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Kanye_West | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, "George Bush doesn't care about black people." West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most "disgusting moments" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns. | Q1: The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?
A1: Best New Artist
Q2: Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?
A2: Hurricane Katrina
Q3: What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?
A3: Rolling Stone
Q4: In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?
A4: Best New Artist
Q5: Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?
A5: Mike Myers
Q6: What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?
A6: Rolling Stone
Q7: What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?
A7: A Concert for Hurricane Relief | Music |
Armenia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social system, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II, in response, organized state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan." | Q1: How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896
A1: 80,000 to 300,000
Q2: What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?
A2: pushing for more rights
Q3: What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?
A3: "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan."
Q4: What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?
A4: Hamidian massacres
Q5: What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?
A5: Muslim | History |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn. | Q1: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
A1: multitasking | Engineering and technology |
Hellenistic_period | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexander's death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, Antigonus I and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus which were used by surviving sources are all lost. The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis (c. 200-118), a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BCE when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BCE. | Q1: What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?
A1: Polybius
Q2: Where was Polybius from?
A2: Megalopolis
Q3: Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?
A3: Rome
Q4: What years do Polybius books cover?
A4: 220 to 167 BCE
Q5: What League was Polybius a statesman?
A5: Achaean | History |
Dog | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs. | Q1: Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?
A1: selective breeding
Q2: What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?
A2: breed
Q3: Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
A3: modern kennel clubs.
Q4: What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?
A4: natural selection and selective breeding
Q5: Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?
A5: breeds
Q6: Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?
A6: non-scientific | Natural sciences |
Diarrhea | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial. However, some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, particularly Shigella. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics. | Q1: Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?
A1: they are usually not used except in specific situations
Q2: What are the concerns with anitbiotics?
A2: may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7
Q3: What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?
A3: some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance | Natural sciences |
Asthma | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment". | Q1: Is there a universal definition of astham?
A1: there is not one universal agreed upon definition
Q2: What main components play a role in asthma?
A2: many cells and cellular elements play a role
Q3: What is the inflamation a result of?
A3: airway hyper-responsiveness
Q4: What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?
A4: episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing
Q5: What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?
A5: spontaneously or with treatment | Natural sciences |
Queen_(band) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to "Queen" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, "I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it." | Q1: Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?
A1: 1970
Q2: What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?
A2: Humpy Bong
Q3: What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?
A3: Ealing Art College
Q4: In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?
A4: 1970
Q5: What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?
A5: Freddie | Music |
Carnival | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it. Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations. | Q1: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
A1: corpus christi
Q2: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
A2: European
Q3: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
A3: 40
Q4: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
A4: Christmas
Q5: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
A5: outlet for their daily frustrations | Philosophy and religion |
Comics | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | Q1: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?
A1: specialists
Q2: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?
A2: penciller
Q3: What does an inker do?
A3: finishes the artwork in ink | Language and literature |
Education | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system. | Q1: What is another term used for Special Education Services?
A1: alternative
Q2: When were public schools become more and more developed?
A2: 19th century
Q3: What are some examples of alternative schools?
A3: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools | Philosophy and religion |
John_von_Neumann | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, unlike the earliest computers that were "programmed" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania. | Q1: What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?
A1: von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report
Q2: What was the significance of EDVAC?
A2: architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,
Q3: Where was ENIAC located?
A3: University of Pennsylvania | Mathematics |
Professional_wrestling | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy, the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience. Although the competition is staged, dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience. Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates, increased ticket sales, higher ratings on television broadcasts (which result in greater ad revenue), higher pay-per-view buyrates, and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage. All of these contribute to the profit of the promotion company. | Q1: What is the point of a match?
A1: to excite and entertain the audience
Q2: Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?
A2: Heightened interest
Q3: Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd?
A3: dramatic emphasis | Sports and recreation |
Classical_music | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament. | Q1: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
A1: equal temperament
Q2: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
A3: meantone temperament | Music |
Appalachian_Mountains | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. | Q1: What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?
A1: northern coast of Florida
Q2: When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?
A2: 1528
Q3: What did they transcribe Florida's name as?
A3: Apalchen
Q4: What was the name eventually used for?
A4: as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north | Geography and places |
Carnival | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness". | Q1: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
A1: Christian
Q2: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
A2: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia
Q3: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
A3: Dionysia
Q4: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
A4: December 17
Q5: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
A5: horribly murdered | Philosophy and religion |
Child_labour | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood. | Q1: What hinders schooling for child labourers?
A1: full-time work
Q2: What can relieve tension for children at work?
A2: Good relations with a supervisor
Q3: What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?
A3: school may impede the learning of skills | Social sciences and society |
Computer_security | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below. | Q1: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?
A1: during the manufacturing process
Q2: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?
A2: hardware-based or assisted computer security
Q3: What can hardware be a source of?
A3: insecurity
Q4: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?
A4: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) | Engineering and technology |
Buddhism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables".[dubious – discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious – discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the "Four Immeasurable Minds" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Chödrön calls them the "four limitless ones". Of the four, mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."[web 6][web 7] | Q1: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?
A1: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"
Q2: What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?
A2: one without egotism
Q3: What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?
A3: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables
Q4: What is the best known of the four immeasurables?
A4: mettā or loving-kindness meditation
Q5: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?
A5: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
Q6: Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?
A6: Kalama
Q7: Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?
A7: egotism
Q8: What are the "four Immeasurable minds"?
A8: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity
Q9: Who calls the four immeasurable minds "four limitless ones"?
A9: Pema Chödrön
Q10: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?
A10: meditation | Philosophy and religion |
Avicenna | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument: | Q1: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?
A1: the castle of Fardajan
Q2: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?
A2: "Floating Man"
Q3: What was the soul according to Avicenna?
A3: a substance
Q4: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?
A4: intellectually
Q5: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
A5: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations | Language and literature |
Pharmaceutical_industry | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s. | Q1: Who developed Amphetamine?
A1: Smith, Kline and French
Q2: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?
A2: sensations of exhilaration and palpitations
Q3: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?
A3: 1960s
Q4: What were some uses for Amphetamine?
A4: narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications
Q5: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?
A5: Gordon Alles
Q6: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?
A6: asthma
Q7: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?
A7: 1929
Q8: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?
A8: Benzedrine Inhaler
Q9: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?
A9: 1937
Q10: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?
A10: 1960s | Natural sciences |
Symbiosis | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid. | Q1: What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?
A1: the evolution of all eukaryotes
Q2: What are eukaryotes?
A2: plants, animals, fungi, and protists | Natural sciences |
Incandescent_light_bulb | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps. | Q1: Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?
A1: conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament
Q2: What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?
A2: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules
Q3: How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?
A3: Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity
Q4: Why is xenon gas not more widely used?
A4: more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps
Q5: What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?
A5: reduces filament evaporation | Engineering and technology |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. | Q1: A computer's assembly language is known as what?
A1: basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function
Q2: Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?
A2: an assembler.
Q3: Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?
A3: machine language | Engineering and technology |
Hunting | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice. | Q1: What is undisputed about early humans?
A1: were hunters
Q2: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?
A2: earlier Australopithecines
Q3: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?
A3: hunting
Q4: What became a theme of stories and myths?
A4: hunting
Q5: Hunting allowed what type of rituals?
A5: dance and animal sacrifice
Q6: What is undisputed about earlier humans?
A6: humans were hunters
Q7: What did hunting become a theme of?
A7: stories and myths
Q8: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis?
A8: hunting hypothesis | Sports and recreation |
CBC_Television | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline. | Q1: What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?
A1: August 31, 2011
Q2: How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?
A2: only about half
Q3: Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?
A3: London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000) | History |
Cork_(city) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count. | Q1: Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?
A1: local government
Q2: How many wards make up Cork?
A2: six electoral wards
Q3: What is the most well represented ward in Cork?
A3: Fianna Fáil (10 members)
Q4: Which party has the least amount of members?
A4: Workers' Party
Q5: How is a mayor chosen in Cork?
A5: vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count | History |
Gothic_architecture | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress. | Q1: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?
A1: cathedrals and great churches
Q2: Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?
A2: the landmark building
Q3: What is another name for the pointed arch?
A3: the ogival
Q4: What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
A4: the ribbed vault
Q5: What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?
A5: the buttress | Art and architecture |
Carnival | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports. | Q1: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
A1: evidence
Q2: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
A2: Saturnalia
Q3: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
A3: with their deaths
Q4: What is the gift of King Carnival?
A4: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life
Q5: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
A5: Jews | Philosophy and religion |
Hokkien | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食. | Q1: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
A1: standard designated
Q2: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?
A2: a particular morpheme
Q3: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
A3: etymological or phono-semantic
Q4: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
A4: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters | Language and literature |
Adult_contemporary_music | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts. | Q1: Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?
A1: Michael Bublé
Q2: What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?
A2: ballad heavy
Q3: Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?
A3: Carrie Underwood
Q4: What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with?
A4: country | Music |
Greece | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed] | Q1: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
A1: Aegean islands
Q2: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
A2: Cyprus and Crete
Q3: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
A3: Cyprus and Crete
Q4: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
A4: 1797
Q5: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
A5: United Kingdom | Geography and places |
Chinese_characters | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use. | Q1: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?
A1: characters
Q2: What can be difficult to represent on a computer?
A2: characters
Q3: What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?
A3: symbols | Language and literature |
Marvel_Comics | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal. | Q1: What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?
A1: Basil Wolverton
Q2: What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?
A2: "Powerhouse Pepper"
Q3: What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?
A3: Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal
Q4: What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?
A4: Miss America
Q5: The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?
A5: "big three" | Geography and places |
Oklahoma_City | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While not in Oklahoma City proper, other large employers within the MSA region include: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800). | Q1: How many universities are within the MSA region?
A1: 2
Q2: What hospital is in the MSA region
A2: Norman Regional Hospital
Q3: How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?
A3: 27,000
Q4: How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?
A4: 2,800
Q5: How many people work in University of Oklahoma?
A5: 11,900 | Geography and places |
Heian_period | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ryōmin (良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee. | Q1: What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?
A1: rice
Q2: What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?
A2: Ryōmin
Q3: Currency gradually disappeared around what year?
A3: 1000
Q4: What crop became the primary unit of exchange?
A4: rice | History |
Madonna_(entertainer) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized in May 2008. | Q1: What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?
A1: Raising Malawi initiative
Q2: When did Madonna adopt David Banda?
A2: October 2006
Q3: What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?
A3: pneumonia
Q4: What was the name of Banda's biological father?
A4: Yohane
Q5: When was the adoption finalized?
A5: May 2008 | Music |
Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon. | Q1: Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?
A1: Rare
Q2: When was Donkey Kong Country released?
A2: November 1994
Q3: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?
A3: SGI workstations
Q4: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?
A4: 6.1 million
Q5: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?
A5: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music | Video games |
Vacuum | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there". | Q1: What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?
A1: aether
Q2: Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
A2: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris
Q3: Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
A3: Henry Pickering
Q4: Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
A4: outer space
Q5: What was ether originally thought to be made of?
A5: rigid indestructible material | Natural sciences |
Madonna_(entertainer) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein. | Q1: Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?
A1: 1979
Q2: Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?
A2: Dan Gilroy
Q3: What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?
A3: Breakfast Club
Q4: When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?
A4: 1980 or 1981
Q5: After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?
A5: Stephen Bray | Music |
Professional_wrestling | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a "soap opera for males", it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre; a synthesis of classical heroics, commedia dell'arte, revenge tragedies, morality plays, and burlesque. The characters and storylines portrayed by a successful promotion are seen to reflect the current mood, attitudes, and concerns of that promotion's society (and can, in turn, influence those same things). Wrestling's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime. | Q1: What is wrestling sometimes called?
A1: "soap opera for males"
Q2: What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?
A2: vicarious outlet for aggression
Q3: What role does wrestling fill?
A3: past forms of literature and theatre; | Sports and recreation |
Richard_Feynman | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role. | Q1: Who was Feynman's wife?
A1: Arline Greenbaum
Q2: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
A2: tuberculosis
Q3: In which year did his wife die?
A3: 1945
Q4: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
A4: Feynman's daughter, Michelle
Q5: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
A5: Infinity | Mathematics |
Royal_assent | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general. | Q1: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?
A1: 1708
Q2: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?
A2: George III
Q3: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?
A3: refused his Assent to Laws
Q4: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?
A4: 1708
Q5: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?
A5: the British government
Q6: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?
A6: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland | History |
Memory | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings. | Q1: How does short term memory encode information?
A1: acoustically
Q2: How does long term memory encode information?
A2: semantically
Q3: What is episodic memory?
A3: "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'
Q4: If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?
A4: episodic memory,
Q5: What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?
A5: recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings | Social sciences and society |
North_Carolina | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases. | Q1: In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?
A1: 33
Q2: Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?
A2: eastern Tidewater
Q3: What type of land did the slaves live on?
A3: plantations
Q4: How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?
A4: 30,463
Q5: Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?
A5: eastern coastal plain | Geography and places |
Bird | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases. | Q1: What are the principal benefits of flocking?
A1: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency
Q2: What is a cost of flocking?
A2: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds
Q3: What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?
A3: Defence against predators | Natural sciences |
Tuvalu | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing." | Q1: What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?
A1: relocation
Q2: What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population?
A2: rising sea levels
Q3: When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu?
A3: 2006
Q4: What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
A4: never be an option | Geography and places |
Arena_Football_League | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including financially weak ownership groups, lack of deep financial support from some owners otherwise capable of providing it, lack of media exposure, and the host city's evident lack of interest in its team or the sport as a whole. | Q1: What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?
A1: New England Sea Wolves
Q2: What city did the Sea Wolves move to?
A2: Toronto
Q3: How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?
A3: two
Q4: How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?
A4: two seasons
Q5: How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?
A5: two | Sports and recreation |
On_the_Origin_of_Species | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry. | Q1: Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?
A1: Alfred Russel Wallace
Q2: Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?
A2: Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)
Q3: Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?
A3: to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism
Q4: What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?
A4: to justify military aggression and unethical business practices
Q5: What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?
A5: he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry. | Natural sciences |
Steven_Spielberg | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While still a student, he was offered a small unpaid intern job at Universal Studios with the editing department. He was later given the opportunity to make a short film for theatrical release, the 26-minute, 35mm, Amblin', which he wrote and directed. Studio vice president Sidney Sheinberg was impressed by the film, which had won a number of awards, and offered Spielberg a seven-year directing contract. It made him the youngest director ever to be signed for a long-term deal with a major Hollywood studio.:548 He subsequently dropped out of college to begin professionally directing TV productions with Universal. | Q1: What job was SPielberg offered when he was a student?
A1: Universal Studios
Q2: Who offered Spielberg a contract at Universal Studios?
A2: Sidney Sheinberg
Q3: What short film did Spielberg make for theatrical release?
A3: Amblin
Q4: What did Steven Spielberg do to begin directing TV prouctions for Universal?
A4: dropped out of college
Q5: How did Sidney Sheinberg feel about the film "Amblin'"
A5: impressed
Q6: What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship?
A6: Universal Studios
Q7: What department did Spielberg have an unpaid internship with?
A7: editing
Q8: How long was 'Amblin'?
A8: 26-minute
Q9: What was Sidney Sheinberg's position with Universal?
A9: vice president
Q10: How long of a contract did Sheinberg give Spielberg?
A10: seven-year | Media and drama |
Predation | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health. | Q1: What makes predation successful?
A1: gain of energy
Q2: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?
A2: optimal foraging theory
Q3: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?
A3: energy gain per unit time | Natural sciences |
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris). | Q1: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
A1: before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492
Q2: When was Columbus' first voyage?
A2: 1492
Q3: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?
A3: conquered or significantly influenced
Q4: What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
A4: "Pre-Columbian"
Q5: What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?
A5: Andes | History |
Textual_criticism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text. | Q1: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?
A1: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible
Q2: What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
A2: within 200 years
Q3: What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?
A3: about a millennium after their composition
Q4: How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?
A4: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text. | Language and literature |
BBC_Television | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved. | Q1: With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?
A1: Western Europe
Q2: What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?
A2: Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
Q3: On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?
A3: Sky Digital
Q4: What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?
A4: Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football | Media and drama |
Armenians | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds. | Q1: Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?
A1: Armenian Catholic Church
Q2: What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?
A2: Armenian Evangelical Church
Q3: What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?
A3: Armenian Brotherhood Church
Q4: Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?
A4: Armenian Apostolic Church | Geography and places |
North_Carolina | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. The third was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000 members in 190 congregations. The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 members and 710 congregations; this denomination was brought by Scots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era. | Q1: What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?
A1: Bible Belt
Q2: What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?
A2: Baptists
Q3: What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?
A3: Southern Baptist
Q4: What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
A4: United Methodist Church
Q5: What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?
A5: Roman Catholic | Geography and places |
Time | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that general relativity is correct, but general relativity must break down before the universe reaches the Planck temperature, and a correct treatment of quantum gravity may avoid the singularity. | Q1: The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?
A1: cosmology
Q2: How much is known about the early states of the universe?
A2: i
Q3: Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?
A3: The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
Q4: These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?
A4: general relativity
Q5: These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?
A5: before the universe reaches the Planck temperature | Philosophy and religion |
Napoleon | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon. | Q1: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
A1: the papacy
Q2: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
A2: Napoleon's
Q3: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
A3: the pope
Q4: The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
A4: Napoleon
Q5: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
A5: 1801 | History |
Detroit | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District. | Q1: What areas of Detroit contain high rises?
A1: Downtown and New Center
Q2: What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?
A2: Palmer Park
Q3: What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?
A3: historic | Geography and places |
Mexico_City | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac. | Q1: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
A1: 1903
Q2: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
A2: 1928
Q3: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established?
A3: 13
Q4: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
A4: Porfirio Díaz
Q5: Who led Mexico City?
A5: an appointed governor | Geography and places |
Franco-Prussian_War | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach. | Q1: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?
A1: General MacMahon
Q2: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?
A2: German 3rd Army
Q3: Who commanded the German 1st Army?
A3: Steinmetz
Q4: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?
A4: decoy fires
Q5: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?
A5: Moltke's | History |
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention. | Q1: Who did the Ming trade horses with?
A1: Tibet
Q2: Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?
A2: Altan Khan
Q3: Who did Altan Khan overthrow?
A3: the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony
Q4: Who did Altan Khan make peace with?
A4: the Ming dynasty
Q5: Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?
A5: Altan Khan | History |
Supreme_court | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court "form part of the law of the land", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided. | Q1: What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?
A1: a civil law nation
Q2: The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?
A2: the American Supreme Court
Q3: What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?
A3: 1987 Philippine Constitution
Q4: How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?
A4: 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices
Q5: When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?
A5: en banc | Language and literature |
British_Empire | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) and Kuwait (1961), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore. The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976. | Q1: When did Britain withdraw from Aden?
A1: 1967
Q2: When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?
A2: 1971
Q3: When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?
A3: 1976
Q4: Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?
A4: Denis Healey
Q5: Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?
A5: Kuwait | History |
Umayyad_Caliphate | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I). | Q1: How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?
A1: three
Q2: Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?
A2: Hashimites
Q3: What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?
A3: Battle of Uhud
Q4: Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?
A4: Hind
Q5: Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?
A5: Muawiyah I | History |
Warsaw_Pact | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989. | Q1: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
A1: NATO
Q2: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment?
A2: Czechoslovakia
Q3: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
A3: Solidarity
Q4: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment?
A4: Czechoslovakia
Q5: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively?
A5: 1989
Q6: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
A6: Solidarity | History |
On_the_Origin_of_Species | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience. | Q1: What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
A1: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.
Q2: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
A2: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation
Q3: What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
A3: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics
Q4: Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
A4: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay
Q5: Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
A5: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail | Natural sciences |
Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. | Q1: Each cardinal priest has what?
A1: a titular church in Rome | History |
Crimean_War | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853. | Q1: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
A1: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III
Q2: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
A2: Nicholas
Q3: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
A3: Britain
Q4: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
A4: Ottomans
Q5: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
A5: October | History |
Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters." | Q1: What did the decision ultimately uphold?
A1: state law
Q2: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?
A2: transportation of students to religious schools
Q3: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
A3: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"
Q4: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
A4: that wall
Q5: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
A5: the present legislation | Philosophy and religion |
Somalis | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014). | Q1: About how many Somalis live in the UK?
A1: 108,000
Q2: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?
A2: 78%
Q3: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?
A3: 57,906
Q4: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?
A4: 38,413
Q5: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?
A5: 16,721 | Geography and places |
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. | Q1: What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?
A1: investment banks and hedge funds
Q2: What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?
A2: investment banks and hedge funds
Q3: What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?
A3: financialization
Q4: What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?
A4: deregulation
Q5: Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?
A5: U.S. Government policy | History |
Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch. | Q1: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
A1: no
Q2: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
A2: the cardinalate | History |
Montana | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed] | Q1: What is the largest European-American race in Montana?
A1: German
Q2: What was Helena originally founded as?
A2: a mining camp | Geography and places |
Flowering_plant | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers. | Q1: What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?
A1: hermaphrodite
Q2: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
A2: reduce or prevent self-fertilization
Q3: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?
A3: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil
Q4: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?
A4: biochemical
Q5: How are some male and female parts separated for some species?
A5: different flowers | Natural sciences |
Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Q1: What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility?
A1: political traditions and religious cults
Q2: What cult arrived from southern Italy?
A2: Dionysus
Q3: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?
A3: Punic crisis
Q4: To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?
A4: Bacchus
Q5: With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?
A5: divine hierarchy | History |
Greece | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power. | Q1: The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?
A1: polyphony
Q2: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what?
A2: monophonic
Q3: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
A3: Byzantine chant | Geography and places |
Architecture | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | Q1: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
A1: Function
Q2: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
A2: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Q3: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
A3: Vitruvius
Q4: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
A4: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
Q5: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
A5: both popularity and skepticism | Art and architecture |
Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. | Q1: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
A1: 1587
Q2: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
A2: 70
Q3: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
A3: Pope John XXIII | History |
Xbox_360 | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely. | Q1: How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?
A1: sold poorly
Q2: How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?
A2: 2 million units
Q3: Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?
A3: 1.5 million units
Q4: What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?
A4: Sony and Nintendo
Q5: Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?
A5: scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales | Video games |
Franco-Prussian_War | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz. | Q1: What was the republican government amenable to?
A1: war reparations
Q2: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
A2: Favre
Q3: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
A3: Government of National Defense
Q4: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
A4: 6 September
Q5: What did this cause the Republic to renew?
A5: declaration of war | History |
Tennessee | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee. | Q1: Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
A1: Hurricane Opal
Q2: On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?
A2: 50
Q3: Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
A3: West and Middle Tennessee
Q4: How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
A4: 15
Q5: What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
A5: 1993 | Geography and places |
Institute_of_technology | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed] | Q1: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?
A1: polytechnic | Engineering and technology |
Daylight_saving_time | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. | Q1: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
A1: lighting and heating
Q2: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
A2: equal
Q3: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
A3: after
Q4: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
A4: Supporters | Engineering and technology |
Alloy | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s. | Q1: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
A1: 1100 BC
Q2: When did iron start to become melted by people?
A2: Middle Ages
Q3: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
A3: Benjamin Huntsman
Q4: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
A4: 1740 | Mathematics |
Buddhism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period. | Q1: In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
A1: meditation
Q2: The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
A2: contemplative
Q3: What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
A3: Nasadiya Sukta | Philosophy and religion |
Karl_Popper | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology." | Q1: Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
A1: Friedrich Hayek
Q2: What was Hayek's academic field?
A2: Economics
Q3: In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
A3: 1944
Q4: Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
A4: Alfred Tarski
Q5: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
A5: Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics | Natural sciences |
Political_party | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. | Q1: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
A1: Democratic Party and the Republican Party
Q2: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
A2: China
Q3: How are political parties elected in democracies?
A3: the electorate
Q4: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
A4: Germany and India | Social sciences and society |
Database | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database. | Q1: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?
A1: one
Q2: How many different external views of data are there?
A2: any number
Q3: What is the benefit of external views of data?
A3: see database information in a more business-related way | Engineering and technology |
Hard_rock | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound. | Q1: What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?
A1: Nevermind
Q2: What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?
A2: grunge
Q3: What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?
A3: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden
Q4: What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?
A4: Stone Temple Pilots
Q5: What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?
A5: a hard rock sound | Music |
Korean_War | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June. | Q1: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?
A1: the South
Q2: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?
A2: U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group
Q3: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?
A3: General William Lynn Roberts
Q4: Who wanted to take over North Korea?
A4: Syngman Rhee
Q5: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
A5: John Foster Dulles | Warfare |
Boston | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville. | Q1: What league do the new England patriots belong to?
A1: the National Football League
Q2: What year were the new England patriots founded in?
A2: 1960
Q3: What was the original name of the new England patriots?
A3: Boston Patriots
Q4: When dod the Boston patriots change their name?
A4: after relocating
Q5: What stadium do the patriots play in?
A5: Gillette Stadium | Geography and places |
Professional_wrestling | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby. | Q1: What do most matches have?
A1: a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:
Q2: What is it called when the protagonist loses?
A2: tragedy
Q3: What do they call it when a protagonist wins?
A3: triumph
Q4: What can be wagered in a match?
A4: from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion | Sports and recreation |
Videoconferencing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations. | Q1: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
A1: 1992
Q2: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
A2: IBM
Q3: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
A3: PCS/1
Q4: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
A4: Diversified Information and Assistance Network
Q5: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
A5: 15 | History |
A_cappella | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music. | Q1: On what day is using musical instruments not allowed?
A1: Sabbath
Q2: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
A2: a cappella
Q3: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
A3: sefirah music
Q4: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
A4: 49
Q5: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
A5: a time of semi-mourning | Music |
Spectre_(2015_film) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities—reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a "positive light"—in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul. | Q1: How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?
A1: $20 million
Q2: Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?
A2: Michael G. Wilson
Q3: In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?
A3: India
Q4: Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?
A4: Istanbul | Media and drama |
Federalism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test. | Q1: Where does the federalist model work best in?
A1: homogeneous states
Q2: What are homogeneous states?
A2: United States, Germany or Australia
Q3: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
A3: Canada
Q4: What countries did the federalist model fail in?
A4: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia
Q5: What countries dismissed the federalist model?
A5: Ukraine or Syria | History |
Light-emitting_diode | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient than blue LEDs with YAG:Ce phosphor, as the Stokes shift is larger, so more energy is converted to heat, but yields light with better spectral characteristics, which render color better. Due to the higher radiative output of the ultraviolet LEDs than of the blue ones, both methods offer comparable brightness. A concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin. | Q1: White LEDs can be made by coating what?
A1: near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs
Q2: What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
A2: copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)
Q3: What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?
A3: fluorescent lamps
Q4: The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?
A4: blue
Q5: What light can harm human eyes or skin?
A5: UV light | Engineering and technology |
Light-emitting_diode | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed] | Q1: What colors are used to form white light?
A1: red, green, and blue
Q2: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?
A2: multi-color white LEDs
Q3: What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
A3: electronic circuits
Q4: What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?
A4: RGB LEDs | Engineering and technology |
Software_testing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). | Q1: What is another term used for White-box testing?
A1: clear box testing
Q2: What is involved with White-box testing?
A2: by seeing the source code
Q3: Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?
A3: testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills | Engineering and technology |