Inombolo okanye iinani lee-protons kwi-nucleus lenza i-electric charge yayo. Oku ke kulungisa inani lee-electrons ukuze zibe kwimeko yazo yesiqhelo ek(ukumanyana) kwazo. Ii-electrons kwi-atomic orbitals yazo ziqinisekisa iintlobo-ntlobo zee-mpawu zekhemikhali.