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}^{\mathrm {eff} }\equiv (1-f_{\mathbf {k} }^{\mathrm {e} }-f_{\mathbf {k} }^{\mathrm {h} })V_{\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k'} }\,,} where ( 1 − f k e − f k h ) {\displaystyle (1-f_{\mathbf {k} }^{\mathrm {e} }-f_{\mathbf {k} }^{\mathrm {h} })} weakens the Coulomb interaction via the so-called phase-space filling factor that...	{ "page_id": 39454695, "source": null, "title": "Wannier equation" }
λ , ν {\displaystyle \sum _{\mathbf {k} }\left[\phi _{\lambda }^{L}(\mathbf {k} )\right]^{\star }\,\phi _{\nu }^{R}(\mathbf {k} )=\sum _{\mathbf {k} }\left[\phi _{\lambda }^{R}(\mathbf {k} )\right]^{\star }\,\phi _{\nu }^{L}(\mathbf {k} )=\delta _{\lambda ,\nu }} . The Wannier equations can also be generalized to inclu...	{ "page_id": 39454695, "source": null, "title": "Wannier equation" }
== Excitons Semiconductor Bloch equations Semiconductor luminescence equations Elliott formula Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Quantum well Quantum wire Quantum dot == References ==	{ "page_id": 39454695, "source": null, "title": "Wannier equation" }
Neumann's law states that the molecular heat in compounds of analogous constitution is always the same. It is named after German mineralogist and physicist Franz Ernst Neumann, who extended the law of the heat of elements by stating that the molecular heat is equal to the sum of the heat of each constituent atom. == Re...	{ "page_id": 7931875, "source": null, "title": "Neumann's law" }
This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission ar...	{ "page_id": 788460, "source": null, "title": "List of Solar System probes" }
the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted to weather balloons and other atmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging and remote sensing. Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) t...	{ "page_id": 788460, "source": null, "title": "List of Solar System probes" }
2001–2009 === === 2011–2018 === === Since 2020 === === Phobos probes === == Ceres probes == == Asteroid probes == == Jupiter probes == === Ganymede probes === == Saturn probes == === Titan probes === == Uranus probes == == Neptune probes == == Pluto probes == == Comet probes == == Kuiper belt probes == == Probes leavin...	{ "page_id": 788460, "source": null, "title": "List of Solar System probes" }
Bullseye! is a 1990 British–American action comedy film starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore. It was directed by Michael Winner. It was released on 2 November 1990, to mixed reviews, and was a box office disappointment. It has since developed a small cult following. == Plot == Moore and Caine play dual roles—a pair o...	{ "page_id": 10160111, "source": null, "title": "Bullseye! (1990 film)" }
Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters and enhancers. Gene expression has been commonly characterized as a measure of how much, how fast, when and where this process happens. Promoters and enhancers are required for contro...	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
P {\displaystyle P} polymerase molecules on DNA. Here in this deduction P {\displaystyle P} is the effective number of RNAP molecules available for binding to the promoter. This approach is based in statistical thermodynamics of two possible microscopic outcomes: one state where all P polymerases molecules are distribu...	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
promoter, we divide Z ( P ) {\displaystyle Z(P)} by Z ( P t o t a l ) {\displaystyle Z(Ptotal)} which produces: P r o b b o u n d = 1 1 + N N S P ∗ e − Δ E K b T {\displaystyle Prob_{bound}={\frac {1}{1+{\frac {N_{N}S}{P}}*{e}^{-{\frac {\Delta E}{KbT}}}}}} Where, Δ E = E S − E N S {\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{S}-E_{NS}} ...	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
II for messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and some small regulatory RNAs, and the RNA polymerase III for small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The process of positioning of the RNA polymerase II and the transcriptional machinery require the recognition of a region known as "core promoter". The elements that could be found in t...	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
events within the cis-regulatory regions involve in gene expression. The impact of variation in regulatory regions is important for disease risk due their impact in the gene expression level. Furthermore, perturbations in the binding properties of proteins encoded by regulatory genes have been linked with phenotypes ef...	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
and not others. == See also == == References ==	{ "page_id": 48695290, "source": null, "title": "Promoter activity" }
== See also == {{psychiatry-journal-stub}}	{ "page_id": 42534906, "source": null, "title": "Template:Neuroscience-journal-stub" }
The Kiln Site in Jinseo-ri, Buan (Korean: 부안 진서리 요지; Hanja: 扶安鎭西里窯址) refers to a Goryeo-era archaeological site in Jinseo-ri, Buan County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea. In the site are around 40 kilns used to produce Goryeo ware. On January 21, 1963, the site was made a Historic Site of South Korea. The kilns dat...	{ "page_id": 79235075, "source": null, "title": "Kiln Site in Jinseo-ri, Buan" }
The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) is a free, online encyclopedia intended to document all of the 1.9 million living species known to science. It aggregates content to form "pages" for every known species. Content is compiled from existing trusted databases which are curated by experts and it calls on the assistance of non...	{ "page_id": 11143173, "source": null, "title": "Encyclopedia of Life" }
users. It is also internationalized with interfaces provided for English, German, Spanish, French, Galician, Serbian, Macedonian, Arabic, Chinese, Korean and Ukrainian language speakers. On 16 January 2014, EOL launched TraitBank, a searchable, open digital repository for organism traits, measurements, interactions and...	{ "page_id": 11143173, "source": null, "title": "Encyclopedia of Life" }
provides full provenance for information through citations from its trusted databases. Professional researchers publishing academic research should cite directly to the underlying data. Users may not currently edit EOL's entries directly but may register for the site to join specialist expert communities to discuss rel...	{ "page_id": 11143173, "source": null, "title": "Encyclopedia of Life" }
List of desiccants: Activated alumina Aerogel Benzophenone (as anion) Bentonite clay Calcium chloride Calcium hydride Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate (Drierite) Cobalt(II) chloride Copper(II) sulfate Lithium chloride Lithium bromide Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium sulfate Magnesium perchlorate Molecular sieve Ph...	{ "page_id": 5965829, "source": null, "title": "List of desiccants" }
Picollator is an Internet search engine that performs searches for web sites and multimedia by visual query (image) or text, or a combination of visual query and text. Picollator recognizes objects in the image, obtains their relevance to the text and vice versa, and searches in accordance with all information provided...	{ "page_id": 18876426, "source": null, "title": "Picollator" }
corporate environments. == References == Picollator Loves My Girlish Smile, Inside the Marketers Studio - David Berkowitz's Marketing Blog Archived 2008-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. March 20, 2008 Picollator - Image search engine, Phil Bradley's weblog. March 31, 2008 Image-Based Queries, Techpin. March 16, 2008 Picol...	{ "page_id": 18876426, "source": null, "title": "Picollator" }
Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) is a disaccharide that serves as a core 1 structure in O-linked glycosylation. First described by Thomsen as a red blood cell's antigen, later research have determined it to be an oncofetal antigen. it is present in the body as a part of membrane transport proteins...	{ "page_id": 31131659, "source": null, "title": "Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen" }
The Benary reaction is an organic reaction. In 1931 Erich Bénary discovered that β-(N,N-dialkylamino)-vinyl ketones reacted with Grignard reagents in a 1,4-addition to give α,β-unsaturated ketones, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and α,β-unsaturated esters as well as poly-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes after hydrolysis of...	{ "page_id": 10422282, "source": null, "title": "Benary reaction" }
Inna Sekirov is a Moldovan-born, Canadian medical microbiologist and physician-scientist at the University of British Columbia. == Biography == Sekirov was born in Moldova and moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1995. She attended the University of British Columbia (UBC) and graduated with a BS in Microbiol...	{ "page_id": 68749327, "source": null, "title": "Inna Sekirov" }
Deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) is a method of delivering radiotherapy while limiting radiation exposure to the heart and lungs. It is used primarily for treating left-sided breast cancer. The technique involves a patient holding their breath during treatment. In DIBH techniques, treatment is only delivered at cert...	{ "page_id": 49088528, "source": null, "title": "Deep inspiration breath-hold" }
by viewing a breathing level indicator, thereby reproducing an identical breath-hold position. === Spirometry-monitored breath-hold === Spirometry based designs are known as active breathing coordinator (ABC) DIBH systems. ABC utilises a mouth piece for the patient which can be used to control the flow of air to provid...	{ "page_id": 49088528, "source": null, "title": "Deep inspiration breath-hold" }
TB6Cs1H3 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB6Cs1H3 is predict...	{ "page_id": 21104657, "source": null, "title": "TB6Cs1H3 snoRNA" }
This is a partial list of molecules that contain 12 carbon atoms. == C12H0 – C12H8 == == C12H9 – C12H11 == == C12H12 – C12H14 == == C12H15 – C12H17 == == C12H18 – C12H19 == == C12H20 – C12H21 == == C12H22 == == C12H23 – C12H27 == == C12H28 – C12Hmany == == See also == Carbon number List of compounds with carbon number ...	{ "page_id": 30935057, "source": null, "title": "List of compounds with carbon number 12" }
Scientists against Nuclear Arms (SANA) was formed in 1981 by the physicist and peace activist Mike Pentz together with Steven Rose, both academics at the Open University, to oppose nuclear arms. SANA was one of the forerunner organisations of Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR). == See also == Campaign for Nucle...	{ "page_id": 42338324, "source": null, "title": "Scientists against Nuclear Arms" }
An ecological network is a representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem, in which species (nodes) are connected by pairwise interactions (links). These interactions can be trophic or symbiotic. Ecological networks are used to describe and compare the structures of real ecosystems, while network models are ...	{ "page_id": 17303574, "source": null, "title": "Ecological network" }
species' prey (aka. in degree) and links to a species' predators (aka- out degree). Both the in degree and out degree distributions display their own universal functional forms. As there is a faster decay of the out-degree distribution than the in degree distribution we can expect that on average in a food web a specie...	{ "page_id": 17303574, "source": null, "title": "Ecological network" }
there exist thirteen unique motif structures containing three species, some of these correspond to familiar interaction modules studied by population ecologists such as food chains, apparent competition, or intraguild predation. Studies investigating motif structures of ecological networks, by examining patterns of und...	{ "page_id": 17303574, "source": null, "title": "Ecological network" }
cascading extinctions are less likely in compartmentalized networks, as effects of species losses are limited to the original compartment. Furthermore, as long as the most connected species are unlikely to go extinct, network persistence increases with connectance and nestedness. No consensus on the links between netwo...	{ "page_id": 17303574, "source": null, "title": "Ecological network" }
Journal of Photonics for Energy is a quarterly, online peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fundamental and applied research on the applications of photonics for renewable energy harvesting, conversion, storage, distribution, monitoring, consumption, and efficient usage, published by SPIE. The editor-in-chief is S...	{ "page_id": 54265881, "source": null, "title": "Journal of Photonics for Energy" }
Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It has the second-highest atomic number and joint-highest atomic mass of all known elements and is the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. It is named after the U.S. state of Tennessee, where key research instit...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
nor achieves high oxidation states. A few key properties, such as its melting and boiling points and its first ionization energy, are nevertheless expected to follow the periodic trends of the halogens. == Introduction == == History == === Pre-discovery === In December 2004, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JI...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
Thanks to the neutron excess, the resulting nuclei were expected to be heavier and closer to the sought-after island of stability. Of the aimed for 117 protons, calcium has 20, and thus they needed to use berkelium, which has 97 protons in its nucleus. In February 2005, the leader of the JINR team — Yuri Oganessian — p...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
University of Nevada (Las Vegas). In November 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy, which had oversight over the reactor in Oak Ridge, allowed the scientific use of the extracted berkelium. The production lasted 250 days and ended in late December 2008, resulting in 22 milligrams of berkelium, enough to perform the expe...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions announced internally that they had detected the decay of a new element with atomic number 117 via two decay chains: one of an odd–odd isotope undergoing 6 alpha decays before spontaneous fission, and one of an odd–even isotope undergoing 3 alpha decays before fission. The obtained data f...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
filed an application to register the element. In May 2014, a joint German–American collaboration of scientists from the ORNL and the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany, claimed to have confirmed discovery of the element. The team repeated the Dubna experiment using the Darmstadt a...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
discoveries of elements 115 and 117 was a link they considered to be doubtful. On 8 June 2017, two members of the Dubna team published a journal article answering these criticisms, analysing their data on the nuclides 293117 and 289115 with widely accepted statistical methods, noted that the 2016 studies indicating non...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
2010, Dawn Shaughnessy of LLNL and Oganessian declared that naming was a sensitive question, and it was avoided as far as possible. However, Hamilton, who teaches at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, declared that year, "I was crucial in getting the group together and in getting the 249Bk target essential ...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
January 2017. == Predicted properties == Other than nuclear properties, no properties of tennessine or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact that it decays very quickly. Properties of tennessine remain unknown and only predictions are available. ===...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
respectively. The Dubna team believes that the synthesis of the element is direct experimental proof of the existence of the island of stability. It has been calculated that the isotope 295Ts would have a half-life of about 18 milliseconds, and it may be possible to produce this isotope via the same berkelium–calcium r...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
the seventh period (row) of the periodic table, continuing the trend would predict a valence electron configuration of 7s27p5, and it would therefore be expected to behave similarly to the halogens in many respects that relate to this electronic state. However, going down group 17, the metallicity of the elements incre...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
being 6d3/2 and six being 6d5/2) are both raised, so they are close in energy to the 7s ones, although no 6d electron chemistry has ever been predicted for tennessine. The difference between the 7p1/2 and 7p3/2 levels is abnormally high; 9.8 eV. Astatine's 6p subshell split is only 3.8 eV, and its 6p1/2 chemistry has a...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
(that of astatine is estimated as 309 °C, 337 °C, or 370 °C, although experimental values of 230 °C and 411 °C have been reported). The density of tennessine is expected to be between 7.1 and 7.3 g/cm3. === Chemical === The known isotopes of tennessine, 293Ts and 294Ts, are too short-lived to allow for chemical experim...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
should be seen in the bonding of Ts2. The molecule tennessine chloride (TsCl) is predicted to go further, being bonded with a single pi bond. Aside from the unstable −1 state, three more oxidation states are predicted; +5, +3, and +1. The +1 state should be especially stable because of the destabilization of the three ...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
atoms) for TlTs; only 1.67 D, the positive value implying that the negative charge is on the tennessine atom. For NhTs, the strength of the effects are predicted to cause a transfer of the electron from the tennessine atom to the nihonium atom, with the dipole moment value being −1.80 D. The spin–orbit interaction incr...	{ "page_id": 67611, "source": null, "title": "Tennessine" }
The Tipson–Cohen reaction is a name reaction first discovered by Stuart Tipson and Alex Cohen at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C. The Tipson–Cohen reaction occurs when two neighboring secondary sulfonyloxy groups in a sugar molecule are treated with zinc dust (Zn) and sodium iodide (NaI) in a refluxi...	{ "page_id": 22480924, "source": null, "title": "Tipson–Cohen reaction" }
the transition state, causing unfavorable eclipsing of the two sulfonyloxy groups. α-Glucopyranosides possess a β-trans-axial substituent relative to C-3 sulfonyloxy (anomeric OCH3 group) in the starting material. The β-trans-axial substituent influences the transition state by also causing an unfavorable steric intera...	{ "page_id": 22480924, "source": null, "title": "Tipson–Cohen reaction" }
Staurostoma falklandica is a species of jellyfish first discovered in 1907 by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition aboard the S.S. Scotia in Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. == Description == Staurostoma falklandica is very similar to the related White cross jellyfish, with the distinguishing feature being the much more...	{ "page_id": 79235105, "source": null, "title": "Staurostoma falklandica" }
Red plague is an accelerated corrosion of copper when plated with silver. After storage, damage or use in high-humidity environment, cuprous oxide forms on the surface of the parts. The corrosion is identifiable by presence of patches of brown-red powder deposit on the exposed copper. Red plague is caused by normally o...	{ "page_id": 2820131, "source": null, "title": "Red plague (corrosion)" }
Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually; i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. The opposite sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium. It can be contrasted to heterothallic. It is often used t...	{ "page_id": 19925030, "source": null, "title": "Homothallism" }
be primarily homothallic. The ascomycete fungus Neosartorya fischeri is also homothallic. Cryptococcus depauperatus, a homothallic basidiomycete fungus, grows as long, branching filaments (hyphae). C. depauperatus can undergo meiosis and reproduce sexually with itself throughout its life cycle. A lichen is a composite ...	{ "page_id": 19925030, "source": null, "title": "Homothallism" }
The Miscarriage & Infant Loss Memorial Book was a prayer request facility, open for new entries from 1995 to 2011, for those who suffered the loss of a baby from conception to three years old. It is kept at the Church of St Paul the Apostle in Tintagel, Cornwall, United Kingdom, where this book is placed on the altar a...	{ "page_id": 7473196, "source": null, "title": "Miscarriage & Infant Loss Memorial Book" }
Colour retention agents are food additives that are added to food to prevent the colour from changing. Many of them work by absorbing or binding to oxygen before it can damage food (antioxidants). For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is often added to brightly coloured fruits such as peaches during canning. == List o...	{ "page_id": 15665197, "source": null, "title": "Colour retention agent" }
In cell biology, chromosome territories are regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes. Interphase chromosomes are long DNA strands that are extensively folded, and are often described as appearing like a bowl of spaghetti. The chromosome territory concept holds that despite this apparent ...	{ "page_id": 47515694, "source": null, "title": "Chromosome territories" }
Pyrococcus yayanosii is a strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaeon, first identified through samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, it is characterized as a motile Gram-negative marine bacteria that is roughly cocci shaped and 1-1.5 μm in diameter, with lophotrichous flag...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
purity confirmation, a light microscope was used to observe the isolated strain CH1T. Certain traits were being screened for, as Pyrococcus species are known for their characteristic spherical (cocci) shape as well as their flagellar motility. The cells of CH1T appeared to resemble irregular cocci shapes and were obser...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
model for studying early life evolution and the biochemical strategies underlying piezophilic adaptation. In 2014, Li et al. generated a derivative strain, P. yayanosii A1, which is facultatively (originally obligately) piezophilic. This strain can grow under both atmospheric pressure and high-pressure conditions while...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
for P. yayanosii. While some studies identified stressful pressures at 20 and 80 MPa, with growth rates half as great as the rate at the optimum, others observed no growth was observed for the strain CH1T below 20 MPa and above 120 MPa. Other substrates were also tested as potential carbon and energy sources; P. yayano...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
revealed variations in gene expression under different temperature and pressure conditions. It was found to be generally nonessential but to facilitate adaptation in stressful conditions. Experiments involving removing PYG1 also highlighted a tradeoff in the adaptation to high pressure versus high temperature. This GI ...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
thermostability. Due to its ability to survive in extreme conditions over a long period of time, Pul PY is ideal for use in starch liquefaction. When used in conjunction with amylase, it can improve the efficiency of hydrolysis. === Papase === pApase is a type of enzyme responsible for breaking down 3′-phosphoadenosine...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
form crystalline core structures with negligible change in hydrodynamic diameters. This finding in regards to resistance to change reinforce that PcFn plays a critical role in thermostability, thereby influencing the overall properties observed in P. yayanosii. These noticeable characteristics found in M-PcFn, such as ...	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
development. == References ==	{ "page_id": 78907439, "source": null, "title": "Pyrococcus yayanosii" }
A stabilized liquid membrane device or SLMD is a type of passive sampling device which allows for the in situ, integrative collection of waterborne, labile ionic metal contaminants. By capturing and sequestering metal ions onto its surface continuously over a period of days to weeks, an SLMD can provide an integrative ...	{ "page_id": 54200367, "source": null, "title": "Stabilized liquid membrane device" }
metals, bioavailability is greatest for labile metals in their free ionic state. Recognizing the potential usefulness of a passive sampling device that could be used to measure trace amounts of bioavailable toxic metals, researchers at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Missouri began developm...	{ "page_id": 54200367, "source": null, "title": "Stabilized liquid membrane device" }
of accumulated metals, and by using analytical techniques like inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame AAS) to measure the concentration of metal in the extract, the amount of metal accumulated by the SLMD can be determined. The simple device can be created in the ...	{ "page_id": 54200367, "source": null, "title": "Stabilized liquid membrane device" }
the SLMDs were used to estimate the true concentration of metals in the creek. The estimated concentration was expressed as a range based on sampling rate of SLMDs as well as the length of exposure. The purpose of the sampling was to investigate potential causes of sublethal effects of young trout and loss of benthic b...	{ "page_id": 54200367, "source": null, "title": "Stabilized liquid membrane device" }
100 years, and will likely continue to increase during the foreseeable future. == Advantages and limitations == Toxic metals can be present in the aqueous environment at trace or ultra-trace concentrations, yet still be toxicologically significant and thus cause harm to humans or the environment. Because these concentr...	{ "page_id": 54200367, "source": null, "title": "Stabilized liquid membrane device" }
Zoidogamy is a type of plant reproduction in which male gametes (antherozoids) swim in a path of water to the female gametes (archegonium). Zoidogamy is found in algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and some gymnosperms (others use siphonogamy). Zoidogamy relates to evolution, as it provides a pathway from wind-borne abio...	{ "page_id": 10094642, "source": null, "title": "Zoidogamy" }
Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action, producing short-chain aldehydes, ketones and free fatty acids. When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. In processed meats,...	{ "page_id": 198711, "source": null, "title": "Rancidification" }
slaughtered and the muscle, intra-muscular, inter-muscular and surface fat becomes exposed to oxygen of the air. This chemical process continues during frozen storage, though more slowly at lower temperature. Oxidative rancidity can be prevented by light-proof packaging, oxygen-free atmosphere (air-tight containers) an...	{ "page_id": 198711, "source": null, "title": "Rancidification" }
preventing direct oxidation within fats, but is valuable in intercepting free radicals that travel through the aqueous parts of foods. A combination of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants is ideal, usually in the ratio of fat to water. In addition, rancidification can be decreased by storing fats and oils in a c...	{ "page_id": 198711, "source": null, "title": "Rancidification" }
sample. The Rancimat method, the oxidative stability instrument (OSI) and the oxidograph were all developed as automatic versions of the more complicated AOM (active oxygen method), which is based on measuring peroxide values for determining the induction time of fats and oils. Over time, the Rancimat method has become...	{ "page_id": 198711, "source": null, "title": "Rancidification" }
Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word surfactant is a blend of "surface-active agent", coined in 1950. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and ...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
are classified according to polar head group. A non-ionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net positive, or negative, charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfa...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
have a phosphate anion with an amine or ammonium, such as the phospholipids phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelins. Lauryldimethylamine oxide and myristamine oxide are two commonly used zwitterionic surfactants of the tertiary amine oxides structural type. === Non-ionic ==...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
acid-based surfactants are surfactants derived from an amino acid. Their properties vary and can be either anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic, depending on the amino acid used and which part of the amino acid is condensed with the alkyl/aryl chain. Gemini surfactants consist of two surfactant molecules linked together ...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
are in contact with the surrounding liquid. Other types of aggregates can also be formed, such as spherical or cylindrical micelles or lipid bilayers. The shape of the aggregates depends on the chemical structure of the surfactants, namely the balance in size between the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. A measure...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
double-cone, double-ring or magnetic rod shear surface rheometer. == Applications == Surfactants play an important role as cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming and anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products, including detergents, fabric softeners, motor oils, emulsions, soaps, paints...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
classically treated with SDS to denature the native tertiary and quaternary structures, allowing the separation of proteins according to their molecular weight. Detergents have also been used to decellularise organs. This process maintains a matrix of proteins that preserves the structure of the organ and often the mic...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
fabric softeners have high LD50 (5 g/kg) and are essentially non-toxic, while the disinfectant alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride has an LD50 of 0.35 g/kg. Prolonged exposure to surfactants can irritate and damage the skin because surfactants disrupt the lipid membrane that protects skin and other cells. Skin irritan...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
Biobased surfactants can offer improved biodegradation. However, whether surfactants damage the cells of fish or cause foam mountains on bodies of water depends primarily on their chemical structure and not on whether the carbon originally used came from fossil sources, carbon dioxide or biomass. == See also == Anti-fo...	{ "page_id": 133176, "source": null, "title": "Surfactant" }
Paula R. L. Heron is a Canadian-American physics educator who works as a professor of physics at the University of Washington. == Education == Heron has bachelor's and master's degrees in physics from the University of Ottawa in 1990 and 1991. She completed her Ph.D. at the University of Western Ontario in 1995. == Ser...	{ "page_id": 66062396, "source": null, "title": "Paula Heron" }
The Swedish ethyl acetate method (SweEt) is a method for chemical analysis of pesticide residues in food using ethyl acetate as an extraction medium followed by analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). It was developed by the Swe...	{ "page_id": 35457085, "source": null, "title": "Swedish ethyl acetate method" }
Cephalonyx is a genus of filamentous acritarchs known from the Precambrian and early Cambrian (and possibly other times). == References ==	{ "page_id": 45025342, "source": null, "title": "Cephalonyx" }
The Crabbé reaction (or Crabbé allene synthesis, Crabbé–Ma allene synthesis) is an organic reaction that converts a terminal alkyne and aldehyde (or, sometimes, a ketone) into an allene in the presence of a soft Lewis acid catalyst (or stoichiometric promoter) and secondary amine. Given continued developments in scope ...	{ "page_id": 60819517, "source": null, "title": "Crabbé reaction" }
an alkyne-aldehyde coupling method of substantial generality and utility. A separate protocol utilizing copper catalysis and a fine-tuned amine base was later developed to obtain better yields for aliphatic aldehydes. The Crabbé reaction is applicable to a limited range of ketone substrates for the synthesis of trisubs...	{ "page_id": 60819517, "source": null, "title": "Crabbé reaction" }
concerted but highly asynchronous process or a stepwise process with a fleeting intermediate) involves a prohibitively high-energy barrier. The metal-catalyzed reaction, on the other hand, is energetically reasonable and probably occurs via a stepwise hydride transfer to the alkyne followed by C–N bond scission in a pr...	{ "page_id": 60819517, "source": null, "title": "Crabbé reaction" }
Barton Zwiebach (born Barton Zwiebach Cantor, October 4, 1954) is a Peruvian string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. == Work == Zwiebach's undergraduate work was in Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería in Peru, from which he graduated in 1977. His graduate...	{ "page_id": 1247296, "source": null, "title": "Barton Zwiebach" }
Regeneration in biology is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. Regeneration can either be complete wher...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
begins to flatten out. It is at this point that the second phase begins, the redevelopment of the limb. In this stage, genes signal to the cells to differentiate themselves and the various parts of the limb are developed. The end result is a limb that looks and operates identically to the one that was lost, usually wit...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
snakes are unable to regenerate lost parts, but many (not all) kinds of lizards, geckos and iguanas possess regeneration capacity in a high degree. Usually, it involves dropping a section of their tail and regenerating it as part of a defense mechanism. While escaping a predator, if the predator catches the tail, it wi...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
regeneration begins". Dedifferentiation of cells means that they lose their tissue-specific characteristics as tissues remodel during the regeneration process. This should not be confused with the transdifferentiation of cells which is when they lose their tissue-specific characteristics during the regeneration process...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
signaling pathway was also found to be essential for regeneration of many mammalian tissues, including heart, liver, skin, and lung, and intestine. === Annelids === Many annelids (segmented worms) are capable of regeneration. For example, Chaetopterus variopedatus and Branchiomma nigromaculata can regenerate both anter...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
echinoderms has been studied since at least the 19th century. In addition to appendages, some species can regenerate internal organs and parts of their central nervous system. In response to injury starfish can autotomize damaged appendages. Autotomy is the self-amputation of a body part, usually an appendage. Dependin...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }
de-growth. === Amphibians === Limb regeneration in the axolotl and newt has been extensively studied and researched. Although researchers have developed genetically altered axolotls, live cell imaging remains difficult due to the large size of adult axolotls. To fix this issue, they use small juvenile axolotls, focus o...	{ "page_id": 854081, "source": null, "title": "Regeneration (biology)" }

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