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	#
	# The Python Imaging Library
	# $Id$
	#
	# drawing interface operations
	#
	# History:
	# 1996-04-13 fl Created (experimental)
	# 1996-08-07 fl Filled polygons, ellipses.
	# 1996-08-13 fl Added text support
	# 1998-06-28 fl Handle I and F images
	# 1998-12-29 fl Added arc; use arc primitive to draw ellipses
	# 1999-01-10 fl Added shape stuff (experimental)
	# 1999-02-06 fl Added bitmap support
	# 1999-02-11 fl Changed all primitives to take options
	# 1999-02-20 fl Fixed backwards compatibility
	# 2000-10-12 fl Copy on write, when necessary
	# 2001-02-18 fl Use default ink for bitmap/text also in fill mode
	# 2002-10-24 fl Added support for CSS-style color strings
	# 2002-12-10 fl Added experimental support for RGBA-on-RGB drawing
	# 2002-12-11 fl Refactored low-level drawing API (work in progress)
	# 2004-08-26 fl Made Draw() a factory function, added getdraw() support
	# 2004-09-04 fl Added width support to line primitive
	# 2004-09-10 fl Added font mode handling
	# 2006-06-19 fl Added font bearing support (getmask2)
	#
	# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB
	# Copyright (c) 1996-2006 by Fredrik Lundh
	#
	# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
	#
	from __future__ import annotations

	import math
	import struct
	from collections.abc import Sequence
	from types import ModuleType
	from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Union, cast

	from . import Image, ImageColor
	from ._deprecate import deprecate
	from ._typing import Coords

	# experimental access to the outline API
	Outline: Callable[[], Image.core._Outline] = Image.core.outline

	TYPE_CHECKING = False
	if TYPE_CHECKING:
	from . import ImageDraw2, ImageFont

	_Ink = Union[float, tuple[int, ...], str]

	"""
	A simple 2D drawing interface for PIL images.
	<p>
	Application code should use the <b>Draw</b> factory, instead of
	directly.
	"""


	class ImageDraw:
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont \| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont \| ImageFont.TransposedFont \| None
	) = None

	def __init__(self, im: Image.Image, mode: str \| None = None) -> None:
	"""
	Create a drawing instance.

	:param im: The image to draw in.
	:param mode: Optional mode to use for color values. For RGB
	images, this argument can be RGB or RGBA (to blend the
	drawing into the image). For all other modes, this argument
	must be the same as the image mode. If omitted, the mode
	defaults to the mode of the image.
	"""
	im.load()
	if im.readonly:
	im._copy() # make it writeable
	blend = 0
	if mode is None:
	mode = im.mode
	if mode != im.mode:
	if mode == "RGBA" and im.mode == "RGB":
	blend = 1
	else:
	msg = "mode mismatch"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if mode == "P":
	self.palette = im.palette
	else:
	self.palette = None
	self._image = im
	self.im = im.im
	self.draw = Image.core.draw(self.im, blend)
	self.mode = mode
	if mode in ("I", "F"):
	self.ink = self.draw.draw_ink(1)
	else:
	self.ink = self.draw.draw_ink(-1)
	if mode in ("1", "P", "I", "F"):
	# FIXME: fix Fill2 to properly support matte for I+F images
	self.fontmode = "1"
	else:
	self.fontmode = "L" # aliasing is okay for other modes
	self.fill = False

	def getfont(
	self,
	) -> ImageFont.ImageFont \| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont \| ImageFont.TransposedFont:
	"""
	Get the current default font.

	To set the default font for this ImageDraw instance::

	from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
	draw.font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")

	To set the default font for all future ImageDraw instances::

	from PIL import ImageDraw, ImageFont
	ImageDraw.ImageDraw.font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")

	If the current default font is ``None``,
	it is initialized with ``ImageFont.load_default()``.

	:returns: An image font."""
	if not self.font:
	# FIXME: should add a font repository
	from . import ImageFont

	self.font = ImageFont.load_default()
	return self.font

	def _getfont(
	self, font_size: float \| None
	) -> ImageFont.ImageFont \| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont \| ImageFont.TransposedFont:
	if font_size is not None:
	from . import ImageFont

	return ImageFont.load_default(font_size)
	else:
	return self.getfont()

	def _getink(
	self, ink: _Ink \| None, fill: _Ink \| None = None
	) -> tuple[int \| None, int \| None]:
	result_ink = None
	result_fill = None
	if ink is None and fill is None:
	if self.fill:
	result_fill = self.ink
	else:
	result_ink = self.ink
	else:
	if ink is not None:
	if isinstance(ink, str):
	ink = ImageColor.getcolor(ink, self.mode)
	if self.palette and isinstance(ink, tuple):
	ink = self.palette.getcolor(ink, self._image)
	result_ink = self.draw.draw_ink(ink)
	if fill is not None:
	if isinstance(fill, str):
	fill = ImageColor.getcolor(fill, self.mode)
	if self.palette and isinstance(fill, tuple):
	fill = self.palette.getcolor(fill, self._image)
	result_fill = self.draw.draw_ink(fill)
	return result_ink, result_fill

	def arc(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	start: float,
	end: float,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw an arc."""
	ink, fill = self._getink(fill)
	if ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_arc(xy, start, end, ink, width)

	def bitmap(
	self, xy: Sequence[int], bitmap: Image.Image, fill: _Ink \| None = None
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a bitmap."""
	bitmap.load()
	ink, fill = self._getink(fill)
	if ink is None:
	ink = fill
	if ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_bitmap(xy, bitmap.im, ink)

	def chord(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	start: float,
	end: float,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a chord."""
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_chord(xy, start, end, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	self.draw.draw_chord(xy, start, end, ink, 0, width)

	def ellipse(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw an ellipse."""
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_ellipse(xy, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	self.draw.draw_ellipse(xy, ink, 0, width)

	def circle(
	self,
	xy: Sequence[float],
	radius: float,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a circle given center coordinates and a radius."""
	ellipse_xy = (xy[0] - radius, xy[1] - radius, xy[0] + radius, xy[1] + radius)
	self.ellipse(ellipse_xy, fill, outline, width)

	def line(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 0,
	joint: str \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a line, or a connected sequence of line segments."""
	ink = self._getink(fill)[0]
	if ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_lines(xy, ink, width)
	if joint == "curve" and width > 4:
	points: Sequence[Sequence[float]]
	if isinstance(xy[0], (list, tuple)):
	points = cast(Sequence[Sequence[float]], xy)
	else:
	points = [
	cast(Sequence[float], tuple(xy[i : i + 2]))
	for i in range(0, len(xy), 2)
	]
	for i in range(1, len(points) - 1):
	point = points[i]
	angles = [
	math.degrees(math.atan2(end[0] - start[0], start[1] - end[1]))
	% 360
	for start, end in (
	(points[i - 1], point),
	(point, points[i + 1]),
	)
	]
	if angles[0] == angles[1]:
	# This is a straight line, so no joint is required
	continue

	def coord_at_angle(
	coord: Sequence[float], angle: float
	) -> tuple[float, ...]:
	x, y = coord
	angle -= 90
	distance = width / 2 - 1
	return tuple(
	p + (math.floor(p_d) if p_d > 0 else math.ceil(p_d))
	for p, p_d in (
	(x, distance * math.cos(math.radians(angle))),
	(y, distance * math.sin(math.radians(angle))),
	)
	)

	flipped = (
	angles[1] > angles[0] and angles[1] - 180 > angles[0]
	) or (angles[1] < angles[0] and angles[1] + 180 > angles[0])
	coords = [
	(point[0] - width / 2 + 1, point[1] - width / 2 + 1),
	(point[0] + width / 2 - 1, point[1] + width / 2 - 1),
	]
	if flipped:
	start, end = (angles[1] + 90, angles[0] + 90)
	else:
	start, end = (angles[0] - 90, angles[1] - 90)
	self.pieslice(coords, start - 90, end - 90, fill)

	if width > 8:
	# Cover potential gaps between the line and the joint
	if flipped:
	gap_coords = [
	coord_at_angle(point, angles[0] + 90),
	point,
	coord_at_angle(point, angles[1] + 90),
	]
	else:
	gap_coords = [
	coord_at_angle(point, angles[0] - 90),
	point,
	coord_at_angle(point, angles[1] - 90),
	]
	self.line(gap_coords, fill, width=3)

	def shape(
	self,
	shape: Image.core._Outline,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	"""(Experimental) Draw a shape."""
	shape.close()
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_outline(shape, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink:
	self.draw.draw_outline(shape, ink, 0)

	def pieslice(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	start: float,
	end: float,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a pieslice."""
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_pieslice(xy, start, end, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	self.draw.draw_pieslice(xy, start, end, ink, 0, width)

	def point(self, xy: Coords, fill: _Ink \| None = None) -> None:
	"""Draw one or more individual pixels."""
	ink, fill = self._getink(fill)
	if ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_points(xy, ink)

	def polygon(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a polygon."""
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_polygon(xy, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	if width == 1:
	self.draw.draw_polygon(xy, ink, 0, width)
	elif self.im is not None:
	# To avoid expanding the polygon outwards,
	# use the fill as a mask
	mask = Image.new("1", self.im.size)
	mask_ink = self._getink(1)[0]
	draw = Draw(mask)
	draw.draw.draw_polygon(xy, mask_ink, 1)

	self.draw.draw_polygon(xy, ink, 0, width * 2 - 1, mask.im)

	def regular_polygon(
	self,
	bounding_circle: Sequence[Sequence[float] \| float],
	n_sides: int,
	rotation: float = 0,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a regular polygon."""
	xy = _compute_regular_polygon_vertices(bounding_circle, n_sides, rotation)
	self.polygon(xy, fill, outline, width)

	def rectangle(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a rectangle."""
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)
	if fill_ink is not None:
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(xy, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(xy, ink, 0, width)

	def rounded_rectangle(
	self,
	xy: Coords,
	radius: float = 0,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	outline: _Ink \| None = None,
	width: int = 1,
	*,
	corners: tuple[bool, bool, bool, bool] \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw a rounded rectangle."""
	if isinstance(xy[0], (list, tuple)):
	(x0, y0), (x1, y1) = cast(Sequence[Sequence[float]], xy)
	else:
	x0, y0, x1, y1 = cast(Sequence[float], xy)
	if x1 < x0:
	msg = "x1 must be greater than or equal to x0"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if y1 < y0:
	msg = "y1 must be greater than or equal to y0"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if corners is None:
	corners = (True, True, True, True)

	d = radius * 2

	x0 = round(x0)
	y0 = round(y0)
	x1 = round(x1)
	y1 = round(y1)
	full_x, full_y = False, False
	if all(corners):
	full_x = d >= x1 - x0 - 1
	if full_x:
	# The two left and two right corners are joined
	d = x1 - x0
	full_y = d >= y1 - y0 - 1
	if full_y:
	# The two top and two bottom corners are joined
	d = y1 - y0
	if full_x and full_y:
	# If all corners are joined, that is a circle
	return self.ellipse(xy, fill, outline, width)

	if d == 0 or not any(corners):
	# If the corners have no curve,
	# or there are no corners,
	# that is a rectangle
	return self.rectangle(xy, fill, outline, width)

	r = int(d // 2)
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(outline, fill)

	def draw_corners(pieslice: bool) -> None:
	parts: tuple[tuple[tuple[float, float, float, float], int, int], ...]
	if full_x:
	# Draw top and bottom halves
	parts = (
	((x0, y0, x0 + d, y0 + d), 180, 360),
	((x0, y1 - d, x0 + d, y1), 0, 180),
	)
	elif full_y:
	# Draw left and right halves
	parts = (
	((x0, y0, x0 + d, y0 + d), 90, 270),
	((x1 - d, y0, x1, y0 + d), 270, 90),
	)
	else:
	# Draw four separate corners
	parts = tuple(
	part
	for i, part in enumerate(
	(
	((x0, y0, x0 + d, y0 + d), 180, 270),
	((x1 - d, y0, x1, y0 + d), 270, 360),
	((x1 - d, y1 - d, x1, y1), 0, 90),
	((x0, y1 - d, x0 + d, y1), 90, 180),
	)
	)
	if corners[i]
	)
	for part in parts:
	if pieslice:
	self.draw.draw_pieslice(*(part + (fill_ink, 1)))
	else:
	self.draw.draw_arc(*(part + (ink, width)))

	if fill_ink is not None:
	draw_corners(True)

	if full_x:
	self.draw.draw_rectangle((x0, y0 + r + 1, x1, y1 - r - 1), fill_ink, 1)
	elif x1 - r - 1 > x0 + r + 1:
	self.draw.draw_rectangle((x0 + r + 1, y0, x1 - r - 1, y1), fill_ink, 1)
	if not full_x and not full_y:
	left = [x0, y0, x0 + r, y1]
	if corners[0]:
	left[1] += r + 1
	if corners[3]:
	left[3] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(left, fill_ink, 1)

	right = [x1 - r, y0, x1, y1]
	if corners[1]:
	right[1] += r + 1
	if corners[2]:
	right[3] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(right, fill_ink, 1)
	if ink is not None and ink != fill_ink and width != 0:
	draw_corners(False)

	if not full_x:
	top = [x0, y0, x1, y0 + width - 1]
	if corners[0]:
	top[0] += r + 1
	if corners[1]:
	top[2] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(top, ink, 1)

	bottom = [x0, y1 - width + 1, x1, y1]
	if corners[3]:
	bottom[0] += r + 1
	if corners[2]:
	bottom[2] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(bottom, ink, 1)
	if not full_y:
	left = [x0, y0, x0 + width - 1, y1]
	if corners[0]:
	left[1] += r + 1
	if corners[3]:
	left[3] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(left, ink, 1)

	right = [x1 - width + 1, y0, x1, y1]
	if corners[1]:
	right[1] += r + 1
	if corners[2]:
	right[3] -= r + 1
	self.draw.draw_rectangle(right, ink, 1)

	def _multiline_check(self, text: AnyStr) -> bool:
	split_character = "\n" if isinstance(text, str) else b"\n"

	return split_character in text

	def text(
	self,
	xy: tuple[float, float],
	text: AnyStr,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	) = None,
	anchor: str \| None = None,
	spacing: float = 4,
	align: str = "left",
	direction: str \| None = None,
	features: list[str] \| None = None,
	language: str \| None = None,
	stroke_width: float = 0,
	stroke_fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	embedded_color: bool = False,
	*args: Any,
	**kwargs: Any,
	) -> None:
	"""Draw text."""
	if embedded_color and self.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
	msg = "Embedded color supported only in RGB and RGBA modes"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if font is None:
	font = self._getfont(kwargs.get("font_size"))

	if self._multiline_check(text):
	return self.multiline_text(
	xy,
	text,
	fill,
	font,
	anchor,
	spacing,
	align,
	direction,
	features,
	language,
	stroke_width,
	stroke_fill,
	embedded_color,
	)

	def getink(fill: _Ink \| None) -> int:
	ink, fill_ink = self._getink(fill)
	if ink is None:
	assert fill_ink is not None
	return fill_ink
	return ink

	def draw_text(ink: int, stroke_width: float = 0) -> None:
	mode = self.fontmode
	if stroke_width == 0 and embedded_color:
	mode = "RGBA"
	coord = []
	for i in range(2):
	coord.append(int(xy[i]))
	start = (math.modf(xy[0])[0], math.modf(xy[1])[0])
	try:
	mask, offset = font.getmask2( # type: ignore[union-attr,misc]
	text,
	mode,
	direction=direction,
	features=features,
	language=language,
	stroke_width=stroke_width,
	stroke_filled=True,
	anchor=anchor,
	ink=ink,
	start=start,
	*args,
	**kwargs,
	)
	coord = [coord[0] + offset[0], coord[1] + offset[1]]
	except AttributeError:
	try:
	mask = font.getmask( # type: ignore[misc]
	text,
	mode,
	direction,
	features,
	language,
	stroke_width,
	anchor,
	ink,
	start=start,
	*args,
	**kwargs,
	)
	except TypeError:
	mask = font.getmask(text)
	if mode == "RGBA":
	# font.getmask2(mode="RGBA") returns color in RGB bands and mask in A
	# extract mask and set text alpha
	color, mask = mask, mask.getband(3)
	ink_alpha = struct.pack("i", ink)[3]
	color.fillband(3, ink_alpha)
	x, y = coord
	if self.im is not None:
	self.im.paste(
	color, (x, y, x + mask.size[0], y + mask.size[1]), mask
	)
	else:
	self.draw.draw_bitmap(coord, mask, ink)

	ink = getink(fill)
	if ink is not None:
	stroke_ink = None
	if stroke_width:
	stroke_ink = getink(stroke_fill) if stroke_fill is not None else ink

	if stroke_ink is not None:
	# Draw stroked text
	draw_text(stroke_ink, stroke_width)

	# Draw normal text
	if ink != stroke_ink:
	draw_text(ink)
	else:
	# Only draw normal text
	draw_text(ink)

	def _prepare_multiline_text(
	self,
	xy: tuple[float, float],
	text: AnyStr,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	),
	anchor: str \| None,
	spacing: float,
	align: str,
	direction: str \| None,
	features: list[str] \| None,
	language: str \| None,
	stroke_width: float,
	embedded_color: bool,
	font_size: float \| None,
	) -> tuple[
	ImageFont.ImageFont \| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont \| ImageFont.TransposedFont,
	list[tuple[tuple[float, float], str, AnyStr]],
	]:
	if anchor is None:
	anchor = "lt" if direction == "ttb" else "la"
	elif len(anchor) != 2:
	msg = "anchor must be a 2 character string"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	elif anchor[1] in "tb" and direction != "ttb":
	msg = "anchor not supported for multiline text"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if font is None:
	font = self._getfont(font_size)

	lines = text.split("\n" if isinstance(text, str) else b"\n")
	line_spacing = (
	self.textbbox((0, 0), "A", font, stroke_width=stroke_width)[3]
	+ stroke_width
	+ spacing
	)

	top = xy[1]
	parts = []
	if direction == "ttb":
	left = xy[0]
	for line in lines:
	parts.append(((left, top), anchor, line))
	left += line_spacing
	else:
	widths = []
	max_width: float = 0
	for line in lines:
	line_width = self.textlength(
	line,
	font,
	direction=direction,
	features=features,
	language=language,
	embedded_color=embedded_color,
	)
	widths.append(line_width)
	max_width = max(max_width, line_width)

	if anchor[1] == "m":
	top -= (len(lines) - 1) * line_spacing / 2.0
	elif anchor[1] == "d":
	top -= (len(lines) - 1) * line_spacing

	for idx, line in enumerate(lines):
	left = xy[0]
	width_difference = max_width - widths[idx]

	# align by align parameter
	if align in ("left", "justify"):
	pass
	elif align == "center":
	left += width_difference / 2.0
	elif align == "right":
	left += width_difference
	else:
	msg = 'align must be "left", "center", "right" or "justify"'
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if (
	align == "justify"
	and width_difference != 0
	and idx != len(lines) - 1
	):
	words = line.split(" " if isinstance(text, str) else b" ")
	if len(words) > 1:
	# align left by anchor
	if anchor[0] == "m":
	left -= max_width / 2.0
	elif anchor[0] == "r":
	left -= max_width

	word_widths = [
	self.textlength(
	word,
	font,
	direction=direction,
	features=features,
	language=language,
	embedded_color=embedded_color,
	)
	for word in words
	]
	word_anchor = "l" + anchor[1]
	width_difference = max_width - sum(word_widths)
	for i, word in enumerate(words):
	parts.append(((left, top), word_anchor, word))
	left += word_widths[i] + width_difference / (len(words) - 1)
	top += line_spacing
	continue

	# align left by anchor
	if anchor[0] == "m":
	left -= width_difference / 2.0
	elif anchor[0] == "r":
	left -= width_difference
	parts.append(((left, top), anchor, line))
	top += line_spacing

	return font, parts

	def multiline_text(
	self,
	xy: tuple[float, float],
	text: AnyStr,
	fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	) = None,
	anchor: str \| None = None,
	spacing: float = 4,
	align: str = "left",
	direction: str \| None = None,
	features: list[str] \| None = None,
	language: str \| None = None,
	stroke_width: float = 0,
	stroke_fill: _Ink \| None = None,
	embedded_color: bool = False,
	*,
	font_size: float \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	font, lines = self._prepare_multiline_text(
	xy,
	text,
	font,
	anchor,
	spacing,
	align,
	direction,
	features,
	language,
	stroke_width,
	embedded_color,
	font_size,
	)

	for xy, anchor, line in lines:
	self.text(
	xy,
	line,
	fill,
	font,
	anchor,
	direction=direction,
	features=features,
	language=language,
	stroke_width=stroke_width,
	stroke_fill=stroke_fill,
	embedded_color=embedded_color,
	)

	def textlength(
	self,
	text: AnyStr,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	) = None,
	direction: str \| None = None,
	features: list[str] \| None = None,
	language: str \| None = None,
	embedded_color: bool = False,
	*,
	font_size: float \| None = None,
	) -> float:
	"""Get the length of a given string, in pixels with 1/64 precision."""
	if self._multiline_check(text):
	msg = "can't measure length of multiline text"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if embedded_color and self.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
	msg = "Embedded color supported only in RGB and RGBA modes"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if font is None:
	font = self._getfont(font_size)
	mode = "RGBA" if embedded_color else self.fontmode
	return font.getlength(text, mode, direction, features, language)

	def textbbox(
	self,
	xy: tuple[float, float],
	text: AnyStr,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	) = None,
	anchor: str \| None = None,
	spacing: float = 4,
	align: str = "left",
	direction: str \| None = None,
	features: list[str] \| None = None,
	language: str \| None = None,
	stroke_width: float = 0,
	embedded_color: bool = False,
	*,
	font_size: float \| None = None,
	) -> tuple[float, float, float, float]:
	"""Get the bounding box of a given string, in pixels."""
	if embedded_color and self.mode not in ("RGB", "RGBA"):
	msg = "Embedded color supported only in RGB and RGBA modes"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if font is None:
	font = self._getfont(font_size)

	if self._multiline_check(text):
	return self.multiline_textbbox(
	xy,
	text,
	font,
	anchor,
	spacing,
	align,
	direction,
	features,
	language,
	stroke_width,
	embedded_color,
	)

	mode = "RGBA" if embedded_color else self.fontmode
	bbox = font.getbbox(
	text, mode, direction, features, language, stroke_width, anchor
	)
	return bbox[0] + xy[0], bbox[1] + xy[1], bbox[2] + xy[0], bbox[3] + xy[1]

	def multiline_textbbox(
	self,
	xy: tuple[float, float],
	text: AnyStr,
	font: (
	ImageFont.ImageFont
	\| ImageFont.FreeTypeFont
	\| ImageFont.TransposedFont
	\| None
	) = None,
	anchor: str \| None = None,
	spacing: float = 4,
	align: str = "left",
	direction: str \| None = None,
	features: list[str] \| None = None,
	language: str \| None = None,
	stroke_width: float = 0,
	embedded_color: bool = False,
	*,
	font_size: float \| None = None,
	) -> tuple[float, float, float, float]:
	font, lines = self._prepare_multiline_text(
	xy,
	text,
	font,
	anchor,
	spacing,
	align,
	direction,
	features,
	language,
	stroke_width,
	embedded_color,
	font_size,
	)

	bbox: tuple[float, float, float, float] \| None = None

	for xy, anchor, line in lines:
	bbox_line = self.textbbox(
	xy,
	line,
	font,
	anchor,
	direction=direction,
	features=features,
	language=language,
	stroke_width=stroke_width,
	embedded_color=embedded_color,
	)
	if bbox is None:
	bbox = bbox_line
	else:
	bbox = (
	min(bbox[0], bbox_line[0]),
	min(bbox[1], bbox_line[1]),
	max(bbox[2], bbox_line[2]),
	max(bbox[3], bbox_line[3]),
	)

	if bbox is None:
	return xy[0], xy[1], xy[0], xy[1]
	return bbox


	def Draw(im: Image.Image, mode: str \| None = None) -> ImageDraw:
	"""
	A simple 2D drawing interface for PIL images.

	:param im: The image to draw in.
	:param mode: Optional mode to use for color values. For RGB
	images, this argument can be RGB or RGBA (to blend the
	drawing into the image). For all other modes, this argument
	must be the same as the image mode. If omitted, the mode
	defaults to the mode of the image.
	"""
	try:
	return getattr(im, "getdraw")(mode)
	except AttributeError:
	return ImageDraw(im, mode)


	def getdraw(
	im: Image.Image \| None = None, hints: list[str] \| None = None
	) -> tuple[ImageDraw2.Draw \| None, ModuleType]:
	"""
	:param im: The image to draw in.
	:param hints: An optional list of hints. Deprecated.
	:returns: A (drawing context, drawing resource factory) tuple.
	"""
	if hints is not None:
	deprecate("'hints' parameter", 12)
	from . import ImageDraw2

	draw = ImageDraw2.Draw(im) if im is not None else None
	return draw, ImageDraw2


	def floodfill(
	image: Image.Image,
	xy: tuple[int, int],
	value: float \| tuple[int, ...],
	border: float \| tuple[int, ...] \| None = None,
	thresh: float = 0,
	) -> None:
	"""
	.. warning:: This method is experimental.

	Fills a bounded region with a given color.

	:param image: Target image.
	:param xy: Seed position (a 2-item coordinate tuple). See
	:ref:`coordinate-system`.
	:param value: Fill color.
	:param border: Optional border value. If given, the region consists of
	pixels with a color different from the border color. If not given,
	the region consists of pixels having the same color as the seed
	pixel.
	:param thresh: Optional threshold value which specifies a maximum
	tolerable difference of a pixel value from the 'background' in
	order for it to be replaced. Useful for filling regions of
	non-homogeneous, but similar, colors.
	"""
	# based on an implementation by Eric S. Raymond
	# amended by yo1995 @20180806
	pixel = image.load()
	assert pixel is not None
	x, y = xy
	try:
	background = pixel[x, y]
	if _color_diff(value, background) <= thresh:
	return # seed point already has fill color
	pixel[x, y] = value
	except (ValueError, IndexError):
	return # seed point outside image
	edge = {(x, y)}
	# use a set to keep record of current and previous edge pixels
	# to reduce memory consumption
	full_edge = set()
	while edge:
	new_edge = set()
	for x, y in edge: # 4 adjacent method
	for s, t in ((x + 1, y), (x - 1, y), (x, y + 1), (x, y - 1)):
	# If already processed, or if a coordinate is negative, skip
	if (s, t) in full_edge or s < 0 or t < 0:
	continue
	try:
	p = pixel[s, t]
	except (ValueError, IndexError):
	pass
	else:
	full_edge.add((s, t))
	if border is None:
	fill = _color_diff(p, background) <= thresh
	else:
	fill = p not in (value, border)
	if fill:
	pixel[s, t] = value
	new_edge.add((s, t))
	full_edge = edge # discard pixels processed
	edge = new_edge


	def _compute_regular_polygon_vertices(
	bounding_circle: Sequence[Sequence[float] \| float], n_sides: int, rotation: float
	) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
	"""
	Generate a list of vertices for a 2D regular polygon.

	:param bounding_circle: The bounding circle is a sequence defined
	by a point and radius. The polygon is inscribed in this circle.
	(e.g. ``bounding_circle=(x, y, r)`` or ``((x, y), r)``)
	:param n_sides: Number of sides
	(e.g. ``n_sides=3`` for a triangle, ``6`` for a hexagon)
	:param rotation: Apply an arbitrary rotation to the polygon
	(e.g. ``rotation=90``, applies a 90 degree rotation)
	:return: List of regular polygon vertices
	(e.g. ``[(25, 50), (50, 50), (50, 25), (25, 25)]``)

	How are the vertices computed?
	1. Compute the following variables
	- theta: Angle between the apothem & the nearest polygon vertex
	- side_length: Length of each polygon edge
	- centroid: Center of bounding circle (1st, 2nd elements of bounding_circle)
	- polygon_radius: Polygon radius (last element of bounding_circle)
	- angles: Location of each polygon vertex in polar grid
	(e.g. A square with 0 degree rotation => [225.0, 315.0, 45.0, 135.0])

	2. For each angle in angles, get the polygon vertex at that angle
	The vertex is computed using the equation below.
	X= xcos(φ) + ysin(φ)
	Y= −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ)

	Note:
	φ = angle in degrees
	x = 0
	y = polygon_radius

	The formula above assumes rotation around the origin.
	In our case, we are rotating around the centroid.
	To account for this, we use the formula below
	X = xcos(φ) + ysin(φ) + centroid_x
	Y = −xsin(φ) + ycos(φ) + centroid_y
	"""
	# 1. Error Handling
	# 1.1 Check `n_sides` has an appropriate value
	if not isinstance(n_sides, int):
	msg = "n_sides should be an int" # type: ignore[unreachable]
	raise TypeError(msg)
	if n_sides < 3:
	msg = "n_sides should be an int > 2"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	# 1.2 Check `bounding_circle` has an appropriate value
	if not isinstance(bounding_circle, (list, tuple)):
	msg = "bounding_circle should be a sequence"
	raise TypeError(msg)

	if len(bounding_circle) == 3:
	if not all(isinstance(i, (int, float)) for i in bounding_circle):
	msg = "bounding_circle should only contain numeric data"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	*centroid, polygon_radius = cast(list[float], list(bounding_circle))
	elif len(bounding_circle) == 2 and isinstance(bounding_circle[0], (list, tuple)):
	if not all(
	isinstance(i, (int, float)) for i in bounding_circle[0]
	) or not isinstance(bounding_circle[1], (int, float)):
	msg = "bounding_circle should only contain numeric data"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if len(bounding_circle[0]) != 2:
	msg = "bounding_circle centre should contain 2D coordinates (e.g. (x, y))"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	centroid = cast(list[float], list(bounding_circle[0]))
	polygon_radius = cast(float, bounding_circle[1])
	else:
	msg = (
	"bounding_circle should contain 2D coordinates "
	"and a radius (e.g. (x, y, r) or ((x, y), r) )"
	)
	raise ValueError(msg)

	if polygon_radius <= 0:
	msg = "bounding_circle radius should be > 0"
	raise ValueError(msg)

	# 1.3 Check `rotation` has an appropriate value
	if not isinstance(rotation, (int, float)):
	msg = "rotation should be an int or float" # type: ignore[unreachable]
	raise ValueError(msg)

	# 2. Define Helper Functions
	def _apply_rotation(point: list[float], degrees: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
	return (
	round(
	point[0] * math.cos(math.radians(360 - degrees))
	- point[1] * math.sin(math.radians(360 - degrees))
	+ centroid[0],
	2,
	),
	round(
	point[1] * math.cos(math.radians(360 - degrees))
	+ point[0] * math.sin(math.radians(360 - degrees))
	+ centroid[1],
	2,
	),
	)

	def _compute_polygon_vertex(angle: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
	start_point = [polygon_radius, 0]
	return _apply_rotation(start_point, angle)

	def _get_angles(n_sides: int, rotation: float) -> list[float]:
	angles = []
	degrees = 360 / n_sides
	# Start with the bottom left polygon vertex
	current_angle = (270 - 0.5 * degrees) + rotation
	for _ in range(n_sides):
	angles.append(current_angle)
	current_angle += degrees
	if current_angle > 360:
	current_angle -= 360
	return angles

	# 3. Variable Declarations
	angles = _get_angles(n_sides, rotation)

	# 4. Compute Vertices
	return [_compute_polygon_vertex(angle) for angle in angles]


	def _color_diff(
	color1: float \| tuple[int, ...], color2: float \| tuple[int, ...]
	) -> float:
	"""
	Uses 1-norm distance to calculate difference between two values.
	"""
	first = color1 if isinstance(color1, tuple) else (color1,)
	second = color2 if isinstance(color2, tuple) else (color2,)

	return sum(abs(first[i] - second[i]) for i in range(len(second)))