. Allport (born Christopher M. Allport; August 23, 1977) is an American symphonic composer, producer, director, television and film actor, voice actor, and singer. As a youth voice artist during the 1990s he received awards for his voice work in film and television and as a singer and actor.

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Chris M. Allport

Career

In his early career, Allport portrayed characters for Disney, Warner Brothers and Amblin Entertainment. He was the voice of Tootles the Lost Boy, in Fox Children's Network "Peter Pan and the Pirates", for which he received both a 1991 Young Artist Award nomination, and a 1992 Young Artist Award win. In Steven Spielberg's "Hook", Allport dubbed the crowing sounds for Robin Williams when William's character begins flying and realizes that he really is Peter Pan. In 1993, Allport provided additional voices for the movie "Hocus Pocus", including re-voicing the role of the black cat, Binx. Later on as an adult he played a pirate that was singing on the way to the gallows in the opening scene of "", and he also appears on the movie soundtrack in the song "Hoist the Colors".

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Chris M. Allport

Career

In 2000, Allport sang as a back-up singer to Barbra Streisand in her concert at Staples Center in Los Angeles. That same year, he also served as a talent producer for the 2000 Democratic National Convention at Staples Center, where, as an employee of the Gary Smith Company, he served as a talent producer, and working directly with Al Gore, Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter. In 2008, Allport released a duet single of David Foster's "The Prayer" with duet partner Ariana Richards.

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Chris M. Allport

Activism

Allport had been a youth representative for the Screen Actors Guild. He contributed significantly to legislation protecting the welfare, educational and financial rights of young performers and all children. In 1999 Allport testified before legislative panels in California and New York on the need for statutory protection for child actors' earnings. He did this with Paul Petersen, founder in 1990 of A Minor Consideration, a nonprofit group devoted to protecting and advancing the interests of child actors. In 2002 he was appointed by Melissa Gilbert, then President of the Screen Actors Guild, as the national chair of its Young Performers Committee, a joint committee with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, co-chaired by Paul Petersen.

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Nanette M. DeRenzi

Introduction

Nanette M. "Nan" DeRenzi is a former United States Navy officer. She served as the 42nd Judge Advocate General (JAG) of the United States Navy. She assumed that position on July 20, 2012 and held it until her retirement on June 26, 2015. Prior to that, She served as Deputy Judge Advocate General of the Navy (DJAG) from August 2009 to July 2012.

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Nanette M. DeRenzi

Early life and education

DeRenzi was born in Philadelphia and raised in Pennsauken, New Jersey. She attended Camden Catholic High School and graduated magna cum laude from Villanova University in 1983. She was commissioned through the JAG Corps Student Program and, in 1986, graduated from the Temple University School of Law. She later earned a Master of Laws degree (Environmental Law) from the George Washington University School of Law.

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Nanette M. DeRenzi

Career

DeRenzi began her career as a litigator, first as a defense counsel and later as a trial counsel (prosecution) in Newport, Rhode Island, followed by assignments in appellate defense and civil litigation in Washington, DC. DeRenzi also served as the fleet judge advocate to commander, U.S. 7th and 3rd Fleets, as well as staff judge advocate to commander, Carrier Group 7. Before her appointment to flag rank, she served as the senior staff judge advocate for commander, U.S. Southern Command; special assistant for legal and legislative matters to the secretary of the Navy; legislative counsel for environmental programs in the Navy Office of Legislative Affairs; and executive assistant to the JAG.

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Nanette M. DeRenzi

Career

In command, she served as commanding officer, Naval Legal Service Office, North Central.

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Nanette M. DeRenzi

Awards and education

DeRenzi's personal decorations include the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit (four awards), the Meritorious Service Medal (four awards) and the Navy Achievement Medal (two awards).

wiki:863

2005 Manihiki by-election

Introduction

The 2005 Manihiki by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands electorate of Manihiki. It was held on 8 February 2005, shortly after the 2004 general election, and was precipitated by an electoral petition finding the result in the seat to be a dead tie. Both parties to the petition, Prime Minister Robert Woonton and Cook Islands Party leader Henry Puna had agreed that in the event of a draw the question should be decided by the voters, and so Woonton resigned. As a result, Jim Marurai became Prime Minister. Woonton subsequently decided not to contest the election for personal reasons.

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2005 Manihiki by-election

Introduction

The election was won by Henry Puna.

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Easy Riches

Introduction

Easy Riches is a 1938 British comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring George Carney, Gus McNaughton, Marjorie Taylor and Tom Helmore.

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Easy Riches

Plot

Two rival firms of builders fight for business in a small town.

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2010 Abierto Internacional del Bicentenario Leon – Singles

Introduction

Dick Norman was the defending champion, but chose to compete in Monte Carlo instead.Santiago González won in the final 3–6, 6–1, 7–5 against Michał Przysiężny.

wiki:868

Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Introduction

The Siege of Roses (or Siege of Rosas) began on 28 November 1794 and lasted until 4 February 1795 when the Spanish garrison abandoned the port and the forces of the First French Republic took control. Dominique Catherine de Pérignon commanded the French army and Domingo Salvator Izquierdo led the Spanish defenders. The siege took place during the War of the Pyrenees which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The war ended in July 1795 and Roses was soon restored to Spain. Roses is a coastal city in northeastern Spain, located northeast of Girona, Catalonia. The French inflicted a severe defeat on the Spanish army at the Black Mountain in November 1794.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Introduction

In the aftermath, the French army quickly captured Figueras and its fortress. At the same time, they undertook a formal siege of Roses. Pérignon and his lieutenant Pierre François Sauret soon realized that an outlying fort was the key to Roses and concentrated their energy on reducing it. A month after the fort fell, the Spanish fleet evacuated the garrison by sea.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Background

On 17 November 1794, the French Army of the Eastern Pyrenees under General of Division Jacques François Dugommier attacked Lieutenant General Luis Firmin de Carvajal, Conde de la Union's Spanish army in the Battle of the Black Mountain. The French army routed their adversaries in a four-day combat in which both commanding generals were killed. General of Division Dominique Catherine de Pérignon assumed command of the French army and quickly occupied the city of Figueres. The French general bluffed Brigadier General José Andrés Valdes into surrendering the 9,000-man garrison of Sant Ferran Castle on 28 November. On the same day, General of Division Pierre François Sauret invested the port of Roses.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Forces

The defenses of Roses consisted of a Vauban-type citadel (Ciutadella de Roses) and the Castell de la Trinitat. These fortifications were ordered by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1543 and completed by 1570. The citadel had a modified pentagonal shape with five bastions and demi-lunes on all sides except the sea side. The "Castillo de la Trinidad" was a 4-pointed star-shaped work on a height. The citadel is located just west of the town while the "castillo" crowns a promontory 2.3 km south-southeast of the citadel. The 300-meter high Mont Puy-Bois dominated the "Castillo" on the northeast. Lieutenant General Domingo Salvator Izquierdo commanded the 4,800 men of the Spanish garrison.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Forces

Admiral Federico Carlos Gravina y Napoli's fleet of 13 ships of the line and 45 other vessels lay in the Bay of Roses. These ships provided gunfire and logistic support to the garrison. On 28 November the French invested Roses with 13,261 soldiers. While Sauret had immediate command over the besiegers, Pérignon remained the driving force in prosecuting the siege. Six brigades were subordinated to Sauret for the operation. The brigades were commanded by Generals of Brigade Claude Perrin Victor (2,455 infantry), Joseph Magdelaine Martin (1,747 infantry), Robert Motte (1,799 infantry), Jean-Jacques Causse (1,403 infantry), Théodore Chabert (2,118 infantry), and François Gilles Guillot (1,019 infantry and 123 cavalry).

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Forces

General of Division Jean Baptiste Beaufort de Thorigny's 2,586 infantry and 211 cavalry were in support at Castillon.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Action

On 29 November, the first battery opened fire on the fortress and the French began digging siege trenches. By 7 December, six batteries were pounding the defenses. Izquierdo launched several ineffectual sorties at the French as their siege parallels drew closer to the citadel. By this time Pérignon realized that the "Castillo de la Trinidad", whose fire caused serious damage to the besiegers, was the key position. He ordered that heavy guns be installed on Mont Puy-Bois. When the French engineers protested that it could not be done, the commanding general overrode their objections. The French soldiers, whose nickname for the "Castillo" was "le Bouton de Rose" (the Pimple), managed to haul three batteries to the summit by 25 December.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Action

The batteries on Mont Puy-Bois finally breached the walls of the "Castillo" and its garrison was taken off in boats on 1 January. From the newly captured position, the French opened fire on the citadel and the fleet. Meanwhile, the army of Lieutenant General José de Urrutia y de las Casas held a position behind the Rio Fluvià to the south of Roses, threatening to advance to its relief. By 25 January, when wintry weather compelled Sauret to suspend siege operations, Urrutia's army had grown menacingly large. Determined to take the fortress, Pérignon decided to try bluff again. He stormed the Spanish advanced positions on 1 February.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Action

The French army commander staged obvious preparations for a full-scale assault, such as the display of scaling ladders in the trenches. This finally broke the morale of the defenders. Izquierdo ordered the surviving members of the garrison to be evacuated by Gravina's squadron on the night of 3 February, leaving a 300-man rear guard behind to cover the operation. The rear guard was supposed to be taken off in small boats in the morning, but they were abandoned by the fleet and became French prisoners.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Results

The Spanish reported 113 killed, 470 wounded, and 1,160 sick during the siege. In addition, 300 soldiers fell into French hands. French losses are unknown but were claimed to be light. Annoyed that Pérignon was unable to advance beyond the Fluvià, the French government replaced him at the end of May 1795 with General of Division Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer. Urrutia defeated Schérer at the Battle of Bascara on 14 June. French losses numbered 2,500 while the Spanish army only lost 546 casualties. The Peace of Basel on 22 July 1795 officially ended the fighting. Spanish forces under Lieutenant General Gregorio García de la Cuesta won two minor actions at Puigcerdà and Bellver de Cerdanya in late July, before news of the peace reached the front.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

Results

The Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, in which Pérignon played a key role, followed on 19 August 1796. By this pact, Spain became an ally of France. A subsequent Siege of Roses happened in November and December 1808, during the Peninsular War. Previous sieges occurred in 1645 and 1693.

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Siege of Roses (1794–95)

External links

"The following reference is an excellent source for the full names of French generals."

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Kalewa Township

Introduction

Kalewa Township is a township of Kale District in Sagaing Division of Burma (Myanmar). The principal town and administrative seat is Kalewa. The Paluzawa coal mines are located in Kalewa township.

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Kalewa Township

Towns and villages

Auktawgyi, Chaungzon, Chingyaung, Gaundi, Gazet, Hintin, Hkonbyin, Hmangon, Indaing, Ingon, Inmatin, Kado, Kaing, Kaing Shwedaung, Kalewa, Kanni, Kazet, Kongyi, Kunbyo, Kyauktan, Kyaunggyigon, Kyawdaw, Kyawzin, Kyudaw Chaungzon, Kywegu, Kywegyan, Kywenan, Laungmin, Legyidaw, Letpannginaung, Manpagale, Mankaw, Masein, Matu, Mutaik, Myittha, Nammaw, Nanmawke, Naungput, Nwedan, Paga, Pagyizu, Paluzawa, Paunggyaung, Pawlaw, Sabagyi, Segyi, Shan-in, Shwedaung, Shwegyin, Shwewagaw, Sinaingma, Singaung, Sizwe, Tadichaungwa, Taya, Thanbaya, Thetkegyin, Thingan, Tunhlaw, Webon, Welon, Wetto, Yawzu, Ywatha Kyawe That

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Jo Ann Prentice

Introduction

Jo Ann Prentice (born February 9, 1933) is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour. Prentice was born in Birmingham, Alabama. She turned professional in 1956. Prentice joined the LPGA tour in 1957 and won six times between 1965 and 1974.

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Jo Ann Prentice

LPGA Tour wins (6)

"Note: Prentice won the Colgate-Dinah Shore Winner's Circle (now known as the Kraft Nabisco Championship) before it became a major championship." LPGA Tour playoff record (2–1)

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Brighton Handicap

Introduction

The Brighton Handicap was an American thoroughbred horse race run annually from 1895 through 1907 at the Brighton Beach Race Course in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, New York and in 1910 at Empire City Race Track. Open to horses age three and older, it was contested on dirt over a distance of a mile and a quarter (ten furlongs). A premier event, in the late 19th and early part of the 20th century the Brighton Handicap, along with the Suburban Handicap at Sheepshead Bay Race Track and the Metropolitan Handicap at Morris Park Racecourse, were the big three events of the Northeastern United States racing season.

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Brighton Handicap

Race notes

On three occasions, 1902, 1903 and 1904, a new world record was set by the race winner. In a review of Peter Pan's win in the 1907 race in front of 40,000 fans, the "New York Morning Telegraph" was quoted as saying the horse "accomplished a task that completely overshadowed any previous 3-year-old performance in turf history." Following passage of the Hart–Agnew anti-betting law by the Legislature of New York, Brighton Beach Race Course closed is doors permanently by the end of 1908. The Brighton Beach track had maintained the purse level for the Brighton Handicap by reducing purse money for other minor races or by eliminating them entirely.

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Brighton Handicap

Race notes

However, to survive, racetrack operators saw no choice but to drastically reduce the purse money being paid out which by 1910 saw an Empire City Race Track edition of the Brighton Handicap offer a purse which was one-quarter of what it had been.

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Brighton Handicap

Records

Speed record: Most wins: Most wins by a jockey:

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Schink

Introduction

Schink is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

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Maclean Rogers

Introduction

Maclean Rogers (13 July 1899 – 4 January 1962) was a British film director and screenwriter.

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Maclean Rogers

Selected filmography

Director Screenwriter Other

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Introduction

The two-gospel hypothesis is that the Gospel of Matthew was written before the Gospel of Luke, and that both were written earlier than the Gospel of Mark. It is a proposed solution to the synoptic problem, which concerns the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. The hypothesis, following an original proposal by Augustine of Hippo and expanded by Johann Jakob Griesbach (it was once called the Griesbach hypothesis), was introduced in its current form by William Farmer in 1964. This hypothesis is the most serious alternative to the two-source hypothesis. Its main advantages over the two-source hypothesis include the fact that it relies not just on internal evidence, that it does not require lost sources like the Q document, and that it is supported by the view of the early Church.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Introduction

Unlike the two-source hypothesis, the two-gospel hypothesis concludes that the traditional accounts of the gospels (order and date of publication, as well as authorship) are accurate. A further development of the Augustinian and Griesbach hypotheses is found in the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann, followed by F. David Farnell, that the "two Gospels" were required by the "two witnesses" rule of Deuteronomy.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Overview

The hypothesis states that Matthew was written first, while Christianity was still centered in Jerusalem, to calm the hostility between Jews and Christians. After Matthew, as the church expanded beyond the Holy Land, Luke was written as a gospel to the Gentiles. But since neither Luke (nor his patron Paul) were eyewitnesses of Jesus, Peter gave public testimonies that validated Luke's gospel. These public speeches were transcribed into Mark's gospel and distributed immediately thereafter, as recorded by the early Church father Irenaeus. Paul then allowed Luke's gospel to be published. The proposal suggests that Matthew was written by the apostle Matthew, probably in the 40s AD.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Overview

At the time, the church had yet to extend outside of Jerusalem. The primary political problem within the church community was caused by the fact that Jewish authorities were outright hostile to Jesus and his followers. Matthew wrote his account in order to show that Jesus was actually the fulfillment of what Jewish scripture had prophesied. It has been long recognized that Matthew is the most “Jewish” of the gospels. It, for example, heavily references Jewish scripture and Jewish history. When Stephen was martyred, as recorded in the Book of Acts, the disciples scattered beyond Jerusalem into Gentile (mostly Greek but also Syriac) towns.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Overview

There they began preaching, and a large number of Pagans in Antioch quickly became Christians. By the mid 50s, Paul, who converted and claimed the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles" began to realize the need for a gospel to the Gentiles. This gospel would have to deemphasize the Mosaic Law and recent Jewish history in order to appeal to Greeks and Romans. Paul commissioned his associate, Luke, who used Matthew, as well as other sources. The first verses of Luke's gospel reference the fact that “many have undertaken to draw up an account” of the testimony of the actual eyewitnesses, and, as such, he has “carefully investigated everything from the beginning” in order to “write an orderly account”.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Overview

Once the gospel had been written, Paul delayed its publication. He decided that he needed Peter's public testimony as to its accuracy, since neither Paul nor Luke had known Jesus before his death.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Internal and external evidence

Much of the evidence for the two-gospel hypothesis comes from the gospels themselves ("internal evidence"), while some of the evidence is found in the testimony of the early church ("external evidence"). The early church did not just testify as to who wrote the gospels, in what order, and when they wrote them, it also testified on the specific circumstances surrounding the creation of each gospel. For example, early church documents claim that Mark's Gospel was created after Mark made fifty copies of a series of speeches that Peter had given in Rome. The external evidence (mainly the testimony of the early church) is the main difference between the two hypotheses.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Internal and external evidence

The two-gospel hypothesis does not dismiss the views of the early church, and makes assumptions based on both the internal and external evidence. The two-source hypothesis, in contrast, is based on the internal evidence for Marcan priority.

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Two-gospel hypothesis

Contrasted with the two-source hypothesis

Approximately 25% of Matthew and 25% of Luke are identical, but are not found in Mark. This has been explained in the two-source hypothesis as coming from the hypothetical Q document, although by the two-gospel hypothesis, this material was copied by Luke from Matthew, but not testified to by Mark because Peter had not seen it. The two-source hypothesis also assumes that the information unique to Matthew (“M”) and Luke (“L”) came from unknown sources. The two-gospel hypothesis, in contrast, assumes “M” to be mostly Matthew's testimony and “L” to be the eyewitness accounts mentioned in the first verses of Luke's gospel.

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