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common method to get to imine precursors. Amine alkylation by direct SN2 reaction is only occasionally useful in producing starting materials due to the high propensity of amines to overalkylate. Reductive amination is a more common and effective alkylating procedure, typified in the first aza-Cope rearrangement. The m... | {
"page_id": 43256469,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Cope rearrangement"
} |
those containing highly substituted, sterically hindered amines, result in syn precursors. Thus the nature of the nitrogen substituent is of high importance. ==== Cyanomethyl group use ==== Cyanomethyl groups represent an easy way to protect an iminium ion during allylic vinylation of the ketone. Cyanamide groups and a... | {
"page_id": 43256469,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Cope rearrangement"
} |
large activation barriers are kinetically based. Research on both the 1 and 3-aza-Cope rearrangements has focused on finding good driving forces to lowering the activation barriers. Several versions of these rearrangements have been optimized for synthetic utility. The 1-aza-Cope rearrangement is normally paired with t... | {
"page_id": 43256469,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Cope rearrangement"
} |
nitrogen, the rearrangement did not proceed. Following this logic, much of the research on the 3-aza-Cope rearrangement has focused on charged zwitterionic versions of this reaction, as the charge distribution helps lower the activation barrier: in certain cases, the rearrangement can occur at temperatures as low as -2... | {
"page_id": 43256469,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Cope rearrangement"
} |
products even when forced through a boat transition state, when perturbed with substituent effects, or put in competition with alternative rearrangements. Also significant is the relative ease of production of the reactants, which uses a Diels-Alder reaction paired with relatively simple workup steps, allowing for synt... | {
"page_id": 43256469,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Cope rearrangement"
} |
Overeating occurs when an individual consumes more calories than the energy that is expended via physical activity or expelled via excretion, or when they consume food past the point of satiation, often leading to weight gain and often obesity. Overeating is the defining characteristic of binge eating disorder, and it ... | {
"page_id": 461462,
"source": null,
"title": "Overeating"
} |
Statistical Physics of Particles and Statistical Physics of Fields are a two-volume series of textbooks by Mehran Kardar. Each book is based on a semester-long course taught by Kardar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They cover statistical physics and thermodynamics at the graduate level. == Editions == Ka... | {
"page_id": 63703703,
"source": null,
"title": "Statistical Physics of Particles"
} |
Einstein synchronisation (or Poincaré–Einstein synchronisation) is a convention for synchronising clocks at different places by means of signal exchanges. This synchronisation method was used by telegraphers in the middle 19th century, but was popularized by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, who applied it to light s... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
easily verifiable physical properties of light propagation (see below). Instead he just wrote "We assume that this definition of synchronism is free from contradictions, and possible for any number of points; and that the following (that is b2–b3) relations are universally valid." Max von Laue was the first to study th... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
Laue–Weyl's round trip condition holds if and only if the Einstein synchronisation can be applied consistently (i.e. (a) and (b1)–(b3) hold) and the one-way speed of light with respect to the so synchronised clocks is a constant all over the frame. The importance of Laue–Weyl's condition stands on the fact that the tim... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
he argued that the assumption of light's uniform speed in all directions is useful to formulate physical laws in a simple way. He also showed that the definition of simultaneity of events at different places is only a convention. Based on those conventions, but within the framework of the now superseded aether theory, ... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
timepieces by optical signals; they exchange signals, but as they know that the transmission of light is not instantaneous, they are careful to cross them. When station B perceives the signal from station A, its clock should not mark the same hour as that of station A at the moment of sending the signal, but this hour ... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
Dieks (ed.), The Ontology of Spacetime, Elsevier 2006, ISBN 0-444-52768-0 D. Malament, 1977. "Causal Theories of Time and the Conventionality of Simultaniety," Noûs 11, 293–300. Galison, P. (2003), Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time, New York: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-32604-7 A. Grünbaum. David Malament... | {
"page_id": 2886302,
"source": null,
"title": "Einstein synchronisation"
} |
Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms are a group of microorganisms (both bacteria and archaea) that can perform anaerobic respiration utilizing a metal as terminal electron acceptor rather than molecular oxygen (O2), which is the terminal electron acceptor reduced to water (H2O) in aerobic respiration. The most ... | {
"page_id": 48302751,
"source": null,
"title": "Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms"
} |
to minerals and the insolubility of metal oxides, dissimilatory metal reducers have developed ways to reduce metals extracellularly via electron transfer. Cytochromes c, which are transmembrane proteins, play an important role in transporting electrons from the cytosol to enzymes attached to the outside of the cell. Th... | {
"page_id": 48302751,
"source": null,
"title": "Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms"
} |
Microbial DNA barcoding is the use of DNA metabarcoding to characterize a mixture of microorganisms. DNA metabarcoding is a method of DNA barcoding that uses universal genetic markers to identify DNA of a mixture of organisms. == History == Using metabarcoding to assess microbial communities has a long history. Back in... | {
"page_id": 60361376,
"source": null,
"title": "Microbial DNA barcoding"
} |
therefore is used as a standard barcode to assess prokaryotic diversity. For protists, the corresponding 18S rRNA/rDNA gene is used. To distinguish different species of fungi, the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region of the ribosomal cistron is used. == Advantages == The existing diversity of the microbial world is... | {
"page_id": 60361376,
"source": null,
"title": "Microbial DNA barcoding"
} |
sequences is mostly based on similarity within the 16S ribosomal gene. Thus, the most common barcode used for identification of cyanobacteria is 16S rDNA marker. While it is difficult to define species within prokaryotic organisms, 16S marker can be used for determining individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs). In... | {
"page_id": 60361376,
"source": null,
"title": "Microbial DNA barcoding"
} |
might help us detect harmful species before they start to form blooms and thus improve our water management strategies. Species identification based on environmental DNA could be particularly useful for cyanobacteria, as traditional identification using microscopy is challenging. Their morphological characteristics whi... | {
"page_id": 60361376,
"source": null,
"title": "Microbial DNA barcoding"
} |
The EU's Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability Towards a Toxic-Free Environment is a strategy published in 2020 that is part of the EU's zero pollution ambition, a key commitment of the European Green Deal. innovation for the green transition of the chemical industry and its value chains must be stepped up and the exis... | {
"page_id": 69470879,
"source": null,
"title": "EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability Towards a Toxic-Free Environment"
} |
The Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) is a non-governmental organization founded in 2017 by a coalition of civil-society activists and disarmament practitioners, with the aim to rid the Middle East of all weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This proposal is in line with the 1970s proposal for a Middle East nuclear ... | {
"page_id": 67504802,
"source": null,
"title": "Middle East Treaty Organization"
} |
for discussion on a WMDFZ Treaty in 2017 through track 1.5-2 diplomacy. Roundtable negotiations to discuss the treaty were organized among senior diplomatic and former diplomatic figures from regional governments and representatives from international organizations, as well as subject experts. The draft treaty text fac... | {
"page_id": 67504802,
"source": null,
"title": "Middle East Treaty Organization"
} |
of the organization's education and advocacy programs, METO staff frequently contribute articles to academic publications and mainstream media outlets, as well as through film, radio and podcast productions. === Articles === Emad Kiyaei, Tony Robinson, Sharon Dolev, “Non-proliferation and Regional Cooperation in the Mi... | {
"page_id": 67504802,
"source": null,
"title": "Middle East Treaty Organization"
} |
The Medicines Discovery Catapult (MDC) is the United Kingdom's catapult centre for medicine research and innovation, headquartered at Alderley Park in Cheshire. == History == The intention to form the company was announced by the Chancellor on 13 July 2015 with funding of £5m, on a visit to Cheshire. It would be part o... | {
"page_id": 64555681,
"source": null,
"title": "Medicines Discovery Catapult"
} |
charging £7.1m to administrative expenses, the company reported a loss for the year of £16,000. In 2020, the company was given the task of setting up one of the first PCR analysis centres for COVID-19 tests – known as Lighthouse labs – elsewhere at the Alderley Park site. By 2021, this centre employed over 700 staff an... | {
"page_id": 64555681,
"source": null,
"title": "Medicines Discovery Catapult"
} |
Solid State Physics, better known by its colloquial name Ashcroft and Mermin, is an introductory condensed matter physics textbook written by Neil Ashcroft and N. David Mermin. Published in 1976 by Saunders College Publishing and designed by Scott Olelius, the book has been translated into over half a dozen languages a... | {
"page_id": 65997474,
"source": null,
"title": "Ashcroft and Mermin"
} |
book, along with Kittel is also used as a benchmark for other books on solid-state physics; the publisher's description for the book Advanced Solid State Physics by Philip Phillips that was supplied to the Library of Congress for its bibliography entry states: "This is a modern book in solid state physics that should b... | {
"page_id": 65997474,
"source": null,
"title": "Ashcroft and Mermin"
} |
tverdogo tela (in Russian). Vol. 1. Translated by Mihajlov, Aleksandr S; Kaganov, Moisej Isaakovič; Kugel', Kliment Il'ič. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo "Mir". OCLC 313609844. Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1979). Fizika tverdogo tela (in Russian). Vol. 2. Translated by Mihajlov, Aleksandr S; Kaganov, Moisej Isaakovič; Ku... | {
"page_id": 65997474,
"source": null,
"title": "Ashcroft and Mermin"
} |
The Wittig reaction or Wittig olefination is a chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide called a Wittig reagent. Wittig reactions are most commonly used to convert aldehydes and ketones to alkenes. Most often, the Wittig reaction is used to introduce a methylene group using methylen... | {
"page_id": 1837735,
"source": null,
"title": "Wittig reaction"
} |
control. E. Vedejs has put forth a theory to explain the stereoselectivity of stabilized and unstabilized Wittig reactions. Strong evidence indicated that under Li-free conditions, Wittig reactions involving unstabilized (R1= alkyl, H), semistabilized (R1 = aryl), and stabilized (R1 = EWG) Wittig reagents all proceed v... | {
"page_id": 1837735,
"source": null,
"title": "Wittig reaction"
} |
can be used. Alternatively, the Julia olefination and its variants also provide the (E)-alkene selectively. Ordinarily, the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction provides the (E)-enoate (α,β-unsaturated ester), just as the Wittig reaction does. To obtain the (Z)-enolate, the Still-Gennari modification of the Horner-Wadswort... | {
"page_id": 1837735,
"source": null,
"title": "Wittig reaction"
} |
Igor Jurisica is a Professor in the departments of Computer Science and Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto. He is a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Integrative Cancer Informatics, and an associate editor for BMC Bioinformatics, Proteomes, Cancer Informatics, International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in ... | {
"page_id": 50137769,
"source": null,
"title": "Igor Jurisica"
} |
The Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that researches the marine biodiversity of Antarctica, how it is affected by climate change, and how this change is altering the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean. The program started in 2005 as a 5-year initiative with the scienti... | {
"page_id": 21957291,
"source": null,
"title": "Census of Antarctic Marine Life"
} |
Pseudo-panspermia (sometimes called soft panspermia, molecular panspermia or quasi-panspermia) is a well-supported hypothesis for a stage in the origin of life. The theory first asserts that many of the small organic molecules used for life originated in space (for example, being incorporated in the solar nebula, from ... | {
"page_id": 59837099,
"source": null,
"title": "Pseudo-panspermia"
} |
the universe and have been found in molecular clouds in the center of the Milky Way, protostars of different masses, meteorites and comets, and also in the atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. Evidence for the extraterrestrial creation of organic molecules includes both their discovery in various contexts i... | {
"page_id": 59837099,
"source": null,
"title": "Pseudo-panspermia"
} |
Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food, after they are applied to food crops. The maximum allowable levels of these residues in foods are stipulated by regulatory bodies in many countries. Regulations such as pre-harvest intervals also prevent harvest of crop or livestock products if r... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
pesticides were widely used due to their effective pest control. Problems with environmental issues of DDT became increasingly apparent, since it is persistent and bioaccumulates in the body and the food chain. In the 1960s, Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring to illustrate a risk of DDT and how it threatened biodiversit... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
by the commission. === European Union === The European Union has a searchable database with the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for 716 pesticides. Under the previous system, revised in 2008, certain pesticide residues were regulated by the commission; others were regulated by Member States, and others were not regulated... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
group, the Environmental Working Group, is known for creating a list of fruits and vegetables referred to as the Dirty Dozen; it lists produce with the highest number of distinct pesticide residues or most samples with residue detected in USDA data. This list is generally considered misleading and lacks scientific cred... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
of lost life per person in Switzerland and the United States, respectively. There are many studies on the health differences between consumers of organic foods vs consumers of organically grown foods. When the American Academy of Pediatrics reviewed the literature on organic foods in 2012, they found that "current evid... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
for assessing the potential for developmental neurotoxicity in human health risk assessment. == See also == Child development Dose–response relationship Environmental effects of pesticides Environmental issues with agriculture Food safety List of environmental issues Pesticide poisoning QuEChERS - method for testing pe... | {
"page_id": 3148461,
"source": null,
"title": "Pesticide residue"
} |
Sex as a biological variable (SABV) is a research policy recognizing sex as an important variable to consider when designing studies and assessing results. Research including SABV has strengthened the rigor and reproducibility of findings. Public research institutions including the European Commission, Canadian Institu... | {
"page_id": 66914990,
"source": null,
"title": "Sex as a biological variable"
} |
understanding of potential sex-based differences in basic biological function, disease processes, and treatment response. NIH expects that sex as a biological variable will be factored into research designs, analyses, and reporting in vertebrate animal and human studies. Strong justification from the scientific literat... | {
"page_id": 66914990,
"source": null,
"title": "Sex as a biological variable"
} |
cycle, variability was the same among sexes. Studies following SABV policies can identify potential hormonal variability in earlier phases of biomedical research. In 2020, the NIH Office on Women's Health and the Food and Drug Administration Office of Women's Health created an educational tool, Bench-to-Bedside: Integr... | {
"page_id": 66914990,
"source": null,
"title": "Sex as a biological variable"
} |
Korilophyton is a genus of branching Cambrian acritarchs of presumed algal affinity. == References == | {
"page_id": 45025965,
"source": null,
"title": "Korilophyton"
} |
The molecular formula C22H24Br2N10O2 (molar mass: 620.310 g/mol) may refer to: Ageliferin Sceptrin | {
"page_id": 61147824,
"source": null,
"title": "C22H24Br2N10O2"
} |
In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. == History == During the 1940s, '50s and '60s, the commercial development of new mono... | {
"page_id": 11471537,
"source": null,
"title": "Polymer blend"
} |
an aromatic ring in the repeat units of both chains. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) – polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) homopolymer–copolymer: polypropylene (PP) – EPDM polycarbonate (PC) – acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): Bayblend, Pulse, Anjable... | {
"page_id": 11471537,
"source": null,
"title": "Polymer blend"
} |
Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology is an anthology published in 2003 edited by Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman. The book is the outcome of the 4th Altenberg Workshop in Theoretical Biology on "Origins of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene Paradigm", hosted in 199... | {
"page_id": 3082931,
"source": null,
"title": "Origination of Organismal Form"
} |
Gilbert Tissue Specificity: Structural Cues Allow Diverse Phenotypes from a Constant Genotype, Mina J. Bissell, I. Saira Mian, Derek Radisky and Eva Turley Genes, Cell Behavior, and the Evolution of Form, Ellen Larsen Cell Adhesive Interactions and Tissue Self-Organization, Malcolm Steinberg Gradients, Diffusion, and G... | {
"page_id": 3082931,
"source": null,
"title": "Origination of Organismal Form"
} |
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less co... | {
"page_id": 1641139,
"source": null,
"title": "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis"
} |
the gel. At room temperature, the DNA will exist stably in a double-stranded form. As the temperature is increased, the strands begin to separate (melting), and the speed at which they move through the gel decreases drastically. Critically, the temperature at which melting occurs depends on the sequence (GC basepairs a... | {
"page_id": 1641139,
"source": null,
"title": "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis"
} |
different positions in the gel. By comparing the melting behavior of the polymorphic DNA fragments side by side on denaturing gradient gels, it is possible to detect fragments that have mutations in the first melting domain (Helms, 1990). Placing two samples side by side on the gel and allowing them to denature togethe... | {
"page_id": 1641139,
"source": null,
"title": "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis"
} |
that can be used for this purpose, silver staining has proven to be the most effective tool. The DNA can be eluted from the silver stain for further analysis through PCR amplification. == Applications == TGGE and DGGE are broadly useful in biomedical and ecological research; selected applications are described below. =... | {
"page_id": 1641139,
"source": null,
"title": "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis"
} |
archaea, and 18S rRNA gene fragments of eukaryotes results in mixtures of PCR products. Because these amplicons all have the same length, they cannot be separated from each other by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, sequence variations (i.e. differences in GC content and distribution) between different microbial rR... | {
"page_id": 1641139,
"source": null,
"title": "Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis"
} |
Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material. For instance, a temperature–entropy diagram (T–s diagram) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor. == Overview ==... | {
"page_id": 4262587,
"source": null,
"title": "Thermodynamic diagrams"
} |
basic coordinates. The P–alpha diagram shows a strong deformation of the grid for atmospheric conditions and is therefore not useful in atmospheric sciences. The three diagrams are constructed from the P–alpha diagram by using appropriate coordinate transformations. Not a thermodynamic diagram in a strict sense, since ... | {
"page_id": 4262587,
"source": null,
"title": "Thermodynamic diagrams"
} |
a volume of gas V1 at a temperature T1. If the gas is heated so that the temperature of the gas goes up to T2 while the piston is allowed to rise to V2 as in Figure 1, then the pressure is kept the same in this process due to the free floating piston being allowed to rise making the process an isobaric process or const... | {
"page_id": 4262587,
"source": null,
"title": "Thermodynamic diagrams"
} |
the resistance of the friction. The work done due to friction would be the difference between the work done on these two process paths. Many engineers neglect friction at first in order to generate a simplified model. For more accurate information, the height of the highest point, or the max pressure, to surpass the st... | {
"page_id": 4262587,
"source": null,
"title": "Thermodynamic diagrams"
} |
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the fission barrier is the activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission. This barrier may also be defined as the minimum amount of energy required to deform the nucleus to the point where it is irretrievably committed to the fission process. The energy... | {
"page_id": 56036030,
"source": null,
"title": "Fission barrier"
} |
of the beginning of the fission process to the "scission point," it is apparent that the change of the shape of the nucleus is associated with a change of energy of some kind. In fact, it is the change of two types of energies: (1) the macroscopic energy related to the nuclear bulk properties as given by the liquid dro... | {
"page_id": 56036030,
"source": null,
"title": "Fission barrier"
} |
which leads to spherical shapes of the nucleus. The Coulomb and surface energies of a uniformly charged sphere can be approximated by the following expressions: E c 0 = 3 5 Z 2 e 2 R 0 A 1 / 3 = a c Z 2 A 1 / 3 {\displaystyle E_{c}^{0}={\frac {3}{5}}{\frac {Z^{2}e^{2}}{R_{0}A^{1/3}}}=a_{c}{\frac {Z^{2}}{A^{1/3}}}} E s ... | {
"page_id": 56036030,
"source": null,
"title": "Fission barrier"
} |
\left(Z^{2}/A\right)} value of 32.96. For all stable nuclei, x {\displaystyle x} must be less than 1. In that case, the total deformation energy of nuclei undergoing fission will increase by an amount ( 1 / 5 ) α 2 2 ( 2 E s 0 − E c 0 ) {\displaystyle (1/5)\alpha _{2}^{2}(2E_{s}^{0}-E_{c}^{0})} , as the nucleus deforms... | {
"page_id": 56036030,
"source": null,
"title": "Fission barrier"
} |
observed, as they would decay by spontaneous fission on a time scale much shorter than we can observe. This combination of macroscopic liquid drop and microscopic shell effects predicts that for nuclei in the U-Pu region, a double-humped fission barrier with equal barrier heights and a deep secondary minimum will occur... | {
"page_id": 56036030,
"source": null,
"title": "Fission barrier"
} |
The Density Functional Based Tight Binding method is an approximation to density functional theory, which reduces the Kohn-Sham equations to a form of tight binding related to the Harris functional. The original approximation limits interactions to a non-self-consistent two center hamiltonian between confined atomic st... | {
"page_id": 63900356,
"source": null,
"title": "DFTB"
} |
Until the late 1950s, the Precambrian was not believed to have hosted multicellular organisms. However, with radiometric dating techniques, it has been found that fossils initially found in the Ediacara Hills in Southern Australia date back to the late Precambrian. These fossils are body impressions of organisms shaped... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
event in Earth's history. Bodies first started appearing towards the end of the Precambrian Era, during the Ediacaran period. The fossils of the Ediacaran period were first found in Southern Australia in the Ediacara Hills, hence the name. However these fossils were initially thought to be part of the Cambrian and it w... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
Despite these similarities, much of the identification is speculation since the fossils do not show very distinct structures. Other fossils do not resemble any known lineages. Many of the organisms, such as Charnia, found in Mistaken Point, were not like any organisms seen today. They had distinct bodies, however were ... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
Point in Newfoundland. Charnia was attached to the bottom of the ocean floor, and was strongly current aligned. This is seen because there are disk-like shapes at the bottom of the Charnia fossil, which show where Charnia was tethered, and all the nearby fossils are facing the same direction. These fossils at Mistaken ... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
moved very slowly. Spriggina was soft bodied, which leave the fossils as faint imprints. It is most likely related to annelids, however there is some speculation that it could be related to arthropods since it somewhat resembles trilobite fossils. === Trace fossils === The Ediacaran fossils of Southern Australia contai... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
takes in water through the microvilli attached to the collar, which helps filter out unwanted bacteria and other tiny food particles. Choanoflagellates are composed of approximately 150 species and reproduce by simple division. ==== Choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta ==== (also known as Choanoflagellate Proterospongi... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
the Doushanto formation in Southern China. Some circular impressions from the Ediacaran Hills in Southern Australia are also reported to be sponges. They are one of the only lineages of metazoans from this era that continue to survive, and remain relatively unchanged. Sponges are such successful organisms due to their ... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
cells from dissociated sponges could send out signals and recognize each other to form a new individual. This suggests that the cells that compose sponges are capable of independent living, however once multicellularity was possible then aggregating together to form one organism was a more efficient way of living. The ... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
The formation of multicellularity was a pivotal point in the evolution of life on Earth. Shortly after multicellularity arose, there was an immense increase in the diversity of living organisms at the beginning of the Cambrian Era, called the Cambrian Explosion. Multicellularity is believed to have evolved multiple tim... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
also have these genes is an incredible discovery because it was previously thought that only metazoans had genes responsible for cell-cell communication and aggregation. This suggests that these domains play a key role in the origins of multicellularity since it ties a unicellular organism (choanoflagellates) to multic... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
multicellularity ==== This theory postulates that multicellularity arose as a means for prey to escape predation. Larger prey are less likely to be preyed upon, and larger predators are more likely to catch prey. Therefore it is likely that multicellularity arose when the first predators evolved. By assembling as a lar... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
microbes were cyanobacteria and other oxygen producing bacteria, which led to the massive rise in oxygen levels. The increased oxygen availability allowed it to be used by cells in order to manufacture collagen. Collagen is the key component for cell aggregation, It is a rope-like molecule that “ties” cells together. O... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
of cross-striated fibrils are types I–III, V, and XI. Type II and type XI collagens compose the fibrils present in cartilage. These can be distinguished from collagens located in non-cartilaginous tissues, which include type I, III, and V collagens. === Protein === Additional research on sponge proteins found that of 4... | {
"page_id": 46336709,
"source": null,
"title": "Precambrian body plans"
} |
Coulomb excitation is a technique in experimental nuclear physics to probe the electromagnetic aspect of nuclear structure. In Coulomb excitation, a nucleus is excited by an inelastic collision with another nucleus through the electromagnetic interaction. In order to ensure that the interaction is electromagnetic in na... | {
"page_id": 28117700,
"source": null,
"title": "Coulomb excitation"
} |
In particle physics, the acronym WISP refers to a largely hypothetical weakly interacting sub-eV particle, or weakly interacting slender particle, or weakly interacting slim particle – low-mass particles which rarely interact with conventional particles. The term is used to generally categorize a type of dark matter ca... | {
"page_id": 67046091,
"source": null,
"title": "WISP (particle physics)"
} |
since they remain hypothetical (except for active neutrinos), the means of creation of WISPs depends on the theoretical framework used to propose them. == See also == Axion Feebly interacting particle (FIP) Hot dark matter Light dark matter Lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) Sterile neutrino Weakly interacting mass... | {
"page_id": 67046091,
"source": null,
"title": "WISP (particle physics)"
} |
In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and the second is called recessive. This state of having two different variants of... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
masks the presence of the r allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele R is dominant over allele r, and allele r is recessive to allele R. Dominance is not inherent to an allele or its traits (phenotype). It is a strictly relative effect between two alleles of a given gene of any function; one alle... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
(Aa), and that one of the two alleles in the hybrid cross dominated expression of the other: A masked a. The final cross between two heterozygotes (Aa X Aa) would produce AA, Aa, and aa offspring in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio with the first two classes showing the (A) phenotype, and the last showing the (a) phenotype, ther... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
homozygote recessive, respectively.In dihybrid inheritance we look at the inheritance of two pairs of genes simultaneous. Assuming here that the two pairs of genes are located at non-homologous chromosomes, such that they are not coupled genes (see genetic linkage) but instead inherited independently. Consider now the ... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype and neither allele masks another. For example, in the ABO blood group system, chemical modifications to a glycoprotein (the H antigen) on the surfaces of blood cells are controlled by three alleles, two of which are co-dominant to each other (IA, IB) and domina... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
the same as those for incomplete dominance. Again, this classical terminology is inappropriate – in reality, such cases should not be said to exhibit dominance at all. == Relationship to other genetic concepts == Dominance can be influenced by various genetic interactions and it is essential to evaluate them when deter... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
due to recessive alleles for color desposition masking both the dominant black (B) allele and recessive brown (b) allele at the first locus to express a yellow coat in the Labrador retriever. The yellow color comes from no pigment being deposited in the hair shaft. Other examples of epistasis interactions are dominant ... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
University of Newfoundland. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Hemoglobin—Beta Locus; HBB - 141900 — Sickle-Cell Anemia Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): ABO Glycosyltransferase - 110300 — ABO blood groups == External links == "Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" (OMIM) "Autosomal dominance of Hunti... | {
"page_id": 68300,
"source": null,
"title": "Dominance (genetics)"
} |
Rikku is a character in the Final Fantasy series, created by Tetsuya Nomura. Rikku first appears in Final Fantasy X as one of its protagonists, where she accompanies her cousin Yuna and others on a journey to defeat the monster Sin. Rikku again appears as a protagonist in the game's direct sequel, Final Fantasy X-2. In... | {
"page_id": 20646605,
"source": null,
"title": "Rikku"
} |
product of a cultural change in Spira, the world Rikku inhabits. The staff also wished to make that cast seem more physically active. Rikku is voiced by Tara Strong in English and by Marika Matsumoto in Japanese. Strong was offered an audition by Final Fantasy X casting director Jack Fletcher. Before her audition, the ... | {
"page_id": 20646605,
"source": null,
"title": "Rikku"
} |
convinces Yuna by showing her a mysterious sphere featuring a person resembling Yuna's lost love, Tidus. Rikku appears in the game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: Curtain Call as a playable character. Her appearance resembles a chibi-esque version of her Final Fantasy X-2 character. She also appears alongside Yuna and Paine... | {
"page_id": 20646605,
"source": null,
"title": "Rikku"
} |
highlight of Final Fantasy X and hoped to see her in Dissidia Final Fantasy. Game Informer was critical of the sexualization of Rikku, noting her as being underage. Digitally Downloaded noted that her outfit in Final Fantasy X-2 was fan service. They also noted, however, that it was story-related as it demonstrated the... | {
"page_id": 20646605,
"source": null,
"title": "Rikku"
} |
β-Carbon elimination (beta-carbon elimination) is a type of reaction in organometallic chemistry wherein an allyl ligand bonded to a metal center is broken into the corresponding metal-bonded alkyl (aryl) ligand and an alkene. It is a subgroup of elimination reactions. Though less common and less understood than β-hydr... | {
"page_id": 60885710,
"source": null,
"title": "Β-Carbon elimination"
} |
species. Their calculations predict that a more electrophilic metal ion enhances the −CH3 π-donation, which consequently increases the stability of M−CH3 over M−H species. Conversely, a more electron-rich metal ion will favor M−H formation (for example, using the more electron-donating Cp* ligand in Cp*2MX2). In terms ... | {
"page_id": 60885710,
"source": null,
"title": "Β-Carbon elimination"
} |
of catalytic processes involving β-alkyl elimination that are synthetically useful. β-alkyl elimination in this case, however, is often considered as an alternative way of C–C bond cleavage while oxidative addition is the direct way. One of the examples is β-alkyl elimination of tert-alcoholates which can generate from... | {
"page_id": 60885710,
"source": null,
"title": "Β-Carbon elimination"
} |
Samarendra Nath Biswas (1 May 1926 – 4 January 2005) was an Indian theoretical physicist specialized in theoretical high energy physics, particle physics and mathematical physics and is known for his work in several diverse areas. == Life, education and career == Samarendra Nath Biswas (1 May 1926 – 4 January 2005) was... | {
"page_id": 64096980,
"source": null,
"title": "Samarendra Nath Biswas"
} |
stars, continued fraction theory, role of parastatistics in statistical mechanics, Biswas has written over 90 scientific articles, which have received a large number of citations. == Authored books == Classical Mechanics (ISBN 978-8187134183) Quantum Mechanics (ISBN 978-8187134176) == Awards and honors == Fellow, Tata ... | {
"page_id": 64096980,
"source": null,
"title": "Samarendra Nath Biswas"
} |
The Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) is a program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States established to investigate spheromak plasma. A spheromak device produces a plasma in magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium mainly through self-induced plasma currents, as opposed to a tokamak device w... | {
"page_id": 6818518,
"source": null,
"title": "Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment"
} |
The following is a list of parent-child pairs who were both notable for their contribution in physics. The list is in alphabetical order by the father's last name. Four parent-child pairs have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics: J. J. and George Paget Thomson (1906, 1937), William H. and Lawrence Bragg (1915), Nie... | {
"page_id": 79629014,
"source": null,
"title": "List of second-generation physicists"
} |
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