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[ A ] + K d {\displaystyle [AR]={\frac {[R]_{t}\,[A]}{[A]+K_{d}}}} This is the Hill-Langmuir equation, which is practically the Hill equation described for the agonist binding. In chemistry, this relationship is called the Langmuir equation, which describes the adsorption of molecules onto sites of a surface (see adsor... | {
"page_id": 9374505,
"source": null,
"title": "Schild equation"
} |
regression also can reveal if there are more than one type of receptor and it can show if the experiment was done wrong as the system has not reached equilibrium. == Radioligand binding assays == The first radio-receptor assay (RRA) was done in 1970 by Lefkowitz et al., using a radiolabeled hormone to determine the bin... | {
"page_id": 9374505,
"source": null,
"title": "Schild equation"
} |
SNPlex is a platform for SNP genotyping sold by Applied Biosystems (ABI). It is based on capillary electrophoresis to separate varying fragments of DNA, which allows the assay to be performed on ABI's 3730xl DNA analyzers. Currently, up to 48 SNPs can be genotyped in a single reaction. == References == == External link... | {
"page_id": 15141674,
"source": null,
"title": "SNPlex"
} |
Sharps waste is a form of biomedical waste composed of used "sharps", which includes any device or object used to puncture or lacerate the skin. Sharps waste is classified as biohazardous waste and must be carefully handled. Common medical materials treated as sharps waste are hypodermic needles, disposable scalpels an... | {
"page_id": 3410731,
"source": null,
"title": "Sharps waste"
} |
be at risk of sustaining injuries from sharps waste as well when hypodermic needles are improperly disposed of by injection drug users. == Sharps containers == Hard plastic containers known as sharps containers are used to safely dispose of hypodermic needles and other sharp medical instruments, such as IV catheters an... | {
"page_id": 3410731,
"source": null,
"title": "Sharps waste"
} |
disposed of. The final step in the disposal of sharps waste is to dispose of them in an autoclave. A less common approach is to incinerate them; typically only chemotherapy sharps waste is incinerated. Steps must be taken along the way to minimize the risk of injury from this material, while maximizing the amount of sh... | {
"page_id": 3410731,
"source": null,
"title": "Sharps waste"
} |
As these technologies have been developed, governments have attempted to make them commonplace to ensure sharps waste safety. In 2000, the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act was passed, along with the 2001 Bloodborne Pathogens Standard. Safety syringes help reduce occurrences of accidental needlesticks. One of the m... | {
"page_id": 3410731,
"source": null,
"title": "Sharps waste"
} |
regions are for therapeutic purposes. The average person has been estimated to receive 1.5 injections per year. Newly developed injection technologies are rarely used to provide these injections due to added costs. Therefore, the majority of injections are given with standard disposable syringes in developing regions. ... | {
"page_id": 3410731,
"source": null,
"title": "Sharps waste"
} |
Digallate may refer to: a salt of digallic acid a molecule containing two gallic acid moieties, like Theaflavin digallate | {
"page_id": 29100842,
"source": null,
"title": "Digallate"
} |
Ramalina leptocarpha, also known as the western strap lichen, is a species of cartilage lichen found in Oregon, California, and Baja California. The range of this species extends from the coast as far inland as the Sierra Nevada mountain range. R. leptocarpha often grows in epiphytic association with Ramalina menziesii... | {
"page_id": 76745517,
"source": null,
"title": "Ramalina leptocarpha"
} |
Biorheology is a scientific journal in the field of biorheology, the study of the deformation and flow properties (rheology) of biological fluids, published by IOS Press. It is published quarterly since 2018. It was established in 1962 by founding editors A.L. Copley and G.W. Scott Blair. It is currently edited by Herb... | {
"page_id": 61475631,
"source": null,
"title": "Biorheology (journal)"
} |
Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers’ preferred core benefits. It usually supplements product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual maps. == Application == Starting with raw data fro... | {
"page_id": 265008,
"source": null,
"title": "Preference regression"
} |
healthcare delivery systems". Journal of Ambulatory Care Marketing, 5(1), p.71-82. | {
"page_id": 265008,
"source": null,
"title": "Preference regression"
} |
Capsulimonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Capsulimonadaceae with one known species (Capsulimonas corticalis). Capsulimonas corticalis has been isolated from the surface of a beech (Fagus crenata) == See also == List of bacterial orders List of bacter... | {
"page_id": 70847281,
"source": null,
"title": "Capsulimonas"
} |
In agriculture and in animal fancy, a breeder is an animal used for selective breeding. A breeder is usually a purebred animal, bred with the intent of producing purebred, or even show-quality animals. However, in some cases, a breeding animal is crossbred with another breed or a mixed breed with the intent of combinin... | {
"page_id": 1379121,
"source": null,
"title": "Breeder (animal)"
} |
Cytochrome P450, family 74, also known as CYP74, is a cytochrome P450 family in land plant supposed to derived from horizontal gene transfer of marine animal CYPs. == References == | {
"page_id": 65538868,
"source": null,
"title": "CYP74 family"
} |
Mangrove restoration is the regeneration of mangrove forest ecosystems in areas where they have previously existed. Restoration can be defined as "the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed." Mangroves can be found throughout coastal wetlands of tropical and subt... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
the genus Rhizophora. The majority of mangrove genera and families are not closely related, but they do however, share some adaptive commonalities. These unique qualities that allow mangroves to thrive in aversive conditions are pneumatophoric roots, stilt roots, salt-excreting leaves, and viviparous water-dispersed pr... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
harvest of fish and timber, as well as non-timber forest products such as medicinal plants, palm leaves and honey. On a global scale, they have been shown to sequester carbon in quantities comparable to higher-canopy terrestrial rainforests, which means that they may play a role in climate change mitigation. It has bee... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
is implemented, countries like Indonesia can make considerable contributions to global carbon fluxes. The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry. The cost of this globally is estimated to ... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
equal to the rate of sea level rise, the forest survives and is stable during this period and (3) if the rate of soil accumulation is slower than the rate of sea level rise, the mangrove forest will be submerged by the sea. However, mangroves may then adapt and spread more inland as new territory is made for mangrove h... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
survive where adult trees are not present. The most common method simply consists in planting single-species stands of mangroves in areas thought to be suitable, without consideration of whether or not they supported mangroves in the past. This approach usually fails over the long term because the underlying soil and h... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
approach are as follows: Assess the ecology, especially reproduction and distribution patterns, of the mangrove species at the disturbed site; Map the topographical elevations and hydrological patterns that determine how seedlings should establish themselves at the site; Assess the changes made to the site that current... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
whether society deems if restoration of mangroves is worth the investment effort. This is ultimately determined by human self interest, and whether the decision will maximize their personal utility. Another obstacle that projects may face is how to quantify the economic value of mangrove restoration. Ecological service... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
reduce carbon in the atmosphere. The REDD+ mechanism, as part of the REDD program, provides financial support to stakeholders in developing countries to avoid deforestation and forest degradation. The estimated impacts of REDD+ globally, could reach up to 2.5 billion tons of CO2 each year. An examples of REDD+ implemen... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
mangrove forest restoration", Chapter 28, pp. 787–800 in G.M.E. Perillo, E. Wolanski, D. R. Cahoon, and M.M. Brinson (eds.) "Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach". Elsevier Press, 2009. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. "Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis", World Resources Instit... | {
"page_id": 36309813,
"source": null,
"title": "Mangrove restoration"
} |
In crystallography, materials science and metallurgy, Vegard's law is an empirical finding (heuristic approach) resembling the rule of mixtures. In 1921, Lars Vegard discovered that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately a weighted mean of the two constituents' lattice parameters... | {
"page_id": 8981301,
"source": null,
"title": "Vegard's law"
} |
A s ( 1 − x ) = x a I n P + ( 1 − x ) a I n A s {\displaystyle a_{\mathrm {InP} _{x}\mathrm {As} _{(1-x)}}=x\ a_{\mathrm {InP} }+(1-x)\ a_{\mathrm {InAs} }} When variations in lattice parameters are very small across the entire composition range, Vegard's law becomes equivalent to Amagat's law. == Relationship to band ... | {
"page_id": 8981301,
"source": null,
"title": "Vegard's law"
} |
the chemical composition of a solid solution is twofold: one is an ideal solid solution and the other identical or nearly identical molar volumes of the components. … Coefficients of thermal expansion and compressibilities of the ideal solid solution can be discussed in the same manner. But when the solid solution is i... | {
"page_id": 8981301,
"source": null,
"title": "Vegard's law"
} |
TB10Cs3H1 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB10Cs3H1 is predi... | {
"page_id": 21105467,
"source": null,
"title": "TB10Cs3H1 snoRNA"
} |
TRNA(m1G9/m1A9)-methyltransferase may refer to: TRNA (adenine9-N1)-methyltransferase TRNA (guanine9-N1)-methyltransferase | {
"page_id": 38603585,
"source": null,
"title": "TRNA(m1G9/m1A9)-methyltransferase"
} |
Functional diversity, composition, and species richness affect the biogeochemical processes of ecosystems. However, the degree to which these factors influence ecosystems and whether that influence is significant is debated. In the article The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes, sc... | {
"page_id": 11406148,
"source": null,
"title": "Diversity–function debate"
} |
deliberately misleading, presenting controversial findings as fact. Wardle charged that the diversity experiments reported in Tilman et al., despite being stated in “Issues” as solid fact, were confounded by an experimental design that assumed "that biological communities are randomly assembled with regard to the ecosy... | {
"page_id": 11406148,
"source": null,
"title": "Diversity–function debate"
} |
In organic chemistry, organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (R−O−O−R′). If the R′ is hydrogen, the compounds are called hydroperoxides, which are discussed in that article. The O−O bond of peroxides easily breaks, producing free radicals of the form RO• (the dot represents an ... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
of biological and artificial antioxidants destroy peroxides. In fireflies, oxidation of luciferins, which is catalyzed by luciferases, yields a peroxy compound 1,2-dioxetane. The dioxetane is unstable and decays spontaneously to carbon dioxide and excited ketones, which release excess energy by emitting light (biolumin... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
dicumyl peroxide, are synthesized by addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkenes or by O-alkylation of hydroperoxides. Diacyl peroxides are typically prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of base: H2O2 + 2 RCOCl → (RCO2)2 + 2 HCl H2O2 + (RCO)2O → (RCO2)2 + H2O The re... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
a faster rate than it can be dissipated to the environment. Temperature is the main factor in the rate of decomposition. The lowest temperature at which a packaged organic peroxide will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition within a week is defined as the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT). A large ... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
infection. === Organic synthesis === tert-Butyl hydroperoxide is used for epoxidation and hydroxylation reagents in conjunction with metal catalysts. == Analysis of peroxides == Several analytical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative determination of peroxides. A simple qualitative detection of peroxides i... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
the number of peroxide groups in the molecule, and m is the molecular mass of the pure peroxide. Organic peroxides are often sold as formulations that include one or more phlegmatizing agents. That is, for safety sake or performance benefits the properties of an organic peroxide formulation are commonly modified by the... | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
organic peroxides "The Perils of Peroxides". carolina.com. Burlington, NC: Carolina Biological Supply Company. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. European Organic Peroxide Safety Group == References == | {
"page_id": 2296644,
"source": null,
"title": "Organic peroxides"
} |
Martian geysers (or CO2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw. "Dark dune spots" and "spiders" – or araneiforms – are the two most visible types of features ascribed to these eruptions. Martian geysers are distinct from geysers on Ea... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
multiple years would be required to carve the larger spider-like channels. There is no direct data on these features other than images taken in the visible and infrared spectra. == History == The geological features informally called dark dune spots and spiders were separately discovered on images acquired by the MOC c... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
geysers' two most prominent features (dark dune spots and spider channels) appear at the beginning of the Martian spring on dune fields covered with carbon dioxide (CO2 or 'dry ice'), mainly at the ridges and slopes of the dunes; by the beginning of winter, they disappear. Dark spots' shape is generally round, on the s... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
with spider landforms, however, a preponderance of dark spots and streaks on the cryptic terrain are associated with the appearance of spiders later in the season. Time-lapsed imagery performed by NASA confirms the apparent ejection of dark material following the radial growth of spider channels in the ice. Time-lapsed... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
This cycle was first quantified with measurements of the surface pressure, which varies annually with amplitude of 25%. Clathrate hydrate model This model proposes downward gas flow during increase of and upward flow during decrease of atmospheric pressure. In the defrosting process, ices (clathrate) may partly migrate... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
activity. It is clear that sublimation of the base of the seasonal ice cap is more than capable of generating a substantial overpressure, which is four orders of magnitude higher than the ice overburden pressure and five orders of magnitude higher than atmospheric pressure as discussed above. The observation that a few... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
of the jets, subsurface heat wave for instance. This model is difficult to reconcile with the evidence collected in the form of thermal emission (infrared) imaging, which shows that the fans, spots and blotches are produced by expulsion of cold fluids or cold gases. === Carbon dioxide and water cycling === Michael C. M... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
have stated that the process of frost sublimation is not compatible with a few important features observed in the images, and that the location and shape of the spots is at odds with a physical explanation, specifically, because the channels appear to radiate downhill as much as they radiate uphill, defying gravity. ==... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
also: Life on Mars.) == Lander mission == There is no direct data on these features other than images taken in the visible and infrared spectra, and development of the Mars Geyser Hopper lander is under consideration to study the geyser-like systems. It has not yet been formally proposed nor funded. == See also == == R... | {
"page_id": 18418502,
"source": null,
"title": "Geysers on Mars"
} |
Space ethics, astroethics or astrobioethics is a discipline of applied ethics that discusses the moral and ethical implications arising from astrobiological research, space exploration and space flight. It deals with practical contemporary issues like the protection of the space environment and hypothetical future issu... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
COSPAR workshop at Princeton University, 26 experts embraced the precautionary principle and concluded that "further investigations before interference that is likely to be harmful to Earth and other extraterrestrial bodies, including extraterrestrial life and the contamination and disturbance of celestial environments... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
As a result, even tiny pieces of debris can severely damage or destroy satellites and spacecraft in the event of a collision. This could pose a threat to the lives of astronauts on crewed missions and lead to the phenomenon of Kessler syndrome, where a collision of objects in space produces new fragments of space debri... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
atmospheric science have called for new policy which would lead to more transparency and security. === Weaponizing space === In 1967, the Outer Space Treaty was signed, spurred by the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, and the follow... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
areas around them. While scientific activity in space is benign, this cannot be guaranteed for actions by private people. If, how, by what criteria and by whom laws should be made to ensure that space tourism doesn't negatively impact other celestial bodies is a question of astroethics. === Terraforming other celestial... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
from human history. Concerns regarding the ethicality of METI might be a solution to the Fermi paradox. It is proposed that extraterrestrial life forms may abstain from attempting interstellar communication due to the potential danger it may pose to them, in line with the precautionary principle. Other astroethical con... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
difference in treatment is hardly justifiable. Therefore, according to Dick, astroethical considerations will broaden our current ethical horizon: they will unveil such inconsistencies and double standards and move humanity from an anthropocentric ethic (ascribing intrinsic value only to rationing beings) to a cosmocen... | {
"page_id": 70126407,
"source": null,
"title": "Space ethics"
} |
The Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland is a learned society for the promotion of scientific ecology in German-speaking countries. The society is the world's third largest scientific society in the field of ecology after the Ecological Society of America and the British Ecological Society. == Goals =... | {
"page_id": 79104837,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland"
} |
The publicationVerhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie (ISSN 0171-1113) published from 1972 to 2000 articles of summaries of oral presentations or posters at the annual conference. A long-standing publisher was Jörg Pfadenhauer (1987–2000). == Specialist groups == Many activities of the society are organized by the... | {
"page_id": 79104837,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland"
} |
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is a characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorpho... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
physics aiming to understand these substances at high temperatures of glass transition and at low temperatures towards absolute zero. From the 1970s, low-temperature properties of amorphous solids were studied experimentally in great detail. For all of these substances, specific heat has a (nearly) linear dependence as... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
solids. A variety of electron, X-ray, and computation-based techniques have been used to characterize amorphous materials. Multi-modal analysis is very common for amorphous materials. === X-ray and neutron diffraction === Unlike crystalline materials, which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of ... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
electron tomography results in a 3D reconstruction of an amorphous material detailing the atomic positions of the different species that are present. === Fluctuation electron microscopy === Fluctuation electron microscopy is another transmission electron microscopy-based technique that is sensitive to the medium-range ... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
such as thermal barrier coatings and insulation, rely on materials with ultralow thermal conductivity. === Technological uses === Today, optical coatings made from TiO2, SiO2, Ta2O5 etc. (and combinations of these) in most cases consist of amorphous phases of these compounds. Much research is carried out into thin amor... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
thickness, the precise value of which depends on deposition temperature, background pressure, and various other process parameters. The phenomenon has been interpreted in the framework of Ostwald's rule of stages that predicts the formation of phases to proceed with increasing condensation time towards increasing stabi... | {
"page_id": 2889,
"source": null,
"title": "Amorphous solid"
} |
Carnism is a concept used in discussions of humanity's relation to other animals, defined as a prevailing ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products, especially meat. Carnism is presented as a dominant belief system supported by a variety of defense mechanisms and mostly unchallenged as... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
be slaughtered, such as wool. In the 1970s, traditional views on the moral standing of animals were challenged by animal rights advocates, including psychologist Richard Ryder, who in 1971 introduced the notion of speciesism. This is defined as the assignment of value and rights to individuals solely on the basis of th... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
is cultural variability regarding which animals count as food. Dogs are eaten in China, and South Korea, but elsewhere are not viewed as food, either because they are loved or, as in the Middle East and parts of India, regarded as unclean. Cows are eaten in the West, but revered in much of India. Pigs are rejected by M... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
strategy. Joy argues that this is why meat is rarely served with the animal's head or other intact body parts. === Justification === Joy introduced the idea of the "Three Ns of Justification", writing that meat-eaters regard meat consumption as "normal, natural, and necessary". She argues that the "Three Ns" have been ... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
Joy's original book, suggested Joy's theory was too broad and did not account for variation in people's beliefs and attitudes; for example, Pedersen argues that Joy's argument that people dissociate animal products from their animal origins cannot account for some hunters who make explicit connection between the two as... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
food and drink Veganism List of vegan media == Notes == == References == == Further reading == Castricano, Jodey, and Rasmus R. Simonsen, eds. (2016). Critical Perspectives on Veganism. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Kanerva, Minna (2021). The New Meatways and Sustainability. Bielefeld, Germany: trans... | {
"page_id": 39193418,
"source": null,
"title": "Carnism"
} |
Andrzej Sołtan (25 October 1897 – 10 December 1959) was a Polish nuclear physicist. He also worked on spectroscopy in the band between far ultraviolet and X-rays. During his visit to Caltech in 1932–33, together with H. Richard Crane and Charles Christian Lauritsen, he discovered a method for producing neutron beams, b... | {
"page_id": 10685260,
"source": null,
"title": "Andrzej Sołtan"
} |
The Journal of Food Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1936 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Institute of Food Technologists in Chicago, Illinois. From 1996 to 2005, it was ranked eighth among impact in scientific journals publishing food science and technology. ... | {
"page_id": 8719182,
"source": null,
"title": "Journal of Food Science"
} |
issues. The current Editor-in-Chief of JFS is Edward Allen Foegeding, a distinguished professor of food chemistry at North Carolina State University though he will step down from that role at the end of 2020 after having served since 2012. Richard W. Hartel of the University of Wisconsin will take over starting in Janu... | {
"page_id": 8719182,
"source": null,
"title": "Journal of Food Science"
} |
The pulse vaccination strategy is a method used to eradicate an epidemic by repeatedly vaccinating a group at risk, over a defined age range, until the spread of the pathogen has been stopped. It is most commonly used during measles and polio epidemics to quickly stop the spread and contain the outbreak. == Mathematica... | {
"page_id": 42863440,
"source": null,
"title": "Pulse vaccination strategy"
} |
Program: leading the way to healthy lives', US Centers for Disease Control (CDC information on vaccinations) CDC.gov - Vaccines timeline History of Vaccines Medical education site from the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the oldest medical professional society in the US Images of vaccine-preventable diseases | {
"page_id": 42863440,
"source": null,
"title": "Pulse vaccination strategy"
} |
Yoel Rephaeli (Hebrew: יואל רפאלי) is an Israeli-American cosmologist. He is a Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University, Israel. Rephaeli studies the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect [1] and the astrophysics of galaxy clusters. == References == == External links == Y. Rephaeli, "Comptonization Of The Cosmic Microwave Backg... | {
"page_id": 5376849,
"source": null,
"title": "Yoel Rephaeli"
} |
Paleotempestology is the study of past tropical cyclone activity by means of geological proxies as well as historical documentary records. The term was coined by American meteorologist Kerry Emanuel. == Examples == === Non-tropical examples === == See also == Tropical cyclone Tropical cyclone observation Tropical cyclo... | {
"page_id": 72158034,
"source": null,
"title": "List of paleotempestology records"
} |
Basin 8,000 Year palaeotempestology Database 2018 palaeotempestology Resource Center Shipwrecks, tree rings and hurricanes | {
"page_id": 72158034,
"source": null,
"title": "List of paleotempestology records"
} |
The Juliá–Colonna epoxidation is an asymmetric poly-leucine catalyzed nucleophilic epoxidation of electron deficient olefins in a triphasic system. The reaction was reported by Sebastian Juliá at the Chemical Institute of Sarriá in 1980, with further elaboration by both Juliá and Stefano Colonna (Istituto di Chimica In... | {
"page_id": 29887314,
"source": null,
"title": "Juliá–Colonna epoxidation"
} |
suggests that the reaction proceeds by random steady-state formation of a ternary (polyleucine+hydroperoxide anion+olefin) complex. Both substrates must bind prior to reaction, and while either may bind first, initial hydroperoxide binding is kinetically preferred. The rapid equilibrium enabling complex formation is fo... | {
"page_id": 29887314,
"source": null,
"title": "Juliá–Colonna epoxidation"
} |
or silica gel and formed into a paste. === Catalyst secondary structure === The active component of the catalyst assumes an α-helical structure where the four to five N-terminal residues are actively involved in catalysis. While active catalysts have been generated from scalemic leucine, consistent enantiomeric content... | {
"page_id": 29887314,
"source": null,
"title": "Juliá–Colonna epoxidation"
} |
vs. D-leucine in catalyst formation can yield the same enantiomeric enriched epoxide as the enantiopure catalyst. The relationship between catalyst and product enantiopurity can be closely approximated with a Bernoullian statistical model: een=(Ln-Dn)/(Ln+Dn) where L and D are the proportions of L- and D-leucine used t... | {
"page_id": 29887314,
"source": null,
"title": "Juliá–Colonna epoxidation"
} |
dramatically increases the rate of reaction. The co-catalyst is presumed to increase the concentration of the peroxide oxidant in the organic phase enabling more efficient access to the reactive ternary complex. These conditions were developed for application to two phase systems but also function for three phase syste... | {
"page_id": 29887314,
"source": null,
"title": "Juliá–Colonna epoxidation"
} |
Free carrier absorption occurs when a material absorbs a photon, and a carrier (electron or hole) is excited from an already-excited state to another, unoccupied state in the same band (but possibly a different subband). This intraband absorption is different from interband absorption because the excited carrier is alr... | {
"page_id": 22350680,
"source": null,
"title": "Free carrier absorption"
} |
∑ λ f λ , k {\displaystyle N_{\lambda }=\sum \limits _{\lambda }{f_{\lambda ,k}}} === The optical susceptibility === Using the above distribution function, the time evolution of the density matrix can be ignored, which greatly simplifies the analysis. ρ c v i n t ( k , t ) = ∫ d ω 2 π d c v ε ( ω ) e i ( ε c , k − ε v ... | {
"page_id": 22350680,
"source": null,
"title": "Free carrier absorption"
} |
use the optical susceptibility. α ( ω ) = 4 π ω n b c χ ″ ( ω ) = 4 π ω n b c ∑ k | d c v | 2 ( f v , k − f c , k ) δ ( ℏ ( ε v , k − ε c , k + ω ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha (\omega )&={\frac {4\pi \omega }{n_{b}c}}\chi ''(\omega )\\&={\frac {4\pi \omega }{n_{b}c}}\sum \limits _{k}{\left|{d_{cv}}\right|^{... | {
"page_id": 22350680,
"source": null,
"title": "Free carrier absorption"
} |
A solvated electron is a free electron in a solution, in which it behaves like an anion. An electron's being solvated in a solution means it is bound by the solution. The notation for a solvated electron in formulas of chemical reactions is "e−". Often, discussions of solvated electrons focus on their solutions in ammo... | {
"page_id": 4459356,
"source": null,
"title": "Solvated electron"
} |
denser blue phase. Above 8 MPM the solution is bronze/gold-colored. In the same concentration range the overall density decreases by 30%. == Other solvents == Alkali metals also dissolve in some small primary amines, such as methylamine and ethylamine and hexamethylphosphoramide, forming blue solutions. Tetrahydrofuran... | {
"page_id": 4459356,
"source": null,
"title": "Solvated electron"
} |
form a superoxide radical (O2.−). With nitrous oxide, solvated electrons react to form nitroxyl radicals (NO.). == Uses == Solvated electrons are involved in electrode processes, a broad area with many technical applications (electrosynthesis, electroplating, electrowinning). A specialized use of sodium-ammonia solutio... | {
"page_id": 4459356,
"source": null,
"title": "Solvated electron"
} |
In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology, genetics and related disciplines, causal graphs (also known as path diagrams, causal Bayesian networks or DAGs) are probabilistic graphical models used to encode assumptions about the data-generating process. Causal graphs can be used for communication and for inference. They ... | {
"page_id": 44239711,
"source": null,
"title": "Causal graph"
} |
unmeasured factors that influence a variable Y when Pa(Y) are held constant. In most cases, error terms are excluded from the graph. However, if the graph author suspects that the error terms of any two variables are dependent (e.g. the two variables have an unobserved or latent common cause) then a bidirected arc is d... | {
"page_id": 44239711,
"source": null,
"title": "Causal graph"
} |
S} the individual's salary. Figure 1 is a causal graph that represents this model specification. Each variable in the model has a corresponding node or vertex in the graph. Additionally, for each equation, arrows are drawn from the independent variables to the dependent variables. These arrows reflect the direction of ... | {
"page_id": 44239711,
"source": null,
"title": "Causal graph"
} |
model specification we obtain: Model 4 A = a ⋅ Q 1 + U A C = b ⋅ A + U C S = β ⋅ C + U S , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&=a\cdot Q_{1}+U_{A}\\C&=b\cdot A+U_{C}\\S&=\beta \cdot C+U_{S},\end{aligned}}} with U A {\displaystyle U_{A}} correlated with U S {\displaystyle U_{S}} . Now, β {\displaystyle \beta } is identifie... | {
"page_id": 44239711,
"source": null,
"title": "Causal graph"
} |
Jessica Hua is an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Binghamton University, NY. In addition Hua is the Director for the Center for Integrated Watershed Studies at Binghamton University which focuses on understanding watersheds and the human influences on them through research. She is a herp... | {
"page_id": 70585185,
"source": null,
"title": "Jessica Hua"
} |
University, IN, from 2014 to 2015. She had studied amphibian disease ecology along with her advisor Jason Hoverman. In her research article on "The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to the evolution of insecticide tolerance in amphibian populations" she discussed how wood frog populations were seen to have higher t... | {
"page_id": 70585185,
"source": null,
"title": "Jessica Hua"
} |
wildlife can become tolerant to pollutants through evolving tolerance to toxins such as pesticides. Model systems of wood frogs are used to study this topic since wood frogs have a high degree of variance with their pollutant tolerance. In lab they have seen that wood frog populations near agriculture have higher toler... | {
"page_id": 70585185,
"source": null,
"title": "Jessica Hua"
} |
including in 2017 called "Where the Wetlands End" and in 2016 "Tadpoles, Trematodes, and Toxins- Oh My!". One art show Hua had measured how effective this outreach was in the community by doing pre and post surveys which lead to there being a 20% increase in understanding the importance of wetlands. === Evolution: Teac... | {
"page_id": 70585185,
"source": null,
"title": "Jessica Hua"
} |
communities can learn about data collection in a hands-on manner which will be used by the lab and they will get to learn about biodiversity and its relationship with disease. Another grant Hua has received for $251,407 was the National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology Population and Community Ecolo... | {
"page_id": 70585185,
"source": null,
"title": "Jessica Hua"
} |
A "red neuron" (acidophilic or "eosinophilic" neuron) is a pathological finding in neurons, generally of the central nervous system, indicative of acute neuronal injury and subsequent apoptosis or necrosis. Acidophilic neurons are often found in the first 12–24 hours after an ischemic injury such as a stroke. Since neu... | {
"page_id": 42666851,
"source": null,
"title": "Red neuron"
} |
A conservative replacement (also called a conservative mutation or a conservative substitution or a homologous replacement) is an amino acid replacement in a protein that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties (e.g. charge, hydrophobicity and size). Conversely, a radica... | {
"page_id": 44632934,
"source": null,
"title": "Conservative replacement"
} |
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