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References == ÷⊈⊂⊃⊅	{ "page_id": 44632934, "source": null, "title": "Conservative replacement" }
Renate Loll (born 19 June 1962, Aachen) Is a German physicist. She is a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics of the Radboud University in Nijmegen, Netherlands. She previously worked at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of Utrecht University. She recei...	{ "page_id": 4918119, "source": null, "title": "Renate Loll" }
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point. Under these conditions water becomes a fluid with unique properties that can be used to advantage in the destruction of recalcitrant and hazardous wastes such as polychlor...	{ "page_id": 265064, "source": null, "title": "Supercritical water oxidation" }
in continuously operated reactors. The rising needs for waste treatment and destruction methods motivated a Japanese Group in the Ebara Corporation to explore SCW flames as an environmental tool. Research on hydrothermal flames has also begun at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. == Basic research == Basic ...	{ "page_id": 265064, "source": null, "title": "Supercritical water oxidation" }
the reaction byproducts while neutralizing any components that might form acids during transition to subcritical temperature. Proof-of-concept and performance advantages of the TWR for a variety of feedstocks was demonstrated by Eckhard Dinjus and Johannes Abeln at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), via direct comparis...	{ "page_id": 265064, "source": null, "title": "Supercritical water oxidation" }
3000 l/h it is the largest SCWO unit in the world. Chematur's Super Critical Fluids technology was acquired by SCFI Group (Cork, Ireland) who are actively commercializing the Aqua Critox SCWO process for treatment of sludge, e.g. de-inking sludge and sewage sludge. Many long duration trials on these applications have b...	{ "page_id": 265064, "source": null, "title": "Supercritical water oxidation" }
spent resins and adsorption media. The first commercial sale was announced in February 2022. Aquarden Technologies (Skaevinge, Denmark) provides modular SCWO plants for the destruction of hazardous pollutants such as PFAS, pesticides, and other problematic hydrocarbons in industrial wastestreams. Aquarden is also provi...	{ "page_id": 265064, "source": null, "title": "Supercritical water oxidation" }
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy; the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM; ordinary matter. It is the current standard model of Big Bang c...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
of the universe in terms of the pressure and density of a perfect fluid. The evolving density is composed of different kinds of energy and matter, each with its own role in affecting the scale factor.: 7 For example, a model might include baryons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter.: 25.1.1 These component densities b...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
for distant galaxies to recede from each other at speeds greater than the speed of light; local expansion is less than the speed of light, but expansion summed across great distances can collectively exceed the speed of light. The letter Λ (lambda) represents the cosmological constant, which is associated with a vacuum...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
the weak force Dark matter constitutes about 26.5% of the mass–energy density of the universe. The remaining 4.9% comprises all ordinary matter observed as atoms, chemical elements, gas and plasma, the stuff of which visible planets, stars and galaxies are made. The great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is ...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
; the usual convention in cosmology is that subscript 0 denotes present-day values, so t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} denotes the age of the universe. The scale factor is related to the observed redshift z {\displaystyle z} of the light emitted at time t e m {\displaystyle t_{\mathrm {em} }} by a ( t em ) = 1 1 + z . {\disp...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
m ⋅ s − 1 ⋅ M p c − 1 ) {\displaystyle h\equiv H_{0}/(100\;\mathrm {km{\cdot }s^{-1}{\cdot }Mpc^{-1}} )} is the reduced Hubble constant. If the cosmological constant were actually zero, the critical density would also mark the dividing line between eventual recollapse of the universe to a Big Crunch, or unlimited expan...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
{\frac {\dot {a}}{a}}=H_{0}{\sqrt {(\Omega _{\rm {c}}+\Omega _{\rm {b}})a^{-3}+\Omega _{\mathrm {rad} }a^{-4}+\Omega _{k}a^{-2}+\Omega _{\Lambda }a^{-3(1+w)}}},} where w {\displaystyle w} is the equation of state parameter of dark energy, and assuming negligible neutrino mass (significant neutrino mass requires a more ...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
that the transition from decelerating to accelerating expansion (the second derivative a ¨ {\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}} crossing zero) occurred when a = ( Ω m / 2 Ω Λ ) 1 / 3 , {\displaystyle a=(\Omega _{\rm {m}}/2\Omega _{\Lambda })^{1/3},} which evaluates to a ∼ 0.6 {\displaystyle a\sim 0.6} or z ∼ 0.66 {\displaystyle...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
the 1970s, most attention focused on pure-baryonic models, but there were serious challenges explaining the formation of galaxies, given the small anisotropies in the CMB (upper limits at that time). In the early 1980s, it was realized that this could be resolved if cold dark matter dominated over the baryons, and the ...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
angular distribution measure by the Planck mission and Atacama Cosmology Telescope. Accurate description of the linear E-mode polarization of the CMB radiation due to fluctuations on the surface of last scattering events. Prediction of the observed B-mode polarization of the CMB light due to primordial gravitational wa...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
detect in a laboratory, and its value is extremely small compared to vacuum energy theoretical predictions. === Violations of the cosmological principle === The ΛCDM model, like all models built on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, assume that the universe looks the same in all directions (isotropy) and f...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
other observations. First, even within the cosmic microwave background, there are curious directional alignments and an anomalous parity asymmetry that may have an origin in the CMB dipole. Separately, the CMB dipole direction has emerged as a preferred direction in studies of alignments in quasar polarizations, scalin...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
said the existence of the KBC void violates the assumption that the CMB reflects baryonic density fluctuations at z = 1100 {\displaystyle z=1100} or Einstein's theory of general relativity, either of which would violate the ΛCDM model, while other authors have claimed that supervoids as large as the KBC void are consis...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
{\Omega _{\rm {m}}/0.3}}} Early- (e.g. from CMB data collected using the Planck observatory) and late-time (e.g. measuring weak gravitational lensing events) facilitate increasingly precise values of S 8 {\displaystyle S_{8}} . However, these two categories of measurement differ by more standard deviations than their u...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
=== Shape of the universe === The ΛCDM model assumes that the shape of the universe is of zero curvature (is flat) and has an undetermined topology. In 2019, interpretation of Planck data suggested that the curvature of the universe might be positive (often called "closed"), which would contradict the ΛCDM model. Some ...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
Friedmann equations as seen in proposals such as modified gravity theory (MOG theory) or tensor–vector–scalar gravity theory (TeVeS theory). Other proposals by theoretical astrophysicists of cosmological alternatives to Einstein's general relativity that attempt to account for dark energy or dark matter include f(R) gr...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
The tension can be quantified by comparing the observed distribution of galaxy shapes today with predictions from high-resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulations in the ΛCDM framework, revealing a highly significant problem that is unlikely to be solved by improving the resolution of the simulations. The high b...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
outside of the Standard Model through which dark matter interacts, more efficient baryonic matter accumulation by the dark matter halos, early dark energy models, or the hypothesized long-sought Population III stars. === Missing baryon problem === Massimo Persic and Paolo Salucci first estimated the baryonic density to...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
measurements. === Conventionalism === It has been argued that the ΛCDM model has adopted conventionalist stratagems, rendering it unfalsifiable in the sense defined by Karl Popper. When faced with new data not in accord with a prevailing model, the conventionalist will find ways to adapt the theory rather than declare ...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
running spectral index, but no statistically significant study has revealed one. Theoretical expectations suggest that the tensor-to-scalar ratio r {\displaystyle r} should be between 0 and 0.3, and the latest results are within those limits. == See also == Bolshoi cosmological simulation Galaxy formation and evolution...	{ "page_id": 985963, "source": null, "title": "Lambda-CDM model" }
Given two interacting atoms A and B, the cophonicity () of the A-B atomic pair is a measure of the overlap of the A and B contributions to a specific range of vibrational frequencies. In the field of condensed matter physics, cophonicity is a metric aimed at the parametrization of the dynamical interactions in terms of...	{ "page_id": 49875825, "source": null, "title": "Cophonicity" }
( ω ) = ∑ X g X ( ω ) {\displaystyle g(\omega )=\sum _{X}{g^{X}\left(\omega \right)}} and obtained by summing over all atoms X of the unit cell. The integration interval [ ω 0 , ω 1 ] {\displaystyle [\omega _{0},\omega _{1}]} is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all the phonon states relevant for the specific st...	{ "page_id": 49875825, "source": null, "title": "Cophonicity" }
A and B contributions to the frequency band, and the two atoms have the same weight in the determination of the modes specific of the considered energy range. We define the quantity C p h (A-B) {\displaystyle C_{ph}{\text{(A-B)}}} as the cophonicity of the A-B atomic pair, in analogy with the A-B bond covalency definit...	{ "page_id": 49875825, "source": null, "title": "Cophonicity" }
Menthone is a chemical compound of the monoterpene class of naturally occurring organic compounds found in a number of essential oils, one that presents with minty flavor. It is a specific pair of stereoisomers of the four possible such isomers for the chemical structure, 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone. Of those, th...	{ "page_id": 3214194, "source": null, "title": "Menthone" }
The structure of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (menthones and isomenthones, see following) were established historically by establishing identity of natural and synthetic products after chemical synthesis of this structure from other chemical compounds of established structure; these inferential understandings have...	{ "page_id": 3214194, "source": null, "title": "Menthone" }
pressed from peppermint and cornmint, sp. Mentha. In the experimental laboratory, l-menthone may be prepared by oxidation of menthol with acidified dichromate. If the chromic acid oxidation is performed with stoichiometric oxidant in the presence of diethyl ether as co-solvent, a method introduced by H.C. Brown and col...	{ "page_id": 3214194, "source": null, "title": "Menthone" }
an inference that an otherwise undetectable intermediate was involved in a reaction mechanism, one that could account for the observed structural outcome of the reaction. == See also == Piperitone Pulegone == Further reading == == References ==	{ "page_id": 3214194, "source": null, "title": "Menthone" }
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors are G-protein coupled receptors belonging to the class B secretin subfamily. Members include: Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 == References == == External links == BAI1+protein,+human at the U....	{ "page_id": 14420850, "source": null, "title": "Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor" }
In chemistry the reactivity–selectivity principle or RSP states that a more reactive chemical compound or reactive intermediate is less selective in chemical reactions. In this context selectivity represents the ratio of reaction rates. This principle was generally accepted until the 1970s when too many exceptions star...	{ "page_id": 4393843, "source": null, "title": "Reactivity–selectivity principle" }
The sulfur radical was found to be more reactive (6108 vs. 1107 M−1.s−1) and less selective (selectivity ratio 76 vs 1200) than the carbon radical. In this case, the effect can be explained by extending the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle with a factor δ {\displaystyle \delta \,} accounting for transfer of charge from t...	{ "page_id": 4393843, "source": null, "title": "Reactivity–selectivity principle" }
Cetrimide agar is a type of agar used for the selective isolation of the gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the name suggests, it contains cetrimide, which is the selective agent against alternate microbial flora. Cetrimide also enhances the production of Pseudomonas pigments such as pyocyanin and pyov...	{ "page_id": 17238903, "source": null, "title": "Cetrimide agar" }
One-compartment kinetics for a chemical compound specifies that the uptake in the compartment is proportional to the concentration outside the compartment, and the elimination is proportional to the concentration inside the compartment. Both the compartment and the environment outside the compartment are considered to ...	{ "page_id": 5639039, "source": null, "title": "One-compartment kinetics" }
Copper carbonate may refer to : Copper (II) compounds and minerals Copper(II) carbonate proper, CuCO3 (neutral copper carbonate): a rarely seen moisture-sensitive compound. Basic copper carbonate (the "copper carbonate" of commerce), actually a copper carbonate hydroxide; which may be either Cu2CO3(OH)2: the green mine...	{ "page_id": 1313663, "source": null, "title": "Copper carbonate" }
In organic chemistry, amine value is a measure of the nitrogen content of an organic molecule. Specifically, it is usually used to measure the amine content of amine functional compounds. It may be defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) equivalent to one gram of epoxy hardener resin. The units...	{ "page_id": 68291457, "source": null, "title": "Amine value" }
== References == == Further reading == "Amines \| Introduction to Chemistry". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2021-07-22. Epoxy resin technology. Paul F. Bruins, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. New York: Interscience Publishers. 1968. ISBN 0-470-11390-1. OCLC 182890.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Flick,...	{ "page_id": 68291457, "source": null, "title": "Amine value" }
Hot potassium carbonate, HPC, is a method used to remove carbon dioxide from gas mixtures, in some contexts referred to as carbon scrubbing. The inorganic, basic compound potassium carbonate is mixed with a gas mixture and the liquid absorbs carbon dioxide through chemical processes. The technology is a form of chemica...	{ "page_id": 60623745, "source": null, "title": "Hot potassium carbonate" }
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another. Selection rules have been derived for electromagnetic transitions in molecules, in atoms, in atomic nuclei, and so on. The selection rules may differ according to t...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
transition moment function, ψ 1 ∗ μ ψ 2 , {\displaystyle \psi _{1}^{*}\,\mu \,\psi _{2},} is anti-symmetric or odd, i.e. y ( x ) = − y ( − x ) {\displaystyle y(x)=-y(-x)} holds. The symmetry of the transition moment function is the direct product of the parities of its three components. The symmetry characteristics of ...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
=== Vibrational spectra === In vibrational spectroscopy, transitions are observed between different vibrational states. In a fundamental vibration, the molecule is excited from its ground state (v = 0) to the first excited state (v = 1). The symmetry of the ground-state wave function is the same as that of the molecule...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
of symmetry breakdown. === Rotational spectra === The selection rule for rotational transitions, derived from the symmetries of the rotational wave functions in a rigid rotor, is ΔJ = ±1, where J is a rotational quantum number. === Coupled transitions === There are many types of coupled transition such as are observed ...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
since it is a vector particle (i.e., it has JP = 1−). Thus, there is no radiation from E0 (electric monopoles) or M0 (magnetic monopoles, which do not seem to exist). Since the total angular momentum has to be conserved during the transition, we have that J i = J f + λ , {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{\text{i}}=\mathbf {...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
at a lower rate. If the rate for an E1 transition is non-zero, the transition is said to be permitted; if it is zero, then M1, E2, etc. transitions can still produce radiation, albeit with much lower transitions rates. The transition rate decreases by a factor of about 1000 from one multipole to the next one, so the lo...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
contrast, the dipole moments of the molecule and the image charges parallel to the surface cancel out. Therefore, only molecular vibrational peaks giving rise to a dynamic dipole moment perpendicular to the surface will be observed in the vibrational spectrum. == See also == Superselection rule Spin-forbidden reactions...	{ "page_id": 1313664, "source": null, "title": "Selection rule" }
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy; pl.: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes...	{ "page_id": 199556, "source": null, "title": "Taxon" }
reflect evolutionary relationships. Similarly, among those contemporary taxonomists working with the traditional Linnean (binomial) nomenclature, few propose taxa they know to be paraphyletic. An example of a long-established taxon that is not also a clade is the class Reptilia, the reptiles; birds and mammals are the ...	{ "page_id": 199556, "source": null, "title": "Taxon" }
the prefix infra- indicates a rank below sub-. For instance, among the additional ranks of class are superclass, subclass and infraclass. Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular systematic schema. For example, liverworts have been grouped, in various systems of classification, as a family, order, class, or div...	{ "page_id": 199556, "source": null, "title": "Taxon" }
Physics of Plasmas is a peer-reviewed monthly scientific journal on plasma physics published by the American Institute of Physics, with cooperation by the American Physical Society's Division of Plasma Physics, since 1994. Until 1988, the journal topic was covered by Physics of Fluids. From 1989 until 1993, Physics of ...	{ "page_id": 32246658, "source": null, "title": "Physics of Plasmas" }
The Sheth–Tormen approximation is a halo mass function. == Background == The Sheth–Tormen approximation extends the Press–Schechter formalism by assuming that halos are not necessarily spherical, but merely elliptical. The distribution of the density fluctuation is as follows: f ( σ r ) = A 2 a π [ 1 + ( σ r 2 a δ c 2 ...	{ "page_id": 70912899, "source": null, "title": "Sheth–Tormen approximation" }
In chemistry, an alkali ( ; from the Arabic word al-qāly, القالِي) is a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used...	{ "page_id": 2955, "source": null, "title": "Alkali" }
are caustic (causing chemical burns). Alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy to the touch, due to the saponification of the fatty substances on the surface of the skin. Alkalis are normally water-soluble, although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when reacting with an acidic aqueous solution. == Difference...	{ "page_id": 2955, "source": null, "title": "Alkali" }
mildly acidic soil (with pHs between 6.0 and 6.8), and alkaline soils can cause problems. == Alkali lakes == In alkali lakes (also called soda lakes), evaporation concentrates the naturally occurring carbonate salts, giving rise to an alkalic and often saline lake. Examples of alkali lakes: Alkali Lake, Lake County, Or...	{ "page_id": 2955, "source": null, "title": "Alkali" }
Aquatic plant management involves the science and methodologies used to control invasive and non-invasive aquatic plant species in waterways. Methods used include spraying herbicide, biological controls, mechanical removal as well as habitat modification. Preventing the introduction of invasive species is ideal. Aquacu...	{ "page_id": 60099468, "source": null, "title": "Aquatic plant management" }
of ridding the environment of invasive plant species. However, this aquatic plant management style can also have negative effects on the environment such as harming non-target plants and animals, increasing turbidity, and potentially spreading invasive plants via fragmentation. There are multiple plant removal methods ...	{ "page_id": 60099468, "source": null, "title": "Aquatic plant management" }
harvesting boats to collect the dead plants, or have a conveyor belt to load cut plants onto the boat. The cut and grind method is a highly efficient method of harvesting with the disposal of dead plants included. This method also mechanically cuts large amounts of plants at a time then proceeds to grind the plants to ...	{ "page_id": 60099468, "source": null, "title": "Aquatic plant management" }
diver/snorkeler operated, highly selective methods of removing aquatic plants. Individuals manually pull or vacuum suck the entire plant from the sediment. Vacuum suction removes the entire plant (stem, leaves, roots) including the surrounding sediment from the floor of the aquatic environment. This provides a long-ter...	{ "page_id": 60099468, "source": null, "title": "Aquatic plant management" }
The molecular formula C26H42O3 (molar mass: 402.61 g/mol, exact mass: 402.3134 u) may refer to: Androstanolone enanthate (DHTH), also known as stanolone enanthate CP 55,244	{ "page_id": 61016973, "source": null, "title": "C26H42O3" }
Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) are a newly defined family of peptide-bond forming enzymes that are responsible for the ribosome-independent biosynthesis of various cyclodipeptides, which are the precursors of many natural products with important biological activities. As a substrate for this synthesis, CDPSs use two ...	{ "page_id": 65735565, "source": null, "title": "Cyclodipeptide synthases" }
to the aminoacyl binding pocket in aaRSs, which leads to thinking that CDPSs evolved from class Ic aaRSs. CDPSs and aaRSs present substantial differences though, such as the absence of ATP-binding motifs in CDPSs, given that these use, unlike aaRSs, amino acids that have already been activated. == Catabolic reaction: H...	{ "page_id": 65735565, "source": null, "title": "Cyclodipeptide synthases" }
encoded by the gene of dmt1 locus). These additional biosynthetic enzymes are for example: oxidoreductases, prenyltransferases, methyltransferases, or cyclases and some proteins as cytochrome P450s. == Applications == Recently bioinformatics are designing a way to predict CDPSs products to understand better how their c...	{ "page_id": 65735565, "source": null, "title": "Cyclodipeptide synthases" }
Aspects of genetics including mutation, hybridisation, cloning, genetic engineering, and eugenics have appeared in fiction since the 19th century. Genetics is a young science, having started in 1900 with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's study on the inheritance of traits in pea plants. During the 20th century it deve...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
preventing supposedly "defective" families with attributes such as profligacy, laziness, immoral behaviour and a tendency to criminality from having children. Molecular biology, the interactions and regulation of genetic materials, began with the identification in 1944 of DNA as the main genetic material; the genetic c...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
and John Taine's 1951 Seeds of Life, using radiation to create supermen. After the discovery of the double helix and then recombinant DNA, genetic engineering became the focus for genetics in fiction, as in books like Brian Stableford's tale of a genetically modified society in his 1998 Inherit the Earth, or Michael Ma...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
in genetics; Haldane predicted that humans would control their own evolution through directed mutation and in vitro fertilisation. Cloning was explored further in stories such as Poul Anderson's 1953 UN-Man. In his 1976 novel, The Boys from Brazil, Ira Levin describes the creation of 96 clones of Adolf Hitler, replicat...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
themes parodied in Woody Allen's 1973 comedy Sleeper, where an attempt is made to clone an assassinated dictator from his disembodied nose. === Genetic engineering === Genetic engineering features in many science fiction stories. Films such as The Island (2005) and Blade Runner (1982) bring the engineered creature to c...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
Yam of Scientific American called it "science bashing"; in Nature Kevin Davies called it a ""surprisingly pedestrian affair"; and the molecular biologist Lee Silver described the film's extreme genetic determinism as "a straw man". == Myth and oversimplification == The geneticist Dan Koboldt observes that while science...	{ "page_id": 57936783, "source": null, "title": "Genetics in fiction" }
The Luigi G. Napolitano Award is presented every year at the International Astronautical Congress. Luigi Gerardo Napolitano was an engineer, scientist and professor. The award has been presented annually since 1993, to a young scientist, below 30 years of age, who has contributed significantly to the advancement of the...	{ "page_id": 5639053, "source": null, "title": "Luigi G. Napolitano Award" }
Q methodology is a research method used in psychology and in social sciences to study people's "subjectivity"—that is, their viewpoint. Q was developed by psychologist William Stephenson. It has been used both in clinical settings for assessing a patient's progress over time (intra-rater comparison), as well as in rese...	{ "page_id": 5442449, "source": null, "title": "Q methodology" }
with statements individually, is meant to capture the idea that people think about ideas in relation to other ideas, rather than in isolation. Usually, this ranking is done on a score sheet with the most salient options at the extreme ends of the sheet, such as "most agree" and "most disagree". This score sheet is usua...	{ "page_id": 5442449, "source": null, "title": "Q methodology" }
Alternatively, the unit of measurement of a person in this context is his factor loading for a Q-sort he or she performs. Factors represent norms with respect to schemata. The individual who gains the highest factor loading on an Operant factor is the person most able to conceive the norm for the factor. What the norm ...	{ "page_id": 5442449, "source": null, "title": "Q methodology" }
of an item can be more analytically relevant than the absolute placement of cards. == Application == Q-methodology has been used as a research tool in a wide variety of disciplines including nursing, veterinary medicine, public health, transportation, education, rural sociology, hydrology, mobile communication, and eve...	{ "page_id": 5442449, "source": null, "title": "Q methodology" }
Galileo Galilei's evidence while refusing to look through his telescope. Brown et al. continue by responding to certain points of Kampen & Tamás's criticisms: On the nature of subjectivity Concourse and Q samples Factor analysis and interpretation The force Q-sort distribution Items:persons ratio Researcher bias Miscel...	{ "page_id": 5442449, "source": null, "title": "Q methodology" }
In chemistry a one-pot synthesis is a strategy to improve the efficiency of a chemical reaction in which a reactant is subjected to successive chemical reactions in just one reactor. This is much desired by chemists because avoiding a lengthy separation process and purification of the intermediate chemical compounds ca...	{ "page_id": 1706901, "source": null, "title": "One-pot synthesis" }
In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. After extraction, fragments of interest can be mixed, precipitated, and enzymatically ligated together in several simple steps. This process, u...	{ "page_id": 2165654, "source": null, "title": "Gel extraction" }
but impermeable to molecules at the size of DNA, thus preventing the DNA from passing through the membrane when soaked in TE buffer. An electric field is established around the tubing (in a way similar to gel electrophoresis) long enough so that the DNA is removed from the gel but remains in the tube. The tube solution...	{ "page_id": 2165654, "source": null, "title": "Gel extraction" }
The molecular formula C12H16O7 may refer to: α-Arbutin β-Arbutin	{ "page_id": 24185750, "source": null, "title": "C12H16O7" }
Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice. Named after Max Born and Theodore von Kármán, this condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal. Born and von Kármán publis...	{ "page_id": 3476372, "source": null, "title": "Born–von Karman boundary condition" }
(1948). "The Vibrational Spectrum and Specific Heat of a Face-Centered Cubic Crystal" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 20 (1): 165–174. Bibcode:1948RvMP...20..165L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.20.165. Ren, Shang Yuan (2017). Electronic States in Crystals of Finite Size: Quantum Confinement of Bloch Waves (2 ed.). Singapore...	{ "page_id": 3476372, "source": null, "title": "Born–von Karman boundary condition" }
The database of three-dimensional interacting domains (3did) is a biological database containing a catalogue of protein-protein interactions for which a high-resolution 3D structure is known. 3did collects and classifies all structural models of domain-domain interactions in the Protein Data Bank, providing molecular d...	{ "page_id": 31656862, "source": null, "title": "3did" }
NmsRA and NmsRB (Neisseria metabolic switch regulator), RcoF1 and RcoF2 (RNA regulating colonization factor) as well as NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 (Neisseria gonorrhoeae non-coding RNA) are all names of neisserial sibling small regulatory RNAs described and independently named in three publications. NmsRB/RcoF1/NgncR_163 ...	{ "page_id": 56691617, "source": null, "title": "Neisseria sibling sRNAs NmsR/RcoF" }
Iodine-125 (125I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation therapy as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, uveal melanomas, and brain tumors. It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after iodine-129. It...	{ "page_id": 3345314, "source": null, "title": "Iodine-125" }
for this purpose, due to better radiation penetration and shorter half-life (13 hours). 125I is useful for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) testing in the diagnosis or monitoring of patients with kidney disease. Iodine-125 is used therapeutically in brachytherapy treatments of tumors. For radiotherapy ablation of tissu...	{ "page_id": 3345314, "source": null, "title": "Iodine-125" }
(a.o., the long-lived 135Cs (t½ = 1.33 Ma) and 137Cs (t½ = 30 a)). Long irradiation times are disadvantageous. Iodine-125 itself has a neutron capture cross section of 900 barns, and consequently during a long irradiation, part of the 125I formed will be converted to 126I, a beta-emitter and positron-emitter with a hal...	{ "page_id": 3345314, "source": null, "title": "Iodine-125" }
(t1/2 = 12.93 d) is unavoidable due to the neutron capture noted above. The 126I tolerable content (which is set by the unwanted isotope interfering with dose calculations in brachytherapy) lies at about 0.2 atom % (atom fraction) of the total iodine (the rest being 125I). == Producers == As of October 2019, there were...	{ "page_id": 3345314, "source": null, "title": "Iodine-125" }
the core electron hole moves toward the valence orbitals. The cascade involves many characteristic X-rays and Auger transitions. In the case the excited tellurium-125 nucleus undergoes gamma decay, a different electron relaxation cascade follows before the nuclide comes to rest. Throughout the entire process an average...	{ "page_id": 3345314, "source": null, "title": "Iodine-125" }
The ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as the channel hypothesis or the amyloid beta ion channel hypothesis, is a more recent variant of the amyloid hypothesis of AD, which identifies amyloid beta (Aβ) as the underlying cause of neurotoxicity seen in AD. While the traditional formulation of ...	{ "page_id": 50662306, "source": null, "title": "Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease" }
in the cell membrane. == Structure == The Aβ monomer generally assumes an α-helical formation in aqueous solution, but can reversibly transition between α-helix and β-sheet structures at varying polarities. Atomic force microscopy captured images of Aβ channel structures that facilitated calcium uptake and subsequent n...	{ "page_id": 50662306, "source": null, "title": "Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease" }
nature of Aβ channels allows rapid degradation of membrane potential in neurons. A single Aβ channel 4 nS in size can cause Na+ concentration to change as much as 10 μM/s. Degradation of membrane potential in this manner also generates additional Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the plasma membran...	{ "page_id": 50662306, "source": null, "title": "Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease" }
avenue for development of AD therapies that may more directly target the underlying pathophysiology of AD. === Channel blockers === Nonspecific Aβ channel blockers including tromethamine (Tris) and Zn2+ have successfully inhibited Aβ cytotoxicity. Least-energy molecular models of the Aβ channel have been used to create...	{ "page_id": 50662306, "source": null, "title": "Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease" }
to membrane insertion, an area of research that may prove highly relevant to not just AD but a wide variety of other diseases. == References ==	{ "page_id": 50662306, "source": null, "title": "Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease" }
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels called aquaporins, which greatly facilitate the flow of water. It occurs in a h...	{ "page_id": 986020, "source": null, "title": "Cytolysis" }
A neochromosome is a chromosome that is not normally found in nature. Cancer-associated neochromosomes are found in some cancer cells. Neochromosomes have also been created using genetic engineering techniques. == Cancer-associated neochromosomes == Cancer-associated neochromosomes are giant supernumerary chromosomes. ...	{ "page_id": 44370851, "source": null, "title": "Neochromosome" }
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are...	{ "page_id": 68513, "source": null, "title": "Surface science" }
the surface or interface. Surface science is of particular importance to the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, and geochemistry. === Catalysis === The adhesion of gas or liquid molecules to the surface is known as adsorption. This can be due to either chemisorption or physisorption, and the strength ...	{ "page_id": 68513, "source": null, "title": "Surface science" }

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