ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ centres ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ Alexandria, Antioch ᎠᎴ Seleucia ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Tigris ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece, Carthage, Changan (ᎾᏊ Xi') (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ), ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome, Ꮝ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Constantinople (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Istanbul), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ Chinese, Islamic, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬn ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BCE, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. Alexandria ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Rome ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 32 CE, Alexandria ᎠᏰᎲ 180,000 ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ centres emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Baghdad, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Rome.