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Red State (2011 film)

Plot

Teenagers Travis, Jarod, and Billy Ray drive to meet a woman named Sarah in response to an invitation for group sex. Along the way, they accidentally sideswipe the parked vehicle of Sheriff Wynan as Wynan is engaged in sex with another man. Wynan returns to the station and tells his deputy Pete to go and look for the vehicle that hit his. Sarah tricks the boys into drinking drugged beer, and they pass out. Jarod wakes up in a covered cage and realizes he is inside Five Points Trinity Church, a fanatically conservative church, after he identifies church leader (and Sarah's father) Abin Cooper.

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Red State (2011 film)

Plot

Cooper begins a long, hate-filled sermon. His followers ritually murder a captive gay man and drop him into a crawl space where Travis and Billy Ray are bound together. Cooper begins preparing Jarod to be murdered in the same way, but stops when he notices Pete driving up to the church. Travis and Billy Ray manage to cut themselves free, but are overheard by Sarah's husband, Caleb. Travis fails to escape his binds, so Billy Ray abandons him. Caleb chases Billy Ray into a room stocked with weapons, where the two shoot each other. Pete hears the gunshots and calls Wynan for back-up, but is shot and killed by Cooper's son Mordechai.

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Red State (2011 film)

Plot

Cooper blackmails Wynan, telling him to stay away or he will reveal Wynan's homosexuality to his wife. Wynan calls Agent Joseph Keenan of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, who begins setting up outside the church.

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Red State (2011 film)

Original ending

During various interactive Q&As for the film, Smith has stated that the original ending continued with the Rapture happening and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse descending on the scene.

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Red State (2011 film)

Production

Kevin Smith announced at the Wizard World Chicago 2006 convention that his next project would move in a different direction, and it would be a straight horror film. In April 2007, Smith revealed the title of the movie to be "Red State" and said that it was inspired by infamous pastor Fred Phelps and the Waco siege, or as Smith claimed, "very much about that subject matter, that point of view and that position taken to the absolute extreme. It is certainly not Phelps himself but it's very much inspired by a Phelps (like) figure." The first draft was finished in August 2007 with Smith wanting to film it before "Zack and Miri Make a Porno".

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Red State (2011 film)

Production

Setting it apart from the majority of his other films, Smith made it clear that "Red State" was a horror film, stating that there would be no toilet humor in the film. While speaking at a Q&A event in London on October 13, 2009, Smith stated that funding had been secured for "Red State" but that he wanted to proceed with "Hit Somebody" and delay filming "Red State" for a year. Another reason cited for the delay was that Smith held a superstition about dying after making his tenth movie, and that he did not want to leave an "unpleasant, nasty" film as his last.

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Red State (2011 film)

Production

In February 2010, he talked about his project with CINSSU, saying that he was working through the project's financial challenges; he considered obtaining funding through investments from his fans but this idea was later dropped. Film producers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, who had been involved in the distribution of all Kevin Smith films with the exception of "Mallrats" and "Cop Out", passed on supporting "Red State" with necessary funding. The budget was provided from two main private investor groups that raised the $4 million, one based in New York, one in Canada.

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Red State (2011 film)

Marketing and distribution

Throughout the months of November and December, teaser posters were released featuring characters from the movie in auctions via his Twitter account with the winning bidder hosting the poster exclusively on their website, while the money raised by the auction went to charity. Smith released a teaser trailer for the film on December 23, 2010. Although Smith had announced plans to auction off the rights to "Red State" to distributors attending his Sundance screening of the film, he revealed that was merely a ploy and Smith planned to self-distribute as a traveling roadshow beginning March 5 at Radio City Music Hall, and would tour the film across North America before releasing "Red State" directly to DVD and VOD.

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Red State (2011 film)

Auction controversy

Controversy soon erupted after Smith's speech at the film's debut screening at Sundance. Although Smith had decided to self-distribute the film, according to the film's producer Jonathan Gordon the option of self-distributing the movie was not considered at first:Hiring longtime specialty exec Dinerstein (whose film marketing consultancy also arranges self-distribution deals), bringing aboard Cinetic Media (which arranged service deals for sale titles like last year's Banksy doc "Exit Through the Gift Shop") with co-seller WME, and slapping the word "March" at the end of the teaser trailer has led many to suspect Smith has a self-distribution backup plan should an attractive offer fail to materialize.

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Red State (2011 film)

Auction controversy

But is self-distribution or a service deal even an option they're considering? "No," says Gordon. "We want to have someone who loves the movie, understands it, knows how to handle it and get the most out of it." The sudden announcement of self-distribution after initially announcing an auction provoked a backlash from the media and accusations of dishonesty, with some analysts commenting that they watched Smith "implode" and that he had "lost cred" and one prominent buyer saying, "He stole two hours and insulted every one of us ... He was a little like the twisted preacher Michael Parks played in his film.

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Red State (2011 film)

Auction controversy

It became life imitating art." Smith joked about the people who had expected to buy the film at his Sundance speech: Now, we're obviously not selling the movie, so I'm sorry to ... the distributors in the room. ... Number one: I'm not that sorry. It's a fucking film festival. Come see a movie. ... no hard feelings. Hopefully you don't mind. ... Thank you for coming. ... I will say this in my own defense ... a lot of youse work for studios ... you guys make a lot of trailers - you've lied to me many times. ...

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Red State (2011 film)

Auction controversy

I've seen many trailers where I'm like "this is awesome", and I put my money down, and I'm like "You fucking lying whores". So ladies and gentleman, as you can see we're up here alienating all our future work, just burning the bridge as we cross it, and ah, that means there's probably not going to be much studio help for me and Jon in the future. According to some writers, the internet community seemed to galvanize in response to the controversy, "...it seems Kevin Smith finally has the Internet critical community united on the same side: against him." Smith countered allegations of dishonesty by saying, "And I told the truth, in my tweet.

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Red State (2011 film)

Auction controversy

I said, 'If I get to Sundance, I intend to pick my distributor in the room, auction-style.' Auction-style—did I not do that? ... I stood up there and said that I'm gonna take my movie—I'm gonna take it out and try not to spend money doing it."

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Red State (2011 film)

Indie Film 2.0

Smith described his motivations, strategy, and thought process behind the marketing method at his Sundance appearance and on various podcast shows, Q&As, and tweets. He described the strategy as carefully planned with his business partners, including Jonathan Gordon, who had recently had an interesting experience as a short-lived executive at Universal. Smith did not take a salary for the film, noting that the plan was to pay investors back first. In his Sundance Q&A, Smith compared the Indie scene from the 1990s to the present film landscape. He described the traditional film marketing system, in which studios buy films and then spend large amounts of money marketing it (often comparable to the film cost).

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Red State (2011 film)

Indie Film 2.0

He noted that it took seven years for his film "Clerks" to become profitable due to this system (see Hollywood accounting). He also compared selling a film to giving a child away for someone else to raise it. Other telling quotes from his Sundance appearance referenced a sort of rebirth of the notion of independence in show business. "We're starting over ... true independence isn't making a film and selling it to some jackass. True independence is schlepping that shit to the people yourself. And that's what I intend to do..."

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Red State (2011 film)

Tour and screenings

The Westboro Baptist Church protested the film's release at the Sundance Film Festival because some of the elements of the film were "modeled after the founder and members of the Westboro Baptist Church." The tour went well and the experience was described in detail in many of the SModco podcasts. On one of the tour stops, two defectors from the Westboro Baptist Church appeared at the public Q&A to ask Smith questions from the audience. He invited them on stage and proceeded to interview them. The film was released to cinemas in Australia on October 13, 2011.

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Red State (2011 film)

Animated version

In 2015 filmmaker Dan Costales, who worked with Sound designer of Bobb Barito and animation work from Dennis Fries, made an animated short film based on "Red State", which was released in March 2015 in the United States.

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Red State (2011 film)

Box office

At the box office, "Red State" earned $1,104,682 in the United States. On its opening weekend, it grossed $204,230 in one theater, and it played at five theaters in its widest release. It grossed another $769,778 internationally for a total worldwide gross of $1,874,460.

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

The film received mixed reviews from critics and has a score of 60% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 91 reviews with an average rating of 6.01/10. The website's critical consensus states ""Red State" is an audacious and brash affair that ultimately fails to provide competent scares or thrills." The film also has a score of 50 out of 100 on Metacritic based on reviews from nine critics indicating "mixed or average reviews". Edward Douglas of Shock Till You Drop panned the movie saying that, "it feels like one of Smith's Twitter rants fleshed out into film with equal portions of bile sprayed at both church and state." Katey Rich of Cinema Blend reporting in her review, "Messy, overwritten, visually stylish, but kind of a bore.

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

More like Kevin Smith than it looks because nobody ever stops talking. And it's not a horror movie by any usual definition. More like teen horror movie morphs into Waco disaster. Melissa Leo overacts, Michael Parks is impressive as Fred Phelps figure but the character's meaning and purpose in the narrative (or lack thereof) is fuzzy." Jordan Hoffman in his review for UGO also panned the film, saying, "Kevin Smith, a wonderful public speaker and genuinely fun guy, has yet to master the basics of movie making." According to Drew Mcweeny of "Motion Captured", "Kevin Smith's "Red State" fails onscreen and off at its world premiere ...

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

A shoddy film and a bait-and-switch event fail to satisfy on any level." Raffi Asdourian of "The Film Stage" wrote that, "While there are glimpses of Smith's wry humor scattered throughout, "Red State" can't help but feel like a B action movie that started off with ambitious ideas but collapses under it's own preachy weight ... it's clear that the smart alec writer still has some things to learn about making a great film." Matt Goldberg of Collider.com wrote that, "Red State is a radical departure for Smith and yet he lacks the confidence to properly execute the action-horror-thriller he's devised." James Rocchi writing for indieWire wrote that, "...Smith has gotten as far as he has with his comedies because it is a writer's genre more so than it is a director's.

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

Horror is the genre of a director—pacing, feel, shots, editing—and Smith's skills are not up to the task ..." Amongst the positive reactions to the film, Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the movie, "A potent cinematic hand grenade tossed to bigots everywhere." Jeff Sneider of TheWrap.com said, "The truth is that I didn't really know what to expect from "Red State," but regardless, I still had high expectations and am pleased to report that the film lived up to them. ... it brings something new to the genre, and that something is faith." Germain Lussier of /Film also praised the film, saying, "This is a maturing, confident Smith who proves, after "Cop Out", he still has a unique voice.

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

With "Red State", that voice isn't saying anything incredibly groundbreaking, and at times it gets a tad preachy, but the director has expanded out of his comfort zone and given audiences a genuine piece of art." Director Richard Kelly also offered his take on the film and Smith while appearing on Smith's SMovieMakers podcast. He said "I have never seen a filmmaker reinvent himself the way you just have. I won't say anything else because I don't want to spoil anything. It's really really exciting ..." Smith blogged on his official film website that filmmaker Quentin Tarantino saw the film and gave him positive feedback about it; he also named it as his 8th favorite film of 2011.

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Red State (2011 film)

Critical response

Former collaborator Ben Affleck also loved the film and ended up casting Goodman, Parks and Bishé in his film "Argo".

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Red State (2011 film)

Accolades

In October 2011, "Red State" won the Best Motion Picture award at the 2011 Sitges Film Festival, while Michael Parks was named Best Actor. Parks' character, Abin Cooper, received a nomination for Villain Of The Year from the Virgin Media Movie Awards.

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Tyler Bellamy

Introduction

Tyler Bellamy (born March 17, 1988 in Hammonton, New Jersey) is former American soccer player.

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Tyler Bellamy

College and amateur

Bellamy attended St. Joseph High School, played club soccer for PSC Coppa, and played college soccer at the St. Bonaventure University, where he developed into one of the premier fullbacks in the Atlantic 10 Conference. He was selected to the University of Buffalo Fall Classic All-Tournament team as a sophomore in 2007. His junior season was cut short due to a foot injury. In 2009, Bellamy was named to the Atlantic 10 All-conference second team as well as the NSCAA Mid-Atlantic region first team. December 2009 – Named 1st Team All-Region, which placed him in the pool for All-American selection.

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Tyler Bellamy

College and amateur

Team Defensive player of the year. During his college years Bellamy also played with the Ocean City Barons in the USL Premier Development League from 2008–2009. He played in 18 games for Ocean City, including helping the team reach the third round of the 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup where they lost a close game to D.C. United of Major League Soccer, 2–0. To get to that point, they upset two professional teams, Crystal Palace Baltimore and Real Maryland Monarchs, from the USL Second Division.

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Tyler Bellamy

Professional

Undrafted out of college, Bellamy signed with Rochester Rhinos in February 2010. He made his professional debut on April 10, 2010, in Rochester's season opening game against Miami FC. Rochester re-signed Bellamy for 2012 on October 25, 2011. Bellamy played his last season with the Rochester Rhinos in 2013 and has not signed with another pro club.

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Babylon Rotana Baghdad Hotel

Introduction

The Babylon Rotana Baghdad Hotel is a 284-room hotel on the banks of the Tigris River, in the Al-Jadriya district of Baghdad, Iraq.

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Babylon Rotana Baghdad Hotel

History

The hotel's architecture is a Ziggurat, in the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels. It was designed by Slovenian architect Edvard Ravnikar and was originally intended to be built as a beach resort at Budva in Montenegro, in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When that project fell through, the plans were re-used and slightly adjusted for the new site in Baghdad. The hotel originally opened in 1982 as the Babylon Oberoi Hotel, managed by Oberoi Hotels & Resorts. The interiors were designed by Indian architect Sunita Kohli. Oberoi severed their connection with the hotel due to the 1991 Gulf War.

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Babylon Rotana Baghdad Hotel

History

On January 25, 2010 the Babylon Hotel was the site of a car bomb attack. The hotel joined the Warwick Hotels and Resorts chain in October 2014 as the Babylon Warwick Hotel. On May 29, 2015, it was hit by another deadly car bomb attack. On January 9, 2019 the hotel ended its contract with Warwick Hotels and Resorts, signed a contract with Rotana Hotels on January 20, 2019. The hotel was renamed Babylon Rotana Baghdad Hotel on February 1, 2019.

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Betsie Larkin

Introduction

Betsie Larkin is an American vocalist, songwriter and guest writer/vocalist based in San Francisco, California, United States. Her first EDM collaborations with Ferry Corsten, "Made of Love" and "Feel You", appeared on Corsten's album "Twice in a Blue Moon". Soon after its release, the single "Made of Love" made the top 40 in the Netherlands. In 2008 it was voted the fifth track overall on Armin Van Buuren's radio program A State of Trance, number one on Above and Beyond Group Therapy Radio, and reached the number one position on Corsten's Countdown's 100th episode. "Made of Love" was the second single and the first vocal track to be released from the "Twice In A Blue Moon" album.

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Betsie Larkin

Introduction

There is also an official video. Larkin joined Corsten as his tour kicked off in Malaysia and has joined him for numerous shows all over the globe. Other electronic dance music releases include "A New Day" with ATB on Kontor Records, "Stronger Creature" with Kenneth Thomas on Tetsuo Records, "Love Again" with Andy Moor, "You Belong To Me" with Bobina, and "All The Way" with Austin Leeds/Starkillers on Ultra Records, and "Play it Back" with Gabriel & Dresden on Organized Nature. In 2011 Betsie released her first solo album on Black Hole recordings . "All We Have Is Now" features collaborations with: John O'Callaghan, Ferry Corsten, Super8 & Tab, Solarstone, Lange, Bobina, Sied van Riel, Bjorn Akesson, Giuseppe Ottaviani, and Rafael Frost.

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Betsie Larkin

Introduction

Some of the remixers include Manufactured Superstars, JQA, Soulshaker, Save The Robot, and Roger Shah. The singles reached high positions on Beatport and the Music Week club charts, and were supported by top DJs worldwide. Larkin enthuses about the process:This was an ambitious project, to say the least, but so rewarding in the end. It was really fun experiencing all of the different processes for writing. With some we started from one of my older alternative rock songs. In others I would lay down a very minimal piano with a vocal and let the producer create music around the idea.

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Betsie Larkin

Introduction

I only started from a producer’s instrumental on one track, which was “The Offering” with Sied van Riel. The real fun was in sending off a rough version of something I had written, and seeing how it came back to me after a few weeks with the producer. These guys are incredible at what they do, and working with them was a blast!

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Lyle Downs

Introduction

Lyle Ernest Downs (26 July 1896 – 7 July 1921) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Downs, who also played for the Carlton Cricket Club, was a rover and played finals in his first three seasons. He played a game for Carlton with his brother Johnny in 1920. The brothers were cousins of another Carlton footballer Tommy Downs. After a training session on 7 July 1921, Downs collapsed and died in the training room of a heart attack.

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Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971

Introduction

Norway was represented by 15-year-old Hanne Krogh, with the song '"Lykken er", at the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 3 April in Dublin. "Lykken er" was chosen as the Norwegian entry at the Melodi Grand Prix on 20 February. "Lykken er" marked Norway's return to Eurovision after their first of only two absences to date since their debut, when they were one of five nations to boycott the 1970 contest in protest at the four-way tie in 1969 and the fact that they (along with Finland and Sweden) considered that the voting system of the late 1960s tended to place the Nordic countries at a disadvantage.

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Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971

Final

The MGP was held at the studios of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in Oslo, hosted by Jan Voigt. Twelve songs took part in the final, with the winner chosen by a 14-member public jury who each awarded between 1 and 5 points per song. Other participants included past and future Norwegian representatives Inger Jacobsen, Odd Børre and Anne-Karine Strøm.

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Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971

At Eurovision

On the night of the final Krogh performed last in the running order, following Finland. Lyrically, "Lykken er" (translated as "Happiness Is") was little more than a list of pleasant things and experiences which Krogh enjoyed, leading to much comment that it was an overly-obvious attempt to replicate the previous year's winner "All Kinds of Everything", with a good dash of "My Favourite Things" from "The Sound of Music" thrown in for good measure. At MGP Krogh had performed in normal teenage attire, but in Dublin she sang dressed in a Victorian gown, complete with a parasol which she opened, closed and twirled throughout the song.

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Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971

At Eurovision

At the close of voting "Lykken er" had picked up 65 points, placing Norway 17th of the 18 entries, ahead only of Malta. The poor result was largely attributed to the fact that the whole package of song, performance and presentation was much too cute, precious and twee for its own good, and was likely to have left a negative impression with the voters.

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Morrison Flight Park

Introduction

Morrison Flight Park is a private use ultralight airport in Greene County, Indiana, United States. It is located two nautical miles (4 km) southwest of the central business district of Linton, Indiana, and was previously a public use airport.

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Morrison Flight Park

Facilities and aircraft

Morrison Flight Park resides at elevation of 520 feet (158 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18U/36U with a turf surface measuring 1,225 by 70 feet (373 x 21 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2003, the airport had 420 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 35 per month. There are four ultralight aircraft based at this airport.

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Llew Summers

Introduction

Llewelyn Mark Summers (21 July 1947 – 1 August 2019) was a sculptor based in Christchurch, New Zealand, known for his distinctive sculptures of the human form.

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Llew Summers

Biography

Born in Christchurch on 21 July 1947, Summers was educated at Linwood High School from 1961 to 1963. Summers began producing public sculptures after finishing a four-year farming apprenticeship in the early 1970, and gave his first exhibition in 1971. Since then he held many one-man shows as well as exhibiting alongside other artists including: Tony Fomison, Fatu Feu’u, Michael Smither, Tom Mutch, Peter Carson, Roger Hickin, Bing Dawe, and Graham Bennett. He believed it is the role of the artist to challenge: "if it's not challenging, then, in some way, it's not new." His interest was primarily in figurative works, and was celebratory of the human form, affirming the beauty of the human body.

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Llew Summers

Biography

However, following a formative and revelatory overseas trip his use of religious symbolism developed. It was first manifest through a series of icons and shrines comprising crosses, hearts and lights. Later, it led to a preoccupation with winged forms; most often, but not exclusively, attached to bodies. These angels were an obvious melding of the human and the divine; bringing an explicitly spiritual element to his work and highlighting the important role of morality, and the spiritual dimension of human existence.

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Henning Camre

Introduction

Henning Camre (born 15 November 1938) is a Danish cinematographer and film industry administrator, currently President of the Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy. He started out as a cinematographer in the first half of the 1970s before he became the principal of first the Danish Film School and then the National Film and Television School in England before he became a Director and reformer of the Danish Film Institute.

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Henning Camre

Biography

Henning Camre was born in Randers in 1938 to manufacturer Sigfred Niels Juel Camre and wife Carna Petersen. He was educated at the University of Copenhagen and the newly founded National Film School of Denmark as a cinematographer. In the first half of the 1970s he worked with Danish directors Jørgen Leth and Henrik Stangerup. In 1971 he won a Bodil Award for his cinematography on Stangerup's "Giv Gud en chance om søndagen". He was also the cinematographer on Leth's The Perfect Human. In 1971 Camre became the leader of the cinematography line at the Danish Film School and in 1975 he became its principal, a position he held until 1992.

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Henning Camre

Biography

From 1979 to 1979 he was also chairman of the Nordic Film Council Committee. In 1992 he moved to England to be the principal and chief executive of the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. 1997 saw him returning to Denmark to lead the reorganized and expanded Danish Film Institute. In 2007 he retired from the Film Institute but became the first President of the newly founded Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy.

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Henning Camre

Filmography

Henning Camre has been a cinematographer on the following films:

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Shekar Natarajan

Introduction

Shekar Natarajan (Chandrashekar Natarajan), was born 23 July 1979 in Secunderabad, India. He formerly served as the Senior Vice President of Network Planning and Operational Design for Target Corporation, where he served for less than six months prior to resigning, in early 2017. He also serves as a panelist at international conferences and writes in the field of supply chain management.

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Shekar Natarajan

Early life

Natarajan was born in Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Natarajan received his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in India and Master’s degree in Industrial Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2003. He also holds an executive certificate from the Center of Transportation and Logistics at MIT, and an Advanced Management Degree from Harvard Business School.

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Shekar Natarajan

Executive career

Natarajan worked with Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated as the senior supply chain network manager and as a corporate development specialist for Alliance Rubber Company. He then moved on to PepsiCo in 2006, where he was the Director of Supply Chain Planning. While there he was in charge of the company's new "direct store delivery" system, a transformation for which he received the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals 2010 Supply Chain Innovation award. He next moved to Anheuser Busch to serve as the North American Senior Director of Supply Chain Planning. His approach to supply chain management has been described as, "first ...

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Shekar Natarajan

Executive career

have in place 'diametrically opposite alternative' plans ... [2nd] constantly evaluate those plans, based on changing conditions and sensitive variables ... [3rd] understand that the planning process is continuous in nature, with no defined end point ... [4th] make sure that the right people are in the right jobs." "Supply & Demand Chain Executive" also wrote of Natarajan's ideas on supply chain management that, "To bring competitive advantage to their enterprises, supply chain executives must also look to hire, train and retain creative problem-solvers, Natarajan adds. The goal is to drive "productivity of the mind" within the supply chain organization, emphasizing systematic thinking and developing problem-solving skills." Natarajan pointed out in the article that increasing supply chain efficiency is a method of adding coinciding value in other parts of the company as well.

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Shekar Natarajan

Executive career

In 2013 Natarajan partnered with Ron Hammond to research a series of best practices in the supply chain management industry. Based on that research they created a "supply chain maturity" model, used to identify a range of corporate behaviors, and places corporations into one of five categories: myopic, sluggish, aware, anticipative, and prescient. He is also a public speaker on the subject of supply chain and executive management. In September 2013 Natarajan was named Vice President of Business Process and Technology, Integrated Supply Chain Management at Disney.

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Shekar Natarajan

Board positions

Natarajan is a member of the editorial advisory board for "Material Handling & Logistics", an industry member of the board for the College Industry Council of Material Handling equipment, on the board for the Material Handling Institute of America, was the co-chairman of the Institute of High Performance Planners, is on the board of Colalife, and an advisory board member of "DC Velocity", a supply chain magazine. He is also a member of the Catastrophic Disaster Recovery Plan program headed by the White House.

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Shekar Natarajan

Awards and recognition

Natarajan won the Medallion Award from the Institute of Industrial Engineering in 2010. In 2008 the Brazilian government recognized him for his keynote delivery at Movimat 2008. In 2009 "Global Supply Chain Review" named Natarajan to its list of "Top 25 Supply Chain Executives". In 2010 he was named one of the top visionaries of the year by "Consumer Goods Technology" and a 2009 as well as 2010 "Rainmaker" by "DC Velocity". In 2010 he also received an Institute of Industrial Engineers Medallion for "outstanding contribution to the field of industrial engineering through leadership and innovation of methodology". In addition, he was "formally recognized him for the content and insights he provided for developing and managing supply chain processes" by the government of Brazil, in response to his keynote address at the 2008 Motimat conference.

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Shekar Natarajan

Awards and recognition

In 2011 Natarajan was then named a Next-generation Thought-leader by "Supply & Demand Chain Executive" and again called a thought leader in 2013 by "Logistics Insight Asia". In 2013 Natarajan was named one of the "Non-Resident Indians of the Year" in the Professional Category by Times Now television. Supply Chain Quarterly named Natarajan a "Pragmatic Futurist" in 2018.

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Shekar Natarajan

Personal life

Natarajan is married to Hima Venkata. They have been married since 2007.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Introduction

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common type of lung cancer, and like other forms of lung cancer, it is characterized by distinct cellular and molecular features. It is classified as one of several non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), to distinguish it from small cell lung cancer which has a different behavior and prognosis. Lung adenocarcinoma is further classified into several subtypes and variants. The signs and symptoms of this specific type of lung cancer are similar to other forms of lung cancer, and patients most commonly complain of persistent cough and shortness of breath. Adenocarcinoma is more common in patients with a history of cigarette smoking, and is the most common form of lung cancer in younger women and Asian populations.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Introduction

The pathophysiology of adenocarcinoma is complicated, but generally follows a histologic progression from cells found in healthy lungs to distinctly dysmorphic, or irregular cells. There are several distinct molecular and genetic pathways that contribute to this progression. Like many lung cancers, adenocarcinoma of the lung is often advanced by the time of diagnosis. Once a lesion or tumor is identified with various imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) or X-ray, a biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of this lung cancer is based upon the specific subtype and the extent of spread from the primary tumor. Surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are used in attempt to eradicate the cancerous cells based upon these factors.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Signs and symptoms

The majority of patients who are diagnosed with lung cancer usually present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Only about one third of patients have stage I disease when diagnosed. The symptoms that the patient exhibits usually reflect the extent of the cancer's spread. Lung cancers that are discovered early may cause symptoms localized to the respiratory system. However, lung cancer that is advanced will cause patients to experience additional signs and symptoms secondary to the cancer spreading to other organ systems. In order of highest frequency, the most common signs of lung cancer include: Clinicians should have a high level of suspicion for lung cancer, especially in patients with a smoking history.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Signs and symptoms

Patients with recurring or unresolving lung infections (e.g. bronchitis and pneumonia) that are unresponsive to antibiotics should also be further evaluated for lung cancer. In nonsmokers, women and East Asians are more likely to present with symptoms of an underlying lung cancer at younger ages. Importantly, many of these signs are commonly due to other causes that are not cancer. A detailed medical history should be obtained from each patient to determine the relevance of further diagnostic workup and management.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Extrapulmonary manifestations

Adenocarcinoma, like other forms of lung cancer, is usually advanced or metastatic at time of diagnosis. Patients may complain of signs or symptoms outside of the respiratory tract that represent a hematologic or metabolic complication of the malignancy without, however, resulting necessarily from obstruction or metastasis. These go under the name of paraneoplastic syndromes, which often indicate advanced disease and worse prognosis. The most common paraneoplastic syndromes associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung are described below:

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Risk factors

According to the Nurses' Health Study, the risk of pulmonary adenocarcinoma increases substantially after a long duration of tobacco smoking: smokers with a previous smoking duration of 30–40 years are more than twice as likely to develop lung adenocarcinoma compared to never-smokers (relative risk of approximately 2.4); a duration of more than 40 years increases relative risk to 5. This cancer usually is seen peripherally in the lungs, as opposed to small cell lung cancer and squamous cell lung cancer, which both tend to be more centrally located, although it may also occur as central lesions. For unknown reasons, it often arises in relation to peripheral lung scars.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Risk factors

The current theory is that the scar probably occurred secondary to the tumor, rather than causing the tumor. The adenocarcinoma has an increased incidence in smokers, and is the most common type of lung cancer seen in non-smokers and women. Deeper inhalation of cigarette smoke results in peripheral lesions that are often the case in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Generally, adenocarcinoma grows more slowly and forms smaller masses than the other subtypes. However, it tends to metastasize at an early stage.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Pathogenesis

Large scale studies such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have systematically characterized recurrent somatic alterations likely driving lung adenocarcinoma initiation and development.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Gene mutations and copy number alterations

Since smoking is a strong mutagenic factor, lung adenocarcinoma is one of the tumor types with the highest number of mutations. Common somatic mutations in lung adenocarcinoma affect many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, including TP53 (mutated in 46% of cases), EGFR (27%), KRAS (32%), KEAP1, STK11 and NF1. EGFR and KRAS mutations tend to appear in a mutually exclusive fashion. KRAS mutations are associated with smoking habits, whereas EGFR mutations occur more frequently in females, people of Asian ethnicity and never-smokers. Copy number amplifications in oncogenes such as TERT, MDM2, EGFR, MET, and MYC have been reported, as well as deletions of tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Gene mutations and copy number alterations

Frequent alterations occur in genes belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, of which EGFR is the most prominent example. This pathway is involved in cell proliferation and survival and it is often deregulated in cancer. As a consequence, targeted therapies have been developed to inhibit mutant pathway components.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Chromosomal rearrangements

Three membrane associated tyrosine kinase receptors are recurrently involved in fusions or rearrangements in adenocarcinomas: ALK, ROS1, and RET, and more than eighty other translocations have also been reported in adenocarcinomas of the lung. In ALK rearrangements, the most common partner gene is EML4. EML4-ALK fusions tend to occur in tumors that do not carry EGFR or KRAS mutations and have also a lower frequency of TP53 mutations. ALK and ROS fusions offer opportunities for targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Pathophysiology

The respiratory tract can be divided into two main components: the conducting airways and the gas exchange airways. The gas exchange airways are made of alveoli, or small microscopic air sacs, that are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during normal respiration. Alveoli are composed of two cell types, type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I pneumocytes cover 95% of alveolar surfaces, and are not able to regenerate. Type II pneumocytes are more common, making up 60% of the cells within alveolar epithelium, but constitute only 3% of the alveolar surface. There are several factors that contribute to the transformation of normal alveolar epithelium into dysplastic, or pre-cancerous, lesions.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Pathophysiology

Adenocarcinoma of the lung develops in a step-wise progression as type II pneumocytes undergo consecutive molecular changes that disrupt normal cell regulation and turnover. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is considered a pre-cancerous lesion, and is thought to further progress to adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung. The lesions of AAH are <5 mm, can be single or multiple, and have a ground glass appearance on CT imaging. As more genetic mutations and disregulation of normal cell signaling pathways accumulate, AAH can progress to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). AIS lesions are classified as small tumors <3 cm with abnormal type II pneumocyte cell growth that is limited to the alveolar spaces i.e.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Pathophysiology

without invasion into the stroma, pleura, or vasculature. This type of growth is termed "lepidic" and is characteristic of adenocarcinoma of the lung in its earliest stages.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of lung cancer may be suspected on the basis of typical symptoms, particularly in a person with smoking history. Symptoms such as coughing up blood and unintentional weight loss may prompt further investigation, such as medical imaging.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Classification

The majority of lung cancers can be characterized as either small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the three major subtypes of NSCLC, which also include squamous carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Historically, there has been much debate in the most accurate method of describing adenocarcinoma of the lung and several revisions of classification systems have been published. Most recently, the International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma was published in 2011 and represents the consensus of several organizations to more accurately describe this specific type of lung cancer. The current classification system aims to more reliably predict prognosis and determination of therapeutic management.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Classification

The tumor size, pattern of cell growth, and depth of cell invasion into normal lung tissue are considered in determining classification. The following names represent a step-wise pathologic progression in the natural course of adenocarcinoma development; Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and Invasive adenocarcinoma. Invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung includes a heterogenous mixture of subtypes and variants.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Imaging

A chest x-ray (radiograph) is often the first imaging test performed when a person presents with cough or chest pain, particularly in the primary care setting. A chest radiograph may detect a lung nodule/mass that is suggestive of cancer, although sensitivity and specificity are limited. CT imaging provides better evaluation of the lungs, with higher sensitivity and specificity for lung cancer compared to chest radiograph (although still significant false positive rate). Computed tomography (CT) that is specifically aimed at evaluating lung cancer includes the chest and the upper abdomen. This allows for evaluation of other relevant anatomic structures such as nearby lymph nodes, adrenal glands, liver, and bones which may show evidence of metastatic spread of disease.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Imaging

Indeed, the US Preventative Services Task Force recommends annual screening with low-dose CT in adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years, with certain caveats (see Lung cancer screening). Nuclear medicine imaging, such as PET/CT and bone scan, may also be helpful to diagnose and detect metastatic disease elsewhere in the body. PET/CT uses a metabolically active tracer that allows clinicians to identify areas of the body that are hypermetabolic. Increased uptake of the tracer occurs in malignant cells and areas of inflammation or infection.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Imaging

Integrating the imaging reflective of metabolic activity with normal CT imaging allows for higher sensitivity and specificity compared to PET alone.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Histopathology

If possible, a biopsy of any suspected lung tumor is performed in order to make a microscopic evaluation of the cells involved and is ultimately required to confirm diagnosis. Biopsy should be attempted in distant lesions first to establish a histologic diagnosis and to simultaneously confirm metastatic staging. The biopsy material is also used to analyze whether the tumor express any specific mutations suitable for tageted therapy (eg. EGFR mutation or ALK mutation). Biopsy can be accomplished via bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle biopsy, and video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS). While sputum cytology has been shown to have limited utility, thoracentesis, or aspiration of pleural fluid with an ultrasound-guided needle, should be performed when pleural effusion is present.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Histopathology

When malignant cells are identified in the pleural aspirate of patients highly suspect for lung cancer, a definitive diagnosis and staging (stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lung) is established. Adenocarcinoma of the lung tends to stain mucin positive as it is derived from the mucus-producing glands of the lungs. Similar to other adenocarcinoma, if this tumor is well differentiated (low grade) it will resemble the normal glandular structure. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma will not resemble the normal glands (high grade) and will be detected by seeing that they stain positive for mucin (which the glands produce). Adenocarcinoma can also be distinguished by staining for TTF-1, a cell marker for adenocarcinoma.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Treatment

The treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lung depends on several factors including stage, resectability, performance status, histology and genomic alterations acquired by the individual tumor. As in most cancer types, treatment approaches can be broadly divided into 5 categories: surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Surgery

Early stage (I, II and IIIA) lung adenocarcinomas are typically treated surgically to remove the tumor with pneumonectomy or lobectomy, if it is found to be resectable with imaging studies and biopsies and if the patient is considered able to tolerate surgery. Video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) is often adopted, which consists in the insertion of a thorascope inside a small incision made in the chest; a lobe can be removed via the scope through this small incision.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Chemotherapy

For advanced (stage IV) and unresectable lung tumors, the first-line therapy is platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, combining cisplatin or carboplatin with another cytotoxic agent. Regimens strongly depend on each patient performance status and response, and when the risk of adverse events could worsen quality of life significantly, basic supportive care is more recommended. Chemotherapy is also used as an adjuvant therapy following surgery to kill remaining cancer cells in patients with stage IIA, IIB and IIIA NSCLC.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Radiotherapy

Adenocarcinoma is a non-small cell lung carcinoma, and it is not as responsive to radiation therapy compared to small cell lung carcinoma. However, radiotherapy may be used as an adjuvant therapy for patients who have undergone a resection surgery to reduce the risk of lung cancer relapse. It may also benefit inoperable tumors that are localized to the chest and be part of palliative care to improve quality of life in patients not responding to surgery or chemotherapy.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy is available for lung adenocarcinomas with certain molecular characteristics. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed to target mutant components of the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway such as EGFR, ALK and ROS1, which show frequent alterations in lung adenocarcinomas. First-generation EGFR TKIs, including gefitinib and erlotinib, have been shown to be more effective in treating EGFR-mutated patients with respect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Second-generation inhibitors such as afatinib and dacomitinib provided a broader scope of application as they are able to target not only the protein EGFR itself but also other members of the EGFR family, such as HER2 and HER4 (also known as ERBB2 and ERBB4), and they have shown improved progression-free survival compared to gefitinib.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Targeted therapy

As the most common cause of acquired resistance to first-generation TKIs is a second EGFR mutation on codon 790, a third-generation EGFR TKI, osimertinib, has been developed to target this new mutation as well. MET amplification is another known mechanism of acquired resistance. ALK inhibitors such as crizotinib showed to be effective against tumors harboring ALK fusions. Most patients previously treated with crizotinib benefited from second-generation ALK inhibitors including ceritinib, alectinib and brigatinib. Resistance to ALK inhibitors can occur with novel acquired ALK mutations or amplifications.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Immunotherapy

Immune response can be prevented via activation of immune checkpoints, which consist in the binding of a ligand protein (e.g. PD-L1) to a receptor (e.g. PD-1) on the immune cell surface. As a consequence, cancer cells expressing PD-L1 can inactivate T cells thus fostering tumor growth. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed to restore T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by blocking either the ligand or the receptor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for NSCLC, including anti-PD-1 nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Anti-PD-1 agents are used for patients with advanced NSCLC whose tumors progress after first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy. Pembrolizumab was established as a new standard of care for patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC with high PD-L1 expression levels, and responses are even more pronounced for tumor with a high mutational burden (i.e.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Immunotherapy

having an elevated number of mutations). Therapeutic approaches combining multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors or one immune checkpoint inhibitors and a cytotoxic agent are undergoing clinical trials as of 2018. The potential role of anti-PD-1 agents as neoadjuvant therapy in resectable NSCLCs is also being investigated.

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Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Epidemiology

As for other lung cancer subtypes, lung adenocarcinoma incidence is strongly associated with smoking. Incidence of pulmonary adenocarcinoma has been increasing in many developed Western nations in the past few decades, with a share reaching 43.3% of all lung cancers in the US as of 2012, thus replacing squamous cell lung carcinoma as the most common type of lung cancer. This can be largely attributed to the decreasing smoking rates, which favors the adenocarcinoma histology. Indeed, although smoking is still its strongest risk factor, lung adenocarcinoma is by far the most common among lifelong non-smokers (<100 cigarettes in a lifetime).

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Bonaventura Aliotti

Introduction

Bonaventura Aliotti, O.F.M., (Palermo, 1640 – 1690), was an Italian Franciscan friar, organist and composer. Aliotti, also known as "Padre Palermino", worked in Palermo and like his teacher Giovanni Battista Fasolo belonged to the Franciscan Order. In 1671 he moved to Padua and then in 1674 to Ferrara as organist of the lay confraternity "Confraternita della Morte". Four of his eleven oratorios survive.

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Lester State Ultralight Flightpark

Introduction

Lester State Ultralight Flightpark was a state-owned, public-use ultralight airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) east of the central business district of Lester, a town in King County, Washington, United States. It is owned by the WSDOT Aviation Division.

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Lester State Ultralight Flightpark

Facilities

Lester State Ultralight Flightpark covered an area of at an elevation of 1,693 feet (516 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 5/23 with a turf surface measuring 400 by 100 feet (122 x 30 m). It also has one helipad designated H1 with a turf surface measuring 100 by 100 feet (30 x 30 m).

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2011 FA Cup Final

Introduction

The 2011 FA Cup Final was the 130th final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest domestic football cup competition. The final took place on 14 May 2011 at Wembley Stadium in London in front of 88,643 spectators and a British television audience of more than eight million. The clubs contesting the final were Premier League clubs Manchester City and Stoke City. The match was Stoke City's first FA Cup final, and Manchester City's ninth. As Premier League clubs, they entered the competition in the third round. Manchester City made an unconvincing start, contesting two replays against lower league opposition in the third and fourth rounds but gained momentum and kept three consecutive clean sheets en route to the final.

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2011 FA Cup Final

Introduction

Stoke City played one replay in the third round, before beating all opponents in a run which culminated in a 5–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers in the semi-final at Wembley Stadium – the biggest winning margin at Wembley since 1939. Manchester City entered the final as favourites, with Stoke City as underdogs. Manchester City began the match the brighter of the two teams with the majority of possession and a number of shots forcing saves from goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen but the first half remained goalless. Stoke improved after the half-time interval but failed to score from their only shot on target in the 62nd minute, which was saved by goalkeeper Joe Hart after a one-on-one with striker Kenwyne Jones.

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2011 FA Cup Final

Introduction

In the 74th minute, Manchester City midfielder, Yaya Touré fired a loose ball in the Stoke City penalty area past goalkeeper Sørensen to give Manchester City the lead. Stoke attempted to equalise after Manchester City's goal without success and the final finished 1–0 with Manchester City claiming their fifth FA Cup. The result gave Manchester City their first major trophy for 35 years, ending the longest trophy drought in the club's history. Stoke City manager Tony Pulis said "Manchester City were the better team and deserved to win", but expressed "disappointment" at his team's display. Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini dedicated the victory to the Manchester City supporters, declaring, "I am happy for the fans, they deserved to win this Cup.

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2011 FA Cup Final

Introduction

For a long time they didn't win."

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2011 FA Cup Final

Manchester City

As a Premier League team, Manchester City entered the competition in the third round. Their opening match was an away draw at Leicester City. Following a supporter campaign, Manchester City dedicated the match to former striker Neil Young, who was terminally ill. Young scored the winning goal when Manchester City and Leicester City met in the 1969 FA Cup Final. Manchester City fell behind after 46 seconds when Sol Bamba scored for Leicester following a corner. Manchester City took the lead by half-time through James Milner and Carlos Tevez, but Andy King equalised midway through the second half to make the score 2–2.

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2011 FA Cup Final

Manchester City

The tie was replayed at the City of Manchester Stadium the following week. Tevez gave Manchester City the lead after quarter of an hour, but the lead was brief. Four minutes later, Paul Gallagher's penalty levelled the score, after Patrick Vieira had fouled Lloyd Dyer. Before half-time, two Manchester City goals in 90 seconds shifted the momentum of the match. In the second half, Tevez missed a penalty and a goal by Dyer made the score 3–2. Leicester then pushed for an equaliser, but instead Aleksandar Kolarov scored on a counter-attack to make the final score 4–2. For the fourth round Manchester City were drawn against League One Notts County at Meadow Lane.

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2011 FA Cup Final

Manchester City

On a pitch described by the BBC as "pudding-like", lower division County threatened an upset when Neal Bishop scored from a corner in the 59th minute. However, ten minutes from time Micah Richards crossed for Edin Džeko to score his first Manchester City goal, ensuring a replay at the City of Manchester Stadium. Notts County started the rematch brightly, but faded as the game progressed. The score remained 0–0 for most of the first half, but Vieira scored either side of half-time to give Manchester City a two-goal lead. From that point, the match proved less even, and Manchester City scored three more goals for a 5–0 win.

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